Combined application of Boron and Auxin improve the spikelet fertility, crop yield and grain quality in rice crop

Combined application of Boron and Auxin improve the spikelet fertility, crop yield and grain quality in rice crop | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Combined application of Boron and Auxin improve the spikelet fertility, crop yield and grain quality in rice crop Naeem Sarwar, Muhammad Naveed, Shakeel Ahmad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955618/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: Climate fluctuations have produced uncertain situation for the farmers as many crops facing abiotic stresses at various stages which decreases the crop productivity. Rice crop is very sensitive at reproductive stage and can produce unfilled grains when faced elevated temperature. We hypothized that optimum level of growth regulators and boron nutrition may enhance the pollen strength which may improve fertilization and filled grains. Method: Two-year field experiment was designed to see the impact of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and boron (B) fertilization to boost the auxin along with pollen viability for better crop productivity. Fine rice genotype was grown under three cultivation systems i.e. S 1 (Aerobic), S 2 (Alternative wetting and drying) and S 3 (Flooding). Moreover, at flowering stage foliar application of B and NAA was done as follows T 0 (Control), T 1 (Boron 0.1%), T 2 (NAA 40 μ mol L -1 ), T 3 (B + NAA). Results: Results revealed that combined application of NAA and B improved the plant auxin level along with boron contents which improved the sporogenesis process and enhanced the speikelet fertility. Improved physiological parameters were noticed in S 3 (Flooded cultivation system) with T 3 (B + NAA) application (S 3 T 3 ) which lead toward higher thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Moreover, it improved the rice grain quality which was also maintained after cooking. Conclusion: Therefore, foliar application of NAA and boron at reproductive stage would be a useful strategy for improving rice growth, morpho-physiological and yield attributes in various cultivation systems. Fine rice Auxin Boron cultivation system sterility grain quality Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Due to shrinking water resources, farmers are adopting water saving techniques in crop production. Rice consumes lot of water for successful production which is also passing in water wise cultivation. Adequate amount of water can be saved in water saving techniques but with compromising of yield losses. Due to global warming, high temperature especially at flowering stage causing pollen mortality which is reducing crop yield and grain quality. This situation can be worse under deficient soil moisture along with elevated temperature. Earth temperature is continuously rising and will rise to 5-7 0 C at the end of this century which can cause a great reduction in cereals especially rice crop (IPPC, 2021 ; Beena, 2013 ). Rice is consumed majorly all over the world, its cultivated land area is about 162 million hectares which produces 765 million tons of rice annually (FAO, 2022). To ensure food security for rapidly growing world population, crop production should be increased 50% by 2050 (Van et al., 2021 ). Abridged cereals may create the food security concern particularly in the developing countries like Pakistan (Sarwar et al., 2023 ; Janni et al., 2020 ). Rice is very sensitive to abiotic stresses (Mujtaba et al., 2022 ), so, any variation at its reproductive stage can affect its productivity (Neang et al., 2020 ). Rice crop reduced the yield when temperature go beyond 32℃ (Jagadish et al., 2012 ) as elevated temperature effect the pollen viability and penetration of pollen tube (Beena et al., 2018 ; Fu et al., 2012 ). This may induce the sterile grains and reduced the percentage of filled grains to hamper overall grain quality (Najeeb et al., 2020 ). Auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid) is phytohormon produced naturally in plants which regulate the plant reproductive phase (Nagpal et al., 2005 ). It’s reported that application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) improves the auxin level in the plants (Sarwar et al., 2019 ), which strengthen the leaf chlorophyll contents and other photosynthetic activities in the plants (Hossain, 2023 ). It also plays a crucial role to optimize the physiological processes like leaf senescence, leaf & fruit abscission, as well as fruit setting and development of vascular tissues (Alabadí et al., 2009 ). Furthermore, NAA application improve the pollen viability as well as the defence mechanism of rice plant (Jagadish et al., 2010 ). Likewise, NAA also improves the pollen viability, thereby enhancing the fertile grains which lead toward better crop yield and quality (Hussain et al., 2021 ; Sajid et al., 2016 ; Bakhsh et al., 2011 ). Next to auxin, boron nutrient also has the very specific function in cell wall biosynthesis (Yuan et al., 2022 ), pollen viability, grain filling and crop yield (Shahid et al., 2018 ; Rehman et al., 2014 ). Moreover, B has critical role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, refining gas exchange to regulate photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal CO 2 in plants during stress conditions (Sarwar et al., 2019 ). It has beneficial effects in heat stress conditions and the foliar application is the best agronomic strategy to mitigate the stress conditions and maintain optimum plant growth (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021 ). The application of boron assists rice plant during reproductive stage as it reduces panicle sterility and increases its fertility which produces higher economic yield (Rehman et al., 2015 ). Balanced plant nutrients and optimum level of growth regulators can manage the physiological mechanism of the plant under stressed environment. Plant produces defence compounds under worried environment which can also be regularized with proper management practices to make the defence stronger. As mentioned earlier that rice is very sensitive at reproductive stage and elevated temperature along with moisture stress can cause the productivity losses. So, the proper care at this stage with better nutrient management and to optimize the growth regulators can better the situation. We hypothesized that optimum application of boron and NAA in different rice cultivation systems may improve the crop productivity. Materials and methods Field experiment was conducted at agronomic research farm, department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (30.2705° N, 71.5024°E) in 2018 and 2019 during the kharif (summer) season. Climate data were recorded during kharif season (June-November) during 2018 and 2019. Crop husbandry Piece of land was selected for the field experiment nearby water source to irrigate properly. Land was prepared to get the better tilth by using the tillage implements: rotavator, cultivator and planker. All residues of previous wheat crop were mixed into the soil and levelled. Soil sampling was done afterward to get the organic matter status and nutritional profile of the soil. Widely grown super basmati seed of fine rice cultivar was purchased from the rice research station kala shah kaku, Lahore. Seed was soaked with water and covered for 48 hours to make it moist. Sprouted seed was used for the nursery sowing. Nursery soil was prepared by using the local method. Firstly, ploughing was done with cultivator and Farm yard manure was mixed in the nursery soil. Prepared field was irrigated and sprouted seed was spreaded in the field. Field was also protected from the birds picking by adopting appropriate local strategies. Rice nursery was irrigated properly as per need by visual observations. Nursery was also provided with recommended NPK and protected from the pest to get the vigorous seedlings. Rice nursery (30 DAS) was transplanted in the main field and irrigation was managed as per treatment plan. There were three rice cultivation systems (S 1 : Aerobic (Direct seeded), S 2 : Alternate wetting and drying (Transplanting), S 3 : Flooded (Transplanting). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement was used for this field experiment. In aerobic cultivation (S 1 ) crop was was sown by direct seeded rice (DSR) technique in the 1st week of June of both years (2018, 2019). For transplanted rice i.e. (Alternative wetting and drying (S 2 ) and Flooded (S 3 ), nursery was transplanted on the same day of aerobic rice. Foliar application of boron and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was done according to the treatment plan i.e. T 0 : Control, T 1 : Boron (0.1%), T 2 : NAA (40 µmol L − 1 ), T 3 : Boron + NAA (50, 50%) before flowering. Other than treatments, crop was fertilizer with macro nutrients NPK (140-80-60 kg ha − 1 ) in the form of Urea, DAP and SOP. All phosphorus and potassium were applied during the sowing of crop while N was applied in three splits, i.e. sowing, tillering and reproductive stage. In flooded system, crop was irrigated continuously to maintain the water at standing condition while in alternate wetting and drying, irrigation water was applied to make the soil moist. Crop was also protected from the expected insect pest. Weeds were managed following the manual weeding while the insects and diseases were controlled by pesticide. Crop was visited and Carbofuran 25 kg ha − 1 was used to control the rice borers at its economic thresh hold level (ETL). Similarly, appropriate insecticide and fungicide was also used to control the leaf folder and blight. After physiological maturity, irrigation water was stopped to make soil dry for harvesting practices. Gases exchange parameters which included photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal CO 2 concentration data of both years (2018, 2019) were collected by the methods used by Dhivyapriya et al. ( 2016 ). At maturity all plants of respective treatments were harvested and data regarding yield were calculated. Plant height at maturity of each treatment was measured by using measuring tape. Thousand grains were counted and weighed on weight balance to determine 1000 grain weight. All samples from each treatment plot were weighed and noted for biological yield (BY) per pot which was converted to BY per hectare numerically. Similarly all grains were weighed manually and converted to grain yield (GY). Furthermore, harvest index was determined by following formula: $$\:\text{H}\text{a}\text{r}\text{v}\text{e}\text{s}\text{t}\:\text{I}\text{n}\text{d}\text{e}\text{x}=\frac{\text{G}\text{r}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n}\:\text{y}\text{i}\text{e}\text{l}\text{d}}{\text{B}\text{i}\text{o}\text{l}\text{o}\text{g}\text{i}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{Y}\text{i}\text{e}\text{l}\text{d}}\:\times\:100$$ Grain quality parameters Some panicles were selected from the main plant in each treatment, separated and tagged for grain quality parameters. Common lamp was used as light source to count the normal kernel, sterile kernel, abortive kernel etc. all filled grains were considered as normal kernel while the unfilled grains were considered as sterile. To determine protein contents method of Bradford, 1976 was used. To determine amylose contents the method of Juliano, 1971 was used. For this spectrophotometer intensity of blue light was studied at 620 nm wavelength. Moreover, the grain length, breadth and grain thickness was measured using vernier caliper. After cooking, grain elongation ratio (ER) was calculated as follows: $$\:\text{E}\text{R}=\frac{\text{A}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{a}\text{g}\text{e}\:\text{l}\text{e}\text{n}\text{g}\text{t}\text{h}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{o}\text{k}\text{e}\text{d}\:\text{k}\text{e}\text{r}\text{n}\text{e}\text{l}}{\text{A}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{a}\text{g}\text{e}\:\text{l}\text{e}\text{n}\text{g}\text{t}\text{h}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{u}\text{n}\text{c}\text{o}\text{o}\text{k}\text{e}\text{d}\:\text{k}\text{e}\text{r}\text{n}\text{e}\text{l}}$$ Antioxidants Antioxidants activities were noted by the methods suggested by Wu et al. ( 2014 ) which are described as follows. Catalase (CAT) was noted by Hu et al. ( 2009 ) procedure. 3.0 ml mixture was formed by 50mM phosphate buffer, enzyme extract and 15Mm H 2 O 2 . The activity of CAT was determined at 240nm. Superoxidase dismutase (SOD) was determined by Stewart and Bewly (1980). Mixture prepared 3.0 ml which included 50mM phosphate buffer, 13mM methionine, 0.1 µM EDTA, 75µM NBT, enzyme extract and 2µM riboflavin which was further proceeded for 15 min and illuminated with 20 W florescent tubes and reading was taken at 560nm wavelength. Peroxidase (POD) activity was noted by Shi et al. ( 2010 ). A mixture of 3.0 ml was prepared by using 100µl guaiacol (1.5%) v/v, 100µl enzyme extract, 100 µl H 2 O 2 , 2 mM EDTA, 2.7 ml potassium sulphate buffer. The mixture then undergone through process and absorbance was noted at 470nm. Auxin contents were determined by using the method described by Hu et al. ( 2011 ). For this 0.5 g fresh plant tissue was taken and homogenized in 50 ml of methanol/water (80/20, v/v) which contain 0.01 butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and blended in a high speed blender. After that the solution was placed in -20 ℃ in refrigerator for 1 day then centrifuged to collect supernatant. Statistical analysis Data regarding all parameters were statistically analysed by fisher’s analysis of variance by using statistix software whereas the significance of the treatments was determined by least significance difference (LSD) test at 5% probability. Results Description of physiological parameters Experimental results revealed that NAA and B application improved the crop performance under sole application as well as its combined application in comparison with missing treatment. All cultivation systems responded positively to these amendments and exhibited its response as T3 > T2 > T1 under combined application. Flooded cultivation system (T3) provided exuberant response and intensified the photosynthetic rate (45.48, 56.26%), stomatal conductance (30.57, 34.80%), transpiration rate (52.04, 55.96%) and internal CO 2 conc. (22.27, 22.18%) during both the years (2018, 2019) in comparison with control treatment i.e S 1 T 0 (aerobic cultivation with missing NAA & B). Similarly combined application (T3) elevated the photosynthetic rate (43.37, 54.73%), stomatal conductance (25.04, 31.79%), transpiration rate (47.07, 47.57%) and internal CO 2 conc. (19.56, 19.75%) in AWD cultivation systems (S 2 ) in both years (2018, 2019) as compared to control. Morover, this treatment combination also improved photosynthetic rate (36.84, 48.75%), stomatal conductance (18.26, 22.04%), transpiration rate (31.40, 25.24%) and internal CO 2 conc. (13.46, 15.18%) even in aerobic cultivation system (S 1 ) during both the years (2018, 2019). While the physiological performance of the crop was found inferior in all missing treatment and recorded lowest under aerobic rice cultivation (Table 2 ). Table 2 Gases exchange as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. Treatment 2018 2019 Photosynthetic Rate (µmol CO 2 m − 2 s − 1 ) Stomatal Conductance (µmol CO 2 m − 2 s − 1 ) Transpiration Rate (mmol H 2 O m − 2 s − 1 ) Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol CO 2 m − 2 s − 1 ) Photosynthetic Rate (µmol CO 2 m − 2 s − 1 ) Stomatal Conductance (µmol CO 2 m − 2 s − 1 ) Transpiration Rate (mmol H 2 O m − 2 s − 1 ) Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol CO 2 m − 2 s − 1 ) S 1 T 0 22.35h 4.61i 10.33k 281.66k 18.16i 4.42i 10.48i 284.36i S 1 T 1 32.55f 5.38g 13.57hi 317.33hi 30.16f 5.34g 13.11fgh 324.62fg S 1 T 2 34.87e 5.46fg 14.12gh 320.75gh 33.57e 5.47f 13.75efg 330.15ef S 1 T 3 35.39de 5.64ef 15.06fg 325.49fg 35.44d 5.67e 14.02efg 335.26de S 2 T 0 27.65g 4.74i 12.25j 309.16j 25.46h 5.02h 11.55hi 314.35h S 2 T 1 36.38de 5.82de 15.82ef 332.16ef 36.52d 5.83e 14.94def 338.62d S 2 T 2 38.44bc 6.02bcd 17.26cd 341.25cd 38.42bc 6.21c 16.68cd 347.52bc S 2 T 3 39.47ab 6.15b 19.52b 350.16b 40.12ab 6.48b 19.99b 354.36b S 3 T 0 31.32f 5.05h 12.98ij 312.45ij 28.29g 5.20g 12.45ghi 320.74gh S 3 T 1 37.35cd 5.90cd 16.66de 336.26de 37.16cd 6.02d 15.49cde 342.42cd S 3 T 2 38.95bc 6.11bc 18.13c 345.44bc 39.10b 6.34bc 17.36c 351.36b S 3 T 3 41.00a 6.64a 21.54a 362.36a 41.52a 6.78a 23.80a 365.44a LSD 0.05 2.00 0.23 1.06 7.72 1.80 0.17 2.00 8.18 S 1 = Aerobic Rice, S 2 = Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S 3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T 0 = Control, T 1 = Boron (0.1%), T 2 = NAA (40 µmol L − 1 ), T 3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Yield parameters Crop yield traits certainly enhanced by the cultivation systems and further refined by application of NAA and Boron during both the growing seasons (2018, 2019). NAA and B application improved the rice crop productivity in all cultivation systems, both in sole as well as under combined application. Results comparison exhibited that treatment T 3 produced 53.40, 52.59% heavier grains, increased 34.91, 34.64% grain yield, 27.19, 25.69% biological yield and presented 38.54, 38.81% harvest index, respectively in 2018, 2019 as compared to S 1 T 0 when grown in flooded cultivation system (S 3 ). Likewise, similarly application contributed 47.84, 46.93% heavier grains, 32.72, 32.16% increased grain yield, created 25.32, 24.18% biological yield and provided 38.34, 38.14% harvest index comparing with S 1 T 0 when crop grown in alternative wetting and drying (S 2 ) cultivation system. In addition, the T 3 application produced 31.58, 30.77% heavier grains, 17.60, 16.60% grain yield and 13.12, 11.60% biological yield while provided 36.32, 36.17% harvest when crop grown in aerobic cultivation system (S 1 ) during both the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 (Table 3 ). Table 3 Yield attributes as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. Treatment 2018 2019 Plant Height (cm) 1000-Grain weight (g) Grain Yield (t ha − 1 ) Biological Yield (t ha − 1 ) Harvest Index (%) Plant Height (cm) 1000-Grain weight (g) Grain Yield (t ha − 1 ) Biological Yield (t ha − 1 ) Harvest Index (%) S 1 T 0 85.44 N.S 15.62g 4.40h 12.77h 34.46 N.S 89.55 N.S 16.69h 4.47i 13.10i 34.12 N.S S 1 T 1 90.33 21.52de 4.96g 13.94g 35.54 91.36 22.34efg 5.06gh 14.55fg 34.80 S 1 T 2 93.50 22.12de 5.22fg 14.46ef 36.10 94.65 23.51def 5.30efg 14.46g 36.70 S 1 T 3 95.36 22.83de 5.34f 14.70ef 36.32 96.48 24.11de 5.36ef 14.82ef 36.17 S 2 T 0 101.42 18.52f 4.89g 13.80g 35.43 100.82 20.43g 4.92h 13.95h 35.28 S 2 T 1 103.60 23.36d 5.41ef 14.84e 36.40 104.84 24.36de 5.44e 14.97e 36.34 S 2 T 2 108.51 26.53c 6.03cd 16.08c 37.50 109.42 25.62d 6.05c 16.21c 37.32 S 2 T 3 109.25 30.26b 6.54ab 17.10ab 38.24 111.32 31.45b 6.59ab 17.28a 38.14 S 3 T 0 102.44 20.86e 5.10fg 14.25fg 35.80 103.52 21.62fg 5.15fgh 14.40g 35.76 S 3 T 1 106.42 27.11c 5.73de 15.48d 37.01 107.01 28.52c 5.79d 15.67d 36.95 S 3 T 2 112.42 29.51b 6.31bc 16.64b 37.92 113.52 30.32bc 6.35b 16.79b 37.82 S 3 T 3 117.36 33.52a 6.76a 17.54a 38.54 119.76 35.21a 6.84a 17.63a 38.81 LSD 0.05 4.01 1.97 0.35 0.5 1.43 7.90 2.46 0.25 0.35 1.66 S 1 = Aerobic Rice, S 2 = Alternative Wetting and drying (Transplanted), S 3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T 0 = Control, T 1 = Boron (0.1%), T 2 = NAA (40 µmol L − 1 ), T 3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Quality parameters Significant variation was recorded for quality grains in different cultivation systems and with NAA & B application. Crop improved the filled grains and reduced the undesirable grains with NAA & B application in all cultivation systems. Comparison of values represented that combined application (NAA & B) T 3 resulted in supreme me performance and produced 31.58, 31.82% higher normal kernel in both years (2018, 2019) in crop grown under flooded condition (S 3 ) as compared with S 1 T 0 combination found in aerobic rice along with missing amendments. Likewise, T 3 yielded 27.35, 27.31% higher normal kernels in AWD (S 2 ) during 2018 and 2019 in comparison with S 1 T 0 . Additionally, the application T 3 made 13.23, 15.30% higher normal kernels under aerobic conditions (S 1 ) comparing with S 1 T 0 . Similarly, the treatments which provided higher normal kernels significantly reduced sterile kernels. So, application of T 3 provided 33.61, 34.20% less sterile kernels in flooded cultivation system (S 3 ) as compared to S 1 T 0 . Likewise, this treatment reduced 23.62, 23.98% sterile kernels in AWD (S 2 ) and 16.23, 20.85% sterile kernels in aerobic cultivation system (S 1 ), respectively during 2018 and 2019. As far as protein contents are concerned, higher protein contents supplied by T 3 which were 7.03, 7.00%, in flooded, 6.29, 6.21% in AWD and 4.88, 4.86% in aerobic cultivation system during 2018 and 2019 comparing with S 1 T 0 however, there effect was non-significant. Furthermore, the amylose contents significantly reduced due to application of T 3 to improve kernel quality. The application T 3 provided 10.75, 10.61% in flooded cultivation system (S 3 ), 9.41, 9.19% in AWD (S 2 ) and aerobic cultivation system (S 1 ) offered only 6.44, 6.87% reduced amylose contents in both the years (2018, 2019) comparing with S 1 T 0 which gave substandard rice kernel (Table 4 ). Table 4 Quality parameters as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. 2018 2019 Treatment Normal Kernel (%) Sterile Kernel (%) Protein Contents (%) Amylose Contents (%) Normal Kernel (%) Sterile Kernel (%) Protein Contents (%) Amylose Contents (%) S 1 T 0 55.66g 9.61a 10.71 N.S 27.62a 56.35h 9.59a 10.76 N.S 27.51a S 1 T 1 61.33def 8.33cd 11.17 26.11cd 62.62ef 8.21bc 11.20 25.91cd S 1 T 2 62.11de 8.20cde 11.21 25.95de 64.60de 8.11bc 11.26 25.79cd S 1 T 3 64.15d 8.05de 11.26 25.84de 66.53d 7.95cd 11.31 25.62de S 2 T 0 58.42fg 8.77b 11.07 26.55b 59.77g 8.45b 11.09 26.34b S 2 T 1 68.53c 7.89ef 11.29 25.67ef 70.52c 7.70de 11.34 25.30efg S 2 T 2 73.62b 7.53fg 11.36 25.36gh 73.26c 7.48ef 11.41 25.15fg S 2 T 3 76.62b 7.34g 11.43 25.02i 77.53b 7.29f 11.48 24.98gh S 3 T 0 60.51ef 8.51bc 11.12 26.33bc 60.26fg 8.35bc 11.15 26.05bc S 3 T 1 70.22c 7.62fg 11.33 25.52fg 72.21c 7.53ef 11.38 25.51def S 3 T 2 74.36b 7.45g 11.40 25.13hi 76.62b 7.36ef 11.45 25.06g S 3 T 3 81.36a 6.38h 11.52 24.65j 82.65a 6.31g 11.57 24.59h LSD 0.05 3.09 0.39 0.15 0.28 2.76 0.40 0.158 0.41 S 1 = Aerobic Rice, S 2 = Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S 3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T 0 = Control, T 1 = Boron (0.1%), T 2 = NAA (40 µmol L − 1 ), T 3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Grain cooking quality parameters Foliar application of NAA and Boron provided remarkable results to uplift rice cooking quality. Results revealed that T 3 produced 9.82, 9.68% longer grains, improved 30.51, 29.81% grain breadth and 23.74, 23.94% grain thickness in flooded cultivation system (S 3 ) during both the consecutive years i.e. 2018, 2019 when we compare it with S 1 T 0 . Similarly this application i.e. T 3 also improved 8.63, 8.60% grain length, 27.70, 26.14% grain breadth and 21.48, 20.58% grain thickness in AWD (S 2 ) in 2018 and 2019. Moreover, in aerobic this application (T 3 ) only enhanced 4.31, 4.16% grain length, 23.57, 19.85% grain breadth and 11.66, 11.47% grain thickness comparing with S 1 T 0 during growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Moreover, the grain elongation ratio remained non-significant however T 3 produced 15.02, 11.05% in S 3 , 12.29, 13.77% in S 2 , 4.02, 3.97% in S 1 more grain elongation ratio than S 1 T 0 during 2018 and 2019 respectively (Table 5 ). Table 5 Grain cooking quality parameters as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. 2018 2019 Treatment Grain Length (mm) Grain Breadth (mm) Elongation Ratio (E/R) Grain Thickness (mm) Grain Length (mm) Grain Breadth (mm) Elongation Ratio (E/R) Grain Thickness (mm) S 1 T 0 6.88h 1.07g 1.45 N.S 1.06h 6.90i 1.13j 1.60 N.S 1.08h S 1 T 1 7.05f 1.34e 1.64 1.15fg 7.07g 1.34h 1.69 1.16g S 1 T 2 7.14e 1.35e 1.67 1.17f 7.16f 1.38g 1.73 1.19fg S 1 T 3 7.19de 1.40d 1.70 1.20ef 7.20f 1.41fg 1.76 1.22ef S 2 T 0 6.91gh 1.29f 1.55 1.08h 6.96h 1.29hi 1.62 1.10h S 2 T 1 7.25d 1.40d 1.74 1.25de 7.28e 1.44ef 1.79 1.25de S 2 T 2 7.36c 1.42cd 1.79 1.28cd 7.37d 1.46de 1.83 1.26de S 2 T 3 7.53b 1.48b 1.87 1.35ab 7.55b 1.53b 1.96 1.36b S 3 T 0 6.96g 1.32ef 1.60 1.11gh 7.00h 1.32i 1.65 1.11h S 3 T 1 7.42c 1.45bc 1.82 1.32bc 7.39d 1.49cd 1.85 1.29cd S 3 T 2 7.49b 1.47b 1.83 1.33bc 7.50c 1.50bc 1.86 1.31c S 3 T 3 7.63a 1.54a 1.93 1.39a 7.64a 1.61a 1.90 1.42a LSD 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.45 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.10 0.05 S 1 = Aerobic Rice, S 2 = Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S 3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T 0 = Control, T 1 = Boron (0.1%), T 2 = NAA (40 µmol L − 1 ), T 3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Boron and Auxin analysis The analysis of samples disclosed that all treatments were responsive to boron application. The treatments where boron was applied depicted more boron contents in respective cultivation systems. Results further indicated that T 1 produced 20.41, 23.01% more boron contents during 2018 and 2019 in flooded conditions (S 3 ) while comparing with S 1 T 0 . Likewise this T 1 revealed 17.48, 20.76% higher boron contents in both the years (2018, 2019) in the crop grown in AWD (S 2 ) as compared to S 1 T 0 . Furthermore the T 1 application depicted 16.19, 19.82% more boron contents than S 1 T 0 in respective years (2018, 2019) in aerobic cultivation system. The results revealed that application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) proved helpful to increase auxin levels in all cultivation systems. It was evident that T 2 supplied 67.17, 58.45% higher auxin contents in S 3 (Flooded cultivation system) S 1 T 0 during both studied years (2018, 2019). Similarly T 2 also raised 62.65, 53.12% more auxin contents than S 1 T 0 in alternative wetting and drying (S 2 ) in consecutive years i.e. 2018 and 2019. Additionally in aerobic cultivation system (S 1 ) the T 2 application amplified 55.50, 44.39% auxin contents in comparison with S 1 T 0 during 2018 and 2019 respectively (Fig-2). Economic analysis All expenses involved in crop cultivation were noted and were compared with the final income. Detailed analysis revealed that maximum benefit-cost ratio was obtained from S 3 T 3 (2.58, 2.87) followed by S 2 T 3 (2.49, 2.72), respectively whereas lowest values were recorded in S 1 T 0 (1.76, 1.94) treatment combination during both the years (Table 6 ). It was noted that combined application of B & NAA improved the income in all cultivation systems but this effect was amplified in flooded condition which recorded highest benefit as compared with other combinations. Table 6 Economic analysis affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. 2018 2019 Treatment Cost (Rs ha − 1 ) Gross income (Rs ha − 1 ) Net Return (Rs ha − 1 ) BCR Cost (Rs ha − 1 ) Gross income (Rs ha − 1 ) Net Return (Rs ha − 1 ) BCR S 1 T 0 129675 228800 99125 1.76 135850 263730 127880 1.94 S 1 T 1 132602 257920 125318 1.95 138814 298540 159726 2.15 S 1 T 2 130601 271440 140839 2.08 136813 312700 175887 2.29 S 1 T 3 131602 277680 146078 2.11 137814 316240 178426 2.29 S 2 T 0 137085 259170 122085 1.89 143260 295200 151940 2.06 S 2 T 1 140012 286730 146718 2.05 146224 326400 180176 2.23 S 2 T 2 138011 319590 181579 2.32 144223 363000 218777 2.52 S 2 T 3 139012 346620 207608 2.49 145224 395400 250176 2.72 S 3 T 0 139555 275400 135845 1.97 145730 319300 173570 2.19 S 3 T 1 142482 309420 166938 2.17 148694 358980 210286 2.41 S 3 T 2 140481 340740 200259 2.43 146693 331700 185007 2.26 S 3 T 3 141482 365040 223558 2.58 147694 424080 276386 2.87 S 1 = Aerobic Rice, S 2 = Alternative Wetting and drying (Transplanted), S 3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T 0 = Control, T 1 = Boron (0.1%), T 2 = NAA (40 µmol L − 1 ), T 3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Discussion This two-year study showed that that NAA and B application improved the rice physiological mechanism which in turn resulted as better crop productivity in term of yield and quality. Climate is very uncertain in these days which has its typical impact on crop production every year. Reproductive stage is very crucial in all crops which should be managed properly for better crop yield. Pakistan is drastically affecting with climate change, as every year farmer losses the crop yields due to uncertain rainfall, sudden temperature rise, hail storming etc. rice is also very sensitive to temperature especially at reproductive or grain formation stage. Due to changing rainfall pattern and uneconomical performance of cotton crop, farmers are preferring rice crop in southern Punjab although have high temperature. It’s under observation that every year rice crop faced high temperature at its reproductive which causes fertilization and increased sterility. Heat stress at flowering induces spikelet sterility by inhibiting pollen tube germination and pollen tube elongation (Aryan et al., 2023 ; Sinder et al., 2011 ). Moreover, the sporogenesis process is affected which resulted in spikelet sterility (Parish et al., 2012 ). Its reported that exogenous application of auxin and Boron improve the sporogenesis process and pollen viability is rice crop (Sharma et al., 2018 ; Rehman et al., 2014 ). In this study it was found that both boron and NAA application improve the normal kernels and reduced the sterile grains. Similarly, grains produced with application of NAA and B also resulted in better cooking quality which is important character for larger export. As mentioned earlier that growing conditions are key factor to acquire best quality grains so flooding conditions and AWD were equally good regarding cooking quality which is also amplified by the addition of boron and naphthalene acetic acid into plant system. Improved grain quality and reduction in sterile grains, might be the result of better physiological mechanism of the plant which enhanced the pollen viability. Improved level of auxin also helps plant to uptake optimum amount of nutrients (Kurpea and Smalle, 2020 ). Similarly, boron has the ability to provide better growth to plant as it improves the physiological and biological processes of the plant (Shahid et al., 2018 ; García-Hernández and López, 2005 ). It was observed that rice crop improved the gasses exchange system to optimize the photosynthetic system in all cultivation system under NAA & B application while the effect was super most in well-watered condition. Previous studies also concluded that naphthalene acetic acid not only modulates plant gas exchange but also improves plant growth (Hao et al., 2011 ; Bauly et al., 2000 ). Likewise, Sarwar et al. ( 2019 ) emphasizes that NAA reduces panicle infertility which helps plant in proper grain development. Results revealed that crop grown under less water condition and without application of NAA & B reduced the crop yield while there was substantial increase recorded with application of pre-mentioned amendments. Overall, the application improved the crop physiological mechanism which enhanced the crop yield in term of 1000-grain weight. Positive effect was noted across all different cultivation systems while the flooded and AWD were found prominent. Observation suggest that application of NAA and B alleviate the high temperature stress at flowering stage by improving the contents of auxin and boron within plant and improve crop yield. The improved boron in plant system helped to get better growth, maximum yield and quality (Arif et al., 2012 ). Similarly, it’s also verified that application of NAA and boron, also found economical which most important parameter is for farmers especially in developing countries. In this local region, farmer adoption is greatly dependant on economics so experiment highlighted after recording all expenses and benefit that its economically sound way of cultivation. Conclusion NAA and boron application before flowering found a use full strategy to manage the abiotic stresses which improve the pollen viability and enhanced the healthy grains in different cultivation systems. Moreover, this application also improves the cooking quality of rice grain which is most desired character for its export and local consumption. Similarly, it was also proved economically sustained which may encourage farmer adoption. Declarations Competing Interest The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Funding: No funding was received for conducting this study Author contribution NS: conceptualized, designed the study and edited the draft, MN: conducted the experiment, conducted statistical analysis and prepared first draft, SA: final editing for approval References Alabadí D, Blázquez MA, Carbonell J, Ferrándiz C, Pérez-Amador MA (2009) Instructive roles for hormones in plant development. Int J Develop Biol 53(8): 1597. Arif M, Shehzad MA, Bashir F, Tasneem M, Yasin G, Iqbal M (2012) Boron and zinc microtone effects on growth, chlorophyll contens and yield attributes in rice. Afr J Biotech 11(48): 10851-10858. Aryan S, Gulab G, Kakar K, Habibi N, Amin MW, Sadat MI, Zahid T, Durani A, Baber BM, Safi Z, Zerak A (2023) Auxin application at the flowering stage of rice alleviates the negative impact of heat stress on spikelet fertility and yield attributes. Agri 13: 866. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4955618","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":349406829,"identity":"cf95e0a6-cb92-4275-82cc-e2a6be7198fc","order_by":0,"name":"Naeem Sarwar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJADxscQOgGIDxCnhdmYZC1s0kRpMWc/fPDRjT92+QbHzz6rLvhzmIGfPceAueAMbi2WPWnJxrltyZYbzqSb3Z7Bc5hBsueNAfOMG7i1GBzIMZPObWA2MDuQxnabR+Iwg8ENoC08H/BoOf/++++cP/UGZuefsRXzGBxmsCeo5UYOG3MO22EDsxtpbMw8CUBbJEBa8DnsxjNj6dy24wb2N54xS884kM4jceZZweEZeLxvcD754eecP9UGkv1pjJ8L/ljL8bcnb3xccAy3FgzAAyIOk6ABCphJ1zIKRsEoGAXDGAAAFFVR8OC984IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naeem","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarwar","suffix":""},{"id":349406830,"identity":"37929155-3311-457b-a454-c6df32fb02e6","order_by":1,"name":"Muhammad Naveed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"BZU: Bahauddin Zakariya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Naveed","suffix":""},{"id":349406831,"identity":"149d5bca-5d14-49a6-a19d-a2954993dbf1","order_by":2,"name":"Shakeel Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shakeel","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-22 06:31:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955618/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955618/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66056031,"identity":"124a8125-802d-4d72-9317-dcf6f79b2519","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-07 09:22:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eClimatic variation during experimentation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4955618/v1/3cb9a8f6f35084d4e2682299.png"},{"id":66057350,"identity":"d4e15abc-a7b8-44af-8714-853deea8e89c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-07 09:30:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003evariation in auxin and boron contents\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4955618/v1/afc0135368db513cb947cb97.png"},{"id":72341831,"identity":"8d27e073-7f94-4fcb-8204-ace83dafbe01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-25 19:09:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1282599,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4955618/v1/5f8b6346-01f8-46f0-b0e0-199ade6fc1e3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Combined application of Boron and Auxin improve the spikelet fertility, crop yield and grain quality in rice crop","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to shrinking water resources, farmers are adopting water saving techniques in crop production. Rice consumes lot of water for successful production which is also passing in water wise cultivation. Adequate amount of water can be saved in water saving techniques but with compromising of yield losses. Due to global warming, high temperature especially at flowering stage causing pollen mortality which is reducing crop yield and grain quality. This situation can be worse under deficient soil moisture along with elevated temperature. Earth temperature is continuously rising and will rise to 5-7\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC at the end of this century which can cause a great reduction in cereals especially rice crop (IPPC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Beena, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Rice is consumed majorly all over the world, its cultivated land area is about 162\u0026nbsp;million hectares which produces 765\u0026nbsp;million tons of rice annually (FAO, 2022). To ensure food security for rapidly growing world population, crop production should be increased 50% by 2050 (Van et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Abridged cereals may create the food security concern particularly in the developing countries like Pakistan (Sarwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Janni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice is very sensitive to abiotic stresses (Mujtaba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), so, any variation at its reproductive stage can affect its productivity (Neang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Rice crop reduced the yield when temperature go beyond 32℃ (Jagadish et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) as elevated temperature effect the pollen viability and penetration of pollen tube (Beena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Fu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). This may induce the sterile grains and reduced the percentage of filled grains to hamper overall grain quality (Najeeb et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuxin (Indole-3-acetic acid) is phytohormon produced naturally in plants which regulate the plant reproductive phase (Nagpal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). It\u0026rsquo;s reported that application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) improves the auxin level in the plants (Sarwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), which strengthen the leaf chlorophyll contents and other photosynthetic activities in the plants (Hossain, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It also plays a crucial role to optimize the physiological processes like leaf senescence, leaf \u0026amp; fruit abscission, as well as fruit setting and development of vascular tissues (Alabad\u0026iacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, NAA application improve the pollen viability as well as the defence mechanism of rice plant (Jagadish et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, NAA also improves the pollen viability, thereby enhancing the fertile grains which lead toward better crop yield and quality (Hussain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sajid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Bakhsh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNext to auxin, boron nutrient also has the very specific function in cell wall biosynthesis (Yuan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), pollen viability, grain filling and crop yield (Shahid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rehman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, B has critical role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, refining gas exchange to regulate photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in plants during stress conditions (Sarwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It has beneficial effects in heat stress conditions and the foliar application is the best agronomic strategy to mitigate the stress conditions and maintain optimum plant growth (Calder\u0026oacute;n-P\u0026aacute;ez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The application of boron assists rice plant during reproductive stage as it reduces panicle sterility and increases its fertility which produces higher economic yield (Rehman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Balanced plant nutrients and optimum level of growth regulators can manage the physiological mechanism of the plant under stressed environment. Plant produces defence compounds under worried environment which can also be regularized with proper management practices to make the defence stronger. As mentioned earlier that rice is very sensitive at reproductive stage and elevated temperature along with moisture stress can cause the productivity losses. So, the proper care at this stage with better nutrient management and to optimize the growth regulators can better the situation. We hypothesized that optimum application of boron and NAA in different rice cultivation systems may improve the crop productivity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eField experiment was conducted at agronomic research farm, department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (30.2705\u0026deg; N, 71.5024\u0026deg;E) in 2018 and 2019 during the kharif (summer) season. Climate data were recorded during kharif season (June-November) during 2018 and 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCrop husbandry\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiece of land was selected for the field experiment nearby water source to irrigate properly. Land was prepared to get the better tilth by using the tillage implements: rotavator, cultivator and planker. All residues of previous wheat crop were mixed into the soil and levelled. Soil sampling was done afterward to get the organic matter status and nutritional profile of the soil. Widely grown super basmati seed of fine rice cultivar was purchased from the rice research station kala shah kaku, Lahore. Seed was soaked with water and covered for 48 hours to make it moist. Sprouted seed was used for the nursery sowing. Nursery soil was prepared by using the local method. Firstly, ploughing was done with cultivator and Farm yard manure was mixed in the nursery soil. Prepared field was irrigated and sprouted seed was spreaded in the field. Field was also protected from the birds picking by adopting appropriate local strategies. Rice nursery was irrigated properly as per need by visual observations. Nursery was also provided with recommended NPK and protected from the pest to get the vigorous seedlings. Rice nursery (30 DAS) was transplanted in the main field and irrigation was managed as per treatment plan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were three rice cultivation systems (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Aerobic (Direct seeded), S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: Alternate wetting and drying (Transplanting), S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: Flooded (Transplanting). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement was used for this field experiment. In aerobic cultivation (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) crop was was sown by direct seeded rice (DSR) technique in the 1st week of June of both years (2018, 2019). For transplanted rice i.e. (Alternative wetting and drying (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and Flooded (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), nursery was transplanted on the same day of aerobic rice. Foliar application of boron and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was done according to the treatment plan i.e. T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e: Control, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Boron (0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA (40 \u0026micro;mol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: Boron\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NAA (50, 50%) before flowering. Other than treatments, crop was fertilizer with macro nutrients NPK (140-80-60 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) in the form of Urea, DAP and SOP. All phosphorus and potassium were applied during the sowing of crop while N was applied in three splits, i.e. sowing, tillering and reproductive stage. In flooded system, crop was irrigated continuously to maintain the water at standing condition while in alternate wetting and drying, irrigation water was applied to make the soil moist. Crop was also protected from the expected insect pest. Weeds were managed following the manual weeding while the insects and diseases were controlled by pesticide. Crop was visited and Carbofuran 25 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was used to control the rice borers at its economic thresh hold level (ETL). Similarly, appropriate insecticide and fungicide was also used to control the leaf folder and blight. After physiological maturity, irrigation water was stopped to make soil dry for harvesting practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGases exchange parameters which included photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration data of both years (2018, 2019) were collected by the methods used by Dhivyapriya et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). At maturity all plants of respective treatments were harvested and data regarding yield were calculated. Plant height at maturity of each treatment was measured by using measuring tape. Thousand grains were counted and weighed on weight balance to determine 1000 grain weight. All samples from each treatment plot were weighed and noted for biological yield (BY) per pot which was converted to BY per hectare numerically. Similarly all grains were weighed manually and converted to grain yield (GY). Furthermore, harvest index was determined by following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{H}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\:\\text{I}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{x}=\\frac{\\text{G}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\:\\text{y}\\text{i}\\text{e}\\text{l}\\text{d}}{\\text{B}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{o}\\text{g}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{Y}\\text{i}\\text{e}\\text{l}\\text{d}}\\:\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrain quality parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome panicles were selected from the main plant in each treatment, separated and tagged for grain quality parameters. Common lamp was used as light source to count the normal kernel, sterile kernel, abortive kernel etc. all filled grains were considered as normal kernel while the unfilled grains were considered as sterile. To determine protein contents method of Bradford, 1976 was used. To determine amylose contents the method of Juliano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e was used. For this spectrophotometer intensity of blue light was studied at 620 nm wavelength. Moreover, the grain length, breadth and grain thickness was measured using vernier caliper. After cooking, grain elongation ratio (ER) was calculated as follows:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{E}\\text{R}=\\frac{\\text{A}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{g}\\text{e}\\:\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{g}\\text{t}\\text{h}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{o}\\text{k}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{k}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{l}}{\\text{A}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{g}\\text{e}\\:\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{g}\\text{t}\\text{h}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{o}\\text{k}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{k}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{l}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntioxidants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidants activities were noted by the methods suggested by Wu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) which are described as follows. Catalase (CAT) was noted by Hu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) procedure. 3.0 ml mixture was formed by 50mM phosphate buffer, enzyme extract and 15Mm H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The activity of CAT was determined at 240nm. Superoxidase dismutase (SOD) was determined by Stewart and Bewly (1980). Mixture prepared 3.0 ml which included 50mM phosphate buffer, 13mM methionine, 0.1 \u0026micro;M EDTA, 75\u0026micro;M NBT, enzyme extract and 2\u0026micro;M riboflavin which was further proceeded for 15 min and illuminated with 20 W florescent tubes and reading was taken at 560nm wavelength. Peroxidase (POD) activity was noted by Shi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). A mixture of 3.0 ml was prepared by using 100\u0026micro;l guaiacol (1.5%) v/v, 100\u0026micro;l enzyme extract, 100 \u0026micro;l H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 2 mM EDTA, 2.7 ml potassium sulphate buffer. The mixture then undergone through process and absorbance was noted at 470nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuxin contents were determined by using the method described by Hu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). For this 0.5 g fresh plant tissue was taken and homogenized in 50 ml of methanol/water (80/20, v/v) which contain 0.01 butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and blended in a high speed blender. After that the solution was placed in -20 ℃ in refrigerator for 1 day then centrifuged to collect supernatant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData regarding all parameters were statistically analysed by fisher\u0026rsquo;s analysis of variance by using statistix software whereas the significance of the treatments was determined by least significance difference (LSD) test at 5% probability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of physiological parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental results revealed that NAA and B application improved the crop performance under sole application as well as its combined application in comparison with missing treatment. All cultivation systems responded positively to these amendments and exhibited its response as T3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;T2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;T1 under combined application. Flooded cultivation system (T3) provided exuberant response and intensified the photosynthetic rate (45.48, 56.26%), stomatal conductance (30.57, 34.80%), transpiration rate (52.04, 55.96%) and internal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conc. (22.27, 22.18%) during both the years (2018, 2019) in comparison with control treatment i.e S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (aerobic cultivation with missing NAA \u0026amp; B). Similarly combined application (T3) elevated the photosynthetic rate (43.37, 54.73%), stomatal conductance (25.04, 31.79%), transpiration rate (47.07, 47.57%) and internal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conc. (19.56, 19.75%) in AWD cultivation systems (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in both years (2018, 2019) as compared to control. Morover, this treatment combination also improved photosynthetic rate (36.84, 48.75%), stomatal conductance (18.26, 22.04%), transpiration rate (31.40, 25.24%) and internal CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conc. (13.46, 15.18%) even in aerobic cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) during both the years (2018, 2019). While the physiological performance of the crop was found inferior in all missing treatment and recorded lowest under aerobic rice cultivation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGases exchange as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotosynthetic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (\u0026micro;mol CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStomatal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductance (\u0026micro;mol CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranspiration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (mmol H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal CO2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;mol CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotosynthetic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (\u0026micro;mol CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStomatal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductance (\u0026micro;mol CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranspiration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (mmol H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal CO2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;mol CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.35h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.61i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.33k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281.66k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.16i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284.36i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.55f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.57hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317.33hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.16f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.34g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324.62fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.87e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.46fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320.75gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.57e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.47f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.75efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330.15ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.39de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.06fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325.49fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.44d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.02efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335.26de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.65g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309.16j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.46h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.55hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314.35h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.38de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.82ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332.16ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.52d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.83e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.94def\u003c/p\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.68cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347.52bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.47ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.52b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350.16b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.12ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.99b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e354.36b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.32f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.98ij\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.45ij\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.29g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.45ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320.74gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.35cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336.26de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.16cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.49cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342.42cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.95bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345.44bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.10b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.34bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.36c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351.36b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.00a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.54a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362.36a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.52a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.80a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365.44a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Aerobic Rice, S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Flooded (Transplanted), T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Control, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Boron (0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;NAA (40 \u0026micro;mol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NAA (50%, 50%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYield parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop yield traits certainly enhanced by the cultivation systems and further refined by application of NAA and Boron during both the growing seasons (2018, 2019). NAA and B application improved the rice crop productivity in all cultivation systems, both in sole as well as under combined application. Results comparison exhibited that treatment T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e produced 53.40, 52.59% heavier grains, increased 34.91, 34.64% grain yield, 27.19, 25.69% biological yield and presented 38.54, 38.81% harvest index, respectively in 2018, 2019 as compared to S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e when grown in flooded cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). Likewise, similarly application contributed 47.84, 46.93% heavier grains, 32.72, 32.16% increased grain yield, created 25.32, 24.18% biological yield and provided 38.34, 38.14% harvest index comparing with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e when crop grown in alternative wetting and drying (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) cultivation system. In addition, the T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e application produced 31.58, 30.77% heavier grains, 17.60, 16.60% grain yield and 13.12, 11.60% biological yield while provided 36.32, 36.17% harvest when crop grown in aerobic cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) during both the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield attributes as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000-Grain weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological Yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarvest Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000-Grain weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological Yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarvest Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.44\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.62g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.77h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.46\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.55\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.69h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.12\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.52de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.94g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.34efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.55fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.12de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.51def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.83de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.34f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.70ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.82ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.52f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.80g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.43g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.95h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.36d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.84e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.36de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.97e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.53c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.03cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.08c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.62d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.21c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.26b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.45b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.59ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.28a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.86e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.25fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.62fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.40g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.11c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.48d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.52c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.67d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.51b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.64b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.32bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.35b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.79b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.52a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.76a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.54a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.21a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.84a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.63a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Aerobic Rice, S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Alternative Wetting and drying (Transplanted), S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Flooded (Transplanted), T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Control, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Boron (0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;NAA (40 \u0026micro;mol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NAA (50%, 50%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant variation was recorded for quality grains in different cultivation systems and with NAA \u0026amp; B application. Crop improved the filled grains and reduced the undesirable grains with NAA \u0026amp; B application in all cultivation systems. Comparison of values represented that combined application (NAA \u0026amp; B) T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e resulted in supreme me performance and produced 31.58, 31.82% higher normal kernel in both years (2018, 2019) in crop grown under flooded condition (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) as compared with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e combination found in aerobic rice along with missing amendments. Likewise, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e yielded 27.35, 27.31% higher normal kernels in AWD (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) during 2018 and 2019 in comparison with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e. Additionally, the application T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e made 13.23, 15.30% higher normal kernels under aerobic conditions (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) comparing with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e. Similarly, the treatments which provided higher normal kernels significantly reduced sterile kernels. So, application of T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e provided 33.61, 34.20% less sterile kernels in flooded cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) as compared to S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e. Likewise, this treatment reduced 23.62, 23.98% sterile kernels in AWD (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and 16.23, 20.85% sterile kernels in aerobic cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), respectively during 2018 and 2019. As far as protein contents are concerned, higher protein contents supplied by T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e which were 7.03, 7.00%, in flooded, 6.29, 6.21% in AWD and 4.88, 4.86% in aerobic cultivation system during 2018 and 2019 comparing with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e however, there effect was non-significant. Furthermore, the amylose contents significantly reduced due to application of T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e to improve kernel quality. The application T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e provided 10.75, 10.61% in flooded cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), 9.41, 9.19% in AWD (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and aerobic cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) offered only 6.44, 6.87% reduced amylose contents in both the years (2018, 2019) comparing with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e which gave substandard rice kernel (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality parameters as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Kernel\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSterile Kernel\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmylose Contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Kernel\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSterile Kernel\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmylose Contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.66g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.61a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.62a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.35h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.59a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.76\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.51a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.33def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.11cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.62ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.91cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.11de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.95de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.60de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.79cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.15d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.84de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.53d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.62de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.42fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.77b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.55b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.77g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.34b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.53c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.89ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.67ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.52c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.70de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.30efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.62b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.36gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.26c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.15fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.62b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.34g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.02i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.53b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.98gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.51ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.51bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.33bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.26fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.05bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.22c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.52fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.21c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.51def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.36b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.13hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.62b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.06g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.36a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.38h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.65j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.65a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.59h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Aerobic Rice, S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Flooded (Transplanted), T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Control, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Boron (0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;NAA (40 \u0026micro;mol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NAA (50%, 50%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrain cooking quality parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoliar application of NAA and Boron provided remarkable results to uplift rice cooking quality. Results revealed that T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e produced 9.82, 9.68% longer grains, improved 30.51, 29.81% grain breadth and 23.74, 23.94% grain thickness in flooded cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) during both the consecutive years i.e. 2018, 2019 when we compare it with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e. Similarly this application i.e. T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e also improved 8.63, 8.60% grain length, 27.70, 26.14% grain breadth and 21.48, 20.58% grain thickness in AWD (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in 2018 and 2019. Moreover, in aerobic this application (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) only enhanced 4.31, 4.16% grain length, 23.57, 19.85% grain breadth and 11.66, 11.47% grain thickness comparing with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e during growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Moreover, the grain elongation ratio remained non-significant however T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e produced 15.02, 11.05% in S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 12.29, 13.77% in S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 4.02, 3.97% in S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e more grain elongation ratio than S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e during 2018 and 2019 respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain cooking quality parameters as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Length\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Breadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Thickness (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Length\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Breadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain Thickness (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.88h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.90i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003csup\u003eN.S\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.91gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29hi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.39d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.49b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.63a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.64a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Aerobic Rice, S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Flooded (Transplanted), T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Control, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Boron (0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;NAA (40 \u0026micro;mol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NAA (50%, 50%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBoron and Auxin analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of samples disclosed that all treatments were responsive to boron application. The treatments where boron was applied depicted more boron contents in respective cultivation systems. Results further indicated that T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e produced 20.41, 23.01% more boron contents during 2018 and 2019 in flooded conditions (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) while comparing with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e. Likewise this T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e revealed 17.48, 20.76% higher boron contents in both the years (2018, 2019) in the crop grown in AWD (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) as compared to S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e. Furthermore the T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e application depicted 16.19, 19.82% more boron contents than S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e in respective years (2018, 2019) in aerobic cultivation system. The results revealed that application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) proved helpful to increase auxin levels in all cultivation systems. It was evident that T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e supplied 67.17, 58.45% higher auxin contents in S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Flooded cultivation system) S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e during both studied years (2018, 2019). Similarly T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e also raised 62.65, 53.12% more auxin contents than S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e in alternative wetting and drying (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in consecutive years i.e. 2018 and 2019. Additionally in aerobic cultivation system (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) the T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e application amplified 55.50, 44.39% auxin contents in comparison with S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e during 2018 and 2019 respectively (Fig-2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEconomic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll expenses involved in crop cultivation were noted and were compared with the final income. Detailed analysis revealed that maximum benefit-cost ratio was obtained from S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2.58, 2.87) followed by S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2.49, 2.72), respectively whereas lowest values were recorded in S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (1.76, 1.94) treatment combination during both the years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). It was noted that combined application of B \u0026amp; NAA improved the income in all cultivation systems but this effect was amplified in flooded condition which recorded highest benefit as compared with other combinations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic analysis affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross income\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Return\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross income\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Return\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rs ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136813\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e363000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e346620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Aerobic Rice, S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Alternative Wetting and drying (Transplanted), S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Flooded (Transplanted), T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Control, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Boron (0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;NAA (40 \u0026micro;mol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NAA (50%, 50%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis two-year study showed that that NAA and B application improved the rice physiological mechanism which in turn resulted as better crop productivity in term of yield and quality. Climate is very uncertain in these days which has its typical impact on crop production every year. Reproductive stage is very crucial in all crops which should be managed properly for better crop yield. Pakistan is drastically affecting with climate change, as every year farmer losses the crop yields due to uncertain rainfall, sudden temperature rise, hail storming etc. rice is also very sensitive to temperature especially at reproductive or grain formation stage. Due to changing rainfall pattern and uneconomical performance of cotton crop, farmers are preferring rice crop in southern Punjab although have high temperature. It\u0026rsquo;s under observation that every year rice crop faced high temperature at its reproductive which causes fertilization and increased sterility. Heat stress at flowering induces spikelet sterility by inhibiting pollen tube germination and pollen tube elongation (Aryan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sinder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the sporogenesis process is affected which resulted in spikelet sterility (Parish et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Its reported that exogenous application of auxin and Boron improve the sporogenesis process and pollen viability is rice crop (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rehman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In this study it was found that both boron and NAA application improve the normal kernels and reduced the sterile grains. Similarly, grains produced with application of NAA and B also resulted in better cooking quality which is important character for larger export. As mentioned earlier that growing conditions are key factor to acquire best quality grains so flooding conditions and AWD were equally good regarding cooking quality which is also amplified by the addition of boron and naphthalene acetic acid into plant system. Improved grain quality and reduction in sterile grains, might be the result of better physiological mechanism of the plant which enhanced the pollen viability. Improved level of auxin also helps plant to uptake optimum amount of nutrients (Kurpea and Smalle, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, boron has the ability to provide better growth to plant as it improves the physiological and biological processes of the plant (Shahid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Garc\u0026iacute;a-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez and L\u0026oacute;pez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). It was observed that rice crop improved the gasses exchange system to optimize the photosynthetic system in all cultivation system under NAA \u0026amp; B application while the effect was super most in well-watered condition. Previous studies also concluded that naphthalene acetic acid not only modulates plant gas exchange but also improves plant growth (Hao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Bauly et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, Sarwar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) emphasizes that NAA reduces panicle infertility which helps plant in proper grain development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults revealed that crop grown under less water condition and without application of NAA \u0026amp; B reduced the crop yield while there was substantial increase recorded with application of pre-mentioned amendments. Overall, the application improved the crop physiological mechanism which enhanced the crop yield in term of 1000-grain weight. Positive effect was noted across all different cultivation systems while the flooded and AWD were found prominent. Observation suggest that application of NAA and B alleviate the high temperature stress at flowering stage by improving the contents of auxin and boron within plant and improve crop yield. The improved boron in plant system helped to get better growth, maximum yield and quality (Arif et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, it\u0026rsquo;s also verified that application of NAA and boron, also found economical which most important parameter is for farmers especially in developing countries. In this local region, farmer adoption is greatly dependant on economics so experiment highlighted after recording all expenses and benefit that its economically sound way of cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNAA and boron application before flowering found a use full strategy to manage the abiotic stresses which improve the pollen viability and enhanced the healthy grains in different cultivation systems. Moreover, this application also improves the cooking quality of rice grain which is most desired character for its export and local consumption. Similarly, it was also proved economically sustained which may encourage farmer adoption.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for conducting this study\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS: conceptualized, designed the study and edited the draft, MN: conducted the experiment, conducted statistical analysis and prepared first draft, SA: final editing for approval\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlabad\u0026iacute; D, Bl\u0026aacute;zquez MA, Carbonell J, Ferr\u0026aacute;ndiz C, P\u0026eacute;rez-Amador MA (2009) Instructive roles for hormones in plant development. 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Intl J Mol Sci 23:1993. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMujtaba A, Nabi G, Masood M, Iqbal M, Asfahan HM, Sultan M, Majeed F, Hensel O, Nasairahmdi A (2022) Impact of cropping pattern and climatic parameters in lower Chenab canal system-a case study from Punjab Pakistan. Agri 12:708.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMukamuhirwa A, Persson H, Bolinsson H, Ortiz R, Nyamangyoku O, Johansson E (2019) Concurrent drought and temperature stress in rice: A possible result of the predicted climate change: Effects on yield attributes, eating characteristics, and health promoting compounds. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(6): 1043.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNagpal P, Christine ME, Weber H, Ploense SE, Barkwal LS, Guilfoyle TJ, Hagen G, Alonoso JM, Cohen JD, Farmer EE, Ecker JR, Reed JW (2005) Auxin response factors ARF6 and ARF8 promote jasomonic acid production and flower maturation. 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Plant Physiol 65: 245\u0026ndash;248.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan DM, Morley T, Rau ML, Saghai Y (2021) Systematic review and meta-analysis of global food security projections to 2050. Res Square 1-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu M, Wang P, Sun L, Zhang J, Yu J, Wang Y, Chen G (2014) Alleviation of cadmium toxicity by cerium in rice seedling is related to improved photosynthesis, elevated antioxidant enzymes and decreased oxidative stress. Plant Growth Regul 74: 251-260.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYuan S, Stuart AM, Laborte AG, Edreira JIRE, Doberman A, Kien LVN, Th\u0026uacute;y LT (2022) Southeast Asia must narrow down the yield gap to continue a major rice bowl. Naure Food 3: 217-226.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fine rice, Auxin, Boron, cultivation system, sterility, grain quality","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955618/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955618/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePurpose: Climate fluctuations have produced uncertain situation for the farmers as many crops facing abiotic stresses at various stages which decreases the crop productivity. Rice crop is very sensitive at reproductive stage and can produce unfilled grains when faced elevated temperature. We hypothized that optimum level of growth regulators and boron nutrition may enhance the pollen strength which may improve fertilization and filled grains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethod: Two-year field experiment was designed to see the impact of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and boron (B) fertilization to boost the auxin along with pollen viability for better crop productivity. Fine rice genotype was grown under three cultivation systems i.e. S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (Aerobic), S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Alternative wetting and drying) and S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Flooding). Moreover, at flowering stage foliar application of B and NAA was done as follows T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (Control), T\u003csub\u003e1 \u003c/sub\u003e(Boron 0.1%), T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (NAA 40 \u003cstrong\u003eμ\u003c/strong\u003emol\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (B + NAA).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: Results revealed that combined application of NAA and B improved the plant auxin level along with boron contents which improved the sporogenesis process and enhanced the speikelet fertility. Improved physiological parameters were noticed in S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Flooded cultivation system) with T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (B + NAA) application (S\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) which lead toward higher thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Moreover, it improved the rice grain quality which was also maintained after cooking.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion: Therefore, foliar application of NAA and boron at reproductive stage would be a useful strategy for improving rice growth, morpho-physiological and yield attributes in various cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Combined application of Boron and Auxin improve the spikelet fertility, crop yield and grain quality in rice crop","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-07 09:22:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4955618/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"94e801fa-03c2-4079-9fd7-b221a8985720","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-25T19:01:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-07 09:22:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4955618","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4955618","identity":"rs-4955618","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}