Advancing Infrastructure Resilience: Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Bridges’ Rating Factors under Autonomous Truck Platoons

The operational characteristics of freight shipment will significantly change after the imple- mentation of Autonomous and Connected Trucks (ACT). This change will have a significant impact on freight mobility, transportation safety, and the sustainability of infrastructure. Truck platooning is an emerging truck configuration that is expected to become operational in the future due to the rapid advancements in connected vehicle technology and autonomous driving assistance. The platooning configuration enables trucks to be connected with them- selves and the surrounding infrastructure. This arrangement has shown to be a promising solution to improve the vehicles’ fuel efficiency, reduce carbon dioxide emission, reduce traf- fic congestion, and improve transportation service. However, platooning may accelerate the damage accumulation of pavement and bridge structures due to the formation of multiple load axles within each platoon since those structures were not designed for such loads. Ac- cording to AASHTO, bridges are designed based on a notional live load model comprised of one or two trucks per lane in conjunction with or separate from an applied uniform load (AASHTO, LRFD 2022). This damage, if accumulated, its repair would require billions of dollars from the government and would impede the movement of both people and goods. The potential damage to infrastructure may arise due to various factors such as the number of trucks in a platoon, gap spacing between trucks, and the type of trucks. This research work includes a thorough parametric study with 295,200 computer simulations using SAP 2000. The goal was to evaluate the effect of different truck platooning configurations on the load rating of existing bridges. The obtained results served as the dataset for training various machine learning models, including Random Tree, Random Forest, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Regression (SVR), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Extreme Gra- dient Boosting (XGBoost). Results showed that Random Forest model performed the best, with the lowest prediction errors. The proposed machine learning model has shown its ef- fectiveness in identifying optimal platooning configurations for bridge structures within the scope of the study.