Influence of adiabatic gravitational compression of atmospheric mass on the temperature of the troposphere

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The greenhouse effect is estimated to induce a warming of 33°C to justify the surface temperature of +15°C. To explain this discrepancy, we examine, with the ideal gas law, to which the Earth's atmosphere obeys its normal conditions of pressure and temperature, the role that the adiabatic compression of the atmospheric mass subjected to gravity can play. The dimensional analysis of the ideal gas law demonstrates that compression of the atmosphere produces energy, which can be calculated in Joules. The temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface is influenced by both its invariable atmospheric mass, solar irradiation and the greenhouse effect. This calls into question the commonly established Earth's Energy Budgets which consider almost exclusively radiative effects, and which deduce a Back Radiation attributed to the greenhouse effect which is abnormally high. Atmospheric Sciences earth's energy budget temperature of troposphere greenhouse effect influence of atmospheric pressure Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Earth temperature without atmosphere or greenhouse effects Goody and Young [1] estimated the solar energy available to heat, both directly and indirectly, the earth and its atmosphere at an average of 224 W.m -2 . Applying the Stefan-Boltzmann law [2] they assumed that the Earth radiates as a perfect black body in the infrared band at a temperature of 255.5 K (or minus 17.6°C) for the effective emission temperature. These authors noted that this temperature is lower than the average temperature of the Earth's surface and indicated that much of the radiation to space must come from the atmosphere rather than from the surface. Goody and Young arbitrarily assigned a value of 1 to the emissivity ε for the calculation, while Jacquemoud [3] assigned a value of 0.98. According to Hansen [4], a solar irradiance of 1367 W.m -2 or generally accepted today 1361 W/ m -2 , but varying with solar fluctuations, leads to a surface temperature of 255 K (or minus 18°C), which induces a greenhouse effect of +33°C. Cotton [5] reported that the emission temperature is -19°C and the earth temperature is +14°C, which corresponds to a global greenhouse effect of +33°C. The global greenhouse effect is also estimated at +33°C by Schmidt et al. (2010) [6], Wallace and Hobbs (2006) [7], and Lacis et al. (2013) [8]. Logically, at -18°C the surface of the earth without an atmosphere or with an atmosphere totally transparent to longwave radiation and that plays no physical role, without any greenhouse effect, should be entirely frozen and covered with frost over its entire surface. This would result in a high albedo which could be on the order of 0.5 to 0.9 [9-10-11] instead of an albedo of 0.30 or 0.29 generally accepted in its current state. In this situation, instead of the solar energy absorbed by the surface reaching approximately 160 to 168 W.m -2 (Figure 1) this energy could be on the order of 70 W.m -2 . The Stefan-Boltzmann formula [2] yields a potential surface temperature of approximately -85°C. Note that at these temperatures the water vapor pressure above ice is infinitesimal and could only generate an infinitesimal greenhouse effect. However, according to Nikolov and Zeller [12-13] the effects linked to the atmosphere would bring approximately 90°C and not 33°C to the surface at a temperature of 15°C. This would suggest that the global natural effect of atmosphere could be on the order of 90°C rather than the 33°C of the traditional purely radiative approach as reported by almost all the authors. Global mean energy budget of the Earth Many authors have endeavoured to establish an overall assessment of the energy flows to which the earth is subjected to justify the surface temperature in an essentially radiative system. The IPCC itself places great emphasis on this in each of its reports. The diagram in Figure 1 summarizes the values and differences obtained while the table in Figure 2 summarizes the main authors who evaluated this earth assessment over a period of approximatively twenty years. The dispersion and imprecision of the results do not allow the effect on surface temperature to be deduced with sufficient accuracy. These budgets must be improved as noted by Lupo, Kininmonth and Armstrong [22]. Effect of atmospheric pressure Few authors have mentioned the role that an atmospheric mass subject to gravity could play in temperature. We can nevertheless cite Leroux [23], Jelbring [24], and Chilingar [25] but these authors evoke a potential role of atmospheric pressure on a qualitative level without seeking to calculate and quantify the effects, probably given the difficulty of integrating the atmosphere as a whole. Nikolov and Zeller [11] clarify the role of atmospheric pressure for several planets, through a complex semiempirical iterative approach. Dimensional analysis of the ideal gas law PV = nRT The ideal gas law PV = nRT is one of the most fundamental laws of physics and applies entirely to the lower troposphere under its usual conditions of pressure and temperature. This universally accepted law, established in 1834 by Émile Clapeyron, has been perfectly stable for nearly 200 years, which is the case for very few physical laws. P is the pressure (Pa); V is the volume of the gas (m3); n is the quantity of material (mol); T is the absolute temperature (K); R is the universal constant of ideal gases (8.314 J K −1 mol −1 ); Dimensional analysis leads to : R = PV/nT i.e. J K −1 mol −1 = Pa.m 3 K −1 mol −1 Hence J = Pa.m 3 = energy The volume of air multiplied by the pressure to which it is subjected is considered energy (Joules). The atmosphere is heated by compression due to the gravitational field to which it is subjected. Isolated in space, the Earth can only exchange energy with space by radiation, but the atmospheric mass cannot radiate spontaneously since its homonuclear constituents O2, N2, and Ar are passive and cannot radiate. The earth's surface is warmer, and the atmosphere cannot cool down on contact with it. The compression is thus adiabatic. The greenhouse gases contained in the atmosphere at low levels, mainly H 2 O and CO 2 , are capable of radiating at long wavelengths but do not interact radiatively with O 2 and N 2 ; additionally, they are under the influence of permanent terrestrial infrared radiation, which they are capable of absorbing, and which is generated continuously from the solar energy received by the Earth's surface. The process includes the upward expansion, toward vacuum, of the agitated molecules whose kinetic energy decreases and therefore the pressure, which causes cooling with altitude. It is not due to a decrease in gravity which decreases by less than 3/1 000 at a 10 km altitude but of a struggle between gravity and the suction of the vacuum, until the equilibrium which defines an adiabatic thermal gradient. Gravity nevertheless prevents air molecules from escaping into space. Only some H 2 molecules can reach the release speed. Method and Results The ideal gas law allows us to determine the absolute temperature of the atmosphere. By calculating the equivalent energy in Joules for the entire Earth's atmosphere from PV = nRT. We can also deduce the acquisition in °K compared to that in the absence of atmosphere, via the thermal capacity of the air. It is not necessary to integrate the entire atmosphere, which would present a certain difficulty, since we are looking for energy and temperature at zero altitude. The troposphere can be compared to the mathematical entity that is a hollow ball with a diameter equal to the diameter of the Earth. By a tight approximation, it is enough to carry out the calculations for the first 100 meters of atmosphere (Figure 3), on the basis of indisputable known physical data. Surface area of the earth = 5.101x10 14 m 2 Volume with a thickness of 100 m of air = 5.101x10 16 m 3 Pressure at an altitude of 0 = 10.13x10 4 Pa Air 42.29 mol.m -3 at 0 m and 15°C It is necessary to emphasize that the calculation is based on a final temperature of 15°C, at altitude zero. Temperature which has therefore already integrated the existing greenhouse effect. The effect due to atmospheric mass which is then calculated is nevertheless completely dissociated from the greenhouse effect. Heating of the atmosphere in °K by adiabatic compression As a tight approximation, for 100 m of atmospheric thickness Altitude 0 m PV = (10.13x10 4 Pa) (5.101x10 16 m 3 ) = 5.167x10 21 J Volumetric heat capacity of air C = 1256 J m −3 K −1 (at 0 m, 15°C) For 5.101x10 16 m 3 of air ; +1°K requires 1256 x 5.101x10 16 J = 6.41x10 19 J => 5.167x10 21 J / 6.41x10 19 J = 80,7 => + 80,7 K overheating due to pressure NOTE : with an air layer of 200 m the precision is lower and leads to an overheating of 80.6 K Gravity compression results, to the Earth's surface, in 80.7°C of natural greenhouse energy equivalence, which means that to reach 15°C the initial temperature without atmosphere would be -65.7°C, very different from the -18°C admitted by radiative approaches for an inactive atmosphere. Direct application of the ideal gas law T = PV/nR Altitude 0 m T = (10.13x10 4 x 5.10x10 16 ) / (2.165x10 18 x 8.314) = 287.1 K (+ 14.0 °C) A lt. 5 000 m T = 254.9 K ( –18.2 °C) A lt. 10 000 m T = 222.4 K (– 50.7 °C) A lt. 15 000 m T = 215.3 K (– 57.8°C) The calculated values / actual values are as follows : At an altitude of 0 m ; T = 14.0°C (actual 15°C) Alt. 5 000 m ; T = -18.2°C (actual -17.5°C) Alt.10 000 m ; T = -50.7°C (actual -49.9°C) Alt.15 000 m ; T = -57.8°C (actual -56.5°C) Thermal gradient : Calculated: 0-5 km = -6.44°C/km; 5-10 km = -6.50°C/km; 10-15 km = -1.42°C/km The standard thermal gradient from 0 to 10 km with dry air is -6.49°C/km. The ideal gas law explains phenomena linked to temperatures up to 10,000 m in altitude. Beyond that, the results diverge, and other factors and phenomena are involved, like ozone and UV influence. Discussion Without an atmosphere but with the same albedo of 30%, the Earth's surface would be at a temperature of -65.7°C. In reality, with total and reflective covering of ice and frost causing a high albedo, and without greenhouse effect the temperature would be lower. The ideal gas law applied here leads to an average global temperature of the atmosphere, in the immediate vicinity of the surface, of approximately 14.0°C. The often-advanced value of +33°C for the greenhouse effect, calculated by imagining the surface of the Earth as a perfect black body located in a vacuum and considering only the radiative effects, is no longer justified or necessary to explain the earth's temperature 15°C at ground level. The radiative forcings or greenhouse effects usually taken into consideration are therefore poorly estimated and probably weaker than commonly accepted. Until recently, the radiative approach has been implemented very generally as an inappropriate and imprecise simplification of a complex system that ignores the influence of the atmospheric mass subjected to gravity, the effect of which is maximal at the surface. Questioning and re-examinating the phenomena currently considered, particularly radiative phenomena, seems inevitable for better control of the Earth's temperature in the context of climate forecasts. Goody and Young [1] suggested that infrared emissions to space emanate from within the atmosphere at -17.6 °C. This corresponds to a minimum altitude of 5,000 m [26]. In 2020, Schildknecht [27] reaches the same conclusion through a long demonstration of radiative transfer : "radiative equilibrium from the earth's surface to an atmospheric level above approximately five kilometers". It is necessary to better distinguish and quantify radiative phenomena according to the altitude at which they occur and to characterize their possible influence in the form of a greenhouse effect, which appears more moderate than what is usually estimated for the lower troposphere, where human life unfolds. The calculations were carried out using the average global values of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere and led to an average overall result. It is obvious that by applying the ideal gas law at such and such a latitude and at such or such a time of year, with the corresponding values of air density, and therefore of the number of moles, the pressure variation and variations in air humidity, the deduced temperature would be variable and local. Weather-related atmospheric pressure variations can fluctuate naturally and commonly between 973 hPa and 1047 hPa [28]. This corresponds to a fluctuation in surface air temperature within a range of 5°C, in accordance with the values of the U.S. standard atmosphere and the ideal gas law. The solar influence is felt during the day by direct radiation received, mainly when the sun is at its zenith, and the balance is modified by direct thermal exchange between the sunny surface and the air in contact. The Earth's surface and upper atmospheric layers continuously radiate toward space by emitting infrared radiation during both day and night and restoring the global balance. Surface infrared radiation is probably less intercepted in the lower troposphere than is usually accepted to explain surface temperature. However, there is an atmospheric dynamic, notably through the water cycle, through evaporation-condensation, but whose overall energy balance is zero. Movements of air masses and convections contribute to general dynamics, mainly due to the rotation of the earth and the alternations between the presence and absence of sunlight. Fluctuations in sunshine, surface phenomena such as sea currents, El Nino or La Nina events, extreme weather phenomena or even volcanic eruptions, as well as other factors that are undoubtedly poorly characterized, lead to variations in surface temperature which nevertheless remain relatively dampened due to the stabilizing effect of the invariable atmospheric mass subjected to gravity. Declarations -Funding : Not applicable -Conflicts of interest/Competing interests : Not applicable -Ethics approval/declarations : Not applicable -Consent to participate : Not applicable -Consent for publication : yes -Availability of data and material/ Data availability : Not applicable -Code availability : Not applicable -Authors' contributions : MT calculations, writing the manuscript, composition of figures References [1] GOODY, Richard M. et YUNG, Yuk Ling. Atmospheric radiation: theoretical basis . Oxford university press, 1995. https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ji0vfj4MMH0C&lpg=PR7&ots=7WmS-_5-am&dq=Atmospheric%20Radiation%20%3A%20Theoretical%20Basis&lr&hl=fr&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q=Atmospheric%20Radiation%20:%20Theoretical%20Basis&f=false [2] M = σεT 4 i.e. T = (M/σε) 0,25 ; M to W.m -2 ; Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.670374 x 10 -8 W m -2 K -4 ; emissivity ε ≤ 1 [3] Stéphane Jacquemoud, Télédétection et géophysique spatiale , Paris Diderot, 2008 http://step.ipgp.fr/images/2/20/Cours.pdf [4] Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell, 1981: Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science , 213, 957-966, DOI 10.1126/science.213.4511.957 [5] Douglas J COTTON, Planetary Core and Surface Temperatures, 2013, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2876905 [6] Schmidt GA, Ruedy R, Miller RL, Lacis AA (2010) The attribution of the present day total greenhouse effect. J Geophys Res 115:D20106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014287 [7] Wallace JM, Hobbs PV (2006) Atmospheric science: an introductory survey, 2 nd edn. Academic, California https://www.academia.edu/37366881/Atmospheric_science_wallace_and_hobbs_PDF [8] Lacis AA, Hansen JE, Russell GL, Oinas V, Jonas J (2013) The role of long-lived greenhouse gases as principal LW control knob that governs the global surface temperature for past and future climate change. Tellus B 65:19734, DOI : 10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19734 [9] Wuttke, S., Seckmeyer, G., and König-Langlo, G.: Measurements of spectral snow albedo at Neumayer, Antarctica, Ann. Geophys., 24, 7–21, 2006 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-7-2006 [10] David A. Robinson and George Kukla, Albedo of a Dissipating Snow Cover, 1984 DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1984)0232.0.CO;2 [11] Inge Dirmhirn and Frank D. Eaton, Some Characteristics of the Albedo of Snow, 1975 DOI https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1975)0142.0.CO;2 [12] Volokin, D., ReLlez, L. On the average temperature of airless spherical bodies and the magnitude of Earth’s atmospheric thermal effect. SpringerPlus 3 , 723 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-723 [13] NIKOLOV, Ned et ZELLER, Karl. New insights on the physical nature of the atmospheric greenhouse effect deduced from an empirical planetary temperature model. Environment Pollution and Climate Change , 2017, vol. 1, no 2, p. 112., DOI : dx.doi.org/10.4172/2573-458X.1000112 [14] NASA, Laurie J. Schmidt, Clouds in the balance, Langley Research Center DAAC, 2001, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CloudsInBalance [15] IPCC WGI AR4 (2007) https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-1.html [16] Trenberth , K.E., Fasullo , J.T. and Kiehl , J. (2009) Earth's Global Energy Budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 311-323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1 [17] Stephens, G., Li, J., Wild, M. et al. An update on Earth's energy balance in light of the latest global observations. Nature Geosci 5, 691–696 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1580 [18] Martin Wild et al., The global energy balance from a surface perspective, 2012 https://doc.rero.ch/record/321020/files/382_2012_Article_1569.pdf [19] IPCC WGI AR5 (2013) https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf page 181 [20] Maximilian Lackner, Geoengineering for Climate Stabilization, Institute of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, 2015, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_72-1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312007534_Geoengineering_for_Climate_Stabilization [21] IPCC WGI AR6 (2021) https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-7/ [22] LUPO, Anthony, KININMONTH, William, ARMSTRONG, J. S., et al. Global climate models and their limitations. Climate change reconsidered II: Physical science, 2013, vol. 9, p. 148. http://www.mysearch.org.uk/website2/pdf/Climate%20Models.pdf [23] Leroux, Dynamic Analysis of Weather and Climate, Wiley/Praxis series in Atmospheric Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Publishers, 1996. [24] Jelbring, H. (2003). The “Greenhouse Effect” as a Function of Atmospheric Mass. Energy & Environment, 14(2-3), 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1260/095830503765184655 [25] G. V. Chilingar, O. G. Sorokhtin, L. F. Khilyuk, M. Liu, Do Increasing Contents of Methane and Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Cause Global Warming?, 2014 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276498091 [26] The Engineering ToolBox https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html [27] D. Schildknecht, Saturation of the infrared absorption by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, 2020, International Journal of Modern Physics B Vol. 34, No. 30, (26 pages) World Scientific Publishing Company, https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217979220502938 [28] Office fédéral de météorologie et de climatologie Météosuisse https://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/meteo/meteo-et-climat-de-a-a-z/pression-atmospherique.html Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Applying the Stefan-Boltzmann law [2] they assumed that the Earth radiates as a perfect black body in the infrared band at a temperature of 255.5 K (or minus 17.6\u0026deg;C) for the effective emission temperature. These authors noted that this temperature is lower than the average temperature of the Earth\u0026apos;s surface and indicated that much of the radiation to space must come from the atmosphere rather than from the surface. Goody and Young arbitrarily assigned a value of 1 to the emissivity \u0026epsilon; for the calculation, while Jacquemoud [3] assigned a value of 0.98. According to Hansen [4], a solar irradiance of 1367 W.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e or generally accepted today 1361 W/ m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e, but varying with solar fluctuations, leads to a surface temperature of 255 K (or minus 18\u0026deg;C), which induces a greenhouse effect of +33\u0026deg;C. Cotton [5] reported that the emission temperature is -19\u0026deg;C and the earth temperature is +14\u0026deg;C, which corresponds to a global greenhouse effect of +33\u0026deg;C. The global greenhouse effect is also estimated at +33\u0026deg;C by Schmidt et al. (2010) [6], Wallace and Hobbs (2006) [7], and Lacis et al. (2013) [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLogically, at -18\u0026deg;C the surface of the earth without an atmosphere or with an atmosphere totally transparent to longwave radiation and that plays no physical role, without any greenhouse effect, should be entirely frozen and covered with frost over its entire surface. This would result in a high albedo which could be on the order of 0.5 to 0.9 [9-10-11] instead of an albedo of 0.30 or 0.29 generally accepted in its current state. In this situation, instead of the solar energy absorbed by the surface reaching approximately 160 to 168 W.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e (Figure 1) this energy could be on the order of 70 W.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e. The Stefan-Boltzmann formula [2] yields a potential surface temperature of approximately -85\u0026deg;C. Note that at these temperatures the water vapor pressure above ice is infinitesimal and could only generate an infinitesimal greenhouse effect.\u0026nbsp;However, according to Nikolov and Zeller [12-13] the effects linked to the atmosphere would bring approximately 90\u0026deg;C and not 33\u0026deg;C to the surface at a temperature of 15\u0026deg;C. This would suggest that the global natural effect of atmosphere could be on the order of 90\u0026deg;C rather than the 33\u0026deg;C of the traditional purely radiative approach as reported by almost all the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlobal mean energy budget of the Earth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany authors have endeavoured to establish an overall assessment of the energy flows to which the earth is subjected to justify the surface temperature in an essentially radiative system. The IPCC itself places great emphasis on this in each of its reports. The diagram in Figure 1 summarizes the values and differences obtained while the table in Figure 2 summarizes the main authors who evaluated this earth assessment over a period of approximatively twenty years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dispersion and imprecision of the results do not allow the effect on surface temperature to be deduced with sufficient accuracy. These budgets must be improved as noted by Lupo, Kininmonth and Armstrong [22].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of atmospheric pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFew authors have mentioned the role that an atmospheric mass subject to gravity could play in temperature. We can nevertheless cite Leroux [23], Jelbring [24], and Chilingar [25] but these authors evoke a potential role of atmospheric pressure on a qualitative level without seeking to calculate and quantify the effects, probably given the difficulty of integrating the atmosphere as a whole. Nikolov and Zeller [11] clarify the role of atmospheric pressure for several planets, through a complex semiempirical iterative approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDimensional analysis of the ideal gas law PV = nRT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ideal gas law \u003cem\u003ePV = nRT\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most fundamental laws of physics and applies entirely to the lower troposphere under its usual conditions of pressure and temperature. This universally accepted law, established in 1834 by \u0026Eacute;mile Clapeyron, has been perfectly stable for nearly 200 years, which is the case for very few physical laws.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP is the pressure (Pa); \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;V is the volume of the gas (m3);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en is the quantity of material (mol);\u0026nbsp;T is the absolute temperature (K);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR is the universal constant of ideal gases (8.314 J K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDimensional analysis leads to :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR = PV/nT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; i.e. \u0026nbsp;J K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e = Pa.m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hence \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003eJ = Pa.m\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;= energy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe volume of air multiplied by the pressure to which it is subjected is considered energy (Joules).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe atmosphere is heated by compression due to the gravitational field to which it is subjected. Isolated in space, the Earth can only exchange energy with space by radiation, but the atmospheric mass cannot radiate spontaneously since its homonuclear constituents O2, N2, and Ar are passive and cannot radiate. The earth\u0026apos;s surface is warmer, and the atmosphere cannot cool down on contact with it. The compression is thus adiabatic. The greenhouse gases contained in the atmosphere at low levels, mainly H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, are capable of radiating at long wavelengths but do not interact radiatively with O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ; additionally, they are under the influence of permanent terrestrial infrared radiation, which they are capable of absorbing, and which is generated continuously from the solar energy received by the Earth\u0026apos;s surface.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe process includes the upward expansion, toward vacuum, of the agitated molecules whose kinetic energy decreases and therefore the pressure, which causes cooling with altitude. It is not due to a decrease in gravity which decreases by less than 3/1 000 at a 10 km altitude but of a struggle between gravity and the suction of the vacuum, until the equilibrium which defines an adiabatic thermal gradient.\u0026nbsp;Gravity nevertheless prevents air molecules from escaping into space. Only some H\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003emolecules can reach the release speed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method and Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ideal gas law allows us to determine the absolute temperature of the atmosphere. By calculating the equivalent energy in Joules for the entire Earth\u0026apos;s atmosphere from PV = nRT. We can also deduce the acquisition in \u0026deg;K compared to that in the absence of atmosphere, via the thermal capacity of the air. It is not necessary to integrate the entire atmosphere, which would present a certain difficulty, since we are looking for energy and temperature at zero altitude.\u0026nbsp;The troposphere can be compared to the mathematical entity that is a hollow ball with a diameter equal to the diameter of the Earth.\u0026nbsp;By a tight approximation, it is enough to carry out the calculations for the first 100 meters of atmosphere (Figure 3), on the basis of indisputable known physical data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurface area of the earth = 5.101x10\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVolume with a thickness of 100 m of air = 5.101x10\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePressure at an altitude of 0 =\u0026nbsp;10.13x10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Pa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAir 42.29 mol.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e at 0 m and 15\u0026deg;C \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is necessary to emphasize that the calculation is based on a final temperature of 15\u0026deg;C, at altitude zero. Temperature which has therefore already integrated the existing greenhouse effect. The effect due to atmospheric mass which is then calculated is nevertheless completely dissociated from the greenhouse effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeating of the atmosphere in \u0026deg;K by adiabatic compression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a tight approximation, for 100 m of atmospheric thickness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;background:white;'\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eAltitude 0 m\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003ePV = (10.13x10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Pa) (5.101x10\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) = 5.167x10\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e J\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Volumetric heat capacity of air C = 1256 J m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;3\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(at 0 m, 15\u0026deg;C)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eFor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5.101x10\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e of air ; +1\u0026deg;K requires 1256 x 5.101x10\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e J = 6.41x10\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e J \u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e=\u0026gt; \u0026nbsp; 5.167x10\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e J /\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e6.41x10\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e J \u0026nbsp;= \u0026nbsp;80,7\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e=\u0026gt;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;+ 80,7 K \u0026nbsp;overheating due to pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003eNOTE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e: with an air layer of 200 m the precision is lower and leads to an overheating of 80.6 K\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGravity compression results, to the Earth\u0026apos;s surface, in 80.7\u0026deg;C of natural greenhouse energy equivalence, which means that to reach 15\u0026deg;C the initial temperature without atmosphere would be -65.7\u0026deg;C, very different from the -18\u0026deg;C admitted by radiative approaches for an inactive atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirect application of the ideal gas law T = PV/nR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;background:white;'\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;font-size:11.0pt;margin:0in;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eAltitude\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 m\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= (10.13x10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e x 5.10x10\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e ) / (2.165x10\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e x 8.314) = 287.1 K \u0026nbsp;(+ \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e14.0 \u0026deg;C)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003elt.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;5 000 m \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= 254.9 K \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026ndash;18.2 \u0026deg;C)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003elt.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;10 000 m \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;= \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e222.4 K \u0026nbsp; (\u0026ndash; 50.7 \u0026deg;C)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;background:white;border:none;padding:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003elt.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;15 000 m \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;= \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e215.3 K \u0026nbsp; (\u0026ndash; 57.8\u0026deg;C)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe calculated values / actual values are as follows : \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt an altitude of 0 m ; \u0026nbsp;T = 14.0\u0026deg;C (actual 15\u0026deg;C) \u0026nbsp;Alt. \u0026nbsp;5 000 m ; \u0026nbsp; T = -18.2\u0026deg;C (actual -17.5\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlt.10 000 m ; T = -50.7\u0026deg;C (actual -49.9\u0026deg;C) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Alt.15 000 m ; \u0026nbsp; T = -57.8\u0026deg;C (actual -56.5\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThermal gradient :\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalculated: 0-5 km = -6.44\u0026deg;C/km; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 5-10 km = -6.50\u0026deg;C/km; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 10-15 km = -1.42\u0026deg;C/km\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe standard thermal gradient from 0 to 10 km with dry air is -6.49\u0026deg;C/km. The ideal gas law explains phenomena linked to temperatures up to 10,000 m in altitude. Beyond that, the results diverge, and other factors and phenomena are involved, like ozone and UV influence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWithout an atmosphere but with the same albedo of 30%, the Earth\u0026apos;s surface would be at a temperature of -65.7\u0026deg;C. In reality, with total and reflective covering of ice and frost causing a high albedo, and without greenhouse effect\u0026nbsp;the temperature would be lower.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ideal gas law applied here leads to an average global temperature of the atmosphere, in the immediate vicinity of the surface, of approximately 14.0\u0026deg;C. The often-advanced value of +33\u0026deg;C for the greenhouse effect, calculated by imagining the surface of the Earth as a perfect black body located in a vacuum and considering only the radiative effects, is no longer justified or necessary to explain the earth\u0026apos;s temperature 15\u0026deg;C at ground level.\u0026nbsp;The radiative forcings or greenhouse effects usually taken into consideration are therefore poorly estimated and probably weaker than commonly accepted. Until recently, the radiative approach has been implemented very generally as an inappropriate and imprecise simplification of a complex system that ignores the influence of the atmospheric mass subjected to gravity, the effect of which is maximal at the surface. Questioning and re-examinating the phenomena currently considered, particularly radiative phenomena, seems inevitable for better control of the Earth\u0026apos;s temperature in the context of climate forecasts. Goody and Young [1] suggested that infrared emissions to space emanate from within the atmosphere at -17.6 \u0026deg;C. This corresponds to a minimum altitude of 5,000 m [26]. In 2020, Schildknecht\u0026nbsp;[27] reaches the same conclusion through a long demonstration of radiative transfer\u0026nbsp;:\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;radiative equilibrium from the earth\u0026apos;s surface to an atmospheric level above approximately five kilometers\u0026quot;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIt is necessary to better distinguish and quantify radiative phenomena according to the altitude at which they occur and to characterize their possible influence in the form of a greenhouse effect, which appears more moderate than what is usually estimated for the lower troposphere, where human life unfolds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe calculations were carried out using the average global values of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere and led to an average overall result. It is obvious that by applying the ideal gas law at such and such a latitude and at such or such a time of year, with the corresponding values of air density, and therefore of the number of moles, the pressure variation and variations in air humidity, the deduced temperature would be variable and local. Weather-related atmospheric pressure variations can fluctuate naturally and commonly between 973 hPa and 1047 hPa [28]. This corresponds to a fluctuation in surface air temperature within a range of 5\u0026deg;C, in accordance with the values of the U.S. standard atmosphere and the ideal gas law.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe solar influence is felt during the day by direct radiation received, mainly when the sun is at its zenith, and the balance is modified by direct thermal exchange between the sunny surface and the air in contact. The Earth\u0026apos;s surface and upper atmospheric layers continuously radiate toward space by emitting infrared radiation during both day and night and restoring the global balance. Surface infrared radiation is probably less intercepted in the lower troposphere than is usually accepted to explain surface temperature. However, there is an atmospheric dynamic, notably through the water cycle, through evaporation-condensation, but whose overall energy balance is zero. Movements of air masses and convections contribute to general dynamics, mainly due to the rotation of the earth and the alternations between the presence and absence of sunlight. Fluctuations in sunshine, surface phenomena such as sea currents, El Nino or La Nina events, extreme weather phenomena or even volcanic eruptions, as well as other factors that are undoubtedly poorly characterized, lead to variations in surface temperature which nevertheless remain relatively dampened due to the stabilizing effect of the invariable atmospheric mass subjected to gravity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e-Funding :\u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Conflicts of interest/Competing interests :\u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Ethics approval/declarations :\u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Consent to participate :\u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Consent for publication : yes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Availability of data and material/ Data availability :\u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Code availability :\u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Authors\u0026apos; contributions : MT calculations, writing the manuscript, composition of figures\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e[1]\u0026nbsp;GOODY, Richard M. et YUNG, Yuk Ling. \u003cem\u003eAtmospheric radiation: theoretical basis\u003c/em\u003e. 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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 311-323\u0026nbsp;DOI: \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[17]\u0026nbsp;Stephens, G., Li, J., Wild, M. et al. An update on Earth\u0026apos;s energy balance in light of the latest global observations. 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S.,\u0026nbsp;et al.\u0026nbsp;Global climate models and their limitations.\u0026nbsp;Climate change reconsidered II: Physical science, 2013, vol. 9, p. 148.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.mysearch.org.uk/website2/pdf/Climate%20Models.pdf\"\u003ehttp://www.mysearch.org.uk/website2/pdf/Climate%20Models.pdf\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[23]\u0026nbsp;Leroux, Dynamic Analysis of Weather and Climate, Wiley/Praxis series in Atmospheric Physics, John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, Publishers, 1996.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[24]\u0026nbsp;Jelbring, H. (2003). The \u0026ldquo;Greenhouse Effect\u0026rdquo; as a Function of Atmospheric Mass. Energy \u0026amp; Environment, 14(2-3), 351-356.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1260/095830503765184655\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1260/095830503765184655\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[25]\u0026nbsp;G. V. Chilingar, O. G. Sorokhtin, L. F. Khilyuk, M. Liu, Do Increasing Contents of Methane and Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Cause Global Warming?, 2014 \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276498091%20\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/276498091\u0026nbsp;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[26]\u0026nbsp;The Engineering ToolBox\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html\"\u003ehttps://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[27]\u0026nbsp;D. Schildknecht, Saturation of the infrared absorption by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, 2020, International Journal of Modern Physics B Vol. 34, No. 30, (26 pages) World Scientific Publishing Company,\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217979220502938\"\u003ehttps://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217979220502938\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[28]\u0026nbsp;Office f\u0026eacute;d\u0026eacute;ral de m\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute;orologie et de climatologie M\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute;osuisse\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/meteo/meteo-et-climat-de-a-a-z/pression-atmospherique.html\"\u003ehttps://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/meteo/meteo-et-climat-de-a-a-z/pression-atmospherique.html\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"no institution","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"earth's energy budget, temperature of troposphere, greenhouse effect, influence of atmospheric pressure","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3817182/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3817182/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe temperature that the Earth's surface would have without the greenhouse effect, with an atmosphere completely transparent to infrared radiation, or even without an atmosphere at all, is generally estimated at -18°C. The greenhouse effect is estimated to induce a warming of 33°C to justify the surface temperature of +15°C. To explain this discrepancy, we examine, with the ideal gas law, to which the Earth's atmosphere obeys its normal conditions of pressure and temperature, the role that the adiabatic compression of the atmospheric mass subjected to gravity can play. The dimensional analysis of the ideal gas law demonstrates that compression of the atmosphere produces energy, which can be calculated in Joules. The temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface is influenced by both its invariable atmospheric mass, solar irradiation and the greenhouse effect. This calls into question the commonly established Earth's Energy Budgets which consider almost exclusively radiative effects, and which deduce a Back Radiation attributed to the greenhouse effect which is abnormally high.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of adiabatic gravitational compression of atmospheric mass on the temperature of the troposphere","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-03-11 17:31:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3817182/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2023-12-29 08:38:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3817182/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"111be697-da1b-4ec6-8bbd-3850702302a3","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29325195,"name":"Atmospheric Sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-12-29T08:38:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 17:31:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-3817182","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3817182","identity":"rs-3817182","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}