The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between University Students' Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women and Self-Efficacy Levels

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between University Students' Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women and Self-Efficacy Levels | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between University Students' Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women and Self-Efficacy Levels Özlem Şahin Altun, Duygu Özer, Mustafa Akyüz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6536153/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study investigated the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between university students' attitudes toward violence against women and their self-efficacy levels. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted with 655 students studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences and Vocational School of Health Services of a university in the Eastern Anatolia region of Türkiye between January 1–20, 2025. The ISKEBE Attitude Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS) were used for data collection. Results It was determined that 52.4% of the students were undergraduate students and 71.6% were female. It was determined that the total score of ISKEBE was 125.18 (24.07), the total score of CFS was 53.89 (8.18), and the total score of GSS was 60.74 (10.98). While there was a positive and very weakly significant relationship between the mean total score of the students' ISKEBE and the mean total score of the students' CFS (r = 0.160; p < 0.001), there was a positive and very weakly significant relationship between the mean total score of the students' GSS (r = 0.133; p < 0.001). It was determined that cognitive flexibility had a mediating role in the effect of self-efficacy on attitudes toward violence against women. Conclusion It was found that students had negative attitudes toward violence against women and high levels of cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy. As the cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels of the students increased, it was found that they exhibited negative attitudes toward violence against women. It may be recommended to develop and implement training programs to improve students' cognitive flexibility levels and feelings of self-efficacy, and to conduct awareness studies on violence against women. Cognitive flexibility self-efficacy university students violence against women Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Today, there is a significant increase in violence globally [1]. The main source of violence, which can occur for many individual, familial, social, or environmental reasons, is the power inequality between men and women arising from the patriarchal social structure [2] and it is stated that women are the party most exposed to violence. It is reported that approximately 1 in 3 women worldwide have experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, especially by their partners [1]. Türkiye ranks second as the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) country where women are exposed to the highest rate of violence with 38% [3]. These striking results show that factors that may be effective in preventing violence against women should be investigated. Violence against women negatively affects women's health and causes many physical and mental problems [4,5]. Studies shows that women experience psychological damage much more severely than physical damage in the aftermath of violence [5,6], and this situation often manifests itself with decreased self-efficacy, self-esteem [7,8] and negative self-concept [9] and body image [10]. In addition, serious mental problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, and eating disorders are encountered in women who have been subjected to violence [5,6,11]. Self-efficacy, which is defined as a person's self-belief in the process of realizing the determined goals [12], may be an effective factor in reducing violence against women. Studies indicate that individuals with high self-efficacy can more easily reach an agreement with their partner and defend their rights by handling conflicts effectively [8]. In addition, it is also reported in studies that individuals exhibit negative attitudes toward violence as their self-efficacy increases [7,8]. It is seen that individuals with low self-efficacy have difficulty in coping with the problems that arise during acts of violence, show their feelings of inadequacy to the other individual as violent behavior, or cannot stop violence from intimate partners [13]. It is emphasized that low self-efficacy increases the likelihood of being exposed to violence and negatively affects the quality and duration of romantic relationships [8,13]. Another factor that may be effective in preventing violence against women may be cognitive flexibility. Cognition includes complex processes such as thinking and problem-solving accompanied by information acquired through sensations and perceptions [14,15]. An individual's ability to solve problems by adapting to new situations depends on being aware of the alternatives in that situation, being able to willingly apply the different behavior options he/she is aware of, and feeling self-sufficient, that is, cognitive flexibility [16,17]. In the absence of cognitive flexibility, individuals act impulsively without foreseeing the positive or negative consequences of their decisions and actions [17, 18]. As a result, it is reported that violent behavior can be experienced more [19]. In this direction, an individual with cognitive flexibility may not show it as violent behavior despite the problem he/she is experiencing and may solve the problem with effective methods. An important segment of society consists of university health department students, who are future health professionals. Health professionals who are in frequent contact with women and evaluate them have important roles and responsibilities in the prevention of violence. Healthcare professionals are the first to intervene for women exposed to violence [20]. Some barriers such as normalizations of abuse, traditional attitudes, misunderstandings, and discomfort in talking about violence prevent health professionals from identifying women who have experienced violence [8, 20, 21]. Therefore, health professionals must be able to recognize violence against women and provide appropriate interventions [22]. To decrease violence against women and design prevention programs, it was thought to examine the attitudes of future health professionals towards violence against women in the first stage and to evaluate the relationship with self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility levels that may be effective on these attitudes. Since there is no study evaluating the relationship between individuals' attitudes toward violence against women and their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels, this important issue is not fully known. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between university students' attitudes toward violence against women and their self-efficacy levels was examined. Research Questions : 1. What are university students' attitudes towards violence against women? 2. What are university students' cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels? 3. What is the relationship between university students' attitudes toward violence against women, cognitive flexibility, and self-efficacy levels? 4. Does cognitive flexibility have a mediating role in the relationship between university students' attitudes towards violence against women and self-efficacy levels? 5. Is there a significant difference between the scores of university students according to their sociodemographic variables? AIM This study investigated the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between university students' attitudes towards violence against women and their self-efficacy levels. METHOD Design A cross-sectional and descriptive study. Population and Sample The population of the study consisted of 2841 university students enrolled in the Vocational School of Health Services (n = 2040) and Faculty of Health Sciences (n = 801) of a state university in Türkiye. The University's Faculty of Health Sciences has Nursing, Nutrition and Dietetics, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Departments, while the Vocational School of Health Services has Home Care, Elderly Care, Physiotherapy, Oral and Dental Health, Medical Imaging, Medical Laboratory, Medical Documentation and Secretariat programs. Students from all these departments and programs were invited to participate in the study. The study sample was calculated as a minimum of 339 students with a 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error according to the minimum sample size formula. The study was conducted between January 1–30, 2025, and 655 students agreed to participate in the study. Data Collection An online questionnaire (Google Forms) was used to reach many students. The survey link was shared with the students, and they were invited to participate in the study. The students were informed about the study before they started to fill in the forms and those who volunteered to participate in the study were asked to fill in the scales. Students were also informed that they could leave the study at any time and that their data would be kept confidential. Since the scales were filled in online and it was compulsory to answer each question, there was no missing data. In the online forms, the settings were organized so that each student could answer the questions just once. Data Measurement The Personal Information Form, ISKEBE Attitude Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and General Self-efficacy Scale were used to collect the study data. Information Form The form, which was created by the researchers in line with the literature [8,21], consists of a total of 10 questions including questions such as age, gender, family economic status, smoking and alcohol use. ISKEBE Attitude Scale The scale was developed by Kanbay et al. [23], to determine individuals' attitudes towards violence against women. The scale consists of two sub-dimensions, “Attitudes towards the body (Sexual and physical violence)” and “Attitudes towards identity (Psychological and economic violence)” and a total of 30 questions. Questions 5 and 24 are reverse scored. The total score of the scale is obtained by summing the scores obtained from the two factors. The score that can be obtained from the first factor is between 16–80 and the score that can be obtained from the second factor is between 14–70. The score that can be obtained from the overall scale is in the range of 30–150. A high score indicates a negative attitude towards violence against women (the person is against violence against women), while a low score indicates a positive attitude towards violence against women (the person is not against violence against women). The scale has a cut-off point; individuals who score above 90 points are interpreted as being against violence against women, while those who score below 90 points are interpreted as not being against violence against women. Cronbach's α value for the first factor was found to be 0.80, 0.83 for the second factor, and 0.86 for the overall scale [23]. In this study, Cronbach's α value for the overall scale was found to be 0.95 (Table 2 ). Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale developed by Martin and Rubin [24] was conducted by Çelikkaleli [25]. The scale, which consists of a total of 12 items and a single dimension, is a 6-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree). Items 2, 3, 6 and 10 are reverse scored. Scores that can be obtained from the scale vary between 12–72. High scores indicate that the level of cognitive flexibility is also high. Çelikkaleli [25] found the Cronbach's α value of the scale to be 0.71. In this study, the Cronbach α value of the scale was determined as 0.76 (Table 2 ). General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS) : The scale was developed by Sherer et al. [26], to determine the self-efficacy of individuals. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Yıldırım and İlhan [27]. The scale is a 5-point Likert type and consists of 17 items. Items 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16 and 17 are reverse scored. The scale consists of three sub-dimensions: initiation, persistence, and maintenance effort-persistence. The total score that can be obtained from the scale varies between 17–85. An increase in the total score obtained from the scale indicates an increase in self-efficacy belief. While the Cronbach's α value of the scale was found to be 0.80 in Yıldırım and İlhan's study [27], the Cronbach's α value was found to be 0.86 in this study (Table 2 ). Ethics This study was conducted by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Before the study was conducted, the ethics committee approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of a university (numbered 2024-SBB- 0967 and dated December 11, 2024) and the institutional permission was obtained from Vocational School of Health Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, where the study was to be conducted. After the students were informed verbally and in writing about the study, their written informed consent was obtained. Data Analysis The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). The Shapiro-wilk test was used for normal distribution of the data in the study. Descriptive data were analyzed using number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Student t-test, and ANOVA were used for scale means comparisons. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scales. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability coefficients of the scales. Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the effect of cognitive flexibility on the relationship between attitudes towards violence against women and self-efficacy level. In the model established for this purpose, it was assumed that self-efficacy affects cognitive flexibility, and cognitive flexibility affects the attitude toward violence against women. Mediation analyses were conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics Process macro v5.0. The regression method based on the bootstrap method; Model 4 was selected with a 5000 resampling option. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the students was 21.38 ± 3.42 (Min:18-Max:46), 52.4% were undergraduate students, 71.6% were female, 60% lived mostly in the city, and most of them did not smoke or drink alcohol (Table 1 ). The mean total score of the students was 125.18 (24.07), the mean total score of CFS was 53.89 (8.18), and the mean total score of GSS was 60.74 (10.98). It was found that 8.2% of the students were not against violence against women (Table 2 ). When sociodemographic characteristics were compared with the mean scores of the scale, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of gender, income level, smoking status, and school of study with the mean scores of the ISKEBE attitude scale (p < 0.05). It was found that males, those with low-income levels, smokers, and associate degree students had lower mean scores on the ISKEBE attitude scale (Table 1 ). In the correlation analysis between the mean scores of the scales, a positive and very weakly significant relationship was found between the CFS total mean score and the mean scores of the ISKEBE sub-dimensions and total scores, while a positive and very weakly significant relationship was found between the GSS total mean score and the ISKEBE Attitudes Toward the Body sub-dimension and total mean scores (p < 0.001). There was a moderately significant positive correlation between the mean CFS total score and the mean GSS total score (r = 0.549; p < 0.001) (Table 3). The model created to show the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between attitudes toward violence against women and self-efficacy is presented in Fig. 1. The model is statistically significant and explains 8.9% of the attitude toward violence against women (R 2 =,089; p < 0.001). The direct effect of self-efficacy on cognitive flexibility was statistically significant (b = 0.409; %95CI = 0.361–0.458; p < 0.001) and explained 30.1% (R 2 = .301); and the indirect effect of self-efficacy on attitudes toward violence against women through cognitive flexibility was statistically significant. The indirect effect of self-efficacy on violence against women attitude through cognitive flexibility was found to be statistically significant (b = 0.150; %95CI = 0.054–0.254; p < 0.05). The direct effect of self-efficacy on attitudes towards violence against women was found to be statistically significant (b = 0.143; %95CI = 0.036–0.342; p < 0.05) (Table 4 ). It was determined that cognitive flexibility had a partial mediating role in this model. DISCUSSION In this study, while university students were found to have negative attitudes toward violence against women, their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels were found to be moderate. Male gender, low economic level, associate degree education level, and smoking were found to be higher in terms of positive attitudes towards violence against women. As the cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels of the students increased, it was found that they exhibited negative attitudes toward violence against women. It was determined that cognitive flexibility played a mediating role in the relationship between attitudes towards violence against women and self-efficacy level. In this study, it was determined that many university students showed negative attitudes towards violence against women. In other studies, conducted in line with the data of this study, it was found that university students exhibited negative attitudes towards violence against women [8, 28, 29]. In the study conducted by Seçgin et al. [30], the data from the studies conducted in the last five years in Türkiye were analyzed and it was found that 14.1–43.0% of women in Türkiye were exposed to one or more violence. It is also reported in the study that these figures increased especially after the Covid-19 pandemic [30]. Zark et al. [31] examined intercultural differences in students' attitudes toward intimate partner violence and emphasized that the United States has a more negative attitude towards violence against women than Asian countries. It can be said that the cultural characteristics, patriarchal structure, gender inequality, and traditional gender roles of societies are effective in these findings. In addition, in this study, sociodemographic data were found to affect students' attitudes toward violence against women. It was found that male students had more positive attitudes towards violence against women. Previous studies also revealed that male students were more likely to justify beating their wives and believed that beaten women benefited from beatings [32,33]. In patriarchal societies, men see themselves as superior to women and are more likely to accept and normalize violence against women [32]. In addition, students with low socioeconomic status and smokers were found to have more positive attitudes towards violence against women. In the literature, it is also stated that low socioeconomic status and substance use are associated with violence against women [1,34,35]. In particular, the situations experienced by people with substance abuse such as lack of social skills, inability to control anger, and attention deficits are reflected externally as violent behavior [18]. It was also found that associate degree students had more positive attitudes towards violence against women. It can be said that courses on sexual equality, women's rights, and prevention of violence against women should be added to the course curriculum of associate degree students. It can be said that the cognitive flexibility levels of the students participating in this study are at a moderate level. When the literature is examined, the cognitive flexibility levels of the participants in the studies conducted with working health professionals were found to be at medium and good levels [36,37]. It is vital for health professionals, who play a critical role in human life, to be able to react and intervene quickly and effectively against emerging events. Therefore, it can be said that interventions to increase their cognitive flexibility are needed. In this study, it can be said that the self-efficacy levels of university students are at a medium level. Again, in this direction, some studies found the self-efficacy levels of university students at a medium level [38,39]. Since it has been reported that self-efficacy strengthens mental health by giving the individual the power to cope with problems [38,40], it can be emphasized that it should be at a high level, especially in health professionals. In this study, it was determined that university students exhibited negative attitudes towards violence against women as their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels increased. In addition, it was determined that cognitive flexibility had a mediating role in the relationship between violence against women attitude and self-efficacy level. There is no study that evaluates cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels together, which are effective on attitudes towards violence against women. For this reason, when similar studies were examined, it was found that individuals exhibited more negative attitudes towards violence against women with an increase in self-efficacy and self-esteem levels [7,8,41]. It has been reported in studies that high cognitive flexibility reduces stressful events and increases positive coping styles [37,42,43,44]. In the study of Doğan Laçin and Yalçın [45], a positive relationship was found between cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy and positive coping strategies. In this direction, it can be said that as cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels increase, individuals can cope with problems better and do not exhibit negative behaviors such as violence or have a clearer attitude toward violence. CONCLUSION It was determined that university students exhibited negative attitudes toward violence against women as their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels increased; and it was determined that cognitive flexibility had a mediating role in the relationship between attitudes toward violence against women and self-efficacy levels. Male gender, low economic level, associate degree education level and smoking were found to be risk factors in terms of positive attitudes toward violence against women. It is extremely important to determine the attitudes of future health professionals, who have important roles in combating violence against women, on this issue. During the training process in which health professionals prepare for the profession, trainings, courses and activities on issues such as recognizing and recognizing violence against women, women's rights and gender equality should be included in the training program. Increasing their knowledge and awareness about violence starting from their student years will be beneficial in terms of recognizing violence and implementing the right initiatives for individuals. A multidisciplinary struggle should be initiated to reduce violence against women. Therefore, cooperation should be established between health institutions and the necessary institutions, and the aim should be to contribute to public health by creating the necessary policies. Violence against women should not be perceived as a sign of male power and should not be accepted or normalized by society. There is an urgent need for studies that will break down society's prejudices on this issue and increase social awareness. It can be suggested that psychosocial interventions that will increase self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility, which are understood to be effective on society's attitudes toward violence against women, should be implemented and the results should be published. In addition, social improvements such as improving individuals' living conditions, increasing their education levels, and reducing substance use can be effective in combating violence against women. Ethics Review Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Bartin University Ethics Committee (numbered 2024-SBB- 0967 and dated December 11, 2024). Declarations Ethics Review Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Bartin University Ethics Committee (numbered 2024-SBB- 0967 and dated December 11, 2024). Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Source of Funding Statement This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Acknowledgements The authors thank all patients who participated in the study. Authorship Statement Confirming and Authors Contributions Study conception/design: DÖ, ÖŞA Data collection: MA Data analysis: DÖ Drafting of the manuscript: DÖ, ÖŞA Critical revisions for important intellectual content; supervision: DÖ, ÖŞA Statistical expertise: DÖ Administrative/technical/material support: DÖ, ÖŞA, MA Data Availability Data of this study could share upon reasonable requests from the corresponding author. References World Health Organization. Violence against women. World Health Organization. 2024. Accessible from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women Belen Ö. Investigating graduate thesis about domestic violence in Turkey. Necmettin Erbakan University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Unpublished Master's thesis. 2019. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 2024. 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Hacettepe Univ J Educ. 2019;34(2):358–71. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018037424 . Tables Table 1. Comparison of students means ISKEBE Attitude Scale, CFS and GSS scores according to sociodemographic characteristics (n=655) ISKEBE Attitude Scale CFS Total GSS Total Attitudes Toward the Body Attitudes Towards Identity Total Characteristic n % X±SD X±SD X±SD X±SD X±SD Gender Female 469 71.6 76.061±10.07 57.32±9.51 133.38±18.02 53.78±8.06 60.29±10.63 Male 186 28.4 66.37±16.62 38.12±2.22 104.50±25.05 54.17±8.50 61.89±11.75 t 9.093** 19.222** 14.321** -.547 -1.690 p 0.000 0.000 0.000 .576 .092 Marital status Married 15 2.3 71.40±14.06 50.66±13.85 122.06±5.64 53.40±8.39 61.80±10.35 Unmarried 640 97.7 73.35±13.02 51.90±13.49 125.25±24.05 53.90±8.18 60.72±11.00 U 4059.000 4422.500 4285.500 4692.000 4410.000 p .287 .602 .477 .881 .590 People living with them With mother/father 37 5.6 69.00±6.92 49.60±15.91 118.60±32.05 52.80±9.02 59.40±11.21 At home with friends 187 28.5 73.17±13.49 52.41±12.31 125.58±23.78 52.71±8.11 59.54±11.27 In the dormitory 401 61.2 69.59±15.82 44.67±16.06 114.27±28.33 53.91±6.52 56.40±10.33 With spouse/children 10 1.5 73.97±12.10 52.29±13.51 126.27±23.05 54.45±8.32 61.75±10.78 Others (Relatives. alone etc.) 20 3.2 70.35±17.88 52.75±14.75 123.10±30.50 54.15±7.84 60.60±11.17 K.W. 6.301 10.450 10.859 4.647 13.293 p .278 .075 .063 .461 .021 Mostly inhabited place City 393 60.0 74.04±11.96 52.40±13.63 126.45±23.09 53.76±8.43 60.49±10.91 District 165 25.2 72.22±14.81 50.99±13.72 123.21±26.15 54.42±7.76 62.02±10.97 Village 97 14.8 72.18±13.89 51.19±12.52 123.38±24.21 53.49±7.87 59.61±11.17 F 1.888 3.234 3.796 .373 3.819 p .389 .126 .153 .830 .148 Family’s income level Income more than expenditure a 44 6.7 73.32±12.55 51.25±13.05 124.57±22.94 53.41±9.04 60.87±11.53 Income equals expenditure b 418 63.8 73.87±12.31 52.52±13.43 126.39±23.37 53.97±7.89 60.86±10.74 Income less than expenditure c 193 29.5 67.90±19.45 48.40±15.49 116.31±32.74 55.18±6.86 59.11±10.87 F 4.209* 2.143 3.603* .889 .522 p .015 .118 .028 .412 .594 Bonferroni c<a,b c<b Smoking use Yes 139 21.2 71.66±14.29 49.08±14.87 120.74±26.17 52.87±8.79 59.75±10.74 No 516 78.8 73.755±2.65 52.62±13.01 126.37±23.36 54.16±8.00 61.01±11.04 t -1.683 -2.756* -2.456* -1.662 -1.201 p .093 .006 .014 .097 .230 Alcohol use Yes 21 3.2 72.90±12.88 51.90±13.91 124.80±24.41 53.47±8.93 58.47±9.79 No 634 96.8 73.32±13.05 51.87±13.49 125.19±24.08 53.90±8.16 60.82±11.01 U 5762.000 6571.500 6563.000 6236.000 5736.500 p .275 .920 .912 .621 .280 Having a physical illness Yes 62 9.5 73.61±14.85 53.74±13.38 127.35±26.51 54.69±7.46 62.56±10.35 No 593 90.5 73.27±12.84 51.67±13.50 124.95±23.82 53.80±8.25 60.55±11.03 t .191 1.147 .746 .809 1.370 p .848 .252 .456 .419 .171 Scholl Faculty of Health Sciences (undergraduate level) 343 52.4 73.99±12.86 53.48±13.14 127.48±23.72 53.89±7.72 60.20±10.02 Vocational School of Health Services (associate degree) 312 47.6 72.55±13.20 50.09±13.67 122.65±24.24 53.88±8.67 61.34±11.93 t -1.412 -3.235* -2.575* -.016 1.312 p .158 .001 .010 .987 .190 CFS: Cognitive Flexibility Scale; GSS: General Self-Efficacy Scale; X: Mean; SD: Standard deviation; t: Student t test; KW: Kruskall-Wallis; U: Mann Whitney U test; F: ANOVA test; **p<0.001; *p<0.05 Table 2. Mean ISKEBE Attitude Scale, CFS and GSS scores of the students Scales Cronbach alfa coefficient Min-Max X± SD CFS Total 0.76 23-70 53.89±8.18 GSS Starting 0.85 3-15 9.96±2.59 Not giving up 0.84 7-25 18.16±3.80 Continuation 0.81 9-45 32.61±7.58 Total 0.86 26-85 60.74±10.98 ISKEBE Attitude Scale Attitudes Toward the Body 0.96 16-80 73.31±13.03 Attitudes Towards Identity 0.91 15-70 51.87±13.49 Total 0.95 31-150 125.18±24.07 Positive attitude against violence against women (<90) Negative attitude against violence against women (≥90) n % n % 54 8.2 601 91.8 CFS: Cognitive Flexibility Scale; GSS: General Self-Efficacy Scale; X: Mean; SD: Standard deviation Tables 3. The scales of ISKEBE Attitude Scale, CFS and GSS with correlation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ISKEBE Attitude Scale Attitudes Toward the Body 1 .647 ** .904 ** .181 ** .141 ** .216 ** .111 ** .185 ** Attitudes Towards Identity 1 .911 ** .111 ** .017 .081 * .040 .060 Total 1 .160 ** .086 * .162 ** .083 * .133 ** CFS Total 1 .304 ** .509 ** .435 ** .549 ** GSS Starting 1 .509 ** .036 .437 ** Not giving up 1 .525 ** .830 ** Continuation 1 .881 ** Total 1 CFS: Cognitive Flexibility Scale; GSS: General Self-Efficacy Scale; **p<0.001; *p<0.05 Table 4. Standardized total direct and indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals for the mediation models Bootstrapping 95% CI b SE ẞ t p Lower Upper Total effect .293 .085 .133 3.441 0.001 .126 .460 Direct effect .143 .101 .065 1.812 0.046 .036 .342 Indirect effect .150 .051 0.68 2.629 0.007 .054 .254 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The main source of violence, which can occur for many individual, familial, social, or environmental reasons, is the power inequality between men and women arising from the patriarchal social structure [2] and it is stated that women are the party most exposed to violence. It is reported that approximately 1 in 3 women worldwide have experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, especially by their partners [1]. T\u0026uuml;rkiye ranks second as the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) country where women are exposed to the highest rate of violence with 38% [3]. These striking results show that factors that may be effective in preventing violence against women should be investigated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence against women negatively affects women's health and causes many physical and mental problems [4,5]. Studies shows that women experience psychological damage much more severely than physical damage in the aftermath of violence [5,6], and this situation often manifests itself with decreased self-efficacy, self-esteem [7,8] and negative self-concept [9] and body image [10]. In addition, serious mental problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, and eating disorders are encountered in women who have been subjected to violence [5,6,11].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy, which is defined as a person's self-belief in the process of realizing the determined goals [12], may be an effective factor in reducing violence against women. Studies indicate that individuals with high self-efficacy can more easily reach an agreement with their partner and defend their rights by handling conflicts effectively [8]. In addition, it is also reported in studies that individuals exhibit negative attitudes toward violence as their self-efficacy increases [7,8]. It is seen that individuals with low self-efficacy have difficulty in coping with the problems that arise during acts of violence, show their feelings of inadequacy to the other individual as violent behavior, or cannot stop violence from intimate partners [13]. It is emphasized that low self-efficacy increases the likelihood of being exposed to violence and negatively affects the quality and duration of romantic relationships [8,13].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother factor that may be effective in preventing violence against women may be cognitive flexibility. Cognition includes complex processes such as thinking and problem-solving accompanied by information acquired through sensations and perceptions [14,15]. An individual's ability to solve problems by adapting to new situations depends on being aware of the alternatives in that situation, being able to willingly apply the different behavior options he/she is aware of, and feeling self-sufficient, that is, cognitive flexibility [16,17]. In the absence of cognitive flexibility, individuals act impulsively without foreseeing the positive or negative consequences of their decisions and actions [17, 18]. As a result, it is reported that violent behavior can be experienced more [19]. In this direction, an individual with cognitive flexibility may not show it as violent behavior despite the problem he/she is experiencing and may solve the problem with effective methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn important segment of society consists of university health department students, who are future health professionals. Health professionals who are in frequent contact with women and evaluate them have important roles and responsibilities in the prevention of violence. Healthcare professionals are the first to intervene for women exposed to violence [20]. Some barriers such as normalizations of abuse, traditional attitudes, misunderstandings, and discomfort in talking about violence prevent health professionals from identifying women who have experienced violence [8, 20, 21]. Therefore, health professionals must be able to recognize violence against women and provide appropriate interventions [22]. To decrease violence against women and design prevention programs, it was thought to examine the attitudes of future health professionals towards violence against women in the first stage and to evaluate the relationship with self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility levels that may be effective on these attitudes. Since there is no study evaluating the relationship between individuals' attitudes toward violence against women and their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels, this important issue is not fully known. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between university students' attitudes toward violence against women and their self-efficacy levels was examined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. What are university students' attitudes towards violence against women?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. What are university students' cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. What is the relationship between university students' attitudes toward violence against women, cognitive flexibility, and self-efficacy levels?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Does cognitive flexibility have a mediating role in the relationship between university students' attitudes towards violence against women and self-efficacy levels?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Is there a significant difference between the scores of university students according to their sociodemographic variables?\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch3\u003eAIM\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between university students' attitudes towards violence against women and their self-efficacy levels.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDesign\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional and descriptive study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePopulation and Sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population of the study consisted of 2841 university students enrolled in the Vocational School of Health Services (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2040) and Faculty of Health Sciences (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;801) of a state university in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. The University\u0026apos;s Faculty of Health Sciences has Nursing, Nutrition and Dietetics, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Departments, while the Vocational School of Health Services has Home Care, Elderly Care, Physiotherapy, Oral and Dental Health, Medical Imaging, Medical Laboratory, Medical Documentation and Secretariat programs. Students from all these departments and programs were invited to participate in the study. The study sample was calculated as a minimum of 339 students with a 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error according to the minimum sample size formula. The study was conducted between January 1\u0026ndash;30, 2025, and 655 students agreed to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn online questionnaire (Google Forms) was used to reach many students. The survey link was shared with the students, and they were invited to participate in the study. The students were informed about the study before they started to fill in the forms and those who volunteered to participate in the study were asked to fill in the scales. Students were also informed that they could leave the study at any time and that their data would be kept confidential. Since the scales were filled in online and it was compulsory to answer each question, there was no missing data. In the online forms, the settings were organized so that each student could answer the questions just once.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Measurement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Personal Information Form, ISKEBE Attitude Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and General Self-efficacy Scale were used to collect the study data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformation Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe form, which was created by the researchers in line with the literature [8,21], consists of a total of 10 questions including questions such as age, gender, family economic status, smoking and alcohol use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISKEBE Attitude Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scale was developed by Kanbay et al. [23], to determine individuals\u0026apos; attitudes towards violence against women. The scale consists of two sub-dimensions, \u0026ldquo;Attitudes towards the body (Sexual and physical violence)\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Attitudes towards identity (Psychological and economic violence)\u0026rdquo; and a total of 30 questions. Questions 5 and 24 are reverse scored. The total score of the scale is obtained by summing the scores obtained from the two factors. The score that can be obtained from the first factor is between 16\u0026ndash;80 and the score that can be obtained from the second factor is between 14\u0026ndash;70. The score that can be obtained from the overall scale is in the range of 30\u0026ndash;150. A high score indicates a negative attitude towards violence against women (the person is against violence against women), while a low score indicates a positive attitude towards violence against women (the person is not against violence against women). The scale has a cut-off point; individuals who score above 90 points are interpreted as being against violence against women, while those who score below 90 points are interpreted as not being against violence against women. Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value for the first factor was found to be 0.80, 0.83 for the second factor, and 0.86 for the overall scale [23]. In this study, Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value for the overall scale was found to be 0.95 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale developed by Martin and Rubin [24] was conducted by \u0026Ccedil;elikkaleli [25]. The scale, which consists of a total of 12 items and a single dimension, is a 6-point Likert-type scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree to 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree). Items 2, 3, 6 and 10 are reverse scored. Scores that can be obtained from the scale vary between 12\u0026ndash;72. High scores indicate that the level of cognitive flexibility is also high. \u0026Ccedil;elikkaleli [25] found the Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value of the scale to be 0.71. In this study, the Cronbach \u0026alpha; value of the scale was determined as 0.76 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS)\u003c/strong\u003e: The scale was developed by Sherer et al. [26], to determine the self-efficacy of individuals. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Yıldırım and İlhan [27]. The scale is a 5-point Likert type and consists of 17 items. Items 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16 and 17 are reverse scored. The scale consists of three sub-dimensions: initiation, persistence, and maintenance effort-persistence. The total score that can be obtained from the scale varies between 17\u0026ndash;85. An increase in the total score obtained from the scale indicates an increase in self-efficacy belief. While the Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value of the scale was found to be 0.80 in Yıldırım and İlhan\u0026apos;s study [27], the Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value was found to be 0.86 in this study (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEthics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Before the study was conducted, the ethics committee approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of a university (numbered 2024-SBB- 0967 and dated December 11, 2024) and the institutional permission was obtained from Vocational School of Health Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, where the study was to be conducted. After the students were informed verbally and in writing about the study, their written informed consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). The Shapiro-wilk test was used for normal distribution of the data in the study. Descriptive data were analyzed using number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Student t-test, and ANOVA were used for scale means comparisons. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scales. The Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability coefficients of the scales. Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the effect of cognitive flexibility on the relationship between attitudes towards violence against women and self-efficacy level. In the model established for this purpose, it was assumed that self-efficacy affects cognitive flexibility, and cognitive flexibility affects the attitude toward violence against women. Mediation analyses were conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics Process macro v5.0. The regression method based on the bootstrap method; Model 4 was selected with a 5000 resampling option. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the students was 21.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.42 (Min:18-Max:46), 52.4% were undergraduate students, 71.6% were female, 60% lived mostly in the city, and most of them did not smoke or drink alcohol (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The mean total score of the students was 125.18 (24.07), the mean total score of CFS was 53.89 (8.18), and the mean total score of GSS was 60.74 (10.98). It was found that 8.2% of the students were not against violence against women (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen sociodemographic characteristics were compared with the mean scores of the scale, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of gender, income level, smoking status, and school of study with the mean scores of the ISKEBE attitude scale (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was found that males, those with low-income levels, smokers, and associate degree students had lower mean scores on the ISKEBE attitude scale (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the correlation analysis between the mean scores of the scales, a positive and very weakly significant relationship was found between the CFS total mean score and the mean scores of the ISKEBE sub-dimensions and total scores, while a positive and very weakly significant relationship was found between the GSS total mean score and the ISKEBE Attitudes Toward the Body sub-dimension and total mean scores (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). There was a moderately significant positive correlation between the mean CFS total score and the mean GSS total score (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.549; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model created to show the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between attitudes toward violence against women and self-efficacy is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. The model is statistically significant and explains 8.9% of the attitude toward violence against women (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=,089; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The direct effect of self-efficacy on cognitive flexibility was statistically significant (b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.409; %95CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.361\u0026ndash;0.458; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and explained 30.1% (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.301); and the indirect effect of self-efficacy on attitudes toward violence against women through cognitive flexibility was statistically significant. The indirect effect of self-efficacy on violence against women attitude through cognitive flexibility was found to be statistically significant (b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.150; %95CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.054\u0026ndash;0.254; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The direct effect of self-efficacy on attitudes towards violence against women was found to be statistically significant (b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.143; %95CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036\u0026ndash;0.342; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It was determined that cognitive flexibility had a partial mediating role in this model.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, while university students were found to have negative attitudes toward violence against women, their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels were found to be moderate. Male gender, low economic level, associate degree education level, and smoking were found to be higher in terms of positive attitudes towards violence against women. As the cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels of the students increased, it was found that they exhibited negative attitudes toward violence against women. It was determined that cognitive flexibility played a mediating role in the relationship between attitudes towards violence against women and self-efficacy level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was determined that many university students showed negative attitudes towards violence against women. In other studies, conducted in line with the data of this study, it was found that university students exhibited negative attitudes towards violence against women [8, 28, 29]. In the study conducted by Se\u0026ccedil;gin et al. [30], the data from the studies conducted in the last five years in T\u0026uuml;rkiye were analyzed and it was found that 14.1\u0026ndash;43.0% of women in T\u0026uuml;rkiye were exposed to one or more violence. It is also reported in the study that these figures increased especially after the Covid-19 pandemic [30]. Zark et al. [31] examined intercultural differences in students' attitudes toward intimate partner violence and emphasized that the United States has a more negative attitude towards violence against women than Asian countries. It can be said that the cultural characteristics, patriarchal structure, gender inequality, and traditional gender roles of societies are effective in these findings. In addition, in this study, sociodemographic data were found to affect students' attitudes toward violence against women. It was found that male students had more positive attitudes towards violence against women. Previous studies also revealed that male students were more likely to justify beating their wives and believed that beaten women benefited from beatings [32,33]. In patriarchal societies, men see themselves as superior to women and are more likely to accept and normalize violence against women [32]. In addition, students with low socioeconomic status and smokers were found to have more positive attitudes towards violence against women. In the literature, it is also stated that low socioeconomic status and substance use are associated with violence against women [1,34,35]. In particular, the situations experienced by people with substance abuse such as lack of social skills, inability to control anger, and attention deficits are reflected externally as violent behavior [18]. It was also found that associate degree students had more positive attitudes towards violence against women. It can be said that courses on sexual equality, women's rights, and prevention of violence against women should be added to the course curriculum of associate degree students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be said that the cognitive flexibility levels of the students participating in this study are at a moderate level. When the literature is examined, the cognitive flexibility levels of the participants in the studies conducted with working health professionals were found to be at medium and good levels [36,37]. It is vital for health professionals, who play a critical role in human life, to be able to react and intervene quickly and effectively against emerging events. Therefore, it can be said that interventions to increase their cognitive flexibility are needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it can be said that the self-efficacy levels of university students are at a medium level. Again, in this direction, some studies found the self-efficacy levels of university students at a medium level [38,39]. Since it has been reported that self-efficacy strengthens mental health by giving the individual the power to cope with problems [38,40], it can be emphasized that it should be at a high level, especially in health professionals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was determined that university students exhibited negative attitudes towards violence against women as their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels increased. In addition, it was determined that cognitive flexibility had a mediating role in the relationship between violence against women attitude and self-efficacy level. There is no study that evaluates cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels together, which are effective on attitudes towards violence against women. For this reason, when similar studies were examined, it was found that individuals exhibited more negative attitudes towards violence against women with an increase in self-efficacy and self-esteem levels [7,8,41]. It has been reported in studies that high cognitive flexibility reduces stressful events and increases positive coping styles [37,42,43,44]. In the study of Doğan La\u0026ccedil;in and Yal\u0026ccedil;ın [45], a positive relationship was found between cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy and positive coping strategies. In this direction, it can be said that as cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels increase, individuals can cope with problems better and do not exhibit negative behaviors such as violence or have a clearer attitude toward violence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was determined that university students exhibited negative attitudes toward violence against women as their cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels increased; and it was determined that cognitive flexibility had a mediating role in the relationship between attitudes toward violence against women and self-efficacy levels. Male gender, low economic level, associate degree education level and smoking were found to be risk factors in terms of positive attitudes toward violence against women. It is extremely important to determine the attitudes of future health professionals, who have important roles in combating violence against women, on this issue. During the training process in which health professionals prepare for the profession, trainings, courses and activities on issues such as recognizing and recognizing violence against women, women's rights and gender equality should be included in the training program. Increasing their knowledge and awareness about violence starting from their student years will be beneficial in terms of recognizing violence and implementing the right initiatives for individuals. A multidisciplinary struggle should be initiated to reduce violence against women. Therefore, cooperation should be established between health institutions and the necessary institutions, and the aim should be to contribute to public health by creating the necessary policies. Violence against women should not be perceived as a sign of male power and should not be accepted or normalized by society. There is an urgent need for studies that will break down society's prejudices on this issue and increase social awareness. It can be suggested that psychosocial interventions that will increase self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility, which are understood to be effective on society's attitudes toward violence against women, should be implemented and the results should be published. In addition, social improvements such as improving individuals' living conditions, increasing their education levels, and reducing substance use can be effective in combating violence against women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics Review\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Bartin University Ethics Committee (numbered 2024-SBB- 0967 and dated December 11, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Review\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics committee approval was obtained from the Bartin University Ethics Committee (numbered 2024-SBB- 0967 and dated December 11, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of Funding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eThe authors thank all patients who participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship Statement Confirming and Authors Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy conception/design: D\u0026Ouml;, \u0026Ouml;ŞA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection: MA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis: D\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrafting of the manuscript: D\u0026Ouml;, \u0026Ouml;ŞA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCritical revisions for important intellectual content; supervision: D\u0026Ouml;, \u0026Ouml;ŞA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical expertise: D\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdministrative/technical/material support: D\u0026Ouml;, \u0026Ouml;ŞA, MA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData of this study could share upon reasonable requests from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. 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Educational Rev USA. 2024;8(1). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.26855/er.2024.01.026\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.26855/er.2024.01.026\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuyan-Yılık M, Demir A. A pathway towards subjective well-being for Turkish university students: The roles of dispositional hope, cognitive flexibility, and coping strategies. J Happiness Stud. 2020;21(6):1945\u0026ndash;63. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00162-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10902-019-00162-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDoğan La\u0026ccedil;ın BG, Yal\u0026ccedil;in İ. Predictive roles of self-efficacy and coping strategies in cognitive flexibility among university students. Hacettepe Univ J Educ. 2019;34(2):358\u0026ndash;71. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018037424\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.16986/HUJE.2018037424\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Comparison of students means ISKEBE Attitude Scale, CFS and GSS scores according to sociodemographic characteristics (n=655)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 259px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISKEBE Attitude Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCFS Total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGSS Total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitudes Toward the Body\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitudes Towards Identity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.061\u0026plusmn;10.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.32\u0026plusmn;9.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133.38\u0026plusmn;18.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.78\u0026plusmn;8.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.29\u0026plusmn;10.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.37\u0026plusmn;16.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.12\u0026plusmn;2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.50\u0026plusmn;25.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.17\u0026plusmn;8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.89\u0026plusmn;11.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.093**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.222**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.321**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.40\u0026plusmn;14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.66\u0026plusmn;13.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.06\u0026plusmn;5.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.40\u0026plusmn;8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.80\u0026plusmn;10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.35\u0026plusmn;13.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.90\u0026plusmn;13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.25\u0026plusmn;24.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.90\u0026plusmn;8.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.72\u0026plusmn;11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4059.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4422.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4285.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4692.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4410.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeople living with them\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith mother/father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.00\u0026plusmn;6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.60\u0026plusmn;15.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.60\u0026plusmn;32.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.80\u0026plusmn;9.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.40\u0026plusmn;11.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt home with friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.17\u0026plusmn;13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.41\u0026plusmn;12.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.58\u0026plusmn;23.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.71\u0026plusmn;8.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.54\u0026plusmn;11.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the dormitory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.59\u0026plusmn;15.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.67\u0026plusmn;16.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.27\u0026plusmn;28.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.91\u0026plusmn;6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.40\u0026plusmn;10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith spouse/children\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.97\u0026plusmn;12.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.29\u0026plusmn;13.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.27\u0026plusmn;23.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.45\u0026plusmn;8.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.75\u0026plusmn;10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers (Relatives. alone etc.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.35\u0026plusmn;17.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.75\u0026plusmn;14.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.10\u0026plusmn;30.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.15\u0026plusmn;7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.60\u0026plusmn;11.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK.W.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMostly inhabited place\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.04\u0026plusmn;11.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.40\u0026plusmn;13.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.45\u0026plusmn;23.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.76\u0026plusmn;8.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.49\u0026plusmn;10.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.22\u0026plusmn;14.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.99\u0026plusmn;13.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.21\u0026plusmn;26.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.42\u0026plusmn;7.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.02\u0026plusmn;10.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.18\u0026plusmn;13.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.19\u0026plusmn;12.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.38\u0026plusmn;24.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.49\u0026plusmn;7.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.61\u0026plusmn;11.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u0026rsquo;s income level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome more than expenditure\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.32\u0026plusmn;12.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.25\u0026plusmn;13.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.57\u0026plusmn;22.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.41\u0026plusmn;9.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.87\u0026plusmn;11.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome equals expenditure\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.87\u0026plusmn;12.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.52\u0026plusmn;13.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.39\u0026plusmn;23.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.97\u0026plusmn;7.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.86\u0026plusmn;10.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome less than expenditure\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.90\u0026plusmn;19.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.40\u0026plusmn;15.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.31\u0026plusmn;32.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.18\u0026plusmn;6.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.11\u0026plusmn;10.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.209*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.603*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.015\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBonferroni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\u0026lt;a,b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\u0026lt;b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.66\u0026plusmn;14.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.08\u0026plusmn;14.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.74\u0026plusmn;26.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.87\u0026plusmn;8.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.75\u0026plusmn;10.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.755\u0026plusmn;2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.62\u0026plusmn;13.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.37\u0026plusmn;23.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.16\u0026plusmn;8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.01\u0026plusmn;11.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.756*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.456*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.90\u0026plusmn;12.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.90\u0026plusmn;13.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.80\u0026plusmn;24.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.47\u0026plusmn;8.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.47\u0026plusmn;9.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.32\u0026plusmn;13.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.87\u0026plusmn;13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.19\u0026plusmn;24.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.90\u0026plusmn;8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.82\u0026plusmn;11.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5762.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6571.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6563.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6236.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5736.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaving a physical illness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.61\u0026plusmn;14.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.74\u0026plusmn;13.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.35\u0026plusmn;26.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.69\u0026plusmn;7.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.56\u0026plusmn;10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.27\u0026plusmn;12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.67\u0026plusmn;13.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.95\u0026plusmn;23.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.80\u0026plusmn;8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.55\u0026plusmn;11.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScholl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFaculty of Health Sciences (undergraduate level)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.99\u0026plusmn;12.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.48\u0026plusmn;13.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.48\u0026plusmn;23.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.89\u0026plusmn;7.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.20\u0026plusmn;10.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVocational School of Health Services (associate degree)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.55\u0026plusmn;13.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.09\u0026plusmn;13.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.65\u0026plusmn;24.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.88\u0026plusmn;8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.34\u0026plusmn;11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-3.235*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-2.575*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFS: Cognitive Flexibility Scale; GSS: General Self-Efficacy Scale; X: Mean; SD: Standard deviation; t: Student t test; KW: Kruskall-Wallis; U: Mann Whitney U test; F: ANOVA test; **p\u0026lt;0.001; *p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Mean ISKEBE Attitude Scale, CFS and GSS scores of the students\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"625\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.9459%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCronbach alfa coefficient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin-Max\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026plusmn;\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.0278%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCFS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23-70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.89\u0026plusmn;8.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.0278%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGSS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStarting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.96\u0026plusmn;2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot giving up\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.16\u0026plusmn;3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContinuation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9-45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.61\u0026plusmn;7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26-85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.74\u0026plusmn;10.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.0278%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISKEBE Attitude Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitudes Toward the Body \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.31\u0026plusmn;13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitudes Towards Identity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.87\u0026plusmn;13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.18\u0026plusmn;24.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.7615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive attitude against violence against women (\u0026lt;90)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.9459%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative attitude against violence against women (\u0026ge;90)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.993%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9182%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.8434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.8208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.4469%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFS: Cognitive Flexibility Scale; GSS: General Self-Efficacy Scale; X: Mean; SD: Standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTables 3. The scales of ISKEBE Attitude Scale, CFS and GSS with correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISKEBE Attitude Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAttitudes Toward the Body\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.647\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.904\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.181\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.141\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.216\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.111\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.185\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAttitudes Towards Identity\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.911\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.111\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.081\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTotal\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.160\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.086\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.162\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.083\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.133\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCFS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTotal\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.304\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.509\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.435\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.549\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGSS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStarting\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.509\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.437\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNot giving up\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.525\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.830\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eContinuation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.881\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTotal\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFS: Cognitive Flexibility Scale; GSS: General Self-Efficacy Scale; **p\u0026lt;0.001; *p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStandardized total direct and indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals for the mediation models\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"615\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBootstrapping 95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eẞ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirect effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndirect effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cognitive flexibility, self-efficacy, university students, violence against women","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6536153/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6536153/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between university students' attitudes toward violence against women and their self-efficacy levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 655 students studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences and Vocational School of Health Services of a university in the Eastern Anatolia region of T\u0026uuml;rkiye between January 1\u0026ndash;20, 2025. The ISKEBE Attitude Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS) were used for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was determined that 52.4% of the students were undergraduate students and 71.6% were female. It was determined that the total score of ISKEBE was 125.18 (24.07), the total score of CFS was 53.89 (8.18), and the total score of GSS was 60.74 (10.98). While there was a positive and very weakly significant relationship between the mean total score of the students' ISKEBE and the mean total score of the students' CFS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.160; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), there was a positive and very weakly significant relationship between the mean total score of the students' GSS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.133; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). It was determined that cognitive flexibility had a mediating role in the effect of self-efficacy on attitudes toward violence against women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that students had negative attitudes toward violence against women and high levels of cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy. As the cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy levels of the students increased, it was found that they exhibited negative attitudes toward violence against women. It may be recommended to develop and implement training programs to improve students' cognitive flexibility levels and feelings of self-efficacy, and to conduct awareness studies on violence against women.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between University Students' Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women and Self-Efficacy Levels","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-30 07:43:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6536153/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-30T10:15:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T06:21:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"71260600205178653077054861217625869435","date":"2025-06-09T13:26:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7126037109531548053507041309098174459","date":"2025-06-08T20:35:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-04T12:18:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"12995156486714536797880588837999933481","date":"2025-06-04T11:50:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T11:36:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-27T10:57:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-05T16:40:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-03T12:35:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-05-03T12:34:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"64297661-6d2e-49f6-b607-b2bc74c7f79d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-20T16:08:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6536153","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24291-x","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-14 15:57:39","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-30 07:43:32","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-025-24291-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24291-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6536153","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6536153","identity":"rs-6536153","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}