Enhancing Soil Health and Nutrient availability in Neem Plantations with Organic manures and fertilizers

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Mathivanan, K. Kumaran, M. Tilak, P. Kumar, V. Priyanka, P. S. Devanand, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3942092/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Organic farming provides an alternative approach that employs environmentally friendly practices, excluding the use of chemical inputs. Biofertilizers, which contain beneficial microorganisms, present a sustainable solution by enhancing plant growth, improving nutrient availability, and enhancing soil quality while reducing the dependence on synthetic chemicals. In a field experiment at Coromandel International Private Limited, Tirunelveli, various combinations of organic manures and fertilizers with sixteen treatments were used to assess the impact of these combinations on soil physiochemical properties, nutrient status, microbial activities and soil organic carbon. The results demonstrated that the combination of the Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost treatments led to enhancements in soil physicochemical properties, such as pH (6.98), EC (0.28 d Sm − 1 ) and organic carbon (0. an increase in nutrient availability, including available nitrogen (282.79 kg/ha), phosphorus (75.38 kg/ha), potassium (415.28 kg/ha), micronutrients (Fe-5.69 kg/ha, Zn-0.44 kg/ha, Mn-0.73 kg/ha and Cu-0.48 kg/ha), and the growth of beneficial microorganisms, such as fungi (18.61 × 10 − 7 cfu g − 1 ), bacteria (35.45 × 10 − 7 cfu g − 1 ), and actinomycetes (23.44 × 10 − 7 cfu g − 1 ). The study also revealed positive correlations between nutrient availability and soil organic carbon content and between nutrient availability and microbial populations. These findings underscore the potential of organic farming practices and biofertilizers to contribute to sustainable agriculture. Biological sciences/Plant sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences/Environmental chemistry Organic manure fertilizer nutrient status organic carbon soil microbes Figures Figure 1 Introduction Neem ( Azadirachta indica A.Juss) is an economically valuable tree native to the Indian subcontinent that is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions (Prabakaran et al., 2020 ). Renowned for its myriad of applications, neem has garnered attention for its medicinal, pesticidal, and agroforestry properties, making it a significant resource for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation (Mathivanan et al., 2021 ). Neem plantations have become an essential component of agroforestry systems, contributing to the rural economy and offering various environmental benefits, including carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and biodiversity enhancement (Kumaran et al., 1996 ). In these plantations, the health and fertility of the soil play pivotal roles in determining the overall productivity of neem trees and the sustainability of the agricultural system. Soil degradation and nutrient depletion are pervasive issues in many neem-growing regions and stem from factors such as overexploitation, land-use changes, and inadequate soil management practices (Goenadi et al., 2018 ; Liu et al., 2014 ). To address these challenges and ensure the long-term viability of neem plantations, it is imperative to adopt sound soil management strategies that revitalize the soil, enhance its health, and optimize nutrient availability (Youseff and Eissa, 2014 ). Organic manures and fertilizers have emerged as promising tools for achieving these objectives. These natural inputs not only offer an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers but also promote soil health and resilience (Vasile et al., 2015 ). By improving soil structure, enhancing microbial activity, and replenishing essential nutrients, organic amendments have the potential to boost neem tree growth and productivity while minimizing adverse environmental impacts (Rahman and Zhang, 2018 ). Furthermore, they contribute to sustainable farming practices by reducing the reliance on synthetic chemicals and promoting ecosystem balance (Savci, 2012 ). The most common approach for mitigating issues arising from excessive mineral fertilization is the application of biofertilizers containing beneficial microorganism strains (Mishra and Dash, 2014 ). These microbial strains influence agriculture by enhancing plant growth and development through increases in the availability of native nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) and the production of substances that exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties. Therefore, they can reduce mycotoxin contamination (Toyota and Watanabe, 2013 ). Additionally, the use of biofertilizers is known to enhance the activity of indigenous soil microorganisms; accelerate microbial processes in the soil (Raja, 2013 ); stimulate plant growth; protect against abiotic and biotic stresses; and improve soil quality in terms of biological, chemical, and physical properties. Compared to synthetic chemicals, biofertilizers offer an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and renewable source of plant nutrients, thus gaining popularity and importance in crop production worldwide (Niggli, 2015 ). Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important indicator of soil health, particularly with regard to soil fertility, because it has numerous benefits: improving soil structure through soil particle aggregation, which enables better root access; increased water infiltration and retention; increased nutrient bioavailability due to soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition; and more exchange sites for mineral nutrients, increasing the soil’s cation exchange capacity (Swapna et al., 2016 ). The present research endeavors to investigate the effectiveness of organic manures and fertilizers in enhancing soil health and nutrient levels in neem plantations. This study aimed to provide empirical evidence on the impacts of organic soil amendments on soil quality, nutrient growth, and overall agroecosystem sustainability. The findings from this research can guide farmers, land managers, and policymakers in adopting environmentally sound practices that can support the continued prosperity of neem plantations and, by extension, the well-being of communities reliant on these invaluable resources. Materials and Methods Field site and experimental material The experiment was conducted on a 5-year-old industrial neem plantation of Coromandel International Private Limited, Pathamadai, Tirunelveli (8°38’N, 77°35’E, 47 meters MSL, Rainfall 680 mm), during the year 2023. The experiment was conducted on a neem tree plantation that had a spacing of 4 × 4 and was irrigated by drip. In this experiment, a randomized block design with three blocks of neem trees and sixteen treatments was used. The effects of combinations of different organic manures and fertilizers were tested, and their characteristics are shown in Table 1. Soil sampling Soil samples were collected from depths of 15–30 cm. Three samples were collected from each treatment and mixed thoroughly. The soil samples were air-dried, ground, and sieved (2 mm) for analysis (Walkley and Black, 1934). Assessment of physiochemical properties and nutrient status The pH of the soil was estimated in a 1:2 (soil: water) suspension by using a systemic digital pH meter. The electrical conductivity was estimated in a 1:2 (soil: water) supernatant suspension using a conductivity bridge. Organic C was determined by the wet digestion method of Walkley and Black (1934). Available (mineralizable) N was estimated by distilling soil with alkaline 0.5% KMnO 4 in a micro-Kjeldhal apparatus (Subbiah & Asija 1956). Available P was extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO 3 (pH 8.5) and estimated spectrophotometrically (Olsen et al. 1954). Available K was extracted with neutral 1 N NH 4 OAC and estimated by flame emission spectroscopy. Available micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu) were extracted with DTPA (Lindsay and Norvell 1978) and estimated by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra AA 20 plus) (Antil R. S and Singh M, 2007). Enumeration of the microbial population Population density studies of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were carried out on solid media using the dilute plate count technique. One gram of soil sample was taken, and the microbial population was estimated using the serial dilution and plating technique (Lindsay and Norvell 1978). Statistical analysis The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, 16.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), was used in all the statistical analyses. The relationship between the variables was calculated through correlation and regression methods (SPSS 16.0). All the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. Significant differences between treatments were estimated using Duncan’s multiple range tests, where the statistical significance level was fixed at P>0.05. Results and Discussion Variation in soil physicochemical and organic carbon Soil pH Organic manures and fertilizers slightly increase the buffering capacity of soil, which contains various compounds that can release or absorb hydrogen ions (H + ) and increase the cation exchange capacity, helping to maintain a relatively stable pH (Whalen et al., 2001; Colombo et al., 2014). The lowest pH was more pronounced in the Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost combination (6.98) than in the other treatments. The maximum soil pH (7.76) was recorded with the application of the combination of Azotobacter and Vermicompost (Table 2). In the present study, the soil pH decreased moderately with the application of organic manure and fertilizer at different concentrations (7.76 to 6.98), which may have been caused by the formation of organic acids during the decomposition of organic matter (Laxminarayana and Patiram, 2005). Ramzani et al. (2016) and Schjonning et al. (1994) also observed a decrease in soil pH due to the application of organic manure (FYM). Soil EC An increase in electrical conductivity (EC) was observed in the soil when Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost were applied (0.28 d Sm -1 ) compared to the control (0.22 d Sm -1 ) (Table 2). However, the increase in soil EC due to the application of biofertilizers was minimal compared to that due to N fertilizer application (0.38%) (Narwal et al ., 1998 and McGrath et al ., 1988). Notably, there was a significant increase in soil EC when VAM was applied in combination with other biofertilizers, which aligns with the findings of Balaguraviah et al. (2005). The proportionate increase in EC was seemingly greater with the addition of VAM than with the addition of other manures, potentially due to the greater supply of salts. Additionally, the surface soil exhibited higher EC levels than did the subsurface soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) A significant improvement (P > 0.001) in the percentage of organic carbon was detected in all the treatments compared with that in the control. The increase in SOC ranged between 0.35% and 0.90%. The maximum value was estimated from the combination of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost (0.90%), followed by 0.82% for the combination of Azotobacter, VAM, and Vermicompost, and the lowest was 0.40% for Azotobacter alone. It may be postulated that greater production of roots and their subsequent decomposition increase the organic carbon status of the soil (Bellakki et al. 1998; Narwal and Antil 2005). The results are presented in Table 2. Changes in macronutrient content with effects on different organic manures and fertilizers The soil nutrient status (N, P and K) improved in response to the application of different combinations of organic manure and fertilizer. The results are presented in Table 3. Available nitrogen ( kg /ha) The increase in available nitrogen content with the addition of organic manure is directly attributed to the release of nitrogen through the decomposition of organic matter (Narwal and Antil, 2005). The results revealed a significant improvement (P<0.001) in soil nutrient conditions when additional biofertilizers were applied, particularly in terms of available nitrogen (kg/ha), which ranged from 209.74 - 282.79 kg/ha. The combination of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost increased the available nitrogen content by 72% (282.79 kg/ha) compared to that of the control (209.74 kg/ha), followed by Azotobacter + VAM+ Vermicompost (277.50 kg/ha). This increase could be attributed to the greater multiplication of soil microbes, which can convert organically bound nitrogen into an inorganic available form (Whalen et al., 2001). Among all the organic manures, the combination of VAM fertilizers increased the available nitrogen content by 68% compared to that in the other treatments. VAM fungi, while primarily associated with phosphorus uptake, indirectly impact nitrogen availability and uptake by facilitating nitrogen fixation and soil aggregation, enhancing root exploration, and improving nitrogen use efficiency. The presence of VAM fungi in the soil contributes to sustainable agricultural practices and has implications for nutrient cycling and plant growth (Sorensen, 2004). Available phosphorus ( kg /ha) Similarly, the combination of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost had a greater available phosphorus content (75.38 kg/ha) than the control treatment (40.1538 kg/ha). Compared to the general mean, the available phosphorus content significantly improved (P<0.001) in nine treatments (T 2 , T 3 , T 6 , T 8 , T 10 , T 11 , T 12 , T 14 , and T 15 ). The increase in available phosphorus in the soil is due to the application of organic manure and may also be attributed to the mineralization of organic phosphorus, the production of organic acids that increase phosphorus solubility in the soil, and the presence of organic amines that slow phosphorus fixation (Gupta et al., 1992; Narwal and Antil, 2005). Upon critical evaluation of the data, it was found that the total phosphorus added through Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, and VAM helped to boost phosphorus fixation in the soil (Oberson et al., 1993). Available potassium ( kg /ha) The available potassium content increased from 233.41 kg/ha to 415.28 kg/ha when the soil was treated with the combination of Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost, followed by 385.95 kg/ha with Azotobacter + VAM + Vermicompost. A statistical analysis revealed a significant improvement of 0.001% in treatments T 2 , T 6 , T 11 , T 13 , T 14 , and T 15 . Organic manures positively contribute to the available potassium content in the soil, as they contain varying amounts of potassium. Manures derived from plant sources, such as compost, green manure, and crop residues, generally have higher potassium contents than animal manures (Arienzo et al., 2009; Alam et al., 2002). Changes in micronutrients in the soil (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the micronutrients, namely, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, in the soil when organic manures and fertilizers were used compared to those in the control soil. According to Table 4, the combinations of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost had the greatest increase in soil micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), with values of 5.69, 0.44, 0.73, and 0.48 kg/ha, respectively. This was followed by the combinations of Azotobacter + VAM + Vermicompost and Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost. Although significant changes were observed, the sole application of Azotobacter slightly increased the micronutrient content compared to that in the control, as observed for Fe (2.73 kg/ha), Zn (0.14 kg/ha), Mn (0.37 kg/ha), and Cu (0.19 kg/ha). Swarup (1984) reported that the incorporation of organic manures led to a remarkable improvement in the availability of native and applied micronutrient cations (Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) in the soil. These elements form stable complexes with organic ligands, which decrease their susceptibility to adsorption, fixation, and/or precipitation in the soil. The addition of organic manures may have resulted in the formation of such metal-organic complexes with greater availability (Gupta et al., 1992). Chaudhary and Narwal (2005) reported that the application of VAM significantly increased Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu by 45%. Biofertilizers and manures contain enzymes and microbial activities that can facilitate the transformation of micronutrients into more plant-available forms. For instance, specific bacteria can convert insoluble forms of iron (Fe) into soluble forms, which can be easily absorbed by plants (Stockfisch et al., 1999 and Raup et al., 2016). Effect of organic manures and fertilizers on microbial activity count Fungi The results of the current study are presented in Table 5. The results of the present study indicate that, in comparison to untreated soil, soil treated with combinations of Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost, Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost, and Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+Vermicompost exhibited a significant increase in fungal growth (P < 0.001), with values of 18.61, 17.33, and 17.44 (x 10 -7 cfu g -1 ), respectively. The lowest fungal growth, at 12.22 × 10 -7 cfu g -1 , was observed in the soil treated with vermicompost alone. Biofertilizers containing mycorrhizal fungi can promote fungal growth in the soil. Mycorrhizal fungi establish symbiotic associations with plant roots, providing nutrients, particularly phosphorus, to plants in exchange for carbohydrates produced by plants through photosynthesis (de Medeiros et al., 2019; Gutser et al., 2005; Antil et al., 2011). Consequently, the introduction of mycorrhizal biofertilizers can enhance fungal growth in the soil by facilitating the establishment and proliferation of these beneficial fungi Bacteria The application of different biofertilizers and manures led to a slight increase in bacterial growth in the soil, with a significance level of P > 0.001. One week after application, the soil treated with the Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost combination exhibited a bacterial count of 35.45 × 10 -7 cfu g -1 . These concentrations were followed by counts of 34.02 and 33.01 × 10 -7 cfu g -1 in the Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost and Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + Vermicompost treatments, respectively. These biofertilizers, which contain beneficial bacteria, colonize the rhizosphere, the area surrounding plant roots, establishing a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with plants (Erhart et al., 2005). These bacteria proliferate and offer various advantages to plants, including improved growth, increased nutrient absorption, and enhanced resilience to diseases and environmental stresses (Pinto et al., 2017). Top of Form Actinomycetes The maximum number of actinomycetes was detected in the Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost treatment (23.44 × 10 -7 cfu g -1 ), and the lowest was detected in the Vermicompost treatment alone (15.38 10 -7 cfu g -1 ). Compared to the general mean, the growth of actinomycetes in the soil significantly improved in nine treatments (T 3 , T 6 , T 8 , T 10 , T 11 , T 12 , T 13 , T 14 , and T 15 ) (P<0.001). Biofertilizers, especially those derived from organic sources such as compost or manure, immensely contribute to the organic matter content in the soil. Actinomycetes thrive in organic-rich environments and are known for their ability to decompose complex organic compounds. Thus, the addition of biofertilizers can increase the availability of organic matter, providing a favorable environment for actinomycete growth (Peigne et al., 2007 and Wierzbowska et al., 2018). Relationship between nutrient status and soil organic carbon The relationships between organic carbon (C) and available nutrients (N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) were found to be polynomial, as shown in Figure 1 and Table 7. The levels of available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) in the soil increased with increasing organic carbon content, which can be attributed to the application of organic manure. According to the correlation analysis, the available nitrogen in the soil was positively correlated with the soil organic carbon (r = 0.890). According to the statistical analysis, the soil organic carbon content primarily depended on the availability of nitrogen. The combination of nitrogen and organic carbon had the highest R 2 value (R 2 = 0.884), followed by available phosphorus (R 2 = 0.861) and available potassium (R 2 = 0.821). The rapid decomposition of fresh or immature organic material, along with the addition of manure and the intensive polymerization (humification) of organic matter, are influenced by the application of biofertilizers (Wu et al., 2005). Treatments with nitrogen fixers (Azotobacter, VAM), phosphorus bacteria (phosphobacteria), and potassium (a mycorrhizal fungal species) resulted in a 75% increase in the organic carbon content in the soil (Yang et al., 2004). Relationship between nutrient status and soil microbial count Table 6 shows that there was a significant relationship between soil nutrients and microbial content (P>0.001).Soil microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes had strong positive correlations with available nitrogen, with r values of 0.895, 0.872 and 0.895, respectively. Similarly, bacterial growth had a strong positive correlation (r=0.903) with available phosphorous. For instance, specific bacteria can convert insoluble iron (Fe) into soluble iron, which can be easily absorbed by plants (Stockfisch et al., 1999 and Raup et al., 2016). Conclusion Modern agriculture has faced the pressing issue of soil fertility degradation due to the extensive use of chemical fertilizers, which results in soils that are no longer conducive to crop cultivation. Furthermore, the intensive utilization of these synthetic inputs has given rise to substantial health and environmental risks. These risks include soil erosion, contamination of water sources, pesticide-related illnesses, declining groundwater levels, waterlogging, and loss of biodiversity. In response to these formidable challenges, biofertilizers have emerged as a pivotal solution for ensuring sustainable crop production. Biofertilizers naturally activate soil microorganisms and provide a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach. By incorporating biofertilizers, we can rejuvenate the natural fertility of the soil, ameliorate drought and soil-borne diseases, and stimulate plant growth. Nevertheless, to fully unlock the potential of biofertilizer technology, further research and development are imperative. This approach entails gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying various biofertilizers, identifying more potent strains of rhizobacteria, and discovering suitable carrier materials. Progress in these areas holds the promise of ushering in more sustainable and economically viable agricultural practices. Declarations Acknowledgment Special thanks go to the members of Coromandel International Private Limited for their contribution to this research both technically and financially. Author’s contribution K.K. conceived, designed, and supervised the project, M.M. conducted the research work, M.M & P.K . collected the field data; M.M & M.T performed Laboratory analysis; M.M and P.S.D performed statistical analysis; M.M drafted the manuscript; K.K., V.P. and M.T. reviewed the draft and suggested technical points to improve the manuscript. M.M edited and revised the final version of the manuscript. Institutional Review Board Statement – Not applicable Informed content Statement – Not applicable Data availability Statement – All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Ethics approval/declaration – Not applicable Consent to participate - Not applicable Consent for publication – Not applicable Code availability – Not applicable Competing Interests - All the authors declare no conflict of interest. References Alam, S.; Rahman, M.H.; Kamei, S.; Kawai, S. 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Combinations of various biofertilizers and organic manures T 1 Azotobacter T 2 Phosphobacteria T 3 VAM T 4 Vermicompost T 5 Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria T 6 Azotobacter + VAM T 7 Azotobacter + Vermicompost T 8 Phosphobacteria + VAM T 9 Phosphobacteria + Vermicompost T 10 VAM + Vermicompost T 11 Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + VAM T 12 Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + Vermicompost T 13 Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost T 14 Azotobacter + VAM + Vermicompost T 15 Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost T 16 Control Table 2. Effects of biofertilizers and organic manure on pH, EC and organic C Treatments pH EC (d Sm -1 ) Soil Organic Carbon (%) T 1 7.20±0.38cd 0.12±0.01 h 0.40±0.01 g T 2 7.23±0.56d 0.12±0.05 h 0.43±0.02 g T 3 7.45±0.35b 0.13±0.07 g 0.69±0.06 bc T 4 7.30±0.23c 0.13±0.01 g 0.46±0.05 fe T 5 7.13±0.12d 0.15±0.06f 0.58±0.02 d T 6 7.45±0.07b 0.15±0.05f 0.63±0.02 c T 7 7.76±0.09a 0.13±0.04 g 0.50±0.01f T 8 7.12±0.26e 0.18±0.04bc 0.53±0.05 ed T 9 7.30±0.21c 0.16±0.02e 0.55±0.04 e T 10 7.18±0.19d 0.17±0.03d 0.59±0.07 d T 11 7.43±0.34b 0.19±0.09c 0.74±0.04 b T 12 7.19±0.12d 0.20±0.05b 0.69±0.07 bc T 13 7.23±0.43cd 0.19±0.01c 0.78±0.03 abc T 14 7.31±0.11c 0.21±0.01ab 0.82±0.05 ab T 15 6.98±0.08cd 0.28±0.04 0.90±0.06 a T 16 7.58±0.02a 0.22±0.02a 0.35±0.02 h Mean 7.28 0.16 0.60 Table 3. Effects of biofertilizers and organic manure on macronutrients Treatments Available nitrogen (kg/ha) Available phosphorus (kg/ha) Available potassium (kg/ha) T 1 244.37±0.64 d 41.23±0.58f 657.67±8.43 fg T 2 252.56±2.83 d 61.49±2.23 bcd 323.47±6.14 c T 3 264.95±1.10 c 68.03±2.01 abc 316.32±2.41 c T 4 239.31±1.31 e 39.44±0.85 f 252.67±5.05 g T 5 251.72±0.78 d 54.95±0.68 de 255.46±3.33 d T 6 269.05±0.57 c 60.66±0.17 bcd 338.91±7.84 bc T 7 237.81±1.20 e 39.86±0.58 f 255.54±7.63 g T 8 265.66±0.56 c 59.46±0.17 cd 320.14±7.68 c T 9 252.65±0.68 d 43.61±0.61 f 112.55±8.92 f T 10 266.77±1.11 c 68.77±2.05 ab 326.39±2.34 c T 11 269.80±0.57 bc 60.93±0.17 bcd 343.15±7.87 bc T 12 247.39± 1.44 d 47.82±0.70 ef 250.24±9.20 e T 13 272.06±1.14 bc 70.95±2.21 a 355.72±2.51 bc T 14 277.50±1.18 ab 73.20±2.18 a 385.95±2.58 ab T 15 282.79±1.22 a 75.38±2.25 a 415.28±2.67 a T 16 233.74±1.20 e 40.15±0.59 f 233.41±7.73 g Mean 258.01 56.62 896.43 Table 4. Effects of biofertilizers and organic manure on micronutrients Treatments Fe (kg/ha) Zn (kg/ha) Mn (kg/ha) Cu (kg/ha) T 1 2.73±0.19 g 0.14±0.01 abc 0.37±0.09 d 0.19±0.06 e T 2 4.93±0.09 de 0.29±0.07 ab 0.44±0.03 bcd 0.23±0.03 d T 3 5.13±0.15 cde 0.40±0.01 ab 0.66±0.12 ab 0.43±0.05 c T 4 3.23±0.35 fg 0.13±0.04 ab 0.23±0.03 e 0.10±0.02 f T 5 4.77±0.13e 0.24±0.05 ac 0.40±0.01 bcd 0.17±0.01 d T 6 5.00±0.06 a 0.36±0.02 abc 0.63±0.14 abc 0.37±0.09 c T 7 3.30±0.40 fg 0.11±0.06 c 0.35±0.08 cd 0.13±0.04 d T 8 5.88±0.08 ab 0.35±0.03 abc 0.62±0.14 abc 0.37±0.09 c T 9 3.58±0.26 f 0.12±0.07 bc 0.37±0.09 d 0.13±0.06 d T 10 5.19±0.16 cde 0.40±0.09 abc 0.66±0.07 ab 0.43±0.01 ab T 11 6.03±0.06 a 0.36±0.11 abc 0.64±0.14 b 0.38±0.05 bc T 12 3.28±0.22 fg 0.17±0.04 abc 0.44±0.11 c 0.23±0.07 d T 13 5.35±0.15 bcde 0.41±0.11 abc 0.68±0.12 ab 0.45±0.04 bc T 14 5.52±0.17 abcd 0.43±0.12 ab 0.71±0.11 a 0.46±0.08 ab T 15 5.69±0.18 abc 0.44±0.13 a 0.73±0.12 a 0.48±0.03 a T 16 2.75±0.19 g 0.14±0.03 abc 0.37±0.09 d 0.19±0.04 e Mean 4.58 0.28 0.51 0.29 Table 5. Effects of biofertilizers and organic manure on the soil microbial count Treatments Fungi (x 10 -7 cfu g -1 ) Bacteria (x 10 -7 cfu g -1 ) Actinomycetes (x 10 -7 cfu g -1 ) T 1 14.44±1.07 h 20.35±0.58 i 18.18±2.11 c T 2 14.33±1.06 h 28.48±0.8 f 18.04±2.2 c T 3 16.66±1.24 c 32.86±0.93 cd 20.98±2.47 b T 4 12.22±0.9 1j 20.14±0.57 l m 15.38±1.81d T 5 15.99±1.19 ef 22.97±0.65 j 20.14±2.37 b T 6 15.55±1.16 g 27.19±0.77 g 19.58±2.30 bc T 7 14.55±1.08 h 21.17±0.60 k 18.32±2.16 c T 8 16.55±1.23 cd 26.24±0.74 h 20.84±2.14 b T 9 15.66±1.27 fg 24.72±0.60 i 19.72±2.45 bc T 10 15.88±1.18 efg 29.54±0.84 e 20.00±2.31 bc T 11 16.88±1.25 c 32.54±0.92 d 21.26±2.36 ab T 12 16.22±1.20 de 29.31±0.83 e 20.42±2.50 b T 13 17.44±1.30 b 33.01±0.93 c 21.96±2.40 ab T 14 17.33±1.29 b 34.02±0.96 b 21.82±2.58 ab T 15 18.61±1.38 a 35.45±1.01 a 23.44±2.73 a T 16 12.59±0.94 i 19.82±0.56 m 15.86±1.78 d Mean 15.68 27.36 19.74 Table 6. Relationships between nutrients and soil microorganisms N P K Fe Zn Mn Cu pH EC F B Ac N 1 0.908 ** 0.937 ** 0.896 ** 0.882 ** 0.914 ** 0.853 ** -0.253 0.326 0.895 ** 0.872 ** 0.895 ** P 1 0.965 ** 0.874 ** 0.977 ** 0.927 ** 0.925 ** -0.204 0.288 0.796 ** 0.903 ** 0.796 ** K 1 0.951 ** 0.954 ** 0.906 ** 0.874 ** -0.263 0.271 0.802 ** 0.872 ** 0.802 ** Fe 1 0.911 ** 0.857 ** 0.813 ** -0.234 0.193 0.715 ** 0.748 ** 0.715 ** Zn 1 0.956 ** 0.961 ** -0.123 0.307 0.757 ** 0.867 ** 0.757 ** Mn 1 0.986 ** -0.056 0.430 0.837 ** 0.883 ** 0.837 ** Cu 1 -0.021 0.433 0.782 ** 0.878 ** 0.782 ** pH 1 -0.206 -0.116 -0.065 0.116 EC 1 0.379 0.390 0.380 F 1 .853 ** 1.000 ** B 1 .853 ** Ac 1 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level Table 7. Relationships between nutrients and soil organic carbon N P K Fe Zn Mn Cu OC N 1 0.908 ** 0.937 ** 0.896 ** 0.882 ** 0.914 ** 0.853 ** 0.890 ** P 1 0.965 ** 0.874 ** 0.977 ** 0.927 ** 0.925 ** 0.869 ** K 1 0.951 ** 0.954 ** 0.906 ** 0.874 ** 0.832 ** Fe 1 0.911 ** 0.857 ** 0.813 ** 0.633 ** Zn 1 0.956 ** 0.961 ** 0.643 ** Mn 1 0.986 ** 0.687 ** Cu 1 .779 ** OC 1 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Sujatha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"K.","middleName":"B.","lastName":"Sujatha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-09 05:49:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3942092/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3942092/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52650382,"identity":"26e37ab2-4fe4-4bc6-b20f-6b74dfb8c69c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-14 05:23:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":408466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships between soil nutrients and the percentage of organic carbon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3942092/v1/4333f702f2097e47cd4cdb34.jpeg"},{"id":52651093,"identity":"5ae7f50c-c257-49df-b34c-f7c34069f5ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-14 05:31:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":768064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3942092/v1/6d38fc6e-13d9-4402-aca5-a250e900cb13.pdf"},{"id":52650381,"identity":"4d031c69-bc45-4944-82c0-aaf108ce817e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-14 05:23:48","extension":"xlsx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"data.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3942092/v1/7772fe5b2c28fc627894542d.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhancing Soil Health and Nutrient availability in Neem Plantations with Organic manures and fertilizers","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNeem (\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A.Juss) is an economically valuable tree native to the Indian subcontinent that is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions (Prabakaran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Renowned for its myriad of applications, neem has garnered attention for its medicinal, pesticidal, and agroforestry properties, making it a significant resource for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation (Mathivanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Neem plantations have become an essential component of agroforestry systems, contributing to the rural economy and offering various environmental benefits, including carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and biodiversity enhancement (Kumaran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn these plantations, the health and fertility of the soil play pivotal roles in determining the overall productivity of neem trees and the sustainability of the agricultural system. Soil degradation and nutrient depletion are pervasive issues in many neem-growing regions and stem from factors such as overexploitation, land-use changes, and inadequate soil management practices (Goenadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). To address these challenges and ensure the long-term viability of neem plantations, it is imperative to adopt sound soil management strategies that revitalize the soil, enhance its health, and optimize nutrient availability (Youseff and Eissa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic manures and fertilizers have emerged as promising tools for achieving these objectives. These natural inputs not only offer an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers but also promote soil health and resilience (Vasile et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). By improving soil structure, enhancing microbial activity, and replenishing essential nutrients, organic amendments have the potential to boost neem tree growth and productivity while minimizing adverse environmental impacts (Rahman and Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, they contribute to sustainable farming practices by reducing the reliance on synthetic chemicals and promoting ecosystem balance (Savci, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common approach for mitigating issues arising from excessive mineral fertilization is the application of biofertilizers containing beneficial microorganism strains (Mishra and Dash, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). These microbial strains influence agriculture by enhancing plant growth and development through increases in the availability of native nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) and the production of substances that exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties. Therefore, they can reduce mycotoxin contamination (Toyota and Watanabe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the use of biofertilizers is known to enhance the activity of indigenous soil microorganisms; accelerate microbial processes in the soil (Raja, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e); stimulate plant growth; protect against abiotic and biotic stresses; and improve soil quality in terms of biological, chemical, and physical properties. Compared to synthetic chemicals, biofertilizers offer an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and renewable source of plant nutrients, thus gaining popularity and importance in crop production worldwide (Niggli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important indicator of soil health, particularly with regard to soil fertility, because it has numerous benefits: improving soil structure through soil particle aggregation, which enables better root access; increased water infiltration and retention; increased nutrient bioavailability due to soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition; and more exchange sites for mineral nutrients, increasing the soil\u0026rsquo;s cation exchange capacity (Swapna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present research endeavors to investigate the effectiveness of organic manures and fertilizers in enhancing soil health and nutrient levels in neem plantations. This study aimed to provide empirical evidence on the impacts of organic soil amendments on soil quality, nutrient growth, and overall agroecosystem sustainability. The findings from this research can guide farmers, land managers, and policymakers in adopting environmentally sound practices that can support the continued prosperity of neem plantations and, by extension, the well-being of communities reliant on these invaluable resources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField site and experimental material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted on a 5-year-old industrial neem plantation of Coromandel International Private Limited, Pathamadai, Tirunelveli (8\u0026deg;38\u0026rsquo;N, 77\u0026deg;35\u0026rsquo;E, 47 meters MSL, Rainfall 680 mm), during the year 2023. The experiment was conducted on a neem tree plantation that had a spacing of 4 \u0026times; 4 and was irrigated by drip. In this experiment, a randomized block design with three blocks of neem trees and sixteen treatments was used. The effects of combinations of different organic manures and fertilizers were tested, and their characteristics are shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil sampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoil samples were collected from depths of 15\u0026ndash;30 cm. Three samples were collected from each treatment and mixed thoroughly. The soil samples were air-dried, ground, and sieved (2 mm) for analysis (Walkley and Black, 1934).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssessment of physiochemical properties and nutrient status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pH of the soil was estimated in a 1:2 (soil: water) suspension by using a systemic digital pH meter. The electrical conductivity was estimated in a 1:2 (soil: water) supernatant suspension using a conductivity bridge. Organic C was determined by the wet digestion method of Walkley and Black (1934). Available (mineralizable) N was estimated by distilling soil with alkaline 0.5% KMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in a micro-Kjeldhal apparatus (Subbiah \u0026amp; Asija 1956). Available P was extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (pH 8.5) and estimated spectrophotometrically (Olsen et al. 1954). Available K was extracted with neutral 1 N NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOAC and estimated by flame emission spectroscopy. Available micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu) were extracted with DTPA (Lindsay and Norvell 1978) and estimated by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra AA 20 plus) (Antil R. S and Singh M, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnumeration of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethe \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emicrobial population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePopulation density studies of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were carried out on solid media using the dilute plate count technique. One gram of soil sample was taken, and the microbial population was estimated using the serial dilution and plating technique (Lindsay and Norvell 1978).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, 16.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), was used in all the statistical analyses. The relationship between the variables was calculated through correlation and regression methods (SPSS 16.0). All the results are expressed as the mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation of three replicates. Significant differences between treatments were estimated using Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range tests, where the statistical significance level was fixed at P\u0026gt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation in soil physicochemical and organic carbon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrganic manures and fertilizers slightly increase the buffering capacity of soil, which contains various compounds that can release or absorb hydrogen ions (H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e) and increase the cation exchange capacity, helping to maintain a relatively stable pH (Whalen et al., 2001; Colombo et al., 2014). The lowest pH was more pronounced in the Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost combination (6.98) than in the other treatments. The maximum soil pH (7.76) was recorded with the application of the combination of Azotobacter and Vermicompost (Table 2). In the present study, the soil pH decreased moderately with the application of organic manure and fertilizer at different concentrations (7.76 to 6.98), which may have been caused by the formation of organic acids during the decomposition of organic matter (Laxminarayana and Patiram, 2005). Ramzani et al. (2016) and Schjonning et al. (1994) also observed a decrease in soil pH due to the application of organic manure (FYM).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil EC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn increase in electrical conductivity (EC) was observed in the soil when Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost were applied (0.28 d Sm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) compared to the control (0.22 d Sm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) (Table 2). However, the increase in soil EC due to the application of biofertilizers was minimal compared to that due to N fertilizer application (0.38%) (Narwal et al\u003cem\u003e.,\u003c/em\u003e 1998 and McGrath et al\u003cem\u003e.,\u003c/em\u003e 1988). Notably, there was a significant increase in soil EC when VAM was applied in combination with other biofertilizers, which aligns with the findings of Balaguraviah et al. (2005). The proportionate increase in EC was seemingly greater with the addition of VAM than with the addition of other manures, potentially due to the greater supply of salts. Additionally, the surface soil exhibited higher EC levels than did the subsurface soil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil organic carbon (SOC)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant improvement (P \u0026gt; 0.001) in the percentage of organic carbon was detected in all the treatments compared with that in the control. The increase in SOC ranged between 0.35% and 0.90%. The maximum value was estimated from the combination of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost (0.90%), followed by 0.82% for the combination of Azotobacter, VAM, and Vermicompost, and the lowest was 0.40% for Azotobacter alone. It may be postulated that greater production of roots and their subsequent decomposition increase the organic carbon status of the soil (Bellakki et al. 1998; Narwal and Antil 2005). The results are presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChanges in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emacronutrient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e content with effects on different organic manures and fertilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe soil nutrient status (N, P and K) improved in response to the application of different combinations of organic manure and fertilizer. The results are presented in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable nitrogen (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ekg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in available nitrogen content with the addition of organic manure is directly attributed to the release of nitrogen through the decomposition of organic matter (Narwal and Antil, 2005). The results revealed a significant improvement (P\u0026lt;0.001) in soil nutrient conditions when additional biofertilizers were applied, particularly in terms of available nitrogen (kg/ha), which ranged from 209.74 - 282.79 kg/ha. The combination of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost increased the available nitrogen content by 72% (282.79 kg/ha) compared to that of the control (209.74 kg/ha), followed by Azotobacter + VAM+ Vermicompost (277.50 kg/ha). This increase could be attributed to the greater multiplication of soil microbes, which can convert organically bound nitrogen into an inorganic available form (Whalen et al., 2001). Among all the organic manures, the combination of VAM fertilizers increased the available nitrogen content by 68% compared to that in the other treatments. VAM fungi, while primarily associated with phosphorus uptake, indirectly impact nitrogen availability and uptake by facilitating nitrogen fixation and soil aggregation, enhancing root exploration, and improving nitrogen use efficiency. The presence of VAM fungi in the soil contributes to sustainable agricultural practices and has implications for nutrient cycling and plant growth (Sorensen, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable phosphorus (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ekg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the combination of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost had a greater available phosphorus content (75.38 kg/ha) than the control treatment (40.1538 kg/ha). Compared to the general mean, the available phosphorus content significantly improved (P\u0026lt;0.001) in nine treatments (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e). The increase in available phosphorus in the soil is due to the application of organic manure and may also be attributed to the mineralization of organic phosphorus, the production of organic acids that increase phosphorus solubility in the soil, and the presence of organic amines that slow phosphorus fixation (Gupta et al., 1992; Narwal and Antil, 2005). Upon critical evaluation of the data, it was found that the total phosphorus added through Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, and VAM helped to boost phosphorus fixation in the soil (Oberson et al., 1993). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable potassium (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ekg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe available potassium content increased from 233.41 kg/ha to 415.28 kg/ha when the soil was treated with the combination of Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost, followed by 385.95 kg/ha with Azotobacter + VAM + Vermicompost. A statistical analysis revealed a significant improvement of 0.001% in treatments T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e. Organic manures positively contribute to the available potassium content in the soil, as they contain varying amounts of potassium. Manures derived from plant sources, such as compost, green manure, and crop residues, generally have higher potassium contents than animal manures (Arienzo et al., 2009; Alam et al., 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChanges in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emicronutrients in the\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e soil (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis revealed a significant increase (P\u0026lt;0.05) in the micronutrients, namely, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, in the soil when organic manures and fertilizers were used compared to those in the control soil. According to Table 4, the combinations of Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost had the greatest increase in soil micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), with values of 5.69, 0.44, 0.73, and 0.48 kg/ha, respectively. This was followed by the combinations of Azotobacter + VAM + Vermicompost and Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost. Although significant changes were observed, the sole application of Azotobacter slightly increased the micronutrient content compared to that in the control, as observed for Fe (2.73 kg/ha), Zn (0.14 kg/ha), Mn (0.37 kg/ha), and Cu (0.19 kg/ha). Swarup (1984) reported that the incorporation of organic manures led to a remarkable improvement in the availability of native and applied micronutrient cations (Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) in the soil. These elements form stable complexes with organic ligands, which decrease their susceptibility to adsorption, fixation, and/or precipitation in the soil. The addition of organic manures may have resulted in the formation of such metal-organic complexes with greater availability (Gupta et al., 1992). Chaudhary and Narwal (2005) reported that the application of VAM significantly increased Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu by 45%. Biofertilizers and manures contain enzymes and microbial activities that can facilitate the transformation of micronutrients into more plant-available forms. For instance, specific bacteria can convert insoluble forms of iron (Fe) into soluble forms, which can be easily absorbed by plants (Stockfisch et al., 1999 and Raup et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of organic manures and fertilizers on microbial activity count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFungi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the current study are presented in Table 5. \u003cbr\u003eThe results of the present study indicate that, in comparison to untreated soil, soil treated with combinations of Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost, Phosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost, and Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+Vermicompost exhibited a significant increase in fungal growth (P \u0026lt; 0.001), with values of 18.61, 17.33, and 17.44 (x 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), respectively. The lowest fungal growth, at 12.22 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, was observed in the soil treated with vermicompost alone. Biofertilizers containing mycorrhizal fungi can promote fungal growth in the soil. Mycorrhizal fungi establish symbiotic associations with plant roots, providing nutrients, particularly phosphorus, to plants in exchange for carbohydrates produced by plants through photosynthesis (de Medeiros et al., 2019; Gutser et al., 2005; Antil et al., 2011). Consequently, the introduction of mycorrhizal biofertilizers can enhance fungal growth in the soil by facilitating the establishment and proliferation of these beneficial fungi\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe application of different biofertilizers and manures led to a slight increase in bacterial growth in the soil, with a significance level of P \u0026gt; 0.001. One week after application, the soil treated with the Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost combination exhibited a bacterial count of 35.45 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. These concentrations were followed by counts of 34.02 and 33.01 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in the Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost and Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + Vermicompost treatments, respectively. These biofertilizers, which contain beneficial bacteria, colonize the rhizosphere, the area surrounding plant roots, establishing a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with plants (Erhart et al., 2005). These bacteria proliferate and offer various advantages to plants, including improved growth, increased nutrient absorption, and enhanced resilience to diseases and environmental stresses (Pinto et al., 2017). Top of Form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe maximum number of actinomycetes was detected in the Azotobacter+Phosphobacteria+VAM+Vermicompost treatment (23.44 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003ecfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), and the lowest was detected in the Vermicompost treatment alone (15.38 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003ecfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Compared to the general mean, the growth of actinomycetes in the soil significantly improved in nine treatments (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e) (P\u0026lt;0.001). Biofertilizers, especially those derived from organic sources such as compost or manure, immensely contribute to the organic matter content in the soil. Actinomycetes thrive in organic-rich environments and are known for their ability to decompose complex organic compounds. Thus, the addition of biofertilizers can increase the availability of organic matter, providing a favorable environment for actinomycete growth (Peigne et al., 2007 and Wierzbowska et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between nutrient status and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esoil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e organic carbon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationships between organic carbon (C) and available nutrients (N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) were found to be polynomial, as shown in Figure 1 and Table 7. The levels of available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) in the soil increased with increasing organic carbon content, which can be attributed to the application of organic manure. According to the correlation analysis, the available nitrogen in the soil was positively correlated with the soil organic carbon (r = 0.890).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the statistical analysis, the soil organic carbon content primarily depended on the availability of nitrogen. The combination of nitrogen and organic carbon had the highest R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.884), followed by available phosphorus (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.861) and available potassium (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.821). The rapid decomposition of fresh or immature organic material, along with the addition of manure and the intensive polymerization (humification) of organic matter, are influenced by the application of biofertilizers (Wu et al., 2005). Treatments with nitrogen fixers (Azotobacter, VAM), phosphorus bacteria (phosphobacteria), and potassium (a mycorrhizal fungal species) resulted in a 75% increase in the organic carbon content in the soil (Yang et al., 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between nutrient status and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esoil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e microbial count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 shows that there was a significant relationship between soil nutrients and microbial content (P\u0026gt;0.001).Soil microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes had strong positive correlations with available nitrogen, with r values of 0.895, 0.872 and 0.895, respectively. Similarly, bacterial growth had a strong positive correlation (r=0.903) with available phosphorous. For instance, specific bacteria can convert insoluble iron (Fe) into soluble iron, which can be easily absorbed by plants (Stockfisch et al., 1999 and Raup et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eModern agriculture has faced the pressing issue of soil fertility degradation due to the extensive use of chemical fertilizers, which results in soils that are no longer conducive to crop cultivation. Furthermore, the intensive utilization of these synthetic inputs has given rise to substantial health and environmental risks. These risks include soil erosion, contamination of water sources, pesticide-related illnesses, declining groundwater levels, waterlogging, and loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn response to these formidable challenges, biofertilizers have emerged as a pivotal solution for ensuring sustainable crop production. Biofertilizers naturally activate soil microorganisms and provide a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach. By incorporating biofertilizers, we can rejuvenate the natural fertility of the soil, ameliorate drought and soil-borne diseases, and stimulate plant growth. Nevertheless, to fully unlock the potential of biofertilizer technology, further research and development are imperative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis approach entails gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying various biofertilizers, identifying more potent strains of rhizobacteria, and discovering suitable carrier materials. Progress in these areas holds the promise of ushering in more sustainable and economically viable agricultural practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecial thanks go to the members of \u003cstrong\u003eCoromandel International Private Limited\u003c/strong\u003e for their contribution to this research both technically and financially.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK.K.\u003c/strong\u003e conceived, designed, and supervised the project, \u003cstrong\u003eM.M.\u003c/strong\u003e conducted the research work, \u003cstrong\u003eM.M \u0026amp; P.K\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e. collected the field data; \u003cstrong\u003eM.M \u0026amp; M.T\u003c/strong\u003e performed Laboratory analysis; \u003cstrong\u003eM.M\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eP.S.D\u003c/strong\u003e performed statistical analysis; \u003cstrong\u003eM.M\u003c/strong\u003e drafted the manuscript; \u003cstrong\u003eK.K., V.P.\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eM.T.\u003c/strong\u003e reviewed the draft and suggested technical points to improve the manuscript. \u003cstrong\u003eM.M\u003c/strong\u003e edited and revised the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed content Statement \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability Statement \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval/declaration \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e- Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests -\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll the authors declare no conflict of interest. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlam, S.; Rahman, M.H.; Kamei, S.; Kawai, S. Alleviation of Manganese Toxicity and Manganese-Induced Iron Deficiency in Barley by Additional Potassium Supply in Nutrient Solution. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2002, 3, 387\u0026ndash;392. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2002.10409216\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/00380768.2002.10409216\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAntil, R.S.; Bar-Tal, A.; Fine, P.; Hadas, A. Predicting Nitrogen and Carbon Mineralization of Composted Manure and Sewage Sludge in Soil. Compost Sci. 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Res. 5, 001\u0026ndash;006.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCombinations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of various\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebiofertilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and organic manures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"613\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVAM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + Phosphobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + VAM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphobacteria + \u0026nbsp;VAM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphobacteria + Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVAM + \u0026nbsp;Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + \u0026nbsp;Phosphobacteria + \u0026nbsp;VAM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + \u0026nbsp;Phosphobacteria + Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphobacteria + VAM + Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + VAM + Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzotobacter + Phosphobacteria + \u0026nbsp; VAM + Vermicompost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.929853181076671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"89.07014681892333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of biofertilizers and organic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emanure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;on pH, EC and organic C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(d Sm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil Organic Carbon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026plusmn;0.38cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.01 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.01 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23\u0026plusmn;0.56d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.05 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026plusmn;0.02 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.45\u0026plusmn;0.35b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.07 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.06 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026plusmn;0.23c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.01 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026plusmn;0.05 fe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.13\u0026plusmn;0.12d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.06f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026plusmn;0.02 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.45\u0026plusmn;0.07b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.05f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.02 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.76\u0026plusmn;0.09a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.04 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026plusmn;0.01f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.12\u0026plusmn;0.26e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.04bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026plusmn;0.05 ed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026plusmn;0.21c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;0.02e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026plusmn;0.04 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.18\u0026plusmn;0.19d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.03d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.07 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.43\u0026plusmn;0.34b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.09c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026plusmn;0.04 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19\u0026plusmn;0.12d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.05b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.07 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23\u0026plusmn;0.43cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.01c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026plusmn;0.03 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31\u0026plusmn;0.11c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.01ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.05 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.98\u0026plusmn;0.08cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026plusmn;0.06 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u0026plusmn;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.02 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.755102040816325%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of biofertilizers and organic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emanure on macronutrients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"98%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable nitrogen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable phosphorus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable potassium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244.37\u0026plusmn;0.64 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.23\u0026plusmn;0.58f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e657.67\u0026plusmn;8.43 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.56\u0026plusmn;2.83 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.49\u0026plusmn;2.23 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323.47\u0026plusmn;6.14 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.95\u0026plusmn;1.10 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.03\u0026plusmn;2.01 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316.32\u0026plusmn;2.41 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239.31\u0026plusmn;1.31 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.44\u0026plusmn;0.85 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.67\u0026plusmn;5.05 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251.72\u0026plusmn;0.78 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.95\u0026plusmn;0.68 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255.46\u0026plusmn;3.33 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269.05\u0026plusmn;0.57 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.66\u0026plusmn;0.17 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338.91\u0026plusmn;7.84 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237.81\u0026plusmn;1.20 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.86\u0026plusmn;0.58 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255.54\u0026plusmn;7.63 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265.66\u0026plusmn;0.56 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.46\u0026plusmn;0.17 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320.14\u0026plusmn;7.68 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.65\u0026plusmn;0.68 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.61\u0026plusmn;0.61 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.55\u0026plusmn;8.92 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266.77\u0026plusmn;1.11 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.77\u0026plusmn;2.05 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326.39\u0026plusmn;2.34 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269.80\u0026plusmn;0.57 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.93\u0026plusmn;0.17 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343.15\u0026plusmn;7.87 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247.39\u0026plusmn; 1.44 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.82\u0026plusmn;0.70 ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e277.50\u0026plusmn;1.18 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.20\u0026plusmn;2.18 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385.95\u0026plusmn;2.58 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282.79\u0026plusmn;1.22 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.38\u0026plusmn;2.25 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415.28\u0026plusmn;2.67 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233.74\u0026plusmn;1.20 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.15\u0026plusmn;0.59 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233.41\u0026plusmn;7.73 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.53061224489796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e258.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.510204081632654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.62\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e896.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of biofertilizers and organic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emanure on micronutrients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u0026plusmn;0.19 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026plusmn;0.01 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.09 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.06 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026plusmn;0.09 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.07 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026plusmn;0.03 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.03 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.13\u0026plusmn;0.15 cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.01 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026plusmn;0.12 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026plusmn;0.05 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n 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ac\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.01 bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.01 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026plusmn;0.06 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.02 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026plusmn;0.14 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.09 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026plusmn;0.40 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.06 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.08 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.04 \u0026nbsp;d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026plusmn;0.08 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026plusmn;0.03 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.14 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.09 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026plusmn;0.26 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.07 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.09 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.06 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19\u0026plusmn;0.16 cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn;0.09 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026plusmn;0.07 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026plusmn;0.01 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u0026plusmn;0.06 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;0.11 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.14 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026plusmn;0.05 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u0026plusmn;0.22 fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.04 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026plusmn;0.11 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.07 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35\u0026plusmn;0.15 bcde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026plusmn;0.11 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026plusmn;0.12 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026plusmn;0.04 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u0026plusmn;0.17 abcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026plusmn;0.12 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026plusmn;0.11 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026plusmn;0.08 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.69\u0026plusmn;0.18 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026plusmn;0.13 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026plusmn;0.12 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026plusmn;0.03 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u0026plusmn;0.19 g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026plusmn;0.03 abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.09 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.04 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.58\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of biofertilizers and organic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emanure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethe\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esoil microbial count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"670\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFungi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(x 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(x 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(x 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;14.44\u0026plusmn;1.07 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 20.35\u0026plusmn;0.58 i\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.18\u0026plusmn;2.11 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u0026plusmn;1.06 h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.48\u0026plusmn;0.8 f\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.04\u0026plusmn;2.2 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.66\u0026plusmn;1.24 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.86\u0026plusmn;0.93 cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.98\u0026plusmn;2.47 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.22\u0026plusmn;0.9 1j\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.14\u0026plusmn;0.57 l m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.38\u0026plusmn;1.81d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.88\u0026plusmn;1.18 efg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.54\u0026plusmn;0.84 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u0026plusmn;2.31 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.88\u0026plusmn;1.25 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.54\u0026plusmn;0.92 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.26\u0026plusmn;2.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.22\u0026plusmn;1.20 de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.31\u0026plusmn;0.83 e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.42\u0026plusmn;2.50 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.44\u0026plusmn;1.30 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.01\u0026plusmn;0.93 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.96\u0026plusmn;2.40 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.33\u0026plusmn;1.29 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.02\u0026plusmn;0.96 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.82\u0026plusmn;2.58 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.61\u0026plusmn;1.38 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.45\u0026plusmn;1.01 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.44\u0026plusmn;2.73 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.59\u0026plusmn;0.94 i\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.82\u0026plusmn;0.56 m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.86\u0026plusmn;1.78 d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.850746268656717%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.208955223880597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73134328358209%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;between nutrients\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand soil microorganisms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.434782608695652%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.782608695652174%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.434782608695652%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.896\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.906\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.782608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.802\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n 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width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.782608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.853\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.434782608695652%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.782608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.608695652173913%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;between nutrients and soil organic carbon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.896\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.890\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.869\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.906\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.832\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.813\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.633\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.956\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.643\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.687\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.779\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Organic manure, fertilizer, nutrient status, organic carbon, soil microbes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3942092/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3942092/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOrganic farming provides an alternative approach that employs environmentally friendly practices, excluding the use of chemical inputs. Biofertilizers, which contain beneficial microorganisms, present a sustainable solution by enhancing plant growth, improving nutrient availability, and enhancing soil quality while reducing the dependence on synthetic chemicals. In a field experiment at Coromandel International Private Limited, Tirunelveli, various combinations of organic manures and fertilizers with sixteen treatments were used to assess the impact of these combinations on soil physiochemical properties, nutrient status, microbial activities and soil organic carbon. The results demonstrated that the combination of the Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria, VAM, and Vermicompost treatments led to enhancements in soil physicochemical properties, such as pH (6.98), EC (0.28 d Sm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and organic carbon (0. an increase in nutrient availability, including available nitrogen (282.79 kg/ha), phosphorus (75.38 kg/ha), potassium (415.28 kg/ha), micronutrients (Fe-5.69 kg/ha, Zn-0.44 kg/ha, Mn-0.73 kg/ha and Cu-0.48 kg/ha), and the growth of beneficial microorganisms, such as fungi (18.61 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), bacteria (35.45 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and actinomycetes (23.44 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e cfu g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The study also revealed positive correlations between nutrient availability and soil organic carbon content and between nutrient availability and microbial populations. These findings underscore the potential of organic farming practices and biofertilizers to contribute to sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing Soil Health and Nutrient availability in Neem Plantations with Organic manures and fertilizers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-14 05:23:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3942092/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-09T13:16:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-04T09:55:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"46045589460180584166658304776467964395","date":"2024-08-26T05:26:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"244252020221277061921573672469919684472","date":"2024-08-23T19:12:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237428379858269514587280300449946724776","date":"2024-06-07T13:17:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-20T18:16:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"4246ada9-a5b7-457e-8b94-49a51b712b36","date":"2024-04-11T21:43:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-25T17:45:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-25T11:16:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-13T05:13:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-12T16:42:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-02-09T05:46:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eb7ad770-3852-424b-bc96-bfb6166f0f7d","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":29387610,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"},{"id":29387611,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences/Environmental chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-22T10:38:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-14 05:23:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3942092","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3942092","identity":"rs-3942092","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}