Who are more vulnerable to FoMO? Predictors and moderators of FoMO among Dutch adolescents

Who are more vulnerable to FoMO? 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Predictors and moderators of FoMO among Dutch adolescents Yanyu Li, Regina J. J. M. van den Eijnden, Ina M Koning This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7790755/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Fear of missing out (FoMO) has been recognized as a core factor contributing to problematic behaviors in adolescents. Yet little is known about what predicts FoMO and who is more vulnerable to it. Using two annual waves of longitudinal data from Dutch adolescents aged 11 to 17 years ( n = 2,612, M age = 13.94, 47% girls), this study examined the predictive roles of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value, social media use intensity and gender included as potential moderators. Results indicated that lower mental well-being, lower perceived social competence, and higher levels of narcissism predicted higher FoMO, regardless of social media use intensity levels or gender. These findings highlight key psychological and social predictors of adolescent FoMO. fear of missing out mental well-being perceived social competence narcissism social media use Figures Figure 1 Introduction Fear of missing out, known colloquially as FoMO, is a growing concern, particularly among young people (Hayran et al., 2020 ; Milyavskaya et al., 2018 ), who often experience it during evenings, weekends, and while studying (Milyavskaya et al., 2018 ). FoMO, defined as a general apprehension that others may have (more) rewarding experiences when one is absent and characterized by a strong desire of staying connected with what others are doing (Przybylski et al., 2013 ), has gained wide research attention due to its increasing prevalence and its negative impact on adolescent development. FoMO is consistently associated with problematic behaviors like problematic social media and smartphone use (Li, Koning et al., 2024 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ), gaming disorder (Gao et al., 2024 ), and phubbing (González et al., 2025 ). These behaviors, in turn, correlate with adverse outcomes such as social fatigue (Xie et al., 2024 ), sleep problems (Huang et al., 2023 ), and poor academic performance (Al-Busaidi et al., 2023 ).Therefore, it is important to explore which subgroups of adolescents are most vulnerable to develop higher levels of FoMO. Researchers have explored the impact of various predisposing variables on the degree of FoMO experienced by adolescents, including personality characteristics (Zhang et al., 2024 ), well-being (Elhai et al., 2018 ), and cognitions (Jiao & Cui, 2023 ; Li et al., 2023 ). However, these studies have predominantly employed cross-sectional designs or have examined predictors in a fragmented manner (cf. literature review by Çelik et al., 2023 ). Consequently, no causal inferences can be drawn and there is a lack of a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the characteristics that make adolescents more vulnerable to FoMO. Furthermore, researchers argued that while FoMO is not solely a byproduct of digital technology and social media, it is nonetheless closely related to social media use (Çelik et al., 2023 ). Previous studies suggest that social media use fosters FoMO (Groenestein et al., 2024a ), and may interact with individual factors to amplify it (Barry & Wong, 2020 ). However, the extent to which social media use strengthens the relationships between a broader range of individual factors and FoMO remains unclear. Finally, previous studies on gender differences in FoMO have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we will also examine gender differences in the strength of the aforementioned relationships. 1.1 The predictive role of individual factors Based on the literature, it can be expected that adolescents’ lower mental well-being (i.e., lower life satisfaction, and higher depression level) will predict subsequent higher levels of FoMO. This assumption stems from the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000 ), which posits that fulfilling basic psychological needs, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness, is essential for well-being and self-regulation. When these needs are unmet, individuals may experience decreased psychological health, potentially leading to maladaptive coping mechanisms like FoMO (Przybylski et al., 2013 ; Xie et al., 2018 ). In this context, FoMO can be seen as a compensatory response, where individuals seek to fulfill unmet needs through constant social engagement (Almeida et al., 2024 ). Previous longitudinal studies also showed that lower life satisfaction (Li, Koning, et al., 2024 ) and higher depression (Yuan et al., 2021 ) correlate with higher levels of FoMO over time. On basis of the foregoing, it is expected that lower mental well-being would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 1). We also propose that adolescents who experience lower social well-being , defined as lower perceived social competence and fewer real-life social interactions, are more vulnerable to FoMO. In line with self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000 ), adolescents with difficulties forming and maintaining friendships or who meet friends less frequently are more likely to experience unmet needs for relatedness, which can heighten their susceptibility to FoMO. This idea is supported by previous studies showing that the need for belongingness (Beyens et al., 2016 ) and loneliness (Bonfanti et al., 2023 ) are positively associated with FoMO. Based on this theoretical framework and supporting evidence, we hypothesize that lower social well-being would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 2). In addition, we anticipate that adolescents with lower self-control , exhibited through higher impulsivity and attention deficits, experience greater FoMO (Jiao & Cui, 2023 ; Servidio, 2021 ). FoMO can be understood as a consequence of self-regulation failure (Przybylski et al., 2013 ; Varchetta et al., 2023 ). Adolescents with lower self-control can be expected to have more difficulties in regulating emotions, which can exacerbate feelings of anxiety or insecurity about not being included in social settings. In addition, youngsters with low self-control will probably face more challenges in social situations. These difficulties in social situations can heighten sensitivity to feeling excluded, especially for those already feeling socially marginalized. In line with these ideas, a recent meta-analysis on the relationship between Big Five Personality traits and FoMO showed that conscientiousness, marked by effective self-regulation, was negatively associated with FoMO; whereas neuroticism, linked to difficulties in self-regulation, was positively associated with FoMO (Zhang et al., 2024 ). Thus, we hypothesize that lower self-control would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 3). In addition to self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000 ), researchers also explored FoMO from the perspective of self-concept (Servidio et al., 2021 ; Servidio et al., 2022 ), suggesting that individuals with vulnerable self-value are more likely to perceive higher levels of FoMO. These individuals often demonstrate traits such as higher narcissism and lower self-esteem (Xu et al., 2020 ), which make them more reliant on external validation (Ali et al., 2023 ; Hawk et al., 2019 ), and more sensitive to negative emotions (Xu et al., 2020 ). Such individuals usually are more depending on social interactions to affirm their sense of self-worth (Hawk et al., 2019 ; Thomaes et al., 2008 ). This dependency may drive a strong social need to stay connected to others and an increased fear that they might miss out on social opportunities (Al-Busaidi et al., 2023 ). Additionally, they may view being outperformed by others as a threat to their self-value (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001 ). This perception, combined with a tendency to engage in social comparison and fear that others are having more rewarding experiences (Servidio et al., 2022 ), can intensify their FoMO. Research supports the link between self-value and FoMO, showing that higher levels of narcissism (Brailovskaia et al., 2023 ; Carone et al., 2023 ) and lower levels of self-esteem (Barry & Wong, 2020 ; Uram & Skalski, 2020 ) are positively associated with FoMO. Additionally, related traits and constructs, such as an imaginary audience (Popovac & Hadlington, 2020 ), the desire for popularity (Beyens et al., 2016 ), striving to avoid inferiority, interpersonal manipulation, and relational aggression (Abell et al., 2019 ), as well as envy (Wang et al., 2019 ), are positively linked to FoMO. Other contributing factors include contingent self-esteem (Ali et al., 2023 ), which often overlaps conceptually with self-value constructs like lower self-compassion (Barry & Wong, 2020 ) and unclear self-concept (Servidio et al., 2021 ), as well as an interdependent self-construal (Servidio et al., 2022 ). Based on this evidence, we expect that vulnerable self-value would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 4). 1.2 The moderating role of social media use intensity We expect that the intensity of social media use may amplify the impact of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value on FoMO. FoMO arises from concerns about missing important (social) information, opportunities, and connections, worries that are particularly intensified in today’s era of constant information sharing and pervasive social media (Barry & Wong, 2020 ). As the online world may serve as an extension of offline interactions, the associations between individual factors and FoMO could be particularly relevant for adolescents who use social media more frequently. This is because they are more likely to encounter idealized images on these platforms, such as posts about leisure activities and enjoyable moments with friends (Vogel & Rose, 2016 ) and the constant exposure to such content, combined with the ease of checking friends’ profiles and messaging, make it easy for adolescents to notice and worry about missed rewarding experiences (Barry & Wong, 2020 ). We, thus, hypothesize that the intensity of social media use would strengthen the relationships between mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value and FoMO (Hypothesis 5). 1.3 The moderating role of gender Finally, we propose that the previously described main effects of the individual factors (i.e., mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value) and their interactions with social media use intensity in predicting FoMO may differ between boys and girls. Research on gender differences in FoMO has yielded inconsistent results. Most studies suggest that females experience higher levels of FoMO than males (Elhai et al., 2018 ; Yin et al., 2024 ), while some studies report the opposite (Al-Busaidi et al., 2023 ; Brailovskaia et al., 2023 ), or no gender difference (Rozgonjuk et al., 2021 ). Despite these inconsistencies, researchers suggested that females may be more susceptible to FoMO because they typically place greater value on interpersonal relationships, are more sensitive to social cues, and have stronger needs for relatedness compared to males. These factors make females more likely to fear losing social connections (Jiao & Cui, 2023 ; Yin et al., 2024 ). Additionally, females tend to use social media more intensively than males (Van den Eijnden et al., 2018 ), potentially increasing their exposure to triggers for FoMO. Based on this evidence, we hypothesize that the main effects of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value on FoMO would be stronger for girls (Hypothesis 6). Moreover, we expect that the interaction effects between the individual factors and social media use intensity would be stronger for girls (Hypothesis 7). 1.4 The current study In sum, given the significant impact of FoMO on adolescents’ problematic internet-related behaviors and overall development, this study examined a comprehensive set of individual factors that can be expected to predict FoMO in adolescents. More specifically, as shown in Fig. 1 , this longitudinal study, including two annual measurement waves, investigated to what extent FoMO is predicted by adolescents’ mental well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and depression), social well-being (i.e., perceived social competence and intensity of meeting friends offline), self-control (i.e., impulsivity, and attention deficit), and self-value (i.e., narcissism and self-esteem) (Model 1). In addition, this study explored the moderating role of social media use intensity (Model 2) and gender (Model 3a and 3b). These findings are expected to deepen the understanding of FoMO and its predictors, offering valuable insights for educators and practitioners. Specifically, the results may guide the development of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing FoMO and mitigating its related problematic behaviors. [Insert Fig. 1 about here] Method 2.1 Participants and Procedures This study used data from the XXX (blind for review) project, which is a self-report longitudinal study that aims to investigate the relationships between online behaviors and well-being among secondary school adolescents in the Netherlands (XXX, blind for review). Data were collected with yearly time intervals every February/April from 2015 to 2019. Participants were recruited through secondary schools in urban and suburban areas in the Netherlands. Schools were selected based on the project initiator’s personal network or contacts with key persons in secondary schools. Parents received information letters two weeks prior to survey assessment, providing them with the opportunity to refuse participation of their child(ren). Also, prior to survey assessment, students were informed about the topic and purpose of the study, that participation was voluntary and anonymous, and that they could resign participation at any moment without any consequences. Survey assessments were administered in the classroom through digital self‐completion. Research‐assistants were present during assessments to assist when necessary. At each school, a few bol.com gift cards were raffled among participating students. The study procedures were identical across waves, were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and were approved by the board of ethics of the Faculty of XXX (Protocol: XXX, blind for review). In the current study, we selected two waves of longitudinal data collected in 2017 (T1) and in 2018 (T2). Initially, a total of 2982 students participated at T1. However, 367 participants did not complete the whole questionnaire at T1 and information on studied concepts was missed. These participants were excluded, leaving a total of 2615 participants for analyses. Among this analysis sample, at T2, 1246 participants from T1 either dropped out or did not complete the questionnaire, resulting in a dropout rate of 47.6%. The high dropout rate was a result of the withdrawal of participants in entire pre-vocational schools, school years (e.g., final exam year) or school classes (e.g., difficulties in arranging the survey assessment due to practical reasons), rather than personal choices by students. Given the high percentage of dropouts, an attrition analysis was conducted to compare all variables of interest at T1 between participants who completed two waves and those who dropped out at T2. As shown in Appendix 3 (Table C1), the results showed that adolescents who did not participate at T2, were older, followed lower levels of education track, reported a higher intensity of social media use, lower life satisfaction, more often met with friends offline, were more impulsive, reported higher levels of attention deficit, and were more narcissistic at T1 compared to adolescents who did participate at T2. Effect sizes rang from small to medium. In addition, boys were more likely to drop out of the study than girls, c 2 (1) = 9.039, p = .003. In order to retain all the participants ( n = 2615), we handled the missing data using full information maximum likelihood (FIML). Of the sample eligible for analysis ( n = 2615), participating students at T1 were 11 to 17 years old ( M age = 13.94, SD age = 1.20), 47% were girls, and were in different educational tracks (61.9% pre-vocational, 27.8% intermediate, and 10.3% pre-university). 2.2 Measures We measured adolescents’ life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, self-esteem, social media use intensity at T1. Demographic variables, including age, gender, and educational level were also measured at T1. In addition, FoMO was measured both at T1 and T2. 2.2.1 Life satisfaction Life satisfaction was measured using the 7-item Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner et al., 1991). This scale includes items on adolescents’ satisfaction with their own life (e.g., my life is going well). Participants rated the items on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 6 = totally agree ). Relevant items were reversely recoded. We used the mean score on the items as a measure of life satisfaction, where a higher score represents a higher levels of life satisfaction. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.84). 2.2.2 Depression Depression was measured using the 6-item Depressive Mood List (Kandel & Davies, 1982), where participants reported the frequency of specific feelings experienced in the past 12 months (e.g., feeling too tired to do anything). Participants rated the items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = always ). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of depression, where a higher score indicates a higher level of depression. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.83). 2.2.3 Impulsivity Impulsivity was measured using a 6-item subscale from the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-Questionnaire (Scholte & Van der Ploeg, 1999). Participants were asked to report on how common the following things occur with them, for example, I'm having trouble waiting for my turn, on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = very often). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of impulsivity, where a higher score indicates a higher level of impulsivity. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.82). 2.2.4 Attention deficit Attention deficit was measured with a 9-item subscale from the ADHD-Questionnaire (Scholte & Van der Ploeg, 1999). Participants were asked to report how common the following things occur with them, for example, I struggle to keep the attention of tasks or activities for a longer period of time, on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = very often). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of attention deficit, where a higher score indicates a higher levels of attention deficit. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.87). 2.2.5 Narcissism Narcissism was measured using the 10-item Childhood Narcissism Scale (Thomaes et al., 2008). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., I like to think about how incredibly nice I am.) on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 4 = totally agree). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of narcissism, where a higher score indicates a higher level of narcissism. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.84). 2.2.6 Self-esteem Self-esteem was measured using the 5-item Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., I feel like I'm a person worth something, at least as much as others.) on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 5 = absolutely agree). Relevant items were reversely recoded. We used the mean score on the items as a measure of self-esteem, where a higher score indicates a higher level of self-esteem. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.81). 2.2.7 Perceived social competence Perceived social competence was measured using the 5-item “close friendship”-subscale of the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 2012). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., I can keep a good friendship for a long time.) on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 5 = absolutely agree). Relevant items were reversely recoded. We used the mean score on the items as a measure of perceived social competence, where a higher score indicates a higher level of perceived social competence. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.66). 2.2.8 Intensity of meeting friends offline Intensity of meeting friends offline was measured using three items on the frequency of peer contact (Baams et al., 2017). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., How often do you spend time with friends after school or in the weekends?) on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = never to 6 = very often). In order to extend the measurement, a fourth item was added to the scale (How often are your friends at your home?). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of intensity of meeting friends offline, where a higher score indicates a higher level of intensity of meeting friends offline. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.86). 2.2.9 Social media use intensity Social media use intensity was measured using 6 items on the frequency of different social media activities (Boer et al., 2020). Participant were asked to rate the first four items (e.g., How many times per day do you view social network sites?) on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = never or less than once to 7 = more than 40 times) and rate the last two items (e.g., How many times per day do you check your smartphone to see whether you have received a message?) on 7-point Likert scale (1 = never or less than once to 7 = more than 80 times). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of social media use intensity, where a higher score indicates a higher levels of social media use intensity. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.84). 2.2.10 Fear of missing out (FoMO) FoMO was measured using 5 items from the Fear of Missing Out Scale developed by Przybylski et al. (2013). This scale originally consists of 10 items, however, in the current project, only 5 items were used (e.g., I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me). Participants rated the items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all true of me to 5 = extremely true of me). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of FoMO, where a higher score indicates a higher level of FoMO. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate at both time points (Cronbach’s α at T1 = 0.83; Cronbach’s α at T2 = 0.82). 2.2.11 Demographic variables Participants’ gender was measured by asking whether they were boy or girl (0 = boy, 1 = girl). Also, they reported the educational track they followed (1 = pre-vocational, 2 = intermediate, 3 = pre-university). Moreover, participants’ age was also included at T1. 2.3 Analyses Plan We performed descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation analyses in IBM SPSS 29. According to Cohen (1992), Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.10, 0.30, and 0.50 indicate small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively. The main analyses included two parts. First, to answer RQ1, we used multiple linear regression models to assess the extent to which each separate domain of individual factors at T1 predicts FoMO at T2 (M1a: mental well-being; M1b: social well-being; M1c: self-control; M1d: self-value). We then analyzed a fifth regression model (M1e) that included all individual factors as predictors to identify the most significant risk factor for FoMO. Second, to answer RQ2 and RQ3, the moderators (social media use intensity and gender) and interaction variables between individual factors and social media use intensity or gender were included in the models. Each interaction effect was tested in a separate model, and due to the 24 interaction effects examined, we applied Bonferroni correction, setting the significance level at p < .002. We controlled for demographic variables (age, level of education) and baseline FoMO levels in all models. All analyses were conducted using Mplus 8.9. Finally, to determine whether the dropout at T2 was selective and influenced our results, we conducted sensitivity analyses, in which all the analyses were rerun with the completers-only sample ( n = 1369). 2.4 Preregistration The sample selection and analytical approaches were preregistered in Open Science Framework (website: blind for review). To enhance the analytical approach, we deviated from the preregistration by omitting anxiety as a predictor of FoMO. This decision was made due to the conceptual overlap between the measured concept of anxiety and FoMO, as well as the strong association of anxiety with depression ( r = 0.72). Furthermore, due to increasing literature on the significant association between problematic social media use and FoMO (Li, Koning, et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2021), in addition to the moderating role of intensity of social media use, we also conducted an additional analysis examining the moderating role of problematic social media use in the predictive effects of individual factors on FoMO. This exploration aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how social media use may influences adolescents' experiences of FoMO. Problematic social media use was measured at T1 using the 9-item Social Media Disorder Scale (Van den Eijnden et al., 2016). Participants answered items such as "During the past year, have you often felt bad when you could not use social media?" using a dichotomous scale (0 = no, 1 = yes). A sum score was computed, where a higher score (ranging between 0 and 9) indicating higher levels of problematic social media use. Due to the dichotomous nature of the items, internal consistency was calculated using the tetrachoric correlation matrix (Gadermann et al., 2012). The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Ordinal α = 0.84). Results 3.1 Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations As shown in Table 1, the results of the bivariate associations show that all variables were significantly related with each other, with effect sizes ranging from small to medium, except for intensity of meeting friends offline. Specifically, the correlation between intensity of meeting friends offline and FoMO was not significant. [Insert Table 1 about here] 3.2 The predive role of individual factors on FoMO The results of the multiple linear regression models are presented in Table 2. Firstly, for the indicators of mental well-being, the findings from Model 1a indicate that depression, but not life satisfaction at T1, predicts FoMO at T2. This shows that adolescents with higher levels of depression at T1 report greater FoMO at T2. Secondly, the results of Model 1b, which include social well-being indicators such as perceived social competence and the frequency of offline interactions with friends, indicate that perceived social competence, and not the intensity of these offline interactions at T1, predicts FoMO at T2. Specifically, adolescents who view themselves as having a lower social competence at T1 report higher levels of FoMO at T2 . Thirdly, the results of Model 1c, which examined the effects of self-control indicators such as impulsivity and attention deficit, show that neither adolescents’ impulsivity nor their attention deficit problems at T1 predict subsequent levels of FoMO at T2. Fourthly, regarding the indicators of self-value (narcissism and self-esteem), the results of Model 1d indicate that adolescents’ narcissism, and not their self-esteem at T1 predicts FoMO at T2. That is, adolescents with a with a higher level of narcissism at T1 report greater levels of FoMO at T2. Finally, the results of the comprehensive model (M1e), including all factors, demonstrate that, in contrast to the findings from Model 1a, both life satisfaction and depression at T1 are significant predictors of subsequent levels of FoMO. Additionally, consistent with the results of the previous models, perceived social competence and narcissism also emerged as significant predictors of subsequent levels of FoMO. [Insert Table 2 about here] 3.3 The moderating role of social media use intensity and gender With regards to the moderating role of social media use intensity, the interaction models (M2a – M2h), as detailed in Table 3 and Appendix 1 (Table A1 – A8), reveal that after applying Bonferroni correction, there was no significant moderation by adolescents’ social media use intensity at T1 on the predictive effects of individual factors at T1 on FoMO at T2. Also, there was no main effect of social media use intensity at T1 on FoMO at T2. This shows that the influence of individual factors on FoMO does not significantly differ across varying levels of social media use intensity. With regards to the moderating role of gender, the interaction models, as detailed in Table 4, Table 5, and Appendix 1 (Table A9 – A24), reveal that after applying Bonferroni correction, there were no significant moderating effects of gender on either the main effects of individual factors on FoMO (M3a1 – M3a8) nor the interaction effects between individual factors and social media use intensity on FoMO (M3b1 – M3b8). The findings indicate that the main effects and the interaction effects were gender independent. However, it should be noted that, although we found no significant interaction effects, gender consistently emerged as a significant predictor of FoMO at T2, even after controlling for baseline FoMO levels and all included predictor variables (see Table 2, M1a – M1e). Thus, girls were more likely to experience increases in their level of FoMO over time than boys. [Insert Table 3 to Table 5 about here] 3.4 Additional analyses In addition to the main analyses, we also examined the moderating role of problematic social media use at T1 in the predictive effects of individual factors at T1 on FoMO at T2. As indicated in Table 6 and Appendix 2 (Table B1 – B8), the interaction models (M4a – M4h) revealed no significant moderating effects of problematic social media use at T1 on the predictive effect of the individual factors at T1 on FoMO at T2. Also, there was no main effect of problematic social media use at T1 on FoMO at T2. The findings suggest that the influence of individual factors on FoMO does not significantly differ across varying levels of adolescents’ problematic social media use. [Insert Table 6 about here] 3.5 Sensitivity analyses To ensure robustness, we conducted sensitivity analyses. Specifically, all the models were rerun with the completers-only sample ( n = 1369) rather than FIML. As shown in Appendix 1 (Table A1 – A24) and Appendix 2 (Table B1 – B8), results remained consistent across both models. Discussion FoMO has been acknowledged as a key factor contributing to adolescents' problematic behaviors (Gao et al., 2024; González et al., 2025; Li, Koning, et al., 2024), that subsequently impair their development. Therefore, it is crucial to identify relevant predictors of FoMO, as well as potential moderators. Using two annual waves of longitudinal data collected among Dutch adolescents aged 11 – 17, the current study expanded the existing, mostly cross-sectional, literature on FoMO by examining the predictive effects of a wider range of individual factors on FoMO and the moderating role of social media use (intensity and problematic) and gender. Our findings support the notion that adolescents with lower mental well-being, diminished social competence, and increased narcissism are more susceptible to experiencing FoMO, regardless of their gender, intensity of social media use and problematic social media use levels. However, although gender did not affect the relationships between individual factors and FoMO, girls are at a higher risk of developing FoMO. 4.1 The predictive effects of individual factors on FoMO Our expectation that adolescents with lower mental well-being, indicated by lower life satisfaction and higher depression levels, are more sensitive to FoMO was supported by the present findings. This aligns with prior longitudinal studies highlighting the predictive role of life satisfaction (Li, Koning et al., 2024) and depression (Yuan et al., 2021) in FoMO. According to the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are crucial for well-being and self-regulation. For adolescents, fulfilling the need for relatedness with peers is particularly crucial as they transition away from family dependence and explore their autonomy in the broader social world. Peer relationships, therefore, become especially important during this developmental stage (Cheng & Jiang, 2024). Adolescents with lower mental well-being can be expected to experience greater challenges fulfilling these needs, as they are more likely facing difficulties in peer relationships (Tan & Teng, 2020), which can heighten their vulnerability to FoMO (Cheng & Jiang, 2024). In line with this theoretical perspective, we also found that adolescents' perceived social competence predicts FoMO, indicating that adolescents who perceive themselves as having difficulties in forming or maintaining relationships are more vulnerable to FoMO. A plausible explanation for this finding is that adolescents with low social competence, that may result from factors such as negative social experiences (e.g., social rejection, Washington et al., 2018), neurodivergent conditions (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, Campbell et al., 2015), or, as previously mentioned, lower mental well-being (Tan & Teng, 2020), may struggle with an unmet need for relatedness. This unmet need, in turn, increases their likelihood of experiencing FoMO (Cheng & Jiang, 2024). However, it should be noted that we did not find any support for an association between actual intensity of meeting friends offline and FoMO, neither a predictive effect nor a correlation. This implies that adolescents’ perception of their social competence, rather than their actual social experiences, drives FoMO, highlighting the importance of subjective self-perceptions over objective social behaviors in understanding FoMO. The results indicate that self-control, as measured by impulsivity and attention deficits, did not predict FoMO over time. This finding contrasts with previous studies suggesting that individuals with lower self-control are more susceptible to FoMO (Jiao & Cui, 2023; Servidio, 2021). However, these previous studies used a cross-sectional design, limiting the ability to draw causal conclusions. Notably, our bivariate correlation analyses revealed a positive association between attention deficit/impulsivity and FoMO. These findings suggest a concurrent relationship between self-control (i.e., impulsivity and attention deficit) and FoMO, rather than a causal, predictive mechanism. One explanation for this concurrent association is that FoMO may influence self-control, rather than the reverse. The experience of FoMO, along with the preoccupation with missed social opportunities, is likely to consume cognitive resources. This depletion may reduce cognitive capacity for planning in other areas of life, potentially leading to increased impulsivity and attention difficulties. Supporting this idea, Xu & Tian (2023), using EEG techniques, found that FoMO undermines inhibitory control by consuming more cognitive resource. Moreover, adolescents with FoMO may respond more quickly and reactively, as FoMO creates an unpleasant feeling over missed experiences (Przybylski et al., 2013), which may also temporarily impair their self-control. For example, previous studies have shown that students with higher levels of FoMO reported higher levels of attention distraction and learning disengagement (Al-Furaih & Al-Awidi, 2021; Przybylski et al., 2013). Finally, our findings indicate that elevated levels of narcissism, rather than reduced self-esteem, are associated with an increase in FoMO over time. This observation aligns with previous research demonstrating a positive relationship between narcissism and FoMO (Carone et al., 2023; Müller et al., 2021; Servidio et al., 2021) . A plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that adolescents with higher narcissism scores, characterized by an intense need for admiration and external validation, may perceive experiences of social exclusion or being outperformed by peers as direct threats to their inflated self-worth (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). This heightened perception of threat likely motivates individuals with high narcissism to engage in frequent social comparisons and to maintain an acute awareness of others’ activities. Such behavior may serve as a strategy to capitalize on social opportunities for attention and admiration (Al-Busaidi et al., 2023), ultimately exacerbating their FoMO concerning potentially rewarding social interactions. Moreover, we did not find evidence supporting a negative relationship between self-esteem and FoMO, contradicting earlier studies (Barry & Wong, 2020; Uram & Skalski, 2020). The inconsistence could be explained by differences in the study design. While previous studies examined the predictive effects of self-esteem and narcissism on FoMO separately, we included both variables in the same model, which may have influenced the results. As a result, this inconsistent finding could be attributed to the intercorrelation between self-esteem and narcissism. In other words, when controlling for self-esteem, narcissism becomes a more relevant predictor of FoMO. 4.2 The moderating role of social media use In the current study, we investigated whether the intensity of social media, as well as problematic social media use, interacted with individual characteristics to amplify or exacerbate FoMO levels. However, no such interaction effects were found. While social media use may still influence FoMO (Barry & Wong, 2020; Groenestein et al., 2024a), its intensity or problematic use does not interact with individual factors to further intensify adolescents' FoMO. This finding aligns with Barry and Wang’s (2020) study, which found that the positive associations between self-esteem and loneliness with FoMO were more pronounced among individuals who engaged in social media use during daily life activities, but not among those with higher overall social media use intensity. Also, as Groenestein et al. (2024b) suggested, the nature of the content viewed may be more crucial, as individuals may experience FoMO only when viewing content showcasing socially rewarding situations from which they feel excluded. For example, Fumagalli et al. (2021) found that the use of social networking platforms like Facebook and Instagram, which promote passive content consumption and allow users to observe others' activities, is linked to heightened feelings of FoMO. In contrast, the use of interactive messaging apps like WhatsApp and iMessage, which support direct peer communication, is not related to increased FoMO. One possible explanation for this finding is that the FoMO items we measured particularly reflect trait-like FoMO. FoMO can be viewed as both a trait and a state (Wegmann et al., 2017). In this study, we used a shortened version of the FoMO scale by Przybylski et al. (2013), which assesses FoMO as a stable personality trait. Trait-like FoMO reflects a consistent tendency to experience FoMO, independent of situational factors, while state-like FoMO is more dynamic and influenced by momentary experiences, such as social media engagement (Wegmann et al., 2017). Therefore, individual factors may predict FoMO, regardless of levels of (problematic) social media use, since trait-like FoMO remains stable across different engagement levels. Future studies could explore this by using scales that focus on both state-like and trait-like FoMO (Wegmann et al., 2017) or employing experience sampling methods to capture momentary fluctuations in FoMO. 4.3 The moderating role of gender Regarding the moderating role of gender, contrary to our expectations, the results indicate that gender did not moderate the main effects of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value on FoMO, nor did it moderate their interactions with social media use intensity. This suggests that the mechanisms through which these individual factors and their interplay with social media use contribute to FoMO are similar for boys and girls. Nonetheless, gender itself emerged as a significant predictor, with girls reporting higher levels of FoMO than boys. This is consistent with prior research indicating that females may be more susceptible to FoMO due to their heightened sensitivity to social cues, stronger needs for relatedness, and greater emphasis on interpersonal relationships (Jiao & Cui, 2023; Yin et al., 2024). 4.4 Strengths, limitations, and future directions This study has significant strengths in its research design. By incorporating a broader range of individual factors as predictors and utilizing longitudinal data, we offer a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that may trigger FoMO. Additionally, by adding adolescents' real-life peer interactions, we could differentiate between subjective self-perceptions and more objective behaviors. Despite the valuable insights provided by this study, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the present study dealt with considerable drop-out at T2. Although the associations between the study variables and dropout were small to medium and we attempted to minimize potential bias from missing data using FIML, we acknowledge that we cannot rule-out the possibility that the missing data affected the estimates of the present analyses. Therefore, future studies are encouraged to use more complete samples. Second, the current study relied on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases like social desirability and memory inaccuracies. These limitations emphasize the importance of future research utilizing objective measures, such as digital trace data, for more accurate and reliable behavior capture. Third, our longitudinal design, with one-year intervals, enhances understanding of long-term effects, particularly for stable psychological traits like narcissism. However, it limits our ability to capture fluctuating state-like variables, such as the intensity of offline social interactions. As a result, these stable traits may be more effective in predicting FoMO after one year. Future studies should utilize more frequent measurement methods to better capture dynamics over shorter timeframes. In addition, to develop a more comprehensive understanding of FoMO vulnerability, future research could examine the role of distal factors, such as early childhood experiences, in shaping the individual characteristics (e.g., mental well-being, social competence, and narcissism in our study) that contribute to FoMO susceptibility. 4.5 Conclusion In conclusion, this study enhances the existing literature on the individual factors that significantly predict increases in FoMO over time. The findings reveal that adolescents exhibiting lower mental well-being, reduced perceived social competence, and heightened levels of narcissism, are particularly vulnerable to the development of FoMO. Notably, this susceptibility appears to persist regardless of the frequency of social media use, experiences of problematic social media behavior, and gender. However, while the predictive effects did not differ between boys and girls, girls were more vulnerable to FoMO. Given that FoMO is a critical predictor of problematic online behaviors, it is essential for interventions aimed at mitigating these behaviors to consider these findings. By acknowledging the influence of individual psychosocial characteristics, practitioners can better understand and address the factors contributing to the emergence of FoMO among adolescents, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of targeted interventions. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethical Committee of Utrecht University (protocol number: FETC16-076 Eijnden). Passive informed consent was obtained: all parents/caregivers were provided with information about the study and given the opportunity to withdraw their child from participation. If no withdrawal was indicated, participation was considered as consent. All participants were also informed about the study and could decline participation at any time. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received no funding. Author Contribution Yanyu Li: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (Lead), Methodology (equal), Project administration (Lead), Software (Lead), Validation (Lead), Visualization (Lead), Writing—original draft (Lead); Regina van den Eijnden: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Investigation (Lead), Methodology (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing—review and editing (equal); Ina M Koning: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (Supporting), Methodology (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing—review and editing (equal). All authors contributed to the development of the study concept and have agreed to the final submitted version. Data Availability Data available on request from the authors. Clinical trial number Not applicable. References Abell, L., Buglass, S. L., & Betts, L. R. (2019). Fear of Missing Out and Relational Aggression on Facebook. 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Acta Psychologica Sinica , 53 (3), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00273 Tables Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations of the Study Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Gender 1 2 Age T1 -0.07 ** 1 3 Educational level T1 0.11 *** 0.09 *** 1 4 SMUI T1 0.15 *** 0.10 *** -0.09 *** 1 5 PSMU T1 0.08 *** -0.05 * -0.14 *** 0.32 *** 1 6 Life satisfaction T1 -0.03 -0.11 *** 0.00 -0.07 *** -0.28 *** 1 7 Depression T1 0.20 *** 0.07 *** 0.10 *** 0.16 *** 0.32 *** -0.48 *** 1 8 PSC T1 0.16 *** -0.02 0.05 * 0.11 *** -0.14 *** 0.31 *** -0.19 *** 1 9 IMF T1 0.10 *** 0.05 ** -0.08 *** 0.37 *** 0.06 ** 0.22 *** -0.04 * 0.28 *** 1 10 Impulsivity T1 -0.16 *** 0.06 ** -0.06 ** 0.23 *** 0.04 *** -0.20 *** 0.36 *** -0.19 *** 0.14 *** 1 11 Attention deficit T1 -0.07 ** 0.10 *** 0.03 0.19 *** 0.32 *** -0.31 *** 0.49 *** -0.19 *** 0.03 0.67 *** 1 12 Narcissism T1 -0.20 *** -0.01 -0.10 *** 0.08 *** 0.10 *** 0.17 *** -0.05 * -0.02 0.15 *** 0.21 *** 0.05 ** 1 13 Self-esteem T1 -0.07 ** -0.05 ** 0.00 -0.07 *** -0.26 *** 0.63 *** -0.39 *** 0.31 *** 0.22 *** -0.16 *** -0.25 *** 0.31 *** 1 14 FoMO T1 0.10 *** 0.05 * 0.14 *** 0.15 *** 0.29 *** -0.34 *** 0.48 *** -0.19 *** 0.03 0.31 *** 0.36 *** 0.08 *** -0.29 *** 1 15 FoMO T2 0.13 *** 0.11 *** 0.14 *** 0.13 *** 0.18 *** -0.23 *** 0.33 *** -0.15 *** 0.03 0.21 *** 0.25 *** 0.07 ** -0.17 *** 0.49 *** 1 Minimum 0.00 11.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Maximum 1.00 17.00 3.00 7.00 9.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Mean (%) 0.47 13.94 1.48 3.91 1.30 4.61 2.28 4.32 3.39 1.96 2.33 2.20 3.79 1.75 1.84 Standard deviation 0.50 1.20 0.68 1.33 1.58 0.92 0.81 0.70 1.12 0.72 0.77 0.57 0.75 0.73 0.76 Note. Gender is a category variable (0 = boys, 1 = girls); Educational level is a category variable (1 = pre-vocational, 2 = intermediate, 3 = pre-university). T = time point, SMUI = social media use intensity, PSMU = problematic social media use, PSC = perceived social competence, IMF = intensity of meeting friends offline, FoMO = fear of missing out. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p <.001. Table 2 Linear Regression Models on FoMO at T2 Predictors M1a ( R 2 = 0.27) M1b ( R 2 = 0.26) M1c ( R 2 = 0.26) M1d ( R 2 = 0.26) M1e ( R 2 = 0.27) β SE p β SE p β SE p β SE p β SE p Control variable Gender 0.06 0.02 .007 0.09 0.02 < .001 0.09 0.02 < .001 0.09 0.02 < .001 0.09 0.03 < .001 Age 0.03 0.03 .172 0.04 0.03 .112 0.04 0.03 .159 0.04 0.03 .080 0.03 0.03 .277 Educational level 0.06 0.02 .007 0.07 0.02 .002 0.07 0.02 .006 0.07 0.02 .003 0.08 0.02 .002 FoMO T1 0.42 0.03 < .001 0.45 0.02 < .001 0.44 0.02 < .001 0.46 0.02 < .001 0.40 0.03 < .001 Study variable Mental well-being Life satisfaction -0.05 0.03 .067 -0.08 0.03 .016 Depression 0.08 0.03 .009 0.06 0.03 .048 Social well-being Perceived social competence -0.08 0.03 .002 -0.06 0.03 .017 Intensity of meeting friends offline 0.04 0.03 .114 0.05 0.03 .096 Self-control Impulsivity 0.03 0.03 .363 -0.01 0.04 .780 Attention deficit 0.06 0.03 .072 0.04 0.03 .265 Self-value Narcissism 0.07 0.03 .011 0.06 0.03 .035 Self-esteem -0.04 0.03 .200 0.05 0.03 .163 Note. Gender is a category variable (0 = boys, 1 = girls); Educational level is a category variable (1 = pre-vocational, 2 = intermediate, 3 = pre-university); FoMO = fear of missing out. Standardized coefficients are reported. Significant coefficients are highlighted in bold. Table 3 Moderating Effects of Social Media Use Intensity Model Interaction b SE p β M2a Life satisfaction*SMUI 0.01 0.02 .592 0.01 M2b Depression*SMUI -0.01 0.02 .631 -0.01 M2c Perceived social competence*SMUI 0.01 0.02 .662 0.01 M2d Intensity of meeting friends offline*SMUI 0.00 0.02 .981 0.00 M2e Impulsivity *SMUI -0.01 0.02 .635 -0.01 M2f Attention deficit*SMUI 0.02 0.02 .245 0.03 M2g Narcissism*SMUI 0.00 0.02 .940 0.00 M2h Self-esteem*SMUI 0.02 0.02 .397 0.02 Note. All the demographic variable (i.e., gender, age, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderator (i.e., social media use intensity) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. SMUI = social media use intensity. In order to avoid multiple testing, we applied Bonferroni correction, with p < .002 considered as significant. Table 4 Moderating Effects of Gender Model Predictors b SE p β M3a1 Life satisfaction* Gender -0.06 0.04 .146 -0.18 M3a2 Depression* Gender 0.10 0.05 .038 0.17 M3a3 Perceived social competence* Gender -0.03 0.05 .587 -0.08 M3a4 Intensity of meeting friends offline* Gender -0.03 0.04 .357 -0.08 M3a5 Impulsivity*Gender 0.05 0.05 .386 0.06 M3a6 Attention deficit*Gender 0.01 0.05 .804 0.02 M3a7 Narcissism* Gender 0.05 0.07 .737 0.07 M3a8 Self-esteem* Gender -0.06 0.05 .269 -0.14 Note. All the demographic variables (i.e., age, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderator (i.e., gender) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. In order to avoid multiple testing, we applied Bonferroni correction, with p < .002 considered as significant. Table 5 Three-Way Moderating Effects of Social Media Use Intensity and Gender Model Predictors b SE p β M3b1 Life satisfaction*SMUI *Gender -0.02 0.02 .256 -0.03 M3b2 Depression*SMUI *Gender 0.01 0.02 .778 0.02 M3b3 Perceived social competence*SMUI*Gender -0.03 0.02 .101 -0.04 M3b4 Intensity of meeting friends offline*SMUI*Gender -0.03 0.02 .128 -0.04 M3b5 Impulsivity*SMUI*Gender 0.01 0.02 .568 0.02 M3b6 Attention deficit*SMUI*Gender -0.02 0.02 .267 -0.03 M3b7 Narcissism*SMUI*Gender 0.01 0.02 .958 0.01 M3b8 Self-esteem*SMUI*Gender -0.02 0.02 .195 -0.03 Note. All the demographic variable (i.e., age, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderators (i.e., social media use intensity, and gender) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. SMUI = social media use intensity. In order to avoid multiple testing, we applied Bonferroni correction, with p < .002 considered as significant. Table 6 Moderating Effects of Problematic Social Media Use Model Interaction b SE p β M4a Life satisfaction*PSMU -0.02 0.02 .234 -0.03 M4b Depression*PSMU 0.02 0.02 .361 0.02 M4c Perceived social competence*PSMU 0.02 0.02 .186 0.03 M4d Intensity of meeting friends offline*PSMU 0.00 0.02 .876 0.00 M4e Impulsivity*PSMU -0.02 0.02 .114 -0.04 M4f Attention deficit*PSMU -0.02 0.02 .130 -0.04 M4g Narcissism*PSMU -0.01 0.02 .759 -0.01 M4h Self-esteem*PSMU -0.02 0.02 .257 -0.03 Note. All the demographic variable (i.e., age, gender, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderator (i.e., problematic social media use) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. PSMU = problematic social media use. Problematic social media use is an ordinal variable (range from 0 to 9). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 6Appendix2.docx 6Appendix3.docx 6Appendix1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 15 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":482633,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConceptual Model\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7790755/v1/db47c67a1d36cdaa705b899b.jpeg"},{"id":96708341,"identity":"671e3900-5564-4046-b0c3-202db3b0cddd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:01:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2166218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7790755/v1/d6a33446-154d-46c1-b162-1dc075fdc141.pdf"},{"id":96603349,"identity":"cce01fc8-4e9d-4c5b-ba85-f6763536a891","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 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Predictors and moderators of FoMO among Dutch adolescents","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFear of missing out, known colloquially as FoMO, is a growing concern, particularly among young people (Hayran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Milyavskaya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who often experience it during evenings, weekends, and while studying (Milyavskaya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). FoMO, defined as a general apprehension that others may have (more) rewarding experiences when one is absent and characterized by a strong desire of staying connected with what others are doing (Przybylski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), has gained wide research attention due to its increasing prevalence and its negative impact on adolescent development. FoMO is consistently associated with problematic behaviors like problematic social media and smartphone use (Li, Koning et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Yuan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), gaming disorder (Gao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and phubbing (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These behaviors, in turn, correlate with adverse outcomes such as social fatigue (Xie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), sleep problems (Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and poor academic performance (Al-Busaidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).Therefore, it is important to explore which subgroups of adolescents are most vulnerable to develop higher levels of FoMO.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearchers have explored the impact of various predisposing variables on the degree of FoMO experienced by adolescents, including personality characteristics (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), well-being (Elhai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and cognitions (Jiao \u0026amp; Cui, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). However, these studies have predominantly employed cross-sectional designs or have examined predictors in a fragmented manner (cf. literature review by \u0026Ccedil;elik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, no causal inferences can be drawn and there is a lack of a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the characteristics that make adolescents more vulnerable to FoMO. Furthermore, researchers argued that while FoMO is not solely a byproduct of digital technology and social media, it is nonetheless closely related to social media use (\u0026Ccedil;elik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies suggest that social media use fosters FoMO (Groenestein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e), and may interact with individual factors to amplify it (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, the extent to which social media use strengthens the relationships between a broader range of individual factors and FoMO remains unclear. Finally, previous studies on gender differences in FoMO have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we will also examine gender differences in the strength of the aforementioned relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.1 The predictive role of individual factors\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the literature, it can be expected that adolescents\u0026rsquo; \u003cb\u003elower mental well-being\u003c/b\u003e (i.e., lower life satisfaction, and higher depression level) will predict subsequent higher levels of FoMO. This assumption stems from the self-determination theory (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), which posits that fulfilling basic psychological needs, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness, is essential for well-being and self-regulation. When these needs are unmet, individuals may experience decreased psychological health, potentially leading to maladaptive coping mechanisms like FoMO (Przybylski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Xie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, FoMO can be seen as a compensatory response, where individuals seek to fulfill unmet needs through constant social engagement (Almeida et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Previous longitudinal studies also showed that lower life satisfaction (Li, Koning, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and higher depression (Yuan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) correlate with higher levels of FoMO over time. On basis of the foregoing, it is expected that lower mental well-being would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe also propose that adolescents who experience \u003cb\u003elower social well-being\u003c/b\u003e, defined as lower perceived social competence and fewer real-life social interactions, are more vulnerable to FoMO. In line with self-determination theory (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), adolescents with difficulties forming and maintaining friendships or who meet friends less frequently are more likely to experience unmet needs for relatedness, which can heighten their susceptibility to FoMO. This idea is supported by previous studies showing that the need for belongingness (Beyens et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and loneliness (Bonfanti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) are positively associated with FoMO. Based on this theoretical framework and supporting evidence, we hypothesize that lower social well-being would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, we anticipate that adolescents with \u003cb\u003elower self-control\u003c/b\u003e, exhibited through higher impulsivity and attention deficits, experience greater FoMO (Jiao \u0026amp; Cui, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Servidio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). FoMO can be understood as a consequence of self-regulation failure (Przybylski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Varchetta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents with lower self-control can be expected to have more difficulties in regulating emotions, which can exacerbate feelings of anxiety or insecurity about not being included in social settings. In addition, youngsters with low self-control will probably face more challenges in social situations. These difficulties in social situations can heighten sensitivity to feeling excluded, especially for those already feeling socially marginalized. In line with these ideas, a recent meta-analysis on the relationship between Big Five Personality traits and FoMO showed that conscientiousness, marked by effective self-regulation, was negatively associated with FoMO; whereas neuroticism, linked to difficulties in self-regulation, was positively associated with FoMO (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, we hypothesize that lower self-control would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition to self-determination theory (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), researchers also explored FoMO from the perspective of self-concept (Servidio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Servidio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting that individuals with \u003cb\u003evulnerable self-value\u003c/b\u003e are more likely to perceive higher levels of FoMO. These individuals often demonstrate traits such as higher narcissism and lower self-esteem (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which make them more reliant on external validation (Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Hawk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and more sensitive to negative emotions (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Such individuals usually are more depending on social interactions to affirm their sense of self-worth (Hawk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Thomaes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). This dependency may drive a strong social need to stay connected to others and an increased fear that they might miss out on social opportunities (Al-Busaidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, they may view being outperformed by others as a threat to their self-value (Morf \u0026amp; Rhodewalt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This perception, combined with a tendency to engage in social comparison and fear that others are having more rewarding experiences (Servidio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), can intensify their FoMO.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch supports the link between self-value and FoMO, showing that higher levels of narcissism (Brailovskaia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Carone et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and lower levels of self-esteem (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Uram \u0026amp; Skalski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) are positively associated with FoMO. Additionally, related traits and constructs, such as an imaginary audience (Popovac \u0026amp; Hadlington, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), the desire for popularity (Beyens et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), striving to avoid inferiority, interpersonal manipulation, and relational aggression (Abell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), as well as envy (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), are positively linked to FoMO. Other contributing factors include contingent self-esteem (Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), which often overlaps conceptually with self-value constructs like lower self-compassion (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and unclear self-concept (Servidio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), as well as an interdependent self-construal (Servidio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Based on this evidence, we expect that vulnerable self-value would predict higher levels of FoMO over time (Hypothesis 4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2 The moderating role of social media use intensity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe expect that the intensity of social media use may amplify the impact of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value on FoMO. FoMO arises from concerns about missing important (social) information, opportunities, and connections, worries that are particularly intensified in today\u0026rsquo;s era of constant information sharing and pervasive social media (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). As the online world may serve as an extension of offline interactions, the associations between individual factors and FoMO could be particularly relevant for adolescents who use social media more frequently. This is because they are more likely to encounter idealized images on these platforms, such as posts about leisure activities and enjoyable moments with friends (Vogel \u0026amp; Rose, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and the constant exposure to such content, combined with the ease of checking friends\u0026rsquo; profiles and messaging, make it easy for adolescents to notice and worry about missed rewarding experiences (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). We, thus, hypothesize that the intensity of social media use would strengthen the relationships between mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value and FoMO (Hypothesis 5).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.3 The moderating role of gender\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, we propose that the previously described main effects of the individual factors (i.e., mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value) and their interactions with social media use intensity in predicting FoMO may differ between boys and girls. Research on gender differences in FoMO has yielded inconsistent results. Most studies suggest that females experience higher levels of FoMO than males (Elhai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), while some studies report the opposite (Al-Busaidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Brailovskaia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), or no gender difference (Rozgonjuk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Despite these inconsistencies, researchers suggested that females may be more susceptible to FoMO because they typically place greater value on interpersonal relationships, are more sensitive to social cues, and have stronger needs for relatedness compared to males. These factors make females more likely to fear losing social connections (Jiao \u0026amp; Cui, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Yin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, females tend to use social media more intensively than males (Van den Eijnden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), potentially increasing their exposure to triggers for FoMO. Based on this evidence, we hypothesize that the main effects of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value on FoMO would be stronger for girls (Hypothesis 6). Moreover, we expect that the interaction effects between the individual factors and social media use intensity would be stronger for girls (Hypothesis 7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.4 The current study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn sum, given the significant impact of FoMO on adolescents\u0026rsquo; problematic internet-related behaviors and overall development, this study examined a comprehensive set of individual factors that can be expected to predict FoMO in adolescents. More specifically, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, this longitudinal study, including two annual measurement waves, investigated to what extent FoMO is predicted by adolescents\u0026rsquo; \u003cb\u003emental well-being\u003c/b\u003e (i.e., life satisfaction and depression), \u003cb\u003esocial well-being\u003c/b\u003e (i.e., perceived social competence and intensity of meeting friends offline), \u003cb\u003eself-control\u003c/b\u003e (i.e., impulsivity, and attention deficit), and \u003cb\u003eself-value\u003c/b\u003e (i.e., narcissism and self-esteem) (Model 1). In addition, this study explored the moderating role of social media use intensity (Model 2) and gender (Model 3a and 3b). These findings are expected to deepen the understanding of FoMO and its predictors, offering valuable insights for educators and practitioners. Specifically, the results may guide the development of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing FoMO and mitigating its related problematic behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e about here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Participants and Procedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study used data from the XXX (blind for review) project, which is a self-report longitudinal study that aims to investigate the relationships between online behaviors and well-being among secondary school adolescents in the Netherlands (XXX, blind for review). Data were collected with yearly time intervals every February/April from 2015 to 2019. Participants were recruited through secondary schools in urban and suburban areas in the Netherlands. Schools were selected based on the project initiator\u0026rsquo;s personal network or contacts with key persons in secondary schools. Parents received information letters two weeks prior to survey assessment, providing them with the opportunity to refuse participation of their child(ren). Also, prior to survey assessment, students were informed about the topic and purpose of the study, that participation was voluntary and anonymous, and that they could resign participation at any moment without any consequences. Survey assessments were administered in the classroom through digital self‐completion. Research‐assistants were present during assessments to assist when necessary. At each school, a few \u003cem\u003ebol.com\u003c/em\u003e gift cards were raffled among participating students. The study procedures were identical across waves, were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and were approved by the board of ethics of the Faculty of XXX (Protocol: XXX, blind for review).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we selected two waves of longitudinal data collected in 2017 (T1) and in 2018 (T2). Initially, a total of 2982 students participated at T1. However, 367 participants did not complete the whole questionnaire at T1 and information on studied concepts was missed. These participants were excluded, leaving a total of 2615 participants for analyses. Among this analysis sample, at T2, 1246 participants from T1 either dropped out or did not complete the questionnaire, resulting in a dropout rate of 47.6%. The high dropout rate was a result of the withdrawal of participants in entire pre-vocational schools, school years (e.g., final exam year) or school classes (e.g., difficulties in arranging the survey assessment due to practical reasons), rather than personal choices by students.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the high percentage of dropouts, an attrition analysis was conducted to compare all variables of interest at T1 between participants who completed two waves and those who dropped out at T2. As shown in Appendix 3 (Table C1), the results showed that adolescents who did not participate at T2, were older, followed lower levels of education track, reported a higher intensity of social media use, lower life satisfaction, more often met with friends offline, were more impulsive, reported higher levels of attention deficit, and were more narcissistic at T1 compared to adolescents who did participate at T2. Effect sizes rang from small to medium. In addition, boys were more likely to drop out of the study than girls,\u0026nbsp;c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1) = 9.039, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= .003. In order to retain all the participants (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 2615), we handled the missing data using full information maximum likelihood (FIML). \u0026nbsp; Of the sample eligible for analysis (\u003cem\u003en\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 2615), participating students at T1 were 11 to 17 years old (\u003cem\u003eM\u003csub\u003eage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 13.94, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003csub\u003eage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 1.20), 47% were girls, and were in different educational tracks (61.9% pre-vocational, 27.8% intermediate, and 10.3% pre-university).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Measures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe measured adolescents\u0026rsquo; life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, self-esteem, social media use intensity at T1. Demographic variables, including age, gender, and educational level were also measured at T1. In addition, FoMO was measured both at T1 and T2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction was measured using the 7-item Students\u0026rsquo; Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner et al., 1991). \u0026nbsp;This scale includes items on adolescents\u0026rsquo; satisfaction with their own life (e.g., my life is going well). Participants rated the items on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = \u003cem\u003etotally disagree\u003c/em\u003e to 6 = \u003cem\u003etotally agree\u003c/em\u003e). Relevant items were reversely recoded. We used the mean score on the items as a measure of life satisfaction, where a higher score represents a higher levels of life satisfaction. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.84).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepression\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepression was measured using the 6-item Depressive Mood List (Kandel \u0026amp; Davies, 1982), where participants reported the frequency of specific feelings experienced in the past 12 months (e.g., feeling too tired to do anything). Participants rated the items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = \u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e to 5 = \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of depression, where a higher score indicates a higher level of depression. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.83).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpulsivity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImpulsivity was measured using a 6-item subscale from the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-Questionnaire (Scholte \u0026amp; Van der Ploeg, 1999). Participants were asked to report on how common the following things occur with them, for example,\u0026nbsp;I\u0026apos;m having trouble waiting for my turn, on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = very often). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of impulsivity, where a higher score indicates a higher level of impulsivity. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.82).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.4 Attention deficit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttention deficit was measured with a 9-item subscale from the ADHD-Questionnaire (Scholte \u0026amp; Van der Ploeg, 1999). Participants were asked to report how common the following things occur with them, for example, I struggle to keep the attention of tasks or activities for a longer period of time, on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never to 5 = very often). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of attention deficit, where a higher score indicates a higher levels of attention deficit. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.87).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.5 Narcissism\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNarcissism was measured using the 10-item Childhood Narcissism Scale (Thomaes et al., 2008). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., I like to think about how incredibly nice I am.) on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 4 = totally agree). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of narcissism, where a higher score indicates a higher level of narcissism. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.84).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.6 Self-esteem\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem was measured using the 5-item Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., I feel like I\u0026apos;m a person worth something, at least as much as others.) on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 5 = absolutely agree). Relevant items were reversely recoded. We used the mean score on the items as a measure of self-esteem, where a higher score indicates a higher level of self-esteem. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.81).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.7 Perceived social competence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerceived social competence was measured using the 5-item \u0026ldquo;close friendship\u0026rdquo;-subscale of the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 2012). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., I can keep a good friendship for a long time.) on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = totally disagree to 5 = absolutely agree). Relevant items were reversely recoded. We used the mean score on the items as a measure of perceived social competence, where a higher score indicates a higher level of perceived social competence. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.66).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.8 Intensity of meeting friends offline\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntensity of meeting friends offline was measured using three items on the frequency of peer contact (Baams et al., 2017). Participant were asked to rate the items (e.g., How often do you spend time with friends after school or in the weekends?) on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = never to 6 = very often). In order to extend the measurement, a fourth item was added to the scale (How often are your friends at your home?). \u0026nbsp;We used the mean score on the items as a measure of intensity of meeting friends offline, where a higher score indicates a higher level of intensity of meeting friends offline. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.86).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.9 Social media use intensity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial media use intensity was measured using 6 items on the frequency of different social media activities (Boer et al., 2020). Participant were asked to rate the first four items (e.g., How many times per day do you view social network sites?) on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = never or less than once to 7 = more than 40 times) and rate the last two items (e.g., How many times per day do you check your smartphone to see whether you have received a message?) on 7-point Likert scale (1 = never or less than once to 7 = more than 80 times). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of social media use intensity, where a higher score indicates a higher levels of social media use intensity. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; = 0.84).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.10 Fear of missing out (FoMO)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFoMO was measured using 5 items from the Fear of Missing Out Scale developed by Przybylski et al. (2013). This scale originally consists of 10 items, however, in the current project, only 5 items were used (e.g., I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me). Participants rated the items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all true of me to 5 = extremely true of me). We used the mean score on the items as a measure of FoMO, where a higher score indicates a higher level of FoMO. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate at both time points (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; at T1 = 0.83; Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; at T2 = 0.82).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.11 Demographic variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; gender was measured by asking whether they were boy or girl (0 = boy, 1 = girl). Also, they reported the educational track they followed (1 = pre-vocational, 2 = intermediate, 3 = pre-university). Moreover, participants\u0026rsquo; age was also included at T1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Analyses Plan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe performed descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation analyses in IBM SPSS 29. According to Cohen (1992), Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.10, 0.30, and 0.50 indicate small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main analyses included two parts. First, to answer RQ1, we used multiple linear regression models to assess the extent to which each separate domain of individual factors at T1 predicts FoMO at T2 (M1a: mental well-being; M1b: social well-being; M1c: self-control; M1d: self-value). We then analyzed a fifth regression model (M1e) that included all individual factors as predictors to identify the most significant risk factor for FoMO. \u0026nbsp;Second, to answer RQ2 and RQ3, the moderators (social media use intensity and gender) and interaction variables between individual factors and social media use intensity or gender were included in the models. Each interaction effect was tested in a separate model, and due to the 24 interaction effects examined, we applied Bonferroni correction, setting the significance level at p \u0026lt; .002. We controlled for demographic variables (age, level of education) and baseline FoMO levels in all models. All analyses were conducted using Mplus 8.9.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, to determine whether the dropout at T2 was selective and influenced our results, we conducted sensitivity analyses, in which all the analyses were rerun with the completers-only sample (\u003cem\u003en\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 1369).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Preregistration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample selection and analytical approaches were preregistered in Open Science Framework (website: blind for review). To enhance the analytical approach, we deviated from the preregistration by omitting anxiety as a predictor of FoMO. This decision was made due to the conceptual overlap between the measured concept of anxiety and FoMO, as well as the strong association of anxiety with depression (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.72).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, due to increasing literature on the significant association between problematic social media use and FoMO (Li, Koning, et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2021), in addition to the moderating role of intensity of social media use, we also conducted an additional analysis examining the moderating role of problematic social media use in the predictive effects of individual factors on FoMO. This exploration aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how social media use may influences adolescents\u0026apos; experiences of FoMO. Problematic social media use was measured at T1 using the 9-item Social Media Disorder Scale (Van den Eijnden et al., 2016). Participants answered items such as \u0026quot;During the past year, have you often felt bad when you could not use social media?\u0026quot; using a dichotomous scale (0 = no, 1 = yes). A sum score was computed, where a higher score (ranging between 0 and 9) indicating higher levels of problematic social media use. Due to the dichotomous nature of the items, internal consistency was calculated using the tetrachoric correlation matrix (Gadermann et al., 2012). The internal consistency of the scale was adequate (Ordinal \u0026alpha; = 0.84).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e As shown in Table 1, the results of the bivariate associations show that all variables were significantly related with each other, with effect sizes ranging from small to medium, except for intensity of meeting friends offline. Specifically, the correlation between intensity of meeting friends offline and FoMO was not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 1 about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 The predive role of individual factors on FoMO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the multiple linear regression models are presented in Table 2. Firstly, for the indicators of mental well-being, the findings from Model 1a indicate that depression, but not life satisfaction at T1, predicts FoMO at T2. This shows that adolescents with higher levels of depression at T1 report greater FoMO at T2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondly, the results of Model 1b, which include social well-being indicators such as perceived social competence and the frequency of offline interactions with friends, indicate that perceived social competence, and not the intensity of these offline interactions at T1, predicts FoMO at T2. Specifically, adolescents who view themselves as having a lower social competence at T1 report higher levels of FoMO at T2 .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThirdly, the results of Model 1c, which examined the effects of self-control indicators such as impulsivity and attention deficit, show that neither adolescents\u0026rsquo; impulsivity nor their attention deficit problems at T1 predict subsequent levels of FoMO at T2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourthly, regarding the indicators of self-value (narcissism and self-esteem), the results of Model 1d indicate that adolescents\u0026rsquo; narcissism, and not their self-esteem at T1 predicts FoMO at T2. That is, adolescents with a with a higher level of narcissism at T1 report greater levels of FoMO at T2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the results of the comprehensive model (M1e), including all factors, demonstrate that, in contrast to the findings from Model 1a, both life satisfaction and depression at T1 are significant predictors of subsequent levels of FoMO. Additionally, consistent with the results of the previous models, perceived social competence and narcissism also emerged as significant predictors of subsequent levels of FoMO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 2 about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 The moderating role of social media use intensity and gender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e With regards to the moderating role of social media use intensity, the interaction models (M2a \u0026ndash; M2h), as detailed in Table 3 and Appendix 1 (Table A1 \u0026ndash; A8), reveal that after applying Bonferroni correction, there was no significant moderation by adolescents\u0026rsquo; social media use intensity at T1 on the predictive effects of individual factors at T1 on FoMO at T2. Also, there was no main effect of social media use intensity at T1 on FoMO at T2. This shows that the influence of individual factors on FoMO does not significantly differ across varying levels of social media use intensity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e With regards to the moderating role of gender, the interaction models, as detailed in Table 4, Table 5, and Appendix 1 (Table A9 \u0026ndash; A24), reveal that after applying Bonferroni correction, there were no significant moderating effects of gender on either the main effects of individual factors on FoMO (M3a1 \u0026ndash; M3a8) nor the interaction effects between individual factors and social media use intensity on FoMO (M3b1 \u0026ndash; M3b8). The findings indicate that the main effects and the interaction effects were gender independent. However, it should be noted that, although we found no significant interaction effects, gender consistently emerged as a significant predictor of FoMO at T2, even after controlling for baseline FoMO levels and all included predictor variables (see Table 2, M1a \u0026ndash; M1e). Thus, girls were more likely to experience increases in their level of FoMO over time than boys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 3 to Table 5 about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Additional analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the main analyses, we also examined the moderating role of problematic social media use at T1 in the predictive effects of individual factors at T1 on FoMO at T2. As indicated in Table 6 and Appendix 2 (Table B1 \u0026ndash; B8), the interaction models (M4a \u0026ndash; M4h) revealed no significant moderating effects of problematic social media use at T1 on the predictive effect of the individual factors at T1 on FoMO at T2. Also, there was no main effect of problematic social media use at T1 on FoMO at T2.\u003cem\u003e\u003c/em\u003eThe findings suggest that the influence of individual factors on FoMO does not significantly differ across varying levels of adolescents\u0026rsquo; problematic social media use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 6 about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Sensitivity analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e To ensure robustness, we conducted sensitivity analyses. Specifically, all the models were rerun with the completers-only sample (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 1369) rather than FIML. As shown in Appendix 1 (Table A1 \u0026ndash; A24) and Appendix 2 (Table B1 \u0026ndash; B8), results remained consistent across both models.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFoMO has been acknowledged as a key factor contributing to adolescents\u0026apos; problematic behaviors (Gao et al., 2024; Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al., 2025; Li, Koning, et al., 2024), that subsequently impair their development. Therefore, it is crucial to identify relevant predictors of FoMO, as well as potential moderators. Using two annual waves of longitudinal data collected among Dutch adolescents aged 11 \u0026ndash; 17, the current study expanded the existing, mostly cross-sectional, literature on FoMO by examining the predictive effects of a wider range of individual factors on FoMO and the moderating role of social media use (intensity and problematic) and gender. Our findings support the notion that adolescents with lower mental well-being, diminished social competence, and increased narcissism are more susceptible to experiencing FoMO, regardless of their gender, intensity of social media use and problematic social media use levels. However, although gender did not affect the relationships between individual factors and FoMO, girls are at a higher risk of developing FoMO.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 The predictive effects of individual factors on FoMO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur expectation that adolescents with lower mental well-being, indicated by lower life satisfaction and higher depression levels, are more sensitive to FoMO was supported by the present findings. This aligns with prior longitudinal studies highlighting the predictive role of life satisfaction (Li, Koning et al., 2024) and depression (Yuan et al., 2021) in FoMO. According to the self-determination theory (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, 2000), the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are crucial for well-being and self-regulation. For adolescents, fulfilling the need for relatedness with peers is particularly crucial as they transition away from family dependence and explore their autonomy in the broader social world. Peer relationships, therefore, become especially important during this developmental stage (Cheng \u0026amp; Jiang, 2024). Adolescents with lower mental well-being can be expected to experience greater challenges fulfilling these needs, as they are more likely facing difficulties in peer relationships (Tan \u0026amp; Teng, 2020), which can heighten their vulnerability to FoMO (Cheng \u0026amp; Jiang, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn line with this theoretical perspective, we also found that adolescents\u0026apos; perceived social competence predicts FoMO, indicating that adolescents who perceive themselves as having difficulties in forming or maintaining relationships are more vulnerable to FoMO. A plausible explanation for this finding is that adolescents with low social competence, that may result from factors such as negative social experiences (e.g., social rejection, Washington et al., 2018), neurodivergent conditions (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, Campbell et al., 2015), or, as previously mentioned, lower mental well-being (Tan \u0026amp; Teng, 2020), may struggle with an unmet need for relatedness. This unmet need, in turn, increases their likelihood of experiencing FoMO (Cheng \u0026amp; Jiang, 2024). However, it should be noted that we did not find any support for an association between actual intensity of meeting friends offline and FoMO, neither a predictive effect nor a correlation. This implies that adolescents\u0026rsquo; perception of their social competence, rather than their actual social experiences, drives FoMO, highlighting the importance of subjective self-perceptions over objective social behaviors in understanding FoMO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that self-control, as measured by impulsivity and attention deficits, did not predict FoMO over time. This finding contrasts with previous studies suggesting that individuals with lower self-control are more susceptible to FoMO (Jiao \u0026amp; Cui, 2023; Servidio, 2021). However, these previous studies used a cross-sectional design, limiting the ability to draw causal conclusions. Notably, our bivariate correlation analyses revealed a positive association between attention deficit/impulsivity and FoMO. These findings suggest a concurrent relationship between self-control (i.e., impulsivity and attention deficit) and FoMO, rather than a causal, predictive mechanism. One explanation for this concurrent association is that FoMO may influence self-control, rather than the reverse. The experience of FoMO, along with the preoccupation with missed social opportunities, is likely to consume cognitive resources. This depletion may reduce cognitive capacity for planning in other areas of life, potentially leading to increased impulsivity and attention difficulties.\u0026nbsp;Supporting this idea, Xu \u0026amp; Tian (2023), using EEG techniques, found that FoMO undermines inhibitory control by consuming more cognitive resource. Moreover, adolescents with FoMO may respond more quickly and reactively, as FoMO creates an unpleasant feeling over missed experiences (Przybylski et al., 2013), which may also temporarily impair their self-control. For example, previous studies have shown that students with higher levels of FoMO reported higher levels of attention distraction and learning disengagement (Al-Furaih \u0026amp; Al-Awidi, 2021; Przybylski et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, our findings indicate that elevated levels of narcissism, rather than reduced self-esteem, are associated with an increase in FoMO over time. This observation aligns with previous research demonstrating a positive relationship between narcissism and FoMO (Carone et al., 2023; M\u0026uuml;ller et al., 2021; Servidio et al., 2021) . A plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that adolescents with higher narcissism scores, characterized by an intense need for admiration and external validation, may perceive experiences of social exclusion or being outperformed by peers as direct threats to their inflated self-worth (Morf \u0026amp; Rhodewalt, 2001). This heightened perception of threat likely motivates individuals with high narcissism to engage in frequent social comparisons and to maintain an acute awareness of others\u0026rsquo; activities. Such behavior may serve as a strategy to capitalize on social opportunities for attention and admiration (Al-Busaidi et al., 2023), ultimately exacerbating their FoMO concerning potentially rewarding social interactions. Moreover, we did not find evidence supporting a negative relationship between self-esteem and FoMO, contradicting earlier studies (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, 2020; Uram \u0026amp; Skalski, 2020). The inconsistence could be explained by differences in the study design. While previous studies examined the predictive effects of self-esteem and narcissism on FoMO separately, we included both variables in the same model, which may have influenced the results. As a result, this inconsistent finding could be attributed to the intercorrelation between self-esteem and narcissism. In other words, when controlling for self-esteem, narcissism becomes a more relevant predictor of FoMO.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2 The moderating role of social media use\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we investigated whether the intensity of social media, as well as problematic social media use, interacted with individual characteristics to amplify or exacerbate FoMO levels. However, no such interaction effects were found. While social media use may still influence FoMO (Barry \u0026amp; Wong, 2020; Groenestein et al., 2024a), its intensity or problematic use does not interact with individual factors to further intensify adolescents\u0026apos; FoMO. This finding aligns with Barry and Wang\u0026rsquo;s (2020) study, which found that the positive associations between self-esteem and loneliness with FoMO were more pronounced among individuals who engaged in social media use during daily life activities, but not among those with higher overall social media use intensity. Also, as Groenestein et al. (2024b) suggested, the nature of the content viewed may be more crucial, as individuals may experience FoMO only when viewing content showcasing socially rewarding situations from which they feel excluded. For example, Fumagalli et al. (2021) found that the use of social networking platforms like Facebook and Instagram, which promote passive content consumption and allow users to observe others\u0026apos; activities, is linked to heightened feelings of FoMO. In contrast, the use of interactive messaging apps like WhatsApp and iMessage, which support direct peer communication, is not related to increased FoMO.\u0026nbsp;One possible explanation for this finding is that the FoMO items we measured particularly reflect trait-like FoMO. FoMO can be viewed as both a trait and a state (Wegmann et al., 2017). In this study, we used a shortened version of the FoMO scale by Przybylski et al. (2013), which assesses FoMO as a stable personality trait. Trait-like FoMO reflects a consistent tendency to experience FoMO, independent of situational factors, while state-like FoMO is more dynamic and influenced by momentary experiences, such as social media engagement (Wegmann et al., 2017). Therefore, individual factors may predict FoMO, regardless of levels of (problematic) social media use, since trait-like FoMO remains stable across different engagement levels. Future studies could explore this by using scales that focus on both state-like and trait-like FoMO (Wegmann et al., 2017) or employing experience sampling methods to capture momentary fluctuations in FoMO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.3 The moderating role of gender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Regarding the moderating role of gender, contrary to our expectations, the results indicate that gender did not moderate the main effects of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value on FoMO, nor did it moderate their interactions with social media use intensity. This suggests that the mechanisms through which these individual factors and their interplay with social media use contribute to FoMO are similar for boys and girls. Nonetheless, gender itself emerged as a significant predictor, with girls reporting higher levels of FoMO than boys. This is consistent with prior research indicating that females may be more susceptible to FoMO due to their heightened sensitivity to social cues, stronger needs for relatedness, and greater emphasis on interpersonal relationships (Jiao \u0026amp; Cui, 2023; Yin et al., 2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4 Strengths, limitations, and future directions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has significant strengths in its research design. By incorporating a broader range of individual factors as predictors and utilizing longitudinal data, we offer a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that may trigger FoMO. Additionally, by adding adolescents\u0026apos; real-life peer interactions, we could differentiate between subjective self-perceptions and more objective behaviors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the valuable insights provided by this study, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the present study dealt with considerable drop-out at T2. Although the associations between the study variables and dropout were small to medium and we attempted to minimize potential bias from missing data using FIML, we acknowledge that we cannot rule-out the possibility that the missing data affected the estimates of the present analyses. Therefore, future studies are encouraged to use more complete samples. Second, the current study relied on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases like social desirability and memory inaccuracies. These limitations emphasize the importance of future research utilizing objective measures, such as digital trace data, for more accurate and reliable behavior capture. Third, our longitudinal design, with one-year intervals, enhances understanding of long-term effects, particularly for stable psychological traits like narcissism. However, it limits our ability to capture fluctuating state-like variables, such as the intensity of offline social interactions. As a result, these stable traits may be more effective in predicting FoMO after one year. Future studies should utilize more frequent measurement methods to better capture dynamics over shorter timeframes. In addition, to develop a more comprehensive understanding of FoMO vulnerability, future research could examine the role of distal factors, such as early childhood experiences, in shaping the individual characteristics (e.g., mental well-being, social competence, and narcissism in our study) that contribute to FoMO susceptibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study enhances the existing literature on the individual factors that significantly predict increases in FoMO over time. The findings reveal that adolescents exhibiting lower mental well-being, reduced perceived social competence, and heightened levels of narcissism, are particularly vulnerable to the development of FoMO. Notably, this susceptibility appears to persist regardless of the frequency of social media use, experiences of problematic social media behavior, and gender. However, while the predictive effects did not differ between boys and girls, girls were more vulnerable to FoMO. Given that FoMO is a critical predictor of problematic online behaviors, it is essential for interventions aimed at mitigating these behaviors to consider these findings. By acknowledging the influence of individual psychosocial characteristics, practitioners can better understand and address the factors contributing to the emergence of FoMO among adolescents, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of targeted interventions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethical Committee of Utrecht University (protocol number: FETC16-076 Eijnden). Passive informed consent was obtained: all parents/caregivers were provided with information about the study and given the opportunity to withdraw their child from participation. If no withdrawal was indicated, participation was considered as consent. All participants were also informed about the study and could decline participation at any time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYanyu Li: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (Lead), Methodology (equal), Project administration (Lead), Software (Lead), Validation (Lead), Visualization (Lead), Writing\u0026mdash;original draft (Lead); Regina van den Eijnden: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Investigation (Lead), Methodology (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing\u0026mdash;review and editing (equal); Ina M Koning: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (Supporting), Methodology (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing\u0026mdash;review and editing (equal). All authors contributed to the development of the study concept and have agreed to the final submitted version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData available on request from the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbell, L., Buglass, S. L., \u0026amp; Betts, L. R. (2019). Fear of Missing Out and Relational Aggression on Facebook. \u003cem\u003eCyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22\u003c/em\u003e(12), 799\u0026ndash;803. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0071\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Busaidi, A. S., Dauletova, V., \u0026amp; Al-Wahaibi, I. (2023). The role of excessive social media content generation, attention seeking, and individual differences on the fear of missing out: A multiple mediation model. \u003cem\u003eBehaviour \u0026amp; Information Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1389\u0026ndash;1409. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2075791\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Furaih, S. A. A., \u0026amp; Al-Awidi, H. M. (2021). Fear of missing out (FoMO) among undergraduate students in relation to attention distraction and learning disengagement in lectures. \u003cem\u003eEducation and Information Technologies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(2), 2355\u0026ndash;2373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10361-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli, F., Zhang, Q., Tauni, M. Z., Butt, A. H., \u0026amp; Ahsan, T. (2023). 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The relationship between social media use and fear of missing out: A meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eActa Psychologica Sinica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e53\u003c/em\u003e(3), 273\u0026ndash;290. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00273\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive Statistics and Correlations of the Study Variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1030\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026nbsp; Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 \u0026nbsp; Age T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 \u0026nbsp; Educational level T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 \u0026nbsp; SMUI T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 \u0026nbsp; PSMU T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 \u0026nbsp; Life satisfaction T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 \u0026nbsp; Depression T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.48\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 \u0026nbsp; PSC T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 \u0026nbsp; IMF T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 Impulsivity T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 Attention deficit T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 Narcissism T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 Self-esteem T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 FoMO T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 FoMO T2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMinimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaximum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. Gender is a category variable (0 = boys, 1 = girls); Educational level is a category variable (1 = pre-vocational, 2 = intermediate, 3 = pre-university). T = time point, SMUI = social media use intensity, PSMU = problematic social media use, PSC = perceived social competence, IMF = intensity of meeting friends offline, FoMO = fear of missing out. \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003ep \u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e .05; \u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003ep \u0026lt; .01; \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;.001. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLinear Regression Models on FoMO at T2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1027\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM1a (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.27)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM1b (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.26)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM1c (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.26)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM1d (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.26)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM1e (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.27)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Educational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;FoMO T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMental well-being\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Life satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Depression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.048\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocial well-being\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Perceived social competence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Intensity of meeting friends offline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelf-control\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Impulsivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Attention deficit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelf-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Narcissism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.011\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.035\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 204px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Self-esteem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. Gender is a category variable (0 = boys, 1 = girls); Educational level is a category variable (1 = pre-vocational, 2 = intermediate, 3 = pre-university); FoMO = fear of missing out. Standardized coefficients are reported. Significant coefficients are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerating Effects of Social Media Use Intensity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived social competence*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity of meeting friends offline*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpulsivity *SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.635\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttention deficit*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNarcissism*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem*SMUI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. All the demographic variable (i.e., gender, age, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderator (i.e., social media use intensity) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. SMUI = social media use intensity. In order to avoid multiple testing, we applied Bonferroni correction, with \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .002 considered as significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerating Effects of Gender\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction* Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression* Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived social competence* Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity of meeting friends offline* Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpulsivity*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttention deficit*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNarcissism* Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3a8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem* Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. All the demographic variables (i.e., age, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderator (i.e., gender) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. In order to avoid multiple testing, we applied Bonferroni correction, with \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .002 considered as significant. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThree-Way Moderating Effects of Social Media Use Intensity and Gender\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction*SMUI *Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression*SMUI *Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived social competence*SMUI*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity of meeting friends offline*SMUI*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpulsivity*SMUI*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttention deficit*SMUI*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNarcissism*SMUI*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3b8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem*SMUI*Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. All the demographic variable (i.e., age, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderators (i.e., social media use intensity, and gender) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. SMUI = social media use intensity. In order to avoid multiple testing, we applied Bonferroni correction, with \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; .002 considered as significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerating Effects of Problematic Social Media Use\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived social competence*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity of meeting friends offline*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpulsivity*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttention deficit*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNarcissism*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM4h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem*PSMU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote. All the demographic variable (i.e., age, gender, and educational level), predictors in M1 (i.e., life satisfaction, depression, perceived social competence, intensity of meeting friends offline, impulsivity, attention deficit, narcissism, and self-esteem), baseline level of FoMO, and the moderator (i.e., problematic social media use) were included in all models, however, in order to keep concise, these effects were not presented. PSMU = problematic social media use. Problematic social media use is an ordinal variable (range from 0 to 9).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"fear of missing out, mental well-being, perceived social competence, narcissism, social media use","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7790755/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7790755/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFear of missing out (FoMO) has been recognized as a core factor contributing to problematic behaviors in adolescents. Yet little is known about what predicts FoMO and who is more vulnerable to it. Using two annual waves of longitudinal data from Dutch adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,612, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eage\u003c/sub\u003e = 13.94, 47% girls), this study examined the predictive roles of mental and social well-being, self-control, and self-value, social media use intensity and gender included as potential moderators. Results indicated that lower mental well-being, lower perceived social competence, and higher levels of narcissism predicted higher FoMO, regardless of social media use intensity levels or gender. These findings highlight key psychological and social predictors of adolescent FoMO.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Who are more vulnerable to FoMO? Predictors and moderators of FoMO among Dutch adolescents","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-21 10:30:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7790755/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-05T07:21:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-10T18:31:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"327993898329090455560712317266532206152","date":"2025-11-24T15:51:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45438084771726232207172190582413787064","date":"2025-11-20T10:53:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"233917493451495652381376301128984409054","date":"2025-11-18T10:51:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T10:50:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330689950630312432662317298325800941538","date":"2025-11-11T15:24:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T13:31:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T15:10:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T21:27:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T21:27:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-10-06T10:56:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"521d6471-04d5-4621-aee1-63658521100d","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-25T06:38:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-21 10:30:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7790755","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7790755","identity":"rs-7790755","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}