Enhancing cognition in older adults with Interactive Wall Exergames: (why) does it work?

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Clelia Carrubba, Marta Maria Torre, Antoine Langeard, Jean-Jacques Temprado This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6313919/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Interactive Wall Exergames (IWE) are potentially more effective than traditional training methods for enhancing cognitive functions in older adults. However, the contribution of its different components specifically physical, motor-cognitive, and social interactions, remains unclear. The goal was to determine whether IWE reduced to its cognitive-motor component (IWE-) also reduced the associated cognitive benefits in comparison to IWE with incorporated aerobic and resistance exercises (IWE+). 30 healthy older adults were randomly assigned to either IWE- or IWE+, for 8 weeks, 3 times a week, during 45 minutes for IWE- and 75 minutes for IWE+. Physical, motor, and cognitive tests were conducted before and after the training. Secondary outcomes included assessments of effort and enjoyment in addition to the percentage of responders and the degree of progress in each group. Both groups exhibited high adherence rates (> 85%). Significant improvement in cognitive performance over time in both groups were detected, but no significant advantage of IWE- over IWE + in terms of cognitive, physical and motor performances. No significant differences were observed in number of responders, magnitude of progress, or enjoyment levels. Overall, the findings suggest that the motor-cognitive component is the crucial part of IWE effectively enhancing cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Biological sciences/Neuroscience Biological sciences/Psychology aging cognition exergames moving while thinking Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction It is well-established that physical exercise contributes to maintaining brain health and preventing cognitive decline in older adults. 1–3 Recent research further suggests that combining physical and cognitive training provide additional cognitive benefits compared to performing either type of training alone in both healthy older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment. 4–8 This enhanced effectiveness can be attributed to the synergistic impact of physical and cognitive stimulations on brain plasticity, often referred to as the "facilitation-guidance effect". 9,10 Exergames—interactive video games that require physical movement to complete cognitive tasks 11 —are emerging as promising tools for delivering combined training to older adults since they are generally well-received by this age-group and encourage them to be more active. 12,13 However, while evidence indicate that exergames can enhance cognitive functions in older adults, 11,14,15 recent studies have highlighted inconsistencies, 16–18 which result from the prevalence of commercial "off-the-shelf" solutions that prioritize the entertainment over the effectiveness and lack a foundation in scientifically validated training concepts. Our recent works suggested however that the effectiveness of commercial exergames largely depends on the type of exercises they allow delivering that is, physical-cognitive (PCT), motor-cognitive (MCT), or multi-domain (MDT) training. 16,19 Although this emerging classification is considered heuristic by some authors 17 and is increasingly being adopted in recent research studies, 20–23 there has yet to be a direct and systematic comparison of the effectiveness of these three modes of exergaming. Theoretical premises suggest however that exergames allowing for multi-domain training should be more effective than the others in enhancing cognitive functions. 10,16,24 Supporting this hypothesis, Interactive Wall Exergames (IWE, such as NeoOne, https://neoxperiences.com) have recently been recognized as potentially more effective than traditional aerobic and muscular resistance training for enhancing cognitive functions among older adults, presumably since IWEs combine physical activity (resistance and aerobic) and cognitive-motor exercises conducted under cognitively demanding social interactions. 20,25 However, beyond this phenomenological analysis, the functional principles underlying the effectiveness of IWEs remain poorly understood. Specifically, the relative contributions of physical activity intensity, (pure) cognitive strategies, and motor-cognitive training components remain unclear. This ambiguity arises due to insufficiently rigorous and individualized control over the physical intensity and cognitive demands within the IWE, which likely vary based on factors such as the intensity and duration involved in ball recovery (physical component), the precise coordination required for body movements and target-directed throws (motor-cognitive component), and the effectiveness of real-time cooperative or competitive strategies (social component). This could lead to significant uncontrolled differences in physical intensity and cognitive stimulation from one player to other, if specific instructions that complexify players’ actions are not provided under the supervision of a professional in adapted physical. 20 It could explain the limited and low additional benefits of IWE over conventional activities on cognitive performance. 20 Thus, the question arises as to what are the relative contributions of the different exergaming components of the IWE, when carefully controlled. Basically, it can be hypothesized that the superiority of training with IWE over conventional activities could mainly result from cognitive stimulation incurred by motor-cognitive exercises, which involve the use of complex upper-limb and whole body movements to ensure precision throwing towards targets while solving cognitive challenges ("Moving while Thinking"; 26–28 ). The present study aimed to test this hypothesis by comparing the effects of two training conditions with different contributions of the physical and motor-cognitive components on motor, physical, and cognitive functions, as well as on adherence, enjoyment, and perceived benefits. To achieve this objective, an IWE condition was designed to reduce physical (resistance and endurance components) effort to better study the effects of training through cognitive-motor exercises (IWE-). On the other hand, a physically “augmented” condition, relative to the previous one, was designed to reintegrate the multi-domain training by mimicking the aerobic and resistance to the cognitive-motor training in carefully controlled manner (IWE+). In both conditions, competitive and cooperative interactions during IWE gameplay were preserved. Altogether, there are two main mechanistic hypotheses that may explain the cognitive benefits of training guided us in the design of these experimental conditions. The first hypothesis is that the key factor driving cognitive benefits is the combined effect of physical activity and cognitive engagement. Here, the presence of a physical exercise component (running, bending over, squatting, to get back the balls) is essential since it relies on mechanisms based on the release of exerkines and on the cardiovascular benefits during resistance or aerobic exercises. 29 Consequently, optimizing the physical activity component integration within the IWE, while keeping similar the motor-cognitive component, is considered critical for the cognitive benefits in this framework, and IWE+ would lead to superior cognitive benefits than IWE-. The second hypothesis suggests that the primary source of cognitive benefits stems from the controlled cognitive load within the motor-cognitive exercises. In this framework, the cognitive benefits of IWE training would be mainly attributed to the conjunction of cognitive demands of real-time motor planning and execution (accurate control of complex movements) together with attention, inhibition, memory and decision-making (choosing an action/a target…) (i.e., Moving while Thinking). 26 Consequently, the cognitive load resulting from the control of motor-cognitive exercises would be dominant over physical effort of moderate intensity. Accordingly, IWE+ would not be superior to IWE- in this framework. By testing these hypotheses, we aimed to investigate the relative contributions physical activity and motor-cognitive exercises to the benefits of training with the IWE. 2. Results 2.1. Sample characteristics The flow diagram of participant recruitment, admission, and training is presented in Figure 1. During the training period, 2 participants of the CT-IW group and 5 of the IW group withdrew from the study due to personal scheduling conflicts and unforeseen life events unrelated to the training process or the technology used. So, 23 participants finally completed the study. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are presented in Table 1 for each group. --------------------------------- Insert Figure 1 here -------------------------------- Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (M ± SD). --------------------------------- Insert Table 1 here -------------------------------- 2.2. Primary outcomes The results of Mixed ANOVAs for the measured cognitive, motor, and physical variables are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Mixed ANOVA results for all cognitive, motor, and physical assessments. ------------------------------ Insert Table 2 here ------------------------------ Cognitive performance CWST. Mixed ANOVA yielded a significant main effect of time in the RT for the Incongruent (I) and Neutral (N) conditions [F (1,22 = 7.7, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.3, and F (21) = 7.2, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.3, respectively], revealing that the two groups significantly improved CWST RT. No significant group effect or time*group interaction were found.Conversely, for the Congruent condition (C), Mixed ANOVA only revealed a significant group effect [F (21) = 6.3, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.2]; with IWE showing better scores than CT-IWE group but no interaction was found. The number of errors and its variance was too low to be analyzed. MoCA. A significant main effect of time was found for the MoCA showing an overall improved MoCA scores from the pre- to the post-test, F (21) = 19.5, p.05). REY test. A significant main effect of time was found for the REY test showing an overall improved time performance to complete the REY test from pre to post -test [F (21) = 5.1, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.2], as well as its scores [F (21) =11.8, p.05). TMT A & B. A significant main effect of time was found for the TMT A showing an overall shorter time complete the TMT A test from pre to post-test [F (21) = 5.8, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.2], and a decreasing number of errors [F (21) = 5, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.2]. Mixed ANOVA also revealed a significant group effect [F (21) = 19.3, p.05).No significant time, group, or time*group effects were found for the TMT B condition (p>0.05). Figure 2 . Bar graphs of CWST RT C ( A ) and TMT A Time ( B ) outcome of each group at pre- and post-measurements. --------------------------------- Insert Figure 2 A, B here -------------------------------- Motor and physical performance FSST . A significant main effect of time was found for the time to complete the FSST [F (21) = 6.9, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.2], with an overall time to complete the test progressively decreasing from 9.1 ± 1.7 s in the pre-test to 7.7 ± 1.7 s in the post-test, p.05). HG . No significant group, time, and time*group effects were found in both right and left HG strength (p>.05). STS . Both groups significantly improved the time to complete the STS [F (21) = 45.9, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.7]. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that the time to complete the test progressively decreased from 16.8 ± 3.2 s in the pre-test to 13.6 ± 2.8 s in the post-test, p.05). SWT . Both groups significantly improved the total distance covered in the SWT [F (21) = 14.2, p<0.05, µp 2 = 0.4]. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that the distance covered progressively increased from 592.6 ± 178.5 m in the pre-test to 688.9 ± 194.7 m in the post-test, p.05). 2.3. Secondary outcomes Individual Performance Scores Both groups showed significant improvement in individual performance scores over time. For the “Break it Rugby” game, both groups significantly improved total game scores from a total mean of 6721.2 ± 1870.8 in the pre-test to 11971 ± 4476.1 in the post-test, F (21) = 39.5, p.05). The same trend is verified in the “Meteor of Colors” game, where both group means significantly improved from 13171.7 ± 6920.5 in the pre-test to 25873.9 ± 13442.9 in the post-test, F (21) = 16.6, p.05) (Table 2). Intensity of physical effort The average intensity of the IWE sessions was 32% of HRR for both groups, while those of the CT-IW groupe during CT sessions was 45.5% of HRR. Number of Respondents and amplitude of progress We calculated the number of respondents and the magnitude of improvement in the different tests over the training intervention, as done in previous papers (Temprado et al., 2019; Torre et al., 2024). 24,30 Descriptive statistics are shown in Table 3. For the cognitive functions, on average, the number of respondents was high (>70%) and the number of respondents were roughly equivalent in the two groups, excepted in REY Scores (85% - MC-IWE vs 40% - CT-IWE), and the MoCA (77% vs 60%, respectively). In a similar way, magnitude of progress observed in almost all cognitive functions were roughly equivalent that is, 10 to 20% on average, excepted for Rey score in which the MC_IWE group progressed far more than the CT-IWE group (32 and 19%, respectively). For motor functions, it looks like CT-IWE induced, on average, a higher number of respondents (77%), compared to the MC-IWE (60%), while the two groups shared roughly similar rates of improvement (26.1% CT-IWE vs 25.5% MC-IWE). The same trend was found for the physical functions, where the number of respondents of CT-IW outperformed those of the MC-IWE group in all tests [HG R (62% vs 30%, respectively), STS (100% vs 80%, respectively), and SWT (62% vs 50%)]. However, for the respondents, the two groups shared similar rates of improvement in the different tests, excepted for the grip force of the right hand (3.5 % and 16.2%, respectively). Table 3. The number of Responders (N. %) expressed in percentage of the whole group, and their mean rate of improvement (­|Δ%|) expressed in absolute values for cognitive, motor, and physical outcomes over the total 8-week training period. (All deltas indicate an improvement in the performance of the various tests). -------------------------- Insert Table 3 here --------------------------- Adherence, enjoyment, and perceived benefits Adherence rates were high in both groups, with the CT-IW group showing an adherence rate of 86.4% (20.7 ± 3.6 sessions) and the IW group of 85.8% (20.6 ± 3.8 sessions). When considering enjoyment, the 87.5% of participants of the CT-IWE group and 83.3% of the IWE group declared being satisfied. However, the CT-IWE group had more very satisfied people (62.5%) than the IWE group (33.3%). Also, perceived benefits differed between the groups. In the CT-IWE group, 87.5% of participants strongly agreed with the perceived benefits of the intervention, while 12.5% agreed (no neutral). For the IW group, 16.7% strongly agreed, 66.7% agreed, and 16.7% remained neutral. With respect to the domains of benefits, the CT-IWE group reported 75% of the benefits as physical, 12.5% as cognitive, and 12.5% as psychological. Conversely, the IWE group reported 50% cognitive, 33.3% physical, and 16.7% psychological benefits. 3. Discussion To our best knowledge, the present study is the first one attempting to better understand the relative weight of different exercising components of multidomain training delivered through Interactive Wall Exergames (IWE). To achieve this objective, we compared a condition reduced to a core motor-cognitive training condition, in which the intensity of physical activity was reduced (IWE-), with a “multi-domain training condition (IWE+) that reintegrated both physical and muscular strength component in a controlled manner alongside the motor-cognitive component to mimic the natural condition of use of the IWE. All other aspects, including motivational aspects, social interactions, competitive and cooperative interactions were preserved and identical between conditions. As a prerequisite, we verified that the manipulation of training conditions impacted the intensity of physical activity in the expected direction. Analyses of average intensity of physical activity during the training sessions showed that, for both groups, intensity of the IWE conditions was successfully modified, achieving approximately 32%, while the intensity of the CT sessions reached 45%, in addition the those of IWE. The intensity value of the CT was equivalent to those reported by Béraud-Peigné et al. (2024) for both their IWE and conventional physical activity programs. 20 The intensity of our IWE condition suggested than we succeeded in dismantling multidomain training into motor-cognitive training. The results also showed that 8 weeks of IWE+ and IWE- training allowed significant improvement across various cognitive domains, demonstrating the positive effects of IWE on inhibition, attention, visuospatial abilities, and global cognition even when it is reduced to its core cognitive-motor component. These results extend the findings by Béraud-Peigné et al. (2024), 20 who reported cognitive befits of IWE on inhibition and spatial working memory, by providing evidence of improvement across a broader range of cognitive functions. Notably, the key finding of the present study is that none of the training effects reported were significantly affected by the reduction of the physical component in the exergame as evidenced by the absence of significant group x time interaction in our results. Manipulation of training conditions differed IWE- and IWE+ in regard to physical activity intensity (higher in IWE+), exercise nature (multidomain vs. motor-cognitive domain only), and session durations (longer in IWE+). Despite these variables suggesting a potential advantage for the IWE+ program, our analysis revealed no significant differences in cognitive improvement between the two groups. Surprisingly, there were also no differences in participant response numbers or progress magnitude. This provides strong evidence of the crucial role of the "Moving while Thinking" training component in IWE for cognitive improvement, independent of the intensity of physical activity. In support of this hypothesis, though the intensity of the physical activity in the IWE- condition was lower than in the traditional IWE used by Béraud-Peigné et al. (2024), the benefits on cognitive performance in the present study were comparable, if not greater. 20 This further reinforces the idea that beyond the physical component, the core mechanism underlying these benefits may likely reside in the cognitive-motor component, under the reserve that it is carefully controlled. Importantly, IWE+ training intensity was lower than those observed for conventional activities and multidomain training with IWE reported by Béraud-Peigné et al. (2024) suggesting that in our study, carefully controlled motor-cognitive training, even if at lower physical intensity, was sufficient to compensate for training at higher physical intensity. 20 While we ensured comparable involvement of competitive and cooperative aspects in the present study, the specific role of strategic reasoning in cooperative versus competitive scenari remains unclear. Future research should directly compare individual and collective play conditions to further investigate this aspect. Training yielded positive effects on motor and physical capabilities across both groups, as evidenced by improvements in tests like the FSST, STS, and SWT, with no observed differences between IWE+ and IWE- conditions. This indicates that IWE- alone significantly enhanced physical and motor performance, and contrary to expectations, additional circuit training did not yield further benefits. This might be because the circuit training intensity was insufficient for extra gains, supported by equivalent improvements in cardiovascular capacities across both groups despite lower intensity in the IWE- condition. Notably, the IWE+ group showed a higher number of respondents and significantly greater improvement in handgrip strength, indicating the effectiveness of their force training program. However, for FSST, STS, and shuttle tests, the IWE+ group had more respondents, yet both groups exhibited similar progress magnitudes. This underscores the potential targeted benefits of the IWE+ regimen in specific strength areas while maintaining comparable overall advancements in physical performance. Analyzes of participants' perceptions of training interventions showed that the IWE+ group reported slightly higher satisfaction and perceived physical benefits, which is consistent with the type of training they followed. Interestingly, despite our results did not show significant differences between the two groups in functional capacities, most IWE+ participants perceived benefits primarily in the physical domain, while IWE- participants noted more benefits in the cognitive domain. There are limitations to consider in the present study. Firstly, although our protocol mirrors that of Béraud-Peigné et al. (2024), the absence of an inactive control group introduces some uncertainty about whether the observed benefits from pre- to post-intervention are directly attributable to the training interventions themselves. 20 However, given that sizes of time effect observed in the present study, which are higher than those usually reported for test-retest effects, it can be assumed that our results rather reflected training effects. Also, the study predominantly involved female participants and a relatively small sample size, which may limit the generalizability of the results. In this respect, expanding the training duration to 12 weeks or more, with a larger number of participants, could potentially reveal more substantial differences between the various training modalities and extend the generalizability of the present results. Lastly, the role of social interactions has not been systematically controlled or examined, leaving their contribution to cognitive stimulation—such as through reasoning and strategy development—as an area needing further investigation. The findings of the present study indicate that while Interactive Wall Exergames are currently considered as offering multidomain training, their primary effectiveness lies mainly in the motor-cognitive aspect, aptly described as "Moving while Thinking." Notably, even brief sessions of motor-cognitive training (approximately 20 minutes, 3 days a week) result in significant benefits on cognitive functions along with motor and physical functions. Notably, the values reported in the present study for the number of respondents in Rey test, CWST, TMTA&B and Moca were also slightly higher than those observed after 8 weeks of a Nordic walking (NW) training program assessed in a previous study of our group. 30 On the other hand, for the amplitude of progress the values reported in the present study were slightly smaller than those observed in the NW study. Interestingly however, the present results suggest that even minimal session durations of carefully controlled motor-cognitive exercises (i.e., about 20 minutes of effective training, 3 days a week) were sufficient to induce quite similar effects to circuit training (the present study) or traditional physical activity programs (e.g., Nordic walking) 24,30 that required fewer training hours. Finally, our results hold both theoretical and practical significance. They suggest that the effectiveness of multidomain training is not guaranteed but hinges on the balance of its components—motor-cognitive versus physical or physical-cognitive. This aligns with previous research that noted exergaming effects are sometimes no better than those of purely cognitive training. 16 Thus, it is crucial for future studies to identify the specific conditions under which multidomain exergame training surpasses other forms such as physical-cognitive, motor-cognitive, or purely cognitive video game training. Practically, our results underscore the importance of investigating the principles that make different exergames effective. This is particularly important for researchers who, while lacking the resources to design custom exergames, wish to utilize existing games that haven’t been scientifically validated. Moreover, for those that are willing to design future exergames, it is essential to prioritize the integration of cognitive-motor components, such as complex movements and the ability to move while thinking, over merely focusing on the intensity of physical activity. This approach is particularly important when the intensity remains within low to moderate levels. By incorporating these elements, exergames can better engage players in a holistic manner, enhancing both physical and cognitive engagement, leading to more effective and enjoyable experiences. Emphasizing the synergy between mind and body movement can also contribute to improved coordination, problem-solving skills, and overall mental acuity, thereby maximizing the benefits of exergaming. Then, it falls on the research community to advance this understanding until video game developers collaborate with laboratories to create solutions specifically designed to counteract aging effects in older adults. 4. Materials and methods 4.1. Study design This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial (RCT), conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the French National Ethics Committee (CPP IDF10 no. 2019-A03263-54; May 2020). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a training intervention using only the Interactive Wall Exergame reduced to its cognitive-motor components (IWE-) while the other group received the same intervention but with an additional 30 minutes of resistance and cardiovascular exercises in a format of a circuit training (IWE+). 4.2. Participants Participants were recruited through advertisements in the local newspaper, the distribution of flyers, and electronic correspondence. Prospective volunteers contacted the project manager via phone or email for initial screening. Inclusion criteria required participants to be aged between 65 and 85 years, with no prior experience using an IWE or video games in general. Exclusion criteria included a MMSE score below 26, 31 cognitive impairment or language disorders affecting comprehension, uncontrolled psychiatric or cardiovascular conditions, uncorrected vision or hearing impairments, and the use of medications such as psychotropic drugs that could impact heart rate. Participants received information about the training programs, including duration, location, session frequency, attendance requirements, coaching, evaluations, and associated rights, benefits, and potential risks. Interested individuals provided informed consent before voluntarily enrolling in the study. Subsequently, they underwent medical screenings conducted by specialized physicians to evaluate general health and lifestyle behaviors. A submaximal stepping test supervised by cardiologists assessed their ability to engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity (i.e., 60–70% of maximum effort). The termination threshold was set at 85% of the estimated maximum heart rate (HRmax). Adjustments to the exercise regimen were made for participants with prior cardiovascular issues. 4.3. Sample size The primary analysis (intention-to-treat) included all participants who completed the study. The sample size calculation was performed using G. Power 3.1.9.7 (Kiel, Germany). To detect relevant differences from the pre- to the post-test, we calculated a sample size sufficient to detect medium effect sizes. Therefore, f = 0.25, α= 0.05, and p = 0.90 were chosen to favour clinically significant effect sizes. This analysis showed that 15 participants were required to test the main hypotheses of the present study. Thus, 30 volunteers were initially recruited. T he allocation of participants in the two groups was randomized. Participants did not receive financial compensation for their participation but were granted an annual membership to the sports club where the training sessions took place. 4.4. Training interventions Two different training interventions, IWE- and IWE+, were designed. The IWE- condition consisted of isolating the motor-cognitive component of the IWE by reducing, as much as possible, of the intensity of physical activity (resistance and aerobic components). The IWE+ intervention was designed to re-integrate the physical activity of moderate-intensitythat was initially extracted from the MC-IWE training condition in a controlled way. Training interventions took in a multisport club (i.e., Stade Marseillais Université Club, SMUC) in Marseille, France. Participants trained 3 times/week for 8 weeks (24 sessions). IWE- sessions lasted 45 min, while IWE+ sessions lasted 75 min. Participants were equipped with HR monitors (Decathlon HR300™). Their resting, average, and maximum heart rates were recorded during sessions to monitor physical effort levels and to ensure the training sessions were conducted safely and effectively. Two licensed coaches experienced in adapted physical activity programs for older adults supervised the training sessions. One coach was responsible for the additional physical activity component of the IWE+ training, structured as circuit training, while the other coach supervised the IWE component focused on cognitive-motor tasks". During the preparatory phase, the scientific team held several meetings with the two coaches to define the contents of the circuit training sessions and to establish the strategy based on general training principles and individual adaptations of exercise loads. Motor-cognitive training within the Interactive Wall Exergame (IWE-) IWE- sessions were delivered using the Neo One device (for details, see https://neoxperiences.com). They included different games designed to stimulate various cognitive functions (inhibition, mental flexibility, attention…). A general principle common to the different games was that visual targets appeared on the Interactive Wall surface and participants had to throw a ball with upper-limbs and whole-body coordinated movements to hit these targets as an answer to the problem set by the game scenario. Two soft balls of different sizes (handball-size and one basketball-size) were used. The distance of throwing was standardized by a line drawn on the ground to constrain the players carefully controlling force-accuracy trade-off of throwing movements. Also, for some sequences, participants were requested to use alternatively their dominant arm (2 games), non-dominant arm (2 games) or both arms (1 game) to increase the cognitive control of throwing movements. 32 The sessions lasted 45 minutes and consisted of a 5-minute warmup, followed by a 40-minute main session using the Neo One device. Before the beginning of the training period, the 15 participants of the IWE- group were divided into two subgroups of 7 and 8 people, respectively, which trained one after the other within the same day. 10 games were selected for practice, of which 5 were considered cooperative games, and the other 5 oppositional games. During the 40-minute session, each participant performed 6 to 8 two-minute games and 1 five-minute game, both cooperative and oppositional, for a total of about 20 minutes of effective cognitive-motor training (for a complete list and description of games see Additional file #1). Participants alternated active and resting periods as follows: half of the group played the game while the remaining others were catching the balls that bounced far from the playing area. Many balls were used and placed in a basket in the middle of the room so that players could play without stopping while others picked up balls to replenish the basket. Also, we reduced and delimited the playground area with tape lines and paired groups of participants playing the games with groups acting as ball retrievers. This allowed us to reduce the physical (aerobic) load as much as possible and to isolate the effects of the motor-cognitive exercises. Every two weeks the complexity of the games was increased, using the different difficulty levels proposed by the IWE, from easy during weeks 1-2, to intermediate during weeks 3-4, and difficult during weeks 5 to 8. Circuit Training + Interactive Wall Exergame (IWE+) CT-IW sessions lasted 75 minutes and were composed of two different training parts. The IWE component was identical to that of the IWE- group. However, in addition, the IWE+ group completed sessions of 30 minutes of physical exercises in a circuit training format composed of resistance exercises separated with short aerobic exercises to load the cardio-vascular system. During each training session, the 15 participants of the IWE+ group were randomly divided into two subgroups of 7 and 8 people. Both groups trained simultaneously and in the same room, with one group beginning with the IWE session while the other started with the Circuit Training session. After their respective 30/45-minute workouts, the two groups switched. Those starting with the IWE session followed by the CT session in the first week switched order in the second week, continuing this pattern throughout the 8 weeks . The circuit training sessions were designed according to the National Strength and Conditioning Association guidelines. 33 Participants began with a 5-minute warm-up and then performed multi- or single-joint exercises for upper and lower limbs. Four different exercises were delivered over the 3 sessions in a week (see Additional file 1). Training session A included weighted squats, lunges, dumbbell push presses and bent over row exercises. Training session B included kettlebell deadlifts, calf raises, push-ups, triceps dips, and biceps curls. Then, the A-B-A sequence was presented the first week, then B-A-B and so on. Training equipment included kettlebells and light weights. The initial training weight (weight 1) was calculated for each participant as 10% of dominant handgrip strength, 34 and it was increased up to 20% of dominant handgrip strength (weight 2) in the second training month. Participants performed 3 sets of 8/10/12 reps for each exercise, with a 1-minute rest between each set. Weights and repetitions were increased as follows: in weeks 1 and 2, participants performed 10 reps with weight 1; in weeks 3 and 4, the weight remained the same while the number of repetitions was increased to 12, to work on neuromuscular adaptations. In weeks 5 and 6, they switched to weight 2 while reducing the number of reps to 8, to work on strength development; in weeks 7 and 8, they used weight 2 for 10 reps. 35 Weights were adjusted for each participant if they experienced pain, discomfort, or impossibility to perform the required repetitions with a proper technique. 4.5. Measured outcomes Pre- and post-test sessions were carried out one week before the beginning and one week after the end of the intervention period, respectively. Researchers supervised the testing sessions administered by research assistants, specialized in adapted physical activity, who were trained to conduct the tests. Cognitive and physical test sessions were carried out in a quiet room and took about one hour per participant. Cognitive tests were carried out first, followed by physical tests. The order of cognitive tests was randomized, and the physical aerobic test was performed at the end to avoid any interference with cognitive activities. 36 Primary outcomes Cognitive assessment A computerized version of the Color-Words Stroop test (CWST) was used to assess inhibition processes. 30 Participants sat in front of a computer screen connected to a modified keyboard featuring four adjacent letters: R (red), G (green), Y (yellow), and B (blue). Words appeared on the screen one at a time, displayed in one of the four specified colors. Participants were instructed to identify the color of the word by quickly pressing the corresponding key with the forefinger of their dominant hand, ignoring the word's meaning. The conditions were classified as congruent (C) if the word's meaning matched its color (e.g., "green" written in green), incongruent (I) if the meaning and color differed (e.g., "green" written in red), or neutral (N) for unrelated words (e.g., "arm," "leg") displayed in any of the colors. After a brief familiarization session with nine random words, participants were presented with 75 words (25 C, 25 N, and 25 I) for the test. Each word remained on the screen until a response was given. Response time (RT, in seconds) — the duration between the word's appearance and the key press — and error rates were recorded and averaged for each participant across the three conditions. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess global cognition. To prevent test-retest effects, two different versions of the MoCA were randomly assigned to participants for the pre-and post-test sessions. 37 A score was given for each correct answer, and the global test score was recorded (maximum score of 30). The Rey Complex Figure Copy Task (REY) was used to evaluate visuospatial abilities. 38 Participants were seated in front of a complex geometric figure consisting of 18 graphical elements and instructed to replicate it as accurately and quickly as possible on a blank sheet of paper using a pen. Self-correction was permitted if necessary. The total time (seconds) taken to copy the figure was recorded, and a score was assigned for each element correctly reproduced, with a maximum score of 18. The Trail Making Test (TMT) was used to evaluate the speed of information processing and switching abilities, with parts A and B serving these purposes, respectively. In part A, participants needed to sequentially connect 25 circled numbers scattered across a sheet of paper without lifting the pen from the paper. In part B, they had to alternate between numbers and letters in chronological and alphabetical order (e.g., 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, etc.). 39 The total time (seconds) taken to complete each part, as well as the number of errors made, were recorded. Motor and physical assessment The Four-Square Stepping Test (FSST) was used to assess motor coordination. 40 A 90 cm square was delineated on the ground using tape strips. Two additional tape strips were placed at the center, intersecting to create four smaller squares within the larger square. These squares were numbered as follows: 1 in the upper left, 2 in the upper right, 3 in the lower right, and 4 in the lower left. Participants began in square 1, facing square 2, and were instructed to step as quickly as possible into each square, following the sequence 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, and 1, while avoiding contact with the lines. Both feet had to touch the ground before moving to the next square. The time taken to complete the sequence was recorded in seconds, starting when the first foot entered square 2 and ending when the last foot returned to square 1. The examiner demonstrated the sequence at a slow pace, after which participants completed a familiarization trial. Two trials were conducted, and the shortest duration was used for analysis. If a participant failed to complete the sequence correctly or stepped on a line, the trial was repeated. Participants were closely monitored by the examiner to prevent falls and injuries. The Handgrip Strength Test (HG) was used to evaluate grip strength. 41 Participants were seated on a chair holding a Jamar hand dynamometer. They were asked to exert maximum isometric effort by squeezing the dynamometer for a few seconds. The force generated, measured in kilograms, was recorded for each arm. The experimental procedure involved a practice trial, followed by three alternating attempts for each arm, with a 30-second rest period between attempts. The best result from the three trials for each hand was selected for analysis. The Timed Sit-To-Stand test (STS) was used to measure lower limb strength. 42 Participants sat on a chair without armrests positioned against a wall, with arms crossed against their chest and feet placed shoulder-width apart on the floor. Participants had to stand up fully and return to the seated position ten times as quickly as possible. After one familiarization session, two trials were conducted and the time taken to complete the task was recorded using a stopwatch. Results from the best trial were selected for the analysis. The Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (SWT) was used to evaluate cardiovascular fitness. 43 The test involved walking between two cones positioned 10 meters apart. An audible signal marked each minute, starting at a speed of 0.5 m/s and increasing by 0.17 m/s per minute. The test concluded if participants: i) failed to reach the cones within the time frame on three consecutive occasions (i.e., were more than 0.5 m from the cone), ii) felt excessively breathless or fatigued to continue, or iii) experienced physical discomfort such as shortness of breath, dizziness, or vertigo. Examiners provided verbal instructions to help participants adjust their walking or running pace as needed. The total distance covered was recorded for analysis. Secondary outcomes Intensity of physical activity Heart Rate (HR) was measured during all sessions of IWE and CT-IWE thanks to HR sensors placed on the wrist. Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) was used to calculate exercise intensity, representing the difference between a person's Maximum Theoretical Heart Rate (MTHR) and their Resting Heart Rate (RHR). 44 Maximum Theoretical Heart Rate (MTHR) was estimated using the formula (MTHR = (192 – (0.007 x Age 2 ). It provided an approximation of the highest heart rate an individual can achieve during maximal physical exertion. Resting Heart Rate (RHR) was measured after sitting quietly for a few minutes. Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) indicating the range of heart rates available for exercise was calculated by subtracting the RHR from the MTHR. To find the intensity of exercise during a session, the formula [(Average Heart Rate - RHR)/HRR] x100] was used. This calculation indicated what percentage of the Heart Rate Reserve was utilized during the exercise, that is how intense the exercise was relative to the individual's capacity. Individual Performance Scores During the first and the last training session, participants played the “Break it Rugby” and “Meteor of Colors” games individually for 2 minutes, to evaluate their ability and progress using the device. Individual scores were collected for each participant. Number of respondents and magnitude of progress For each intervention and across cognitive, motor, and physical variables, we identified and counted the number of respondents, defined as participants who exhibited more than a 1% improvement. Subsequently, we calculated the magnitude of performance improvement for each test, expressed as a percentage of initial performance (∆% = [(post-test score - pre-test score) / pre-test score] * 100) over the 8-week training period. Adherence, enjoyment, and perceived benefits Adherence to training programs was measured by calculating the attendance rate (in % of the number of sessions) over the entire 8-week period. The enjoyment level was assessed on a 0-5 Likert scale (0-not satisfied – 5 very satisfied) after the end of the training period, based on the following question: “ How much did you enjoy this training experience? ”. Participants were also asked whether they felt that the activity had brought them any benefits and, if so, to specify the type of benefits with the following questions: “1-On a scale from 0 to 5 (where 0 is ‘not satisfied’ and 5 is ‘very satisfied’), how much do you think this activity has benefited you? 2-In which area did you feel the most advantages (physical, cognitive, social, psychological)?” 4.6. Data management, analysis and statistics The data were analyzed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with "Time (2)" as a within-subject factor and "Group (2)" as a between-subject factor, to examine differences across pre- and post-measurements, intergroup variations among the two training types, and the interaction between time and group. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Before conducting any inferential statistical tests, all relevant assumptions were verified, and analysis proceeded only if these assumptions were satisfied. Effect sizes were reported using partial eta squared (ηp2) and Cohen’s d (d) coefficients. Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests were employed to further explore the significant effect of time, group, or their interaction. Declarations Acknowledgments : We thank Anthony Fraysse, and the Stade Marseillais Université Club for the implementation and supervision of physical activity programs. We also thank Elodie Navarro for her help during the motor and physical assessments. We express our gratitude to the participants. Author Contributions: JJT, CC and MMT designed the protocol. C.C. supervised the experiment and analyzed the data. CC and MMT wrote and edited a first draft of the manuscript. JJT and AL critically revised the paper until its final version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Data Availability Statement: Data are available from the corresponding author upon request. Funding: This research received no external funding. Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Institutional Review Board Statement: The protocol was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the French National Ethics Committee (CPP IDF10 no. 2019-A03263-54; 5 May 2020). References Zhu, W. et al. 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IWE- IWE+ p-values Participants (n) 10 13 Gender (F:M) 11:2 11:3 Age (years) 70.7 ± 3.4 71.6 ± 4.2 0.06 H eight (cm) 164.4 ± 6.4 163.7 ± 6.6 0.69 Weight (kg) 65.8 ± 13.2 64.9 ± 11.4 0.41 BMI 30 ± 2.8 30 ± 2.8 0.78 D ominant Hand (R:L) 10:0 12:1 Total PA ONAPS (min*week) 736 ± 612.7 782.3 ± 502.3 0.84 e ducation (%) The table includes only participants who completed the study, those who dropped out are excluded from the analysis. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in age, height, weight, BMI, and ONAPS PA questionnaire scores (p>0.05). Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard Deviation; IWE-: Interactive Wall group; IWE+, Circuit Training + Interactive Wall group; n, number; F, females; M, males; cm, centimeters; kg, kilograms; BMI, Body Mass Index; R, right; L, left; PA, Physical Activity. Table 2. Mixed ANOVA results for all cognitive, motor, and physical assessments. IWE- IWE+ MIXED ANOVA RESULTS Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test Main effect (time) Main effect (group) Interaction effect (time*group) COGNITIVE TESTS M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) F P µ 2 F p µ 2 F P µ 2 CWST - RT C (ms) 1087.3 (129.1) 1063.9 (69.5) 1326.2 (207) 1256.7 (168.4) 2.29 0.15 0.09 6.33 0.02* 0.23 0.04 0.85 0.00 CWST - RT I (ms) 1398.5 (182.9) 1337.6 (146.2) 1567.4 (247.4) 1425.5 (141.5) 7.65 0.01* 0.27 2.98 0.09 0.12 0.66 0.43 0.03 CWST - RT N (ms) 1283.9 (216.4) 1403.5 (91.6) 1368.2 (191.2) 1257.2 (131.4) 7.21 0.01* 0.26 0.37 0.55 0.02 0.04 0.84 0.00 CWST - N. err C 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.3) 0.2 (0.4) CWST - N. err I 0.3 (0.7) 0.4 (0.5) 0.3 (0.6) 0.4 (0.8) CWST - N. err N 0.4 (0.7) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.3) MoCA 26.8 (2.6) 28.3 (2.1) 25.2 (2.9) 27.8 (1.7) 19.5 <0.001** 0.48 1.28 0.27 0.06 0.88 0.36 0.04 REY Time (s) 100.2 (32.9) 88.7 (23.2) 142.9 (64.9) 127.3 (58) 5.14 0.03* 0.19 0.91 0.35 0.04 0.09 0.77 0.00 REY Score (n) 15.9 (2.4) 17 (0.9) 15.6 (2.3) 17.4 (0.7) 11.84 0.00* 0.36 0.13 0.73 0.01 0.16 0.69 0.01 TMT A – Time (s) 30.7 (11.3) 29.1 (9.8) 50.1 (9.1) 43.2 (10.4) 5.75 0.03* 0.22 19.35 <0.001* 0.48 0.99 0.33 0.05 TMT A - N. err 0.2 (0.4) 0.1 (0.3) 1.3 (1.7) 0.2 (0.4) 5.02 0.04* 0.19 4.09 0.06 0.16 2.37 0.14 0.10 TMT B – Time (s) 67.1 (10.4) 64.2 (26.2) 90.9 (23.1) 79.1 (24) 0.71 0.41 0.03 3.68 0.07 0.16 2.36 0.14 0.11 TMT B - N. err 1.6 (1.8) 0.7 (1.1) 1.3 (1.4) 0.8 (0.9) 3.78 0.07 0.16 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.42 0.53 0.02 MOTOR TESTS FSST (s) 8.2 (1.5) 6.9 (0.9) 9.7 (1.6) 7.9 (1.4) 6.90 0.02* 0.25 4.11 0.06 0.16 1.05 0.32 0.05 PHYSICAL TESTS HG R (Kg) 30.7 (5.6) 29.7 (7.3) 27.2 (5.9) 29.1 (6.9) 0.24 0.63 0.01 0.65 0.43 0.03 3.85 0.06 0.16 HG L (Kg) 28.1 (6.8) 27.3 (9.4) 27.4 (5.9) 28 (5.6) 0.05 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.00 1.80 0.19 0.08 STS (s) 15.9 (2.7) 13.1 (1.9) 17.3 (3.7) 13.6 (3.1) 45.88 <0.001* 0.69 0.29 0.59 0.01 1.34 0.26 0.06 SWT (m) 606.5 (215) 685.5 (203.3) 593.6 (160.8) 700.6 (201.3) 14.23 0.001* 0.40 0.04 0.85 0.00 0.24 0.63 0.01 INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE SCORES Break it Rugby 7578.7 (2196.9) 13445.2 (4136.2) 6061.5 (1306.6) 10837.1 (4549.4) 39.48 <0.001* 0.65 3.41 0.08 0.14 0.42 0.53 0.02 Meteor of Colors 16360.0 (8272.4) 23015.0 (9922.4) 10719.2 (4635.9) 28073.1 (15665.6) 16.57 <0.001* 0.44 0.01 0.93 0.00 3.29 0.08 0.14 Values in bold are significant. *p<0.05; **p<0.001 Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard Deviation; IWE-, Interactive Wall group; IWE+, Circuit Training + Interactive Wall group; CWST, Color–Word Stroop Test; RT, Response Time; C, Congruent; I, Incongruent; N, Neutral; N. err, Number of errors; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT A and B, Trail Making Test A and B; FSST, Four-Square Stepping Test; HG, Handgrip (R, right; L, left); STS, Sit-To-Stand; SWT, Shuttle Walking Test. Table 3. The number of Responders (N. %) expressed in percentage of the whole group, and their mean rate of improvement (­|Δ%|) expressed in absolute values for cognitive, motor, and physical outcomes over the total 8-week training period. (All deltas indicate an improvement in the performance of the various tests). IWE- IWE+ TEST N. (%) |Δ%| N. (%) |Δ%| COGNITIVE TESTS CWST - RT (C) 70 8.5 62 13.1 CWST - RT (I) 80 11 69 13.8 CWST - RT (N) 70 15.1 77 12.6 MoCA 60 11.5 77 13.5 Rey Time 70 17.9 62 17.2 Rey Score 40 32.2 85 19.7 TMT A - Time 80 13.6 69 19.1 TMT B - Time 60 18.8 62 20.1 MOTOR TESTS FSST 60 25.5 77 26.1 PHYSICAL TESTS HG R 30 3.5 62 16.2 HG L 60 3.9 69 6.8 STS 80 18.3 100 18.1 SWT-Distance covered 50 40.8 62 38.4 Abbreviations: CWST, Color–Word Stroop Test; RT, Response Time; C, Congruent; I, Incongruent; N, Neutral; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT A and B, Trail Making Test A and B; FSST, Four-Square Stepping Test; HG, Handgrip (R, right; L, left); STS, Sit-To-Stand; SWT, Shuttle Walking Test. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6313919","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":434404875,"identity":"f01e2109-a7ac-4bb8-b7b8-cc824af79c85","order_by":0,"name":"Clelia Carrubba","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UMR7287, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Clelia","middleName":"","lastName":"Carrubba","suffix":""},{"id":434404876,"identity":"3335357a-c908-4b36-b5bd-e0cabec3fb83","order_by":1,"name":"Marta Maria Torre","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UMR7287, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marta","middleName":"Maria","lastName":"Torre","suffix":""},{"id":434404877,"identity":"986cab71-dc2e-4889-8e0b-4787146124aa","order_by":2,"name":"Antoine Langeard","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UMR7287, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Antoine","middleName":"","lastName":"Langeard","suffix":""},{"id":434404878,"identity":"402f7064-23d1-43c5-b080-31857a66d721","order_by":3,"name":"Jean-Jacques Temprado","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"UMR7287, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jean-Jacques","middleName":"","lastName":"Temprado","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-26 15:53:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6313919/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6313919/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21060-z","type":"published","date":"2025-10-23T16:16:36+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79412749,"identity":"8581ca1d-c81c-478d-9288-0fc526533eca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 06:34:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart of participant’s recruitment and admission.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6313919/v1/8fe870aafbc2e3dd70704baf.jpg"},{"id":79412737,"identity":"0dcfc059-47dd-487a-b263-144eca8467f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 06:34:43","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBar graphs of CWST RT C (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) and TMT A Time (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) outcome of each group at pre- and post-measurements.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"placeholderimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6313919/v1/bc8668a88fc52840a7ef8f99.png"},{"id":94490630,"identity":"bb4bc36c-7223-4052-80b4-295763f7cfdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:13:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1351890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6313919/v1/1a9cfca2-c0ef-4241-a162-82d2a753775e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhancing cognition in older adults with Interactive Wall Exergames: (why) does it work?","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is well-established that physical exercise contributes to maintaining brain health and preventing cognitive decline in older adults.\u003csup\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/sup\u003e Recent research further suggests that combining physical and cognitive training provide additional cognitive benefits compared to performing either type of training alone in both healthy older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment.\u003csup\u003e4\u0026ndash;8\u003c/sup\u003e This enhanced effectiveness can be attributed to the synergistic impact of physical and cognitive stimulations on brain plasticity, often referred to as the \u0026quot;facilitation-guidance effect\u0026quot;.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExergames\u0026mdash;interactive video games that require physical movement to complete cognitive tasks\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026mdash;are emerging as promising tools for delivering combined training to older adults since they are generally well-received by this age-group and encourage them to be more active.\u003csup\u003e12,13\u003c/sup\u003e However, while evidence indicate that exergames can enhance cognitive functions in older adults,\u003csup\u003e11,14,15\u003c/sup\u003e recent studies have highlighted inconsistencies,\u003csup\u003e16\u0026ndash;18\u003c/sup\u003e which result from the prevalence of commercial \u0026quot;off-the-shelf\u0026quot; solutions that prioritize the entertainment over the effectiveness and lack a foundation in scientifically validated training concepts. Our recent works suggested however that the effectiveness of commercial exergames largely depends on the type of exercises they allow delivering that is, physical-cognitive (PCT), motor-cognitive (MCT), or multi-domain (MDT) training.\u003csup\u003e16,19\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough this emerging classification is considered heuristic by some authors\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e and is increasingly being adopted in recent research studies,\u003csup\u003e20\u0026ndash;23\u003c/sup\u003e there has yet to be a direct and systematic comparison of the effectiveness of these three modes of exergaming. Theoretical premises suggest however that exergames allowing for multi-domain training should be more effective than the others in enhancing cognitive functions.\u003csup\u003e10,16,24\u003c/sup\u003e Supporting this hypothesis, Interactive Wall Exergames (IWE, such as NeoOne, https://neoxperiences.com) have recently been recognized as potentially more effective than traditional aerobic and muscular resistance training for enhancing cognitive functions among older adults, presumably since IWEs combine physical activity (resistance and aerobic) and cognitive-motor exercises conducted under cognitively demanding social interactions.\u003csup\u003e20,25\u003c/sup\u003e However, beyond this phenomenological analysis, the functional principles underlying the effectiveness of IWEs remain poorly understood. Specifically, the relative contributions of physical activity intensity, (pure) cognitive strategies, and motor-cognitive training components remain unclear. This ambiguity arises due to insufficiently rigorous and individualized control over the physical intensity and cognitive demands within the IWE, which likely vary based on factors such as the intensity and duration involved in ball recovery (physical component), the precise coordination required for body movements and target-directed throws (motor-cognitive component), and the effectiveness of real-time cooperative or competitive strategies (social component). This \u0026nbsp;could lead to significant uncontrolled differences in physical intensity and cognitive stimulation from one player to other, if specific instructions that complexify players\u0026rsquo; actions are not provided under the supervision of a professional in adapted physical.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e It could explain the limited and low additional benefits of IWE over conventional activities on cognitive performance.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e Thus, the question arises as to what are the relative contributions of the different exergaming components of the IWE, when carefully controlled. Basically, it can be hypothesized that the superiority of training with IWE over conventional activities could mainly result from cognitive stimulation incurred by motor-cognitive exercises, which involve the use of complex upper-limb and whole body movements to ensure precision throwing towards targets while solving cognitive challenges (\u0026quot;Moving while Thinking\u0026quot;;\u003csup\u003e26\u0026ndash;28\u003c/sup\u003e). The present study aimed to test this hypothesis by comparing the effects of two training conditions with different contributions of the physical and motor-cognitive components on motor, physical, and cognitive functions, as well as on adherence, enjoyment, and perceived benefits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo achieve this objective, an IWE condition was designed to reduce physical (resistance and endurance components) effort to better study the effects of training through cognitive-motor exercises (IWE-). On the other hand, a physically \u0026ldquo;augmented\u0026rdquo; condition, relative to the previous one, was designed to reintegrate the multi-domain training by mimicking the aerobic and resistance to the cognitive-motor training in carefully controlled manner (IWE+). In both conditions, competitive and cooperative interactions during IWE gameplay were preserved. Altogether, there are two main mechanistic hypotheses that may explain the cognitive benefits of training guided us in the design of these experimental conditions. The first hypothesis is that the key factor driving cognitive benefits is the combined effect of physical activity and cognitive engagement. Here, the presence of a physical exercise component (running, bending over, squatting, to get back the balls) is essential since it relies on mechanisms based on the release of exerkines and on the cardiovascular benefits during resistance or aerobic exercises.\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e Consequently, optimizing the physical activity component integration within the IWE, while keeping similar the motor-cognitive component, is considered critical for the cognitive benefits in this framework, and IWE+ would lead to superior cognitive benefits than IWE-. The second hypothesis suggests that the primary source of cognitive benefits stems from the controlled cognitive load within the motor-cognitive exercises. In this framework, the cognitive benefits of IWE training would be mainly attributed to the conjunction of cognitive demands of real-time motor planning and execution (accurate control of complex movements) together with attention, inhibition, memory and decision-making (choosing an action/a target\u0026hellip;) (i.e., Moving while Thinking).\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e Consequently, the cognitive load resulting from the control of motor-cognitive exercises would be dominant over physical effort of moderate intensity. Accordingly, IWE+ would not be superior to IWE- in this framework. By testing these hypotheses, we aimed to investigate the relative contributions physical activity and motor-cognitive exercises to the benefits of training with the IWE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1. Sample characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe flow diagram of participant recruitment, admission, and training is presented in Figure 1. During the training period, 2 participants of the CT-IW group and 5 of the IW group withdrew from the study due to personal scheduling conflicts and unforeseen life events unrelated to the training process or the technology used. So, 23 participants finally completed the study. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are presented in Table 1 for each group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e---------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert Figure 1 here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (M ± SD).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e---------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert Table 1 here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2. Primary outcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of Mixed ANOVAs for the measured cognitive, motor, and physical variables are presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Mixed ANOVA results for all cognitive, motor, and physical assessments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert Table 2 here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive performance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCWST.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMixed ANOVA yielded a significant main effect of time in the RT for the Incongruent (I) and Neutral (N) conditions [F (1,22 = 7.7, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.3, and F (21) = 7.2, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.3, respectively], revealing that the two groups significantly improved CWST RT. No significant group effect or time*group interaction were found.Conversely, for the Congruent condition (C), Mixed ANOVA only revealed a significant group effect [F (21) = 6.3, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.2];\u0026nbsp;with IWE showing better scores than CT-IWE group but no interaction was found. The number of errors and its variance was too low to be analyzed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoCA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e A significant main effect of time was found for the MoCA showing an overall improved MoCA scores from the pre- to the post-test, F (21) = 19.5, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.5; 25.8 ± 2.8 and 28 ± 1.8, respectively). Non-significant group and time*group effects were found (p\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eREY test.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA significant main effect of time was found for the REY test showing an overall improved time performance to complete the REY test from pre to post -test [F (21) = 5.1, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.2], as well as its scores [F (21) =11.8, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.4]. . Non-significant group and time*group effects were found in both conditions (p\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTMT A \u0026amp; B.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA significant main effect of time was found for the TMT A showing an overall shorter time complete the TMT A test from pre to post-test [F (21) = 5.8, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.2], and a decreasing number of errors [F (21) = 5, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.2]. Mixed ANOVA also revealed a significant group effect [F (21) = 19.3, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.5] with IWE performing better than CT-IWE group (30.4 ± 2.8 s vs 46.6 ± 2.4 s, respectively). Non-significant time*group effects were found in either TMT A time or number of errors (p\u0026gt;.05).No significant time, group, or time*group effects were found for the TMT B condition (p\u0026gt;0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2\u003c/strong\u003e. Bar graphs of CWST RT C (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) and TMT A Time (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) outcome of each group at pre- and post-measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e---------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert Figure 2 A, B here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMotor and physical performance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFSST\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA significant main effect of time was found for the time to complete the FSST [F (21) = 6.9, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.2], with an overall time to complete the test progressively decreasing from 9.1 ± 1.7 s in the pre-test to 7.7 ± 1.7 s in the post-test, p\u0026lt;0.025. Non-significant group and time*group effects were found (p\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHG\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo significant group, time, and time*group effects were found in both right and left HG strength (p\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTS\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBoth groups significantly improved the time to complete the STS [F (21) = 45.9, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.7]. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that the time to complete the test progressively decreased from 16.8 ± 3.2 s in the pre-test to 13.6 ± 2.8 s in the post-test, p\u0026lt;0.025. Non-significant group and time*group effects were found (p\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSWT\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBoth groups significantly improved the total distance covered in the SWT [F (21) = 14.2, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.4]. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that the distance covered progressively increased from 592.6 ± 178.5 m in the pre-test to 688.9 ± 194.7 m in the post-test, p\u0026lt;0.025. Non-significant group and time*group effects were found (p\u0026gt;.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3. Secondary outcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndividual Performance Scores\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth groups showed significant improvement in individual performance scores over time. For the “Break it Rugby” game, both groups significantly improved total game scores from a total mean of 6721.2 ± 1870.8 in the pre-test to 11971 ± 4476.1 in the post-test, F (21) = 39.5, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.7, without significant group differences and time*group interactions (p\u0026gt;.05). The same trend is verified in the “Meteor of Colors” game, where both group means significantly improved from 13171.7 ± 6920.5 in the pre-test to 25873.9 ± 13442.9 in the post-test, F (21) = 16.6, p\u0026lt;0.05, µp\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.4, with no significant group differences nor time*group interactions (p\u0026gt;.05) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntensity of physical effort\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average intensity of the IWE sessions was 32% of HRR for both groups, while those of the CT-IW groupe during CT sessions was 45.5% of HRR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of Respondents and amplitude of progress\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe calculated the number of respondents and the magnitude of improvement in the different tests over the training intervention, as done in previous papers (Temprado et al., 2019; Torre et al., 2024).\u003csup\u003e24,30\u003c/sup\u003e Descriptive statistics are shown in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the cognitive functions, on average, the number of respondents was high (\u0026gt;70%) and the number of respondents were roughly equivalent in the two groups, excepted in REY Scores (85% - MC-IWE vs 40% - CT-IWE), and the MoCA (77% vs 60%, respectively). In a similar way, magnitude of progress observed in almost all cognitive functions were roughly equivalent that is, 10 to 20% on average, excepted for Rey score in which the MC_IWE group progressed far more than the CT-IWE group (32 and 19%, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor motor functions, it looks like CT-IWE induced, on average, a higher number of respondents (77%), compared to the MC-IWE (60%), while the two groups shared roughly similar rates of improvement (26.1% CT-IWE vs 25.5% MC-IWE). The same trend was found for the physical functions, where the number of respondents of CT-IW outperformed those of the MC-IWE group in all tests [HG R (62% vs 30%, respectively), STS (100% vs 80%, respectively), and SWT (62% vs 50%)]. However, for the respondents, the two groups shared similar rates of improvement in the different tests, excepted for the grip force of the right hand (3.5 % and 16.2%, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e The number of Responders (N. %) expressed in percentage of the whole group, and their mean rate of improvement (­|Δ%|) expressed in absolute values for cognitive, motor, and physical outcomes over the total 8-week training period. (All deltas indicate an improvement in the performance of the various tests).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e--------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsert Table 3 here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e---------------------------\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdherence, enjoyment, and perceived benefits\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdherence rates were high in both groups, with the CT-IW group showing an adherence rate of 86.4% (20.7 ± 3.6 sessions) and the IW group of 85.8% (20.6 ± 3.8 sessions). When considering enjoyment, the 87.5% of participants of the CT-IWE group and 83.3% of the IWE group declared being satisfied. However, the CT-IWE group had more very satisfied people (62.5%) than the IWE group (33.3%). Also, perceived benefits differed between the groups. In the CT-IWE group, 87.5% of participants strongly agreed with the perceived benefits of the intervention, while 12.5% agreed (no neutral). For the IW group, 16.7% strongly agreed, 66.7% agreed, and 16.7% remained neutral. With respect to the domains of benefits, the CT-IWE group reported 75% of the benefits as physical, 12.5% as cognitive, and 12.5% as psychological. Conversely, the IWE group reported 50% cognitive, 33.3% physical, and 16.7% psychological benefits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our best knowledge, the present study is the first one attempting to better understand the relative weight of different exercising components of multidomain training delivered through Interactive Wall Exergames (IWE). To achieve this objective, we compared a condition reduced to a core motor-cognitive training condition, in which the intensity of physical activity was reduced (IWE-), with a \u0026ldquo;multi-domain training condition (IWE+) that reintegrated both physical and muscular strength component in a controlled manner alongside the motor-cognitive component to mimic the natural condition of use of the IWE. All other aspects, including motivational aspects, social interactions, competitive and cooperative interactions were preserved and identical between conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a prerequisite, we verified that the manipulation of training conditions impacted the intensity of physical activity in the expected direction. Analyses of average intensity of physical activity during the training sessions showed that, for both groups, intensity of the IWE conditions was successfully modified, achieving approximately 32%, while the intensity of the CT sessions reached 45%, in addition the those of IWE. The intensity value of the CT was equivalent to those reported by B\u0026eacute;raud-Peign\u0026eacute; et al. (2024) for both their IWE and conventional physical activity programs.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e The intensity of our IWE condition suggested than we succeeded in dismantling multidomain training into motor-cognitive training.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results also showed that 8 weeks of IWE+ and IWE- training allowed significant improvement across various cognitive domains, demonstrating the positive effects of IWE on inhibition, attention, visuospatial abilities, and global cognition even when it is reduced to its core cognitive-motor component. These results extend the findings by B\u0026eacute;raud-Peign\u0026eacute; et al. (2024),\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e who reported cognitive befits of IWE on inhibition and spatial working memory, by providing evidence of improvement across a broader range of cognitive functions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, the key finding of the present study is that none of the training effects reported were significantly affected by the reduction of the physical component in the exergame as evidenced by the absence of significant group x time interaction in our results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManipulation of training conditions differed IWE- and IWE+ in regard to physical activity intensity (higher in IWE+), exercise nature (multidomain vs. motor-cognitive domain only), and session durations (longer in IWE+). Despite these variables suggesting a potential advantage for the IWE+ program, our analysis revealed no significant differences in cognitive improvement between the two groups. Surprisingly, there were also no differences in participant response numbers or progress magnitude. This provides strong evidence of the crucial role of the \u0026quot;Moving while Thinking\u0026quot; training component in IWE for cognitive improvement, independent of the intensity of physical activity. In support of this hypothesis, though the intensity of the physical activity in the IWE- condition was lower than in the traditional IWE used by B\u0026eacute;raud-Peign\u0026eacute; et al. (2024), the benefits on cognitive performance in the present study were comparable, if not greater.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e This further reinforces the idea that beyond the physical component, the core mechanism underlying these benefits may likely reside in the cognitive-motor component, under the reserve that it is carefully controlled.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImportantly, IWE+ training intensity was lower than those observed for conventional activities and multidomain training with IWE reported by B\u0026eacute;raud-Peign\u0026eacute; et al. (2024) suggesting that in our study, carefully controlled motor-cognitive training, even if at lower physical intensity, was sufficient to compensate for training at higher physical intensity.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e While we ensured comparable involvement of competitive and cooperative aspects in the present study, the specific role of strategic reasoning in cooperative versus competitive scenari remains unclear. Future research should directly compare individual and collective play conditions to further investigate this aspect. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraining yielded positive effects on motor and physical capabilities across both groups, as evidenced by improvements in tests like the FSST, STS, and SWT, with no observed differences between IWE+ and IWE- conditions. This indicates that IWE- alone significantly enhanced physical and motor performance, and contrary to expectations, additional circuit training did not yield further benefits. This might be because the circuit training intensity was insufficient for extra gains, supported by equivalent improvements in cardiovascular capacities across both groups despite lower intensity in the IWE- condition. Notably, the IWE+ group showed a higher number of respondents and significantly greater improvement in handgrip strength, indicating the effectiveness of their force training program. However, for FSST, STS, and shuttle tests, the IWE+ group had more respondents, yet both groups exhibited similar progress magnitudes. This underscores the potential targeted benefits of the IWE+ regimen in specific strength areas while maintaining comparable overall advancements in physical performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyzes of participants\u0026apos; perceptions of training interventions showed that the IWE+ group reported slightly higher satisfaction and perceived physical benefits, which is consistent with the type of training they followed. Interestingly, despite our results did not show significant differences between the two groups in functional capacities, most IWE+ participants perceived benefits primarily in the physical domain, while IWE- participants noted more benefits in the cognitive domain.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are limitations to consider in the present study. Firstly, although our protocol mirrors that of B\u0026eacute;raud-Peign\u0026eacute; et al. (2024), the absence of an inactive control group introduces some uncertainty about whether the observed benefits from pre- to post-intervention are directly attributable to the training interventions themselves.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e However, given that sizes of time effect observed in the present study, which are higher than those usually reported for test-retest effects, it can be assumed that our results rather reflected training effects. Also, the study predominantly involved female participants and a relatively small sample size, which may limit the generalizability of the results. In this respect, expanding the training duration to 12 weeks or more, with a larger number of participants, could potentially reveal more substantial differences between the various training modalities and extend the generalizability of the present results. Lastly, the role of social interactions has not been systematically controlled or examined, leaving their contribution to cognitive stimulation\u0026mdash;such as through reasoning and strategy development\u0026mdash;as an area needing further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study indicate that while Interactive Wall Exergames are currently considered as offering multidomain training, their primary effectiveness lies mainly in the motor-cognitive aspect, aptly described as \u0026quot;Moving while Thinking.\u0026quot; Notably, even brief sessions of motor-cognitive training (approximately 20 minutes, 3 days a week) result in significant benefits on cognitive functions along with motor and physical functions. Notably, the values reported in the present study for the number of respondents in Rey test, CWST, TMTA\u0026amp;B and Moca were also slightly higher than those observed after 8 weeks of a Nordic walking (NW) training program assessed in a previous study of our group.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e On the other hand, for the amplitude of progress the values reported in the present study were slightly smaller than those observed in the NW study. Interestingly however, the present results suggest that even minimal session durations of carefully controlled motor-cognitive exercises (i.e., about 20 minutes of effective training, 3 days a week) were sufficient to induce quite similar effects to circuit training (the present study) or traditional physical activity programs (e.g., Nordic walking)\u003csup\u003e24,30\u003c/sup\u003e that required fewer training hours.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Finally, our results hold both theoretical and practical significance. They suggest that the effectiveness of multidomain training is not guaranteed but hinges on the balance of its components\u0026mdash;motor-cognitive versus physical or physical-cognitive. This aligns with previous research that noted exergaming effects are sometimes no better than those of purely cognitive training.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e Thus, it is crucial for future studies to identify the specific conditions under which multidomain exergame training surpasses other forms such as physical-cognitive, motor-cognitive, or purely cognitive video game training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePractically, our results underscore the importance of investigating the principles that make different exergames effective. This is particularly important for researchers who, while lacking the resources to design custom exergames, wish to utilize existing games that haven\u0026rsquo;t been scientifically validated. Moreover, for those that are willing to design future exergames, it is essential to prioritize the integration of cognitive-motor components, such as complex movements and the ability to move while thinking, over merely focusing on the intensity of physical activity. This approach is particularly important when the intensity remains within low to moderate levels. By incorporating these elements, exergames can better engage players in a holistic manner, enhancing both physical and cognitive engagement, leading to more effective and enjoyable experiences. Emphasizing the synergy between mind and body movement can also contribute to improved coordination, problem-solving skills, and overall mental acuity, thereby maximizing the benefits of exergaming. Then, it falls on the research community to advance this understanding until video game developers collaborate with laboratories to create solutions specifically designed to counteract aging effects in older adults.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.1. Study design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was designed as a randomized controlled trial (RCT), conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the French National Ethics Committee (CPP IDF10 no. 2019-A03263-54; May 2020).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eParticipants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a training intervention using only the Interactive Wall Exergame reduced to its cognitive-motor components (IWE-) while the other group received the same intervention but with an additional 30 minutes of resistance and cardiovascular exercises in a format of a circuit training (IWE+).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2. Participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were recruited through advertisements in the local newspaper, the distribution of flyers, and electronic correspondence. Prospective volunteers contacted the project manager via phone or email for initial screening. Inclusion criteria required participants to be aged between 65 and 85 years, with no prior experience using an IWE or video games in general. Exclusion criteria included a MMSE score below 26,\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e cognitive impairment or language disorders affecting comprehension, uncontrolled psychiatric or cardiovascular conditions, uncorrected vision or hearing impairments, and the use of medications such as psychotropic drugs that could impact heart rate. Participants received information about the training programs, including duration, location, session frequency, attendance requirements, coaching, evaluations, and associated rights, benefits, and potential risks. Interested individuals provided informed consent before voluntarily enrolling in the study. Subsequently, they underwent medical screenings conducted by specialized physicians to evaluate general health and lifestyle behaviors. A submaximal stepping test supervised by cardiologists assessed their ability to engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity (i.e., 60\u0026ndash;70% of maximum effort). The termination threshold was set at 85% of the estimated maximum heart rate (HRmax). Adjustments to the exercise regimen were made for participants with prior cardiovascular issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.3. Sample size\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary analysis (intention-to-treat) included all participants who completed the study. The sample size calculation was performed using G. Power 3.1.9.7 (Kiel, Germany). To detect relevant differences from the pre- to the post-test, we calculated a sample size sufficient to detect medium effect sizes. Therefore, f = 0.25, \u0026alpha;= 0.05, and p = 0.90 were chosen to favour clinically significant effect sizes. This analysis showed that 15 participants were required to test the main hypotheses of the present study. Thus, 30 volunteers were initially recruited. \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehe allocation of participants in the two groups was randomized. Participants did not receive financial compensation for their participation but were granted an annual membership to the sports club where the training sessions took place.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.4. Training interventions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTwo different training interventions, IWE- and IWE+, were designed. The IWE- condition consisted of isolating the motor-cognitive component of the IWE by reducing, as much as possible, of the intensity of physical activity (resistance and aerobic components). The IWE+ intervention was designed to re-integrate the physical activity of moderate-intensitythat was initially extracted from the MC-IWE training condition in a controlled way.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTraining interventions took in a multisport club (i.e., Stade Marseillais Universit\u0026eacute; Club, SMUC) in Marseille, France. Participants trained 3 times/week for 8 weeks (24 sessions).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIWE- sessions lasted 45 min, while IWE+ sessions lasted 75 min. Participants were equipped with HR monitors (Decathlon HR300\u0026trade;). Their resting, average, and maximum heart rates were recorded during sessions to monitor physical effort levels and to ensure the training sessions were conducted safely and effectively. Two licensed coaches experienced in adapted physical activity programs for older adults supervised the training sessions. One coach was responsible for the additional physical activity component of the IWE+ training, structured as circuit training, while the other coach supervised the IWE component focused on cognitive-motor tasks\u0026quot;. During the preparatory phase, the scientific team held several meetings with the two coaches to define the contents of the circuit training sessions and to establish the strategy based on general training principles and individual adaptations of exercise loads.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotor-cognitive training within the Interactive Wall Exergame (IWE-)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIWE- sessions were delivered using the \u003cem\u003eNeo One\u003c/em\u003e device (for details, see https://neoxperiences.com). They included different games designed to stimulate various cognitive functions (inhibition, mental flexibility, attention\u0026hellip;). A general principle common to the different games was that visual targets appeared on the Interactive Wall surface and participants had to throw a ball with upper-limbs and whole-body coordinated movements to hit these targets as an answer to the problem set by the game scenario. Two soft balls of different sizes (handball-size and one basketball-size) were used. The distance of throwing was standardized by a line drawn on the ground to constrain the players carefully controlling force-accuracy trade-off of throwing movements. Also, for some sequences, participants were requested to use alternatively their dominant arm (2 games), non-dominant arm (2 games) or both arms (1 game) to increase the cognitive control of throwing movements.\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e The sessions lasted 45 minutes and consisted of a 5-minute warmup, followed by a 40-minute main session using the \u003cem\u003eNeo One\u003c/em\u003e device. Before the beginning of the training period, the 15 participants of the IWE- group were divided into two subgroups of 7 and 8 people, respectively, which trained one after the other within the same day. 10 games were selected for practice, of which 5 were considered cooperative games, and the other 5 oppositional games. During the 40-minute session, each participant performed 6 to 8 two-minute games and 1 five-minute game, both cooperative and oppositional, for a total of about 20 minutes of effective cognitive-motor training (for a complete list and description of games see Additional file #1). Participants alternated active and resting periods as follows: half of the group played the game while the remaining others were catching the balls that bounced far from the playing area. Many balls were used and placed in a basket in the middle of the room so that players could play without stopping while others picked up balls to replenish the basket. Also, we reduced and delimited the playground area with tape lines and paired groups of participants playing the games with groups acting as ball retrievers. This allowed us to reduce the physical (aerobic) load as much as possible and to isolate the effects of the motor-cognitive exercises. Every two weeks the complexity of the games was increased, using the different difficulty levels proposed by the IWE, from easy during weeks 1-2, to intermediate during weeks 3-4, and difficult during weeks 5 to 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCircuit Training + Interactive Wall Exergame (IWE+)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCT-IW sessions lasted 75 minutes and were composed of two different training parts. The IWE component was identical to that of the IWE- group.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eHowever, in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eaddition, the IWE+ group completed sessions of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e30 minutes of physical exercises in a circuit training format composed of resistance exercises separated with short aerobic exercises to load the cardio-vascular system. During\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eeach training session, the 15 participants of the IWE+ group were randomly divided into two subgroups of 7 and 8 people. Both groups trained simultaneously and in the same room, with one group beginning with the IWE session while the other started with the Circuit Training session. After their respective 30/45-minute workouts, the two groups switched. Those starting with the IWE session followed by the CT session in the first week switched order in the second week, continuing this pattern throughout the 8 weeks\u003cem\u003e. The circuit training sessions\u003c/em\u003e were designed according to the National Strength and Conditioning Association guidelines.\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e Participants began with a 5-minute warm-up and then performed multi- or single-joint exercises for upper and lower limbs. Four different exercises were delivered over the 3 sessions in a week (see Additional file 1). Training session A included weighted squats, lunges, dumbbell push presses and bent over row exercises. Training session B included kettlebell deadlifts, calf raises, push-ups, triceps dips, and biceps curls. Then, the A-B-A sequence was presented the first week, then B-A-B and so on. Training equipment included kettlebells and light weights. The initial training weight (weight 1) was calculated for each participant as 10% of dominant handgrip strength,\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e and it was increased up to 20% of dominant handgrip strength (weight 2) in the second training month. Participants performed 3 sets of 8/10/12 reps for each exercise, with a 1-minute rest between each set. Weights and repetitions were increased as follows: in weeks 1 and 2, participants performed 10 reps with weight 1; in weeks 3 and 4, the weight remained the same while the number of repetitions was increased to 12, to work on neuromuscular adaptations. In weeks 5 and 6, they switched to weight 2 while reducing the number of reps to 8, to work on strength development; in weeks 7 and 8, they used weight 2 for 10 reps.\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e Weights were adjusted for each participant if they experienced pain, discomfort, or impossibility to perform the required repetitions with a proper technique.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.5. Measured outcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre- and post-test sessions were carried out one week before the beginning and one week after the end of the intervention period, respectively.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eResearchers supervised the testing sessions administered by research assistants, specialized in adapted physical activity, who were trained to conduct the tests. Cognitive and physical test sessions were carried out in a quiet room and took about one hour per participant. Cognitive tests were carried out first, followed by physical tests. The order of cognitive tests was randomized, and the physical aerobic test was performed at the end to avoid any interference with cognitive activities.\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimary outcomes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive assessment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA computerized version of the \u003cstrong\u003eColor-Words Stroop test (CWST)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas used to assess inhibition processes.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e Participants sat in front of a computer screen connected to a modified keyboard featuring four adjacent letters: R (red), G (green), Y (yellow), and B (blue). Words appeared on the screen one at a time, displayed in one of the four specified colors. Participants were instructed to identify the color of the word by quickly pressing the corresponding key with the forefinger of their dominant hand, ignoring the word\u0026apos;s meaning. The conditions were classified as congruent (C) if the word\u0026apos;s meaning matched its color (e.g., \u0026quot;green\u0026quot; written in green), incongruent (I) if the meaning and color differed (e.g., \u0026quot;green\u0026quot; written in red), or neutral (N) for unrelated words (e.g., \u0026quot;arm,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;leg\u0026quot;) displayed in any of the colors. After a brief familiarization session with nine random words, participants were presented with 75 words (25 C, 25 N, and 25 I) for the test. Each word remained on the screen until a response was given. Response time (RT, in seconds) \u0026mdash; the duration between the word\u0026apos;s appearance and the key press \u0026mdash; and error rates were recorded and averaged for each participant across the three conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)\u003c/strong\u003e was used to assess global cognition. To prevent test-retest effects, two different versions of the MoCA were randomly assigned to participants for the pre-and post-test sessions.\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e A score was given for each correct answer, and the global test score was recorded (maximum score of 30).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eRey Complex Figure Copy Task\u003c/strong\u003e (REY) was used to evaluate visuospatial abilities.\u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e Participants were seated in front of a complex geometric figure consisting of 18 graphical elements and instructed to replicate it as accurately and quickly as possible on a blank sheet of paper using a pen. Self-correction was permitted if necessary. The total time (seconds) taken to copy the figure was recorded, and a score was assigned for each element correctly reproduced, with a maximum score of 18.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eTrail Making Test (TMT)\u003c/strong\u003e was used to evaluate the speed of information processing and switching abilities, with parts A and B serving these purposes, respectively. In part A, participants needed to sequentially connect 25 circled numbers scattered across a sheet of paper without lifting the pen from the paper. In part B, they had to alternate between numbers and letters in chronological and alphabetical order (e.g., 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, etc.).\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e The total time (seconds) taken to complete each part, as well as the number of errors made, were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMotor and physical assessment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eFour-Square Stepping Test (FSST)\u003c/strong\u003e was used to assess motor coordination.\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e A 90 cm square was delineated on the ground using tape strips. Two additional tape strips were placed at the center, intersecting to create four smaller squares within the larger square. These squares were numbered as follows: 1 in the upper left, 2 in the upper right, 3 in the lower right, and 4 in the lower left. Participants began in square 1, facing square 2, and were instructed to step as quickly as possible into each square, following the sequence 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, and 1, while avoiding contact with the lines. Both feet had to touch the ground before moving to the next square. The time taken to complete the sequence was recorded in seconds, starting when the first foot entered square 2 and ending when the last foot returned to square 1. The examiner demonstrated the sequence at a slow pace, after which participants completed a familiarization trial. Two trials were conducted, and the shortest duration was used for analysis. If a participant failed to complete the sequence correctly or stepped on a line, the trial was repeated. Participants were closely monitored by the examiner to prevent falls and injuries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eHandgrip Strength Test (HG)\u003c/strong\u003e was used to evaluate grip strength.\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e Participants were seated on a chair holding a Jamar hand dynamometer. They were asked to exert maximum isometric effort by squeezing the dynamometer for a few seconds. The force generated, measured in kilograms, was recorded for each arm. The experimental procedure involved a practice trial, followed by three alternating attempts for each arm, with a 30-second rest period between attempts. The best result from the three trials for each hand was selected for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eTimed Sit-To-Stand test (STS)\u003c/strong\u003e was used to measure lower limb strength.\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e Participants sat on a chair without armrests positioned against a wall, with arms crossed against their chest and feet placed shoulder-width apart on the floor. Participants had to stand up fully and return to the seated position ten times as quickly as possible. After one familiarization session, two trials were conducted and the time taken to complete the task was recorded using a stopwatch. Results from the best trial were selected for the analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eIncremental Shuttle Walking Test (SWT)\u003c/strong\u003e was used to evaluate cardiovascular fitness.\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e The test involved walking between two cones positioned 10 meters apart. An audible signal marked each minute, starting at a speed of 0.5 m/s and increasing by 0.17 m/s per minute. The test concluded if participants: i) failed to reach the cones within the time frame on three consecutive occasions (i.e., were more than 0.5 m from the cone), ii) felt excessively breathless or fatigued to continue, or iii) experienced physical discomfort such as shortness of breath, dizziness, or vertigo. Examiners provided verbal instructions to help participants adjust their walking or running pace as needed. The total distance covered was recorded for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSecondary outcomes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntensity of physical activity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeart Rate (HR) was measured during all sessions of IWE and CT-IWE thanks to HR sensors placed on the wrist. Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) was used to calculate exercise intensity, representing the difference between a person\u0026apos;s Maximum Theoretical Heart Rate (MTHR) and their Resting Heart Rate (RHR).\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e Maximum Theoretical Heart Rate (MTHR) was estimated using the formula (MTHR = (192 \u0026ndash; (0.007 x Age\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). \u0026nbsp;It provided an approximation of the highest heart rate an individual can achieve during maximal physical exertion. Resting Heart Rate (RHR) was measured after sitting quietly for a few minutes. Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) indicating the range of heart rates available for exercise was calculated by subtracting the RHR from the MTHR. To find the intensity of exercise during a session, the formula [(Average Heart Rate - RHR)/HRR] x100] was used. This calculation indicated what percentage of the Heart Rate Reserve was utilized during the exercise, that is how intense the exercise was relative to the individual\u0026apos;s capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndividual Performance Scores\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the first and the last training session, participants played the \u0026ldquo;Break it Rugby\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Meteor of Colors\u0026rdquo; games individually for 2 minutes, to evaluate their ability and progress using the device. Individual scores were collected for each participant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of respondents and magnitude of progress\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each intervention and across cognitive, motor, and physical variables, we identified and counted the number of respondents, defined as participants who exhibited more than a 1% improvement. Subsequently, we calculated the magnitude of performance improvement for each test, expressed as a percentage of initial performance (∆% = [(post-test score - pre-test score) / pre-test score] * 100) over the 8-week training period.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdherence, enjoyment, and perceived benefits\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdherence to training programs was measured by calculating the attendance rate (in % of the number of sessions) over the entire 8-week period. The enjoyment level was assessed on a 0-5 Likert scale (0-not satisfied \u0026ndash; 5 very satisfied) after the end of the training period, based on the following question: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eHow much did you enjoy this training experience?\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Participants were also asked whether they felt that the activity had brought them any benefits and, if so, to specify the type of benefits with the following questions: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;1-On a scale from 0 to 5 (where 0 is \u0026lsquo;not satisfied\u0026rsquo; and 5 is \u0026lsquo;very satisfied\u0026rsquo;), how much do you think this activity has benefited you? 2-In which area did you feel the most advantages (physical, cognitive, social, psychological)?\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.6. Data management, analysis and statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with \u0026quot;Time (2)\u0026quot; as a within-subject factor and \u0026quot;Group (2)\u0026quot; as a between-subject factor, to examine differences across pre- and post-measurements, intergroup variations among the two training types, and the interaction between time and group. Statistical significance was set at \u0026alpha; = 0.05. Before conducting any inferential statistical tests, all relevant assumptions were verified, and analysis proceeded only if these assumptions were satisfied. Effect sizes were reported using partial eta squared (\u0026eta;p2) and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d (d) coefficients. Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests were employed to further explore the significant effect of time, group, or their interaction.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e: We thank Anthony Fraysse, and the Stade Marseillais Université Club for the implementation and supervision of physical activity programs. We also thank Elodie Navarro for her help during the motor and physical assessments. We express our gratitude to the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e JJT, CC and MMT designed the protocol. C.C. supervised the experiment and analyzed the data. CC and MMT wrote and edited a first draft of the manuscript. JJT and AL critically revised the paper until its final version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Data are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The protocol was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the French National Ethics Committee (CPP IDF10 no. 2019-A03263-54; 5 May 2020).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu, W. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults-The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e63\u003c/strong\u003e, 2447\u0026ndash;2454 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStubbs, B., Chen, L.-J., Chang, C.-Y., Sun, W.-J. \u0026amp; Ku, P.-W. 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Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (M \u0026plusmn; SD).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"588\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIWE-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIWE+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants (n)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender (F:M)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eeight (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163.7\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.8\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.9\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eominant Hand (R:L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal PA ONAPS (min*week)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e736\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 612.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e782.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 502.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003education (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table includes only participants who completed the study, those who dropped out are excluded from the analysis. \u0026nbsp;There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in age, height, weight, BMI, and ONAPS PA questionnaire scores (p\u0026gt;0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard Deviation; IWE-: Interactive Wall group; IWE+, Circuit Training + Interactive Wall group; n, number; F, females; M, males; cm, centimeters; kg, kilograms; BMI, Body Mass Index; R, right; L, left; PA, Physical Activity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Mixed ANOVA results for all cognitive, motor, and physical assessments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIWE-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIWE+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 552px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIXED ANOVA RESULTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 552px;\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain effect (time)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain effect (group)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect (time*group)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOGNITIVE TESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - RT C (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1087.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(129.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1063.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(69.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1326.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(207)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1256.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(168.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - RT I (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1398.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(182.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1337.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(146.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1567.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(247.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1425.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(141.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - RT N (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1283.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(216.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1403.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(91.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1368.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(191.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1257.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(131.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - N. err C\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - N. err I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - N. err N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoCA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eREY Time (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eREY Score (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT A \u0026ndash; Time (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT A - N. err\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT B \u0026ndash; Time (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(26.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT B - N. err\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"28\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 934px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMOTOR TESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFSST (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"28\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 934px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePHYSICAL TESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHG R (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHG L (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTS (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWT (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e606.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(215)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e685.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(203.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e593.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(160.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(201.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"28\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 934px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE SCORES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreak it Rugby\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7578.7 (2196.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13445.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4136.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6061.5 (1306.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10837.1 (4549.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeteor of Colors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16360.0 (8272.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23015.0 (9922.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10719.2 (4635.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28073.1 (15665.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues in bold are significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0.05; **p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: M, mean; SD, Standard Deviation; IWE-, Interactive Wall group; IWE+, Circuit Training + Interactive Wall group; CWST, Color\u0026ndash;Word Stroop Test; RT, Response Time; C, Congruent; I, Incongruent; N, Neutral; N. err, Number of errors; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT A and B, Trail Making Test A and B; FSST, Four-Square Stepping Test; HG, Handgrip (R, right; L, left); STS, Sit-To-Stand; SWT, Shuttle Walking Test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e The number of Responders (N. %) expressed in percentage of the whole group, and their mean rate of improvement (\u0026shy;|\u0026Delta;%|) expressed in absolute values for cognitive, motor, and physical outcomes over the total 8-week training period. (All deltas indicate an improvement in the performance of the various tests).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"379\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIWE-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIWE+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e|\u0026Delta;%|\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN. (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e|\u0026Delta;%|\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 379px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOGNITIVE TESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - RT (C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - RT (I)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWST - RT (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRey Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRey Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT A - Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMT B - Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 379px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMOTOR TESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFSST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 379px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePHYSICAL TESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHG R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHG L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWT-Distance covered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: CWST, Color\u0026ndash;Word Stroop Test; RT, Response Time; C, Congruent; I, Incongruent; N, Neutral; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT A and B, Trail Making Test A and B; FSST, Four-Square Stepping Test; HG, Handgrip (R, right; L, left); STS, Sit-To-Stand; SWT, Shuttle Walking Test.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"aging, cognition, exergames, moving while thinking","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6313919/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6313919/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInteractive Wall Exergames (IWE) are potentially more effective than traditional training methods for enhancing cognitive functions in older adults. However, the contribution of its different components specifically physical, motor-cognitive, and social interactions, remains unclear. The goal was to determine whether IWE reduced to its cognitive-motor component (IWE-) also reduced the associated cognitive benefits in comparison to IWE with incorporated aerobic and resistance exercises (IWE+).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 healthy older adults were randomly assigned to either IWE- or IWE+, for 8 weeks, 3 times a week, during 45 minutes for IWE- and 75 minutes for IWE+. Physical, motor, and cognitive tests were conducted before and after the training. Secondary outcomes included assessments of effort and enjoyment in addition to the percentage of responders and the degree of progress in each group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth groups exhibited high adherence rates (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;85%). Significant improvement in cognitive performance over time in both groups were detected, but no significant advantage of IWE- over IWE\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;in terms of cognitive, physical and motor performances. No significant differences were observed in number of responders, magnitude of progress, or enjoyment levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings suggest that the motor-cognitive component is the crucial part of IWE effectively enhancing cognitive performance in healthy older adults.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing cognition in older adults with Interactive Wall Exergames: (why) does it work?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-28 06:34:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6313919/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-08T05:17:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-07T02:48:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-28T05:31:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21366349024273069650320235985711739972","date":"2025-06-28T05:24:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"209695717315876558875102319923035859673","date":"2025-06-27T19:38:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"153017720565163220084366861645166611913","date":"2025-06-27T10:38:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-04T18:10:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"99377334433466444007878287932181153036","date":"2025-05-21T15:45:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"77172919331038057439174263100489048929","date":"2025-05-21T15:38:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-21T14:12:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-21T14:07:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-10T01:50:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T06:37:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-03-26T15:37:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"79e2f7a1-c1d3-4abe-86a1-b5bc9651e1b3","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":46256846,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience"},{"id":46256847,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T16:32:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6313919","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21060-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-23 16:16:36","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 23rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-28 06:34:38","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-21060-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-21060-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6313919","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6313919","identity":"rs-6313919","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}