Facile Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Characterization of Copper Titanate-Based Double Perovskites Modified with Lanthanides. 

Facile Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Characterization of Copper Titanate-Based Double Perovskites Modified with Lanthanides. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Facile Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Characterization of Copper Titanate-Based Double Perovskites Modified with Lanthanides. Sergio Eduardo Negrete Duran, Edgar Giovanny Villabona Leal, Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4865437/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this work, a facile methodology was developed through a Sol-Gel process assisted by citric acid for the synthesis of mixed oxides Ln 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Er, Tm, and Yb), and Ce 1/2 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 . The XRD diffractograms refined by the Rietveld method allowed the identification of the phases present in the samples. Morphological determination by HRTEM showed the presence of crystallographic planes related to an adopted A type double perovskite structure, while STEM provided an elemental mapping of the synthetized nanocrystals. Through FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, the impact of calcination temperature on the structures was identified, pointing out changes in the vibrational modes corresponding to citrate ions and organic compounds, and showing the formation of modes related to metal-oxygen bonds. This study allowed us to conclude that the appropriate calcination temperature is 1070°C, producing predominantly 90% of the double perovskite structure in most of the sequence of lanthanides studied, and to propose the sol-gel methodology as a scalable and commercially convenient route to produce type A cation-ordered double perovskites Ln 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 . Through Raman spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational modes of the Ln 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 double perovskite structure were studied. DFT calculations were performed for the Ce 1/2 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 compound to compare theory with experimental results. The optical characterization allowed the determination of the bandgap of the samples. Sol-Gel Process Double Perovskite Ln2/3Cu3Ti4O12 Compounds A-Cation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 25 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 07 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 06 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4865437","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":341353533,"identity":"620e949b-01bf-4160-a445-1fd87b41f184","order_by":0,"name":"Sergio Eduardo Negrete Duran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergio","middleName":"Eduardo Negrete","lastName":"Duran","suffix":""},{"id":341353535,"identity":"4ab2f83f-9b2f-4139-a65b-6d5eea69124f","order_by":1,"name":"Edgar Giovanny Villabona Leal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBDDJw8fOwAZiyMFECGthY4ZoMSZaCwNMS2IDIS387OkXP1cwHJZhY2Z+9uDjDrv0fvYcA2aemloG3RnY9Ur2vCmWPMNwGOgwNnPDmWeSc2f2vAFqOXacwezMAaxaDG7kJEg2MKSB/GImzdvGnLvhBsgWtmMMZscbsGqxv5GT/BOihf0bUEt9uj1Yyz+glsPY/WIgkX4MaIsNUAsPyJbDCQYSQC28bTU4bZE484bNssEArKXccGbbccMZZ54VHJzbd4AHl1/429Mf32yokLDnZ2/f9uBjW7U8f3vyxgdvvtXJmd3AHmLASDQAOg9NDGj8YR4c6oGA/QFW4TrcOkbBKBgFo2CkAQAq21WWAuXQLwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edgar","middleName":"Giovanny Villabona","lastName":"Leal","suffix":""},{"id":341353536,"identity":"10ee13e4-2d95-47be-accd-b7bd4743768f","order_by":2,"name":"Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hiram","middleName":"Joazet","lastName":"Ojeda-Galván","suffix":""},{"id":341353537,"identity":"3ed33796-aa64-4b3f-b1b3-6aecbcf35656","order_by":3,"name":"Javier Alanís-Pérez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Javier","middleName":"","lastName":"Alanís-Pérez","suffix":""},{"id":341353538,"identity":"75d68c1c-e550-44dc-92de-d0a4284fcde4","order_by":4,"name":"Mildred Quintana-Ruiz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mildred","middleName":"","lastName":"Quintana-Ruiz","suffix":""},{"id":341353539,"identity":"c9c54b0a-e30b-4da6-96a7-3b49f7fce0af","order_by":5,"name":"Angel Gabriel Rodriguez-Vazquez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angel","middleName":"Gabriel","lastName":"Rodriguez-Vazquez","suffix":""},{"id":341353540,"identity":"fc176b1a-3fec-470c-87a5-b41bb2152477","order_by":6,"name":"Hugo Ricardo Navarro-Contreras","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hugo","middleName":"Ricardo","lastName":"Navarro-Contreras","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-06 04:32:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4865437/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4865437/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-025-06821-6","type":"published","date":"2025-07-23T15:57:13+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87756781,"identity":"04df154b-6a7a-4c94-89cb-076a73a4d345","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 16:09:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2447318,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript8052024EGVL.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4865437/v1_covered_e944dcba-efa1-4015-b30d-76e83f57ba0f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Facile Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Characterization of Copper Titanate-Based Double Perovskites Modified with Lanthanides. ","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-sol-gel-science-and-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jsst","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/10971)","snPcode":"10971","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10971/3","title":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Sol-Gel Process, Double Perovskite, Ln2/3Cu3Ti4O12 Compounds, A-Cation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4865437/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4865437/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, a facile methodology was developed through a Sol-Gel process assisted by citric acid for the synthesis of mixed oxides Ln\u003csub\u003e2/3\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Er, Tm, and Yb), and Ce\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e. The XRD diffractograms refined by the Rietveld method allowed the identification of the phases present in the samples. Morphological determination by HRTEM showed the presence of crystallographic planes related to an adopted A type double perovskite structure, while STEM provided an elemental mapping of the synthetized nanocrystals. Through FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, the impact of calcination temperature on the structures was identified, pointing out changes in the vibrational modes corresponding to citrate ions and organic compounds, and showing the formation of modes related to metal-oxygen bonds. This study allowed us to conclude that the appropriate calcination temperature is 1070°C, producing predominantly 90% of the double perovskite structure in most of the sequence of lanthanides studied, and to propose the sol-gel methodology as a scalable and commercially convenient route to produce type A cation-ordered double perovskites Ln\u003csub\u003e2/3\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e. Through Raman spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational modes of the Ln\u003csub\u003e2/3\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e double perovskite structure were studied. DFT calculations were performed for the Ce\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e compound to compare theory with experimental results. The optical characterization allowed the determination of the bandgap of the samples.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Facile Sol-Gel Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Characterization of Copper Titanate-Based Double Perovskites Modified with Lanthanides. 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