Dieulafoy's disease of the bronchus: rare but potentially fatal

Background: Dieulafoy’s disease of the bronchus can cause massive and even fatal hemoptysis. Even though it is rare, it should be considered by physicians all over the world, as several cases are reported by literature. Methods: and results: We report the case of a 41-year-old man, so far in good health, presenting with massive hemoptysis. Bronchoscopy showed blood clots and a protruding lesion covered by mucosa with a white pointed cap at the entrance of the right upper lobe. Biopsies were not attempted. Embolization of bronchial artery was first realized and was not successful, with post procedure complications. Surgical intervention stopped the bleeding and pathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed Dieulafoy’s disease of the bronchus. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case of bronchial Dieulafoy’s disease to be reported in Tunisia and North Africa. When the diagnosis is suspected, bronchoscopy biopsy should be avoided as it might lead to fatal hemorrhage. Selective bronchial artery embolization can stop the bleeding, but surgery can be required.