Flux estimation analysis systematically characterizes the metabolic shifts of the central metabolism pathway in human cancer

ABSTRACT Glucose and glutamine are major carbon and energy sources that promote the fast proliferation of cancer cells. Metabolic shifs observed on cell line or mouse models may not reflect the general metabolic shifts in real human cancer tissue. In this study, we conducted a computational characterization of the flux distribution and variations of the central energy metabolism and key branches in a pan-cancer analysis, including glycolytic pathway, production of lactate, TCA cycle, nucleic acids synthesis, glutaminolysis, glutaminate, glutamine and glutathione metabolism, amino acids synthesis, in 11 cancer subtypes and 9 matched adjacent normal tissue types, by using TCGA tissue transcriptomics data. Our analysis confirms the increased influx in glucose uptake and glycolysis and decreased upper part of TCA cycle, i.e., Warbug effect in the analyzed cancer types. However, consistently increased lactate production and second half of TCA cycle were only seen in certain cancer types. More interestingly, we did not see cancer tissues have highly shifted glutaminolysis compared to their adjacent normal controls. A systems biology model of metabolic shifts in through cancer and tissue types is further developed and analyzed. We observed that (1) normal tissues have distinct metabolic phenotypes, (2) cancer types have drastically different metabolic shifts compared to their adjacent normal controls, and (3) the different shifts happened to tissue specific metabolic phenotypes result in a converged metabolic phenotype through cancer types and cancer progression. This study strongly suggests the possibility to have a unified framework for studies of cancer-inducing stressors, adaptive metabolic reprogramming, and cancerous behaviors.