Cross-family transfer of the Arabidopsis cell-surface immune receptor LORE to tomato confers sensing of 3-hydroxylated fatty acids and enhanced disease resistance

Cross-family transfer of the Arabidopsis cell-surface immune receptor LORE to tomato confers sensing of 3-hydroxylated fatty acids and enhanced disease resistance | bioRxiv /* */ /* */ <!-- <!-- /*! * yepnope1.5.4 * (c) WTFPL, GPLv2 */ (function(a,b,c){function d(a){return"[object Function]"==o.call(a)}function e(a){return"string"==typeof a}function f(){}function g(a){return!a||"loaded"==a||"complete"==a||"uninitialized"==a}function h(){var a=p.shift();q=1,a?a.t?m(function(){("c"==a.t?B.injectCss:B.injectJs)(a.s,0,a.a,a.x,a.e,1)},0):(a(),h()):q=0}function i(a,c,d,e,f,i,j){function k(b){if(!o&&g(l.readyState)&&(u.r=o=1,!q&&h(),l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=null,b)){"img"!=a&&m(function(){t.removeChild(l)},50);for(var d in y[c])y[c].hasOwnProperty(d)&&y[c][d].onload()}}var j=j||B.errorTimeout,l=b.createElement(a),o=0,r=0,u={t:d,s:c,e:f,a:i,x:j};1===y[c]&&(r=1,y[c]=[]),"object"==a?l.data=c:(l.src=c,l.type=a),l.width=l.height="0",l.onerror=l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=function(){k.call(this,r)},p.splice(e,0,u),"img"!=a&&(r||2===y[c]?(t.insertBefore(l,s?null:n),m(k,j)):y[c].push(l))}function j(a,b,c,d,f){return q=0,b=b||"j",e(a)?i("c"==b?v:u,a,b,this.i++,c,d,f):(p.splice(this.i++,0,a),1==p.length&&h()),this}function k(){var a=B;return a.loader={load:j,i:0},a}var l=b.documentElement,m=a.setTimeout,n=b.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o={}.toString,p=[],q=0,r="MozAppearance"in l.style,s=r&&!!b.createRange().compareNode,t=s?l:n.parentNode,l=a.opera&&"[object Opera]"==o.call(a.opera),l=!!b.attachEvent&&!l,u=r?"object":l?"script":"img",v=l?"script":u,w=Array.isArray||function(a){return"[object Array]"==o.call(a)},x=[],y={},z={timeout:function(a,b){return b.length&&(a.timeout=b[0]),a}},A,B;B=function(a){function b(a){var a=a.split("!"),b=x.length,c=a.pop(),d=a.length,c={url:c,origUrl:c,prefixes:a},e,f,g;for(f=0;f<d;f++)g=a[f].split("="),(e=z[g.shift()])&&(c=e(c,g));for(f=0;f<b;f++)c=x[f](c);return c}function g(a,e,f,g,h){var i=b(a),j=i.autoCallback;i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift(),i.bypass||(e&&(e=d(e)?e:e[a]||e[g]||e[a.split("/").pop().split("?")[0]]),i.instead?i.instead(a,e,f,g,h):(y[i.url]?i.noexec=!0:y[i.url]=1,f.load(i.url,i.forceCSS||!i.forceJS&&"css"==i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift()?"c":c,i.noexec,i.attrs,i.timeout),(d(e)||d(j))&&f.load(function(){k(),e&&e(i.origUrl,h,g),j&&j(i.origUrl,h,g),y[i.url]=2})))}function h(a,b){function c(a,c){if(a){if(e(a))c||(j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}),g(a,j,b,0,h);else if(Object(a)===a)for(n in m=function(){var b=0,c;for(c in a)a.hasOwnProperty(c)&&b++;return b}(),a)a.hasOwnProperty(n)&&(!c&&!--m&&(d(j)?j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}:j[n]=function(a){return function(){var b=[].slice.call(arguments);a&&a.apply(this,b),l()}}(k[n])),g(a[n],j,b,n,h))}else!c&&l()}var h=!!a.test,i=a.load||a.both,j=a.callback||f,k=j,l=a.complete||f,m,n;c(h?a.yep:a.nope,!!i),i&&c(i)}var i,j,l=this.yepnope.loader;if(e(a))g(a,0,l,0);else if(w(a))for(i=0;i (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type='text/javascript';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M677548'); Skip to main content Home About Submit ALERTS / RSS Search for this keyword Advanced Search New Results Cross-family transfer of the Arabidopsis cell-surface immune receptor LORE to tomato confers sensing of 3-hydroxylated fatty acids and enhanced disease resistance View ORCID Profile Sabine Eschrig , View ORCID Profile Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon , Carlos Agius , Andrea Holzer , View ORCID Profile Ralph Hückelhoven , View ORCID Profile Claus Schwechheimer , View ORCID Profile Stefanie Ranf doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.19.590144 Sabine Eschrig 1 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Phytopathology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Sabine Eschrig Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon 1 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Phytopathology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany † Current affiliation: Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group , Wageningen, The Netherlands Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon Carlos Agius 2 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Plant Systems Biology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Andrea Holzer 2 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Plant Systems Biology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Ralph Hückelhoven 1 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Phytopathology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Ralph Hückelhoven Claus Schwechheimer 2 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Plant Systems Biology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Claus Schwechheimer Stefanie Ranf 1 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences , Chair of Phytopathology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany 3 University of Fribourg, Department of Biology , Fribourg, Switzerland Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Stefanie Ranf For correspondence: stefanie.ranf{at}tum.de Abstract Full Text Info/History Metrics Supplementary material Preview PDF ABSTRACT Plant pathogens pose a high risk of yield losses and threaten food security. Technological and scientific advances have improved our understanding of the molecular processes underlying host-pathogen interactions, which paves the way for new strategies in crop disease management beyond the limits of conventional breeding. Cross-family transfer of immune receptor genes is one such strategy that takes advantage of common plant immune signaling pathways to improve disease resistance in crops. Sensing of microbe- or host damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) by plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRR) activates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and restricts the spread of a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host plant. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , the S-domain receptor-like kinase LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION ( At LORE, SD1-29) functions as PRR, which senses medium chain-length 3-hydroxylated fatty acids (mc-3-OH-FAs), such as 3-OH-C10:0, and 3-hydroxyalkanoates (HAAs) of microbial origin to activate PTI. In this study, we show that ectopic expression of the Brassicaceae-specific PRR At LORE in the solanaceous crop species Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82 leads to the gain of 3-OH-C10:0 immune sensing without altering plant development. AtLORE -transgenic tomato shows enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Alternaria solani NL03003. Applying 3-OH-C10:0 to the soil before infection induces resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans Pi100 and further enhances resistance to A. solani NL03003. Our study proposes a potential application of AtLORE -transgenic crop plants and mc-3-OH-FAs as resistance-inducing bio-stimulants in disease management. INTRODUCTION Since the early days of agriculture, plant diseases have affected food production and security for humankind. Despite substantial advances in agricultural practices, global crop production still suffers significant economic losses due to plant diseases, with the highest losses in parts of the world where food security is already at risk ( Oerke, 2005 ; Savary et al ., 2019 ). Historic disease outbreaks illustrate the extent of devastation plant pathogens can cause ( van Esse et al ., 2020 ). The Irish potato famine caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans ( Yoshida et al ., 2013 ) or the great Bengal famine caused by the fungal Brown spot disease of rice ( Padmanabhan, 1973 ; Surendhar et al ., 2021 ) claimed millions of lives and led to mass emigrations. Fungal Fusarium wilt disease almost wiped out banana cultivation ( Pegg et al ., 2019 ), while the papaya industry in Hawaii was massively threatened by infection with the ringspot virus ( Gonsalves, 1998 ). Tomato is one of the most important and widely consumed vegetable crops worldwide and is susceptible to several plant pathogens ( Anders et al ., 2021 ; Panno et al ., 2021 ; Bozbuga et al ., 2022 ). Bacterial diseases affecting tomato cultivation include bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato ( Pst ), bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas species or bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum ( Wang et al ., 2018 ; Panno et al ., 2021 ). The oomycete Phytophthora infestans (late blight) and the fungus Alternaria solani (early blight) are widespread in tomato cultivation and contribute to significant yield losses if not controlled ( Adhikari et al ., 2017 ; Mazumdar et al ., 2021 ). The basis for the effective and sustainable control of plant diseases today and in the future is a detailed molecular understanding of the interactions between plants and pathogens. The last 30 years have seen immense advances in research investigating the plant immune system ( Ngou et al ., 2022 ). Plants evolved an effective, genetically determined immune system consisting of preformed barriers and induced defense mechanisms ( Dangl & Jones, 2001 ; Jones & Dangl, 2006 ; Ngou et al ., 2022 ). Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is based on the recognition of conserved microbe-or damage-associated epitopes and phytocytokines by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ( Ngou et al ., 2022 ). PRR activation induces a broad-spectrum defense response via transcriptional, metabolic and hormonal reprogramming, both locally at the site of infection and systemically in distal tissues ( Tsuda & Somssich, 2015 ; Vlot et al ., 2021 ; Ngou et al ., 2022 ). Adapted pathogens secrete effector molecules into their hosts to manipulate PTI and host physiology to their advantage. Detection of these microbial manipulations by plant resistance (R) proteins activates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) ( Ngou et al ., 2022 ). PTI and ETI are strongly intertwined and cooperatively contribute to disease resistance ( Ngou et al ., 2021 ; Yuan et al ., 2021b ). The central role of PTI is underscored by the fact that PTI is essential for a full ETI response, which is accomplished largely through the potentiation of PTI ( Ngou et al ., 2021 ; Tian et al ., 2021 ; Yuan et al ., 2021b ). Basic molecular research in the field of plant immunity improves our understanding of the complex interaction between plants and pathogens and paves the way for new strategies to combat crop diseases. Effective crop protection combines cultural, chemical, biological and genetic control methods ( Sharma et al ., 2022 ). While chemical control has become more challenging due to increasing pathogen resistance to pesticides and the rise of concerns regarding their potential toxicity, environmental impact and human health risks, genetic crop protection offers a more environmentally friendly and less labor and cost-intensive strategy ( Dangl et al ., 2013 ; Isman, 2019 ; van Esse et al ., 2020 ). Historically, genetic host resistance has been achieved by the identification of new quantitative trait loci (QTL) for basal resistance or R genes in the gene pools of wild relatives and their introgression into elite crop cultivars. However, lack of sexual compatibility, long generation times, and difficult introgression into polyploid species limit the breeding processes ( Dangl et al ., 2013 ). Moreover, since race-specific R genes drive the adaptation of pathogen populations to overcome resistance, R gene-based breeding strategies often lead to short-lived resistance in the field ( Dangl et al ., 2013 ; Huang & Zimmerli, 2014 ). Besides advanced marker-assisted resistance breeding, genome editing and transgenic approaches became a newly emerging field in genetic crop protection ( Pickett, 2016 ; Wang et al ., 2019 ). They can effectively enhance disease resistance by the addition or modulation of defense components and have shorter development times compared to conventional breeding techniques ( Gurr & Rushton, 2005 ; van Esse et al ., 2020 ; Sharma et al ., 2022 ). Although the application of genetically modified organisms is subject to strict legal regulations and public acceptance across the globe varies and can be locally low, proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the efficacy of such genetic approaches and their relevance for future crop protection measures ( Pickett, 2016 ; Wang et al ., 2019 ; Anders et al ., 2021 ; Bubolz et al ., 2022 ). For instance, genome editing of the resistance gene mlo in tomato provided resistance to powdery mildew ( Nekrasov et al ., 2017 ). Transgenic ‘Rainbow’ papaya is a commercially available ringspot virus-resistant variety overexpressing a viral coat protein, which saved the papaya industry in Hawaii in the late 1990s ( Fitch et al ., 1992 ; Ferreira et al ., 2002 ). Inter-species transfer of the resistance gene Bs2 from pepper to tomato improved resistance against bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp. ( Horvath et al ., 2012 ). As PTI is critical for plant health ( Yuan et al ., 2021b ) and recognized elicitors are considered less likely to adopt mutations to evade PRR recognition ( Huang & Zimmerli, 2014 ), PTI-based crop engineering is a great alternative to R gene transfer and may lead to broad-spectrum and, hence, more durable resistance. PRRs are attractive targets for genetic resistance engineering, as they can be transferred into host plants to expand their receptor repertoire ( Huang & Zimmerli, 2014 ; Ranf, 2018 ). The great potential of cross-family PRR transfer was first demonstrated by the integration of the Brassicaceae-specific PRR EF-Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) from Arabidopsis thaliana into Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato, conferring increased disease resistance against various bacterial pathogens ( Lacombe et al ., 2010 ). At EFR was later integrated into rice, wheat, potato, orange and apple ( Lacombe et al ., 2010 ; Lu et al ., 2015 ; Schoonbeek et al ., 2015 ; Schwessinger et al ., 2015 ; Boschi et al ., 2017 ; Mitre et al ., 2021 ; Piazza et al ., 2021 ). The effectiveness of At EFR-transgenic tomato against bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans was confirmed in field trials in the US ( Kunwar et al ., 2018 ). Another example is the transfer of the rice immune receptor kinase Xa21 to orange, tomato and banana to enhance resistance against wilt diseases ( Mendes et al ., 2010 ; Afroz et al ., 2011 ; Tripathi et al ., 2014 ). Expression of the extracellular ATP (eATP) receptor DOES NOT RESPOND TO NUCLEOTIDES 1 (DORN1 or LecRK-1.9) of A. thaliana in Solanum tuberosum and N. benthamiana increased resistance to P. infestans ( Bouwmeester et al ., 2014 ; Wang et al ., 2016 ). Finally, citrus species expressing the FLS2 receptor from N. benthamiana are more resistant to citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri ( Hao et al ., 2016 ). In the model plant A. thaliana , we previously identified the S-domain receptor-like kinase (SD-RLK) LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION ( At LORE, SD1-29, AT1G61380) as a PRR ( Ranf et al ., 2015 ) that senses bacterial 3-hydroxylated fatty acids (mc-3-OH-FAs) and 3-hydroxyalkanoates (HAAs) of medium chain-length ranging from C8 to C12 ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ; Schellenberger et al ., 2021 ). Free 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3-OH-C10:0) is the strongest elicitor of At LORE-dependent immunity ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ). Mc-3-OH-FAs bound to acyl carrier protein (ACP) and coenzyme A (CoA) are general intermediates of fatty acid metabolism and serve as building blocks for various lipidic microbial compounds, which potentially release free mc-3-OH-FAs ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ; Cho et al ., 2020 ). At LORE homomerizes ( Eschrig et al ., 2024 ), and upon ligand sensing, activates the activates the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases PBS1-LIKE 34/35/36 ( At PBL34/35/36) and RPM1-INDUCED PROTEIN KINASE ( At RIPK) for downstream signaling and the LORE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE ( At LOPP) for signaling regulation ( Luo et al ., 2020 ; Li et al ., 2021 ; Wang et al ., 2023 ). At LORE promotes resistance against Pst DC3000 and R. solanacearum in A. thaliana ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ; Wang et al ., 2023 ). Pst DC3000 resistance can be further enhanced by pretreatment with 3-OH-C10:0 or HAAs before infection ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ; Schellenberger et al ., 2021 ). LORE is phylogenetically restricted to Brassicaceae ( Ranf et al ., 2015 ; Eschrig et al ., 2024 ) and thus an excellent model for application in genetic crop disease management via cross-family gene transfer. We have previously shown that transient expression of At LORE in solanaceous Nicotiana benthamiana confers sensitivity to mc-3-OH-FAs ( Ranf et al ., 2015 ; Eschrig et al ., 2024 ). In this study, we generated transgenic AtLORE -overexpressing S. lycopersicum cv. M82 to investigate the feasibility of functionally transferring an SD-type PRR across plant families into an agriculturally relevant crop. We tested whether AtLORE -transgenic tomato is more resistant to the adapted tomato pathogen Pst , a prominent producer of 3-OH-C10:0. Furthermore, we investigated whether soil application of 3-OH-C10:0 induces systemic resistance of AtLORE -transgenic tomato to other tomato pathogens, which might not directly activate LORE-dependent immunity, such as the fungus A. solani or the oomycete P. infestans . RESULTS Generation of stable transgenic S. lycopersicum overexpressing AtLORE The finding that LORE confers resistance to P. syringae and R. solanacearum in A. thaliana ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ; Wang et al ., 2023 ) and that At LORE is functional in N. benthamiana upon transient expression ( Ranf et al ., 2015 ; Eschrig et al ., 2024 ) raised the question of whether stable expression of AtLORE in S. lycopersicum also confers gain of mc-3-OH-FA immune sensing and increased resistance to tomato pathogens. Therefore, we generated transgenic S. lycopersicum cv. M82 via Agrobacteria-mediated transformation, callus culture and regeneration of transgenic plants. We ectopically overexpressed AtLORE under control of the strong Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter ( At LORE-OE lines) or integrated the T-DNA from an empty vector (EV lines) as negative control ( Fig 1A ). Four regenerated At LORE-OE plants from different calli and one EV plant were grown until fruiting in the greenhouse and seeds were harvested from ripe tomato fruits ( Fig S1 ). No obvious visible differences in growth or fruiting behavior were observed for any of the lines, apart from line At LORE-OE7-1 ( Fig S1 ). At LORE-OE7-1 was excluded from further analysis because it exhibited a dwarf, sterile phenotype directly after regeneration from the callus and remained developmentally impaired ( Fig S2, S3 ). Although leaf shapes were comparable between all lines, At LORE-OE3-4 displayed a slightly sharper serration than the wild type and other At LORE-OE or EV lines ( Fig S3 ). Download figure Open in new tab Figure 1 Expression cassettes and genotyping results of transgenic AtLORE -OE and EV S. lycopersicum lines. A Schematic illustration shows the expression cassettes of the empty vector (EV, pART27) and for At LORE overexpression (OE), including primers (red) used for genotyping via PCR. AtLORE coding sequence (CDS, lilac), cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promotor sequence (CaMV 35S, grey) and an octopine synthase terminator sequence (TERM, grey) were integrated into pART27 via NotI and disrupted the LacZ selection marker cassette (blue). The T-DNA furthermore contains a Kanamycin resistance cassette (Kan R , green), and left (LB) and right borders (RB, orange). Scheme was created with BioRender.com. B Image shows agarose gel analysis of genotyping PCR from segregating progeny of one EV and three independent At LORE-OE lines; untransformed wild type M82 served as control. DNA fragments specific to the T-DNA insertions ( EV or AtLORE ) PCR-amplified from extracted gDNA are shown. The wild-type housekeeping gene SlEF1-α was amplified as a control. For further analysis, the three independent At LORE-OE lines and one EV line were grown from harvested seeds. To select transgenic progeny in the segregating T1 generation, we genotyped up to eight seedlings per line by PCR on extracted genomic DNA (gDNA) for the presence of AtLORE or EV T-DNA ( Fig 1B ). The housekeeping gene ELONGATION FACTOR 1 ALPHA from S. lycopersicum ( SlEF1-α ) served as control. For these lines, we evaluated overall macroscopic growth phenotypes ( Fig 2A-C ) and germination rates ( Fig 2D ) to determine whether the transformation process or AtLORE overexpression negatively affected their development. All transgenic OE plants grew similarly to M82 wild-type and EV control lines. Download figure Open in new tab Figure 2 Wild-type and AtLORE -transgenic S. lycopersicum are phenotypically indistinguishable. A-C Photographs of 8-week-old plants of the specified genotypes. Scale bar represents 10 cm. D Graph displaying the germination rates (number of germinated seeds/number of seeds sown) of AtLORE -transgenic overexpression (OE) and empty vector (EV) lines compared to the M82 wild-type control. Bar graphs show mean with SD of pooled data from at least three biological replicates; each data point corresponds to an individual set of 10 seeds of the indicated line. Germination rates of seeds were assessed one week after sowing. Data do not show significant differences (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, α = 0.05). Overexpression of AtLORE in S. lycopersicum confers 3-OH-C10:0 sensing To test whether AtLORE overexpression renders tomato sensitive to 3-OH-C10:0, we assessed the production of the phytohormone ethylene as a typical PTI output ( Anver & Tsuda, 2015 ) upon elicitation with 3-OH-C10:0. We analyzed three genotyping positive plants of different At LORE-OE lines, EV control or M82 wild type ( Fig 3 ). Leaf discs from At LORE-OE3-4 and At LORE-OE5-1 plant lines produced high amounts of ethylene when treated with 3-OH-C10:0 compared to the control treatment, while the EV control line showed no detectable ethylene production. For At LORE-OE2-1, only two out of three plants responded with rather weak ethylene production compared to At LORE-OE3-4 and At LORE-OE5-1 ( Fig 3A ). To evaluate the specificity of At LORE sensing in S. lycopersicum, we tested the highest responding lines At LORE-OE3-4#1 and At LORE-OE5-1#7 with different concentrations of 3-OH-FAs of different chain lengths. We treated plants with either 1, 5 or 10 µM 3-OH-C10:0, 3-OH-C14:0 or the same volume of EtOH as control. For both lines, we observed a strong concentration-dependent and chain length-specific response ( Fig 3B ), resembling the response characteristics described for At LORE in A. thaliana ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ). This confirms that 3-OH-C10:0 sensing specificity by At LORE is transferable from A. thaliana to S. lycopersicum . Plants OE2-1#17, OE3-4#7 and OE5-1#1, which reacted with high ethylene production, and the control line EV2-2#2 were maintained for further analyses and new stem cuttings were taken from them for further experiments as required. Download figure Open in new tab Figure 3 AtLORE overexpression in S. lycopersicum confers chain length-specific and concentration-dependent 3-OH-FA sensing. A Graph displays ethylene production (pmol/mL air) of leaf discs from three independent genotyping-positive plants of each AtLORE -transgenic tomato line three hours after elicitation with 5 µM 3-OH-C10:0 or the same volume of EtOH as control. B Graph displays ethylene production of the most strongly responding lines from (A), OE3-4 #1 and OE5-1 #7, and an empty vector (EV) control to different concentrations of 3-OH-FAs of different chain lengths. Leaf discs were treated with 1, 5 or 10 µM of 3-OH-C10:0, 3-OH-C14:0 or EtOH as a control for three hours. A, B Bar graphs show mean with SD of pooled data from two biological replicates. Individual ethylene measurements per line are represented by black dots (n≥6). Statistical differences between treatments were analyzed by two way-ANOVA with Tukey‘s multiple comparisons test for each line (A) or concentration (B); ****, P<0.0001; ***, P≤0.001; **, P≤0.01; *, P≤0.05; not significant (ns), P≥0.05. Overexpression of AtLORE in S. lycopersicum increases resistance towards pathogenic P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 To test whether overexpression of AtLORE leads to increased disease resistance in tomato, we performed pathogen infection assays by spray inoculation of At LORE-OE and EV plants with Pst DC3000. In line with the ethylene accumulation data ( Fig 3 ), bacterial titers were significantly lower in the strongly responding lines OE3-4#1 and OE5-1#7 compared to the EV control line three days after inoculation ( Fig 4A ). These strongly responding lines also showed fewer disease symptoms on leaves ( Fig 4B ) compared to the EV control. No statistically significant reduction in bacterial titers was measurable in the low ethylene-producing line OE2-1#17 three days after infection. However, slightly reduced macroscopic disease symptoms were repeatedly observed in this line compared to the EV control ( Fig 4B ). Our results demonstrate that overexpression of AtLORE in tomato might be an effective disease management strategy to increase resistance to bacterial pathogens without compromising plant growth and development. Download figure Open in new tab Figure 4 At L ORE overexpression enhances resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato ( Pst ) DC3000. Pst DC3000 infection of AtLORE -transgenic S. lycopersicum lines was assessed three days after spraying leaves of the indicated lines with a bacterial suspension of an optical density OD 600 of 0.002. Experiments were performed on cuttings four to six weeks after their propagation. A Graph displays the bacterial titers in leaflets from three cuttings per transgenic line. Bar graphs show mean with SD of pooled data from two independent biological replicates with black dots representing individual data points (n=12 samples from four leaves per cutting and replicate). Statistical differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, α=0.01. B Photographs show leaflets of the indicated transgenic tomato lines three days after Pst DC3000 infection and illustrate the macroscopic disease symptoms. Pretreatment with 3-OH-C10:0 activates systemic and broad-spectrum disease resistance To investigate whether pretreatment of AtLORE -transgenic tomato with 3-OH-C10:0 before infection induces systemic resistance against filamentous pathogens, we treated cuttings of EV2-2#2 and OE3-4#1 with 10 µM 3-OH-C10:0 dissolved in water or a water control via soil irrigation. After 48 hours, we spray-inoculated leaves with sporangia solutions of P. infestans Pi100 or spore solutions of A. solani NL03003 and quantified the infection frequency 14 days post-inoculation ( Fig 5 ). Compared to control-treated plants or the EV control (EV2-2#2), 3-OH-C10:0-treated At LORE-OE3-4 plants were significantly more resistant to P. infestans . Interestingly, for A. solani , we observed reduced infection of At LORE-OE3-4 independently of the pretreatment with 3-OH-C10:0 ( Fig 5 ). The infection score of the water-treated At LORE-OE3-4 plants was significantly lower than that of the EV control. Pre-treatment of plants with 3-OH-C10:0 further significantly enhanced resistance to A. solani compared to the water-treated plants. These data indicate that overexpression of AtLORE enables tomato to activate systemic resistance by sensing 3-OH-C10:0, thereby enhancing resistance against filamentous pathogens. Download figure Open in new tab Figure 5 Pretreatment with 3-OH-C10:0 induces resistance against P. infestans and A. solani . Graph displays the infection frequency (number of symptomatic leaves/infected leaves) 14 days after spray inoculation with P. infestans Pi100 or A. solani NL03003 of two to three cuttings from EV or At LORE-OE3-4, that were pretreated for 48 h via soil irrigation with 10 µM 3-OH-C10:0 dissolved in water or a water-only control. Experiments were performed six to seven weeks after propagation by cutting. Pooled data from two biological replicates are shown, which were obtained from five to six stem cuttings each (n=number of assessed leaves, n≥34 for A. solani , n≥50 for P. infestans ). Statistical differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, α=0.05, for A. solani and P. infestans , respectively. DISCUSSION Historically, resistance breeding has relied primarily on the introduction of major R genes from cultivars or landraces of the same species into a variety lacking the desired trait. In recent years, however, several studies have highlighted the potential of cross-family PRR transfer as a promising alternative for engineering disease resistance in crops ( Lacombe et al ., 2010 ; Mendes et al ., 2010 ; Afroz et al ., 2011 ; Bouwmeester et al ., 2014 ; Tripathi et al ., 2014 ; Lu et al ., 2015 ; Schoonbeek et al ., 2015 ; Schwessinger et al ., 2015 ; Hao et al ., 2016 ; Wang et al ., 2016 ; Boschi et al ., 2017 ; Tripathi et al ., 2017 ; Kunwar et al ., 2018 ; Mitre et al ., 2021 ; Piazza et al ., 2021 ). These studies have demonstrated that signaling networks downstream of PTI are often sufficiently conserved, even between monocot and dicot plant families, to allow foreign PRRs to fit seamlessly into endogenous signaling pathways of a given species ( Afroz et al ., 2011 ; Holton et al ., 2015 ; Schoonbeek et al ., 2015 ; Schwessinger et al ., 2015 ; van Esse et al ., 2020 ). Our study shows that the cross-family PRR transfer of the Arabidopsis PRR At LORE to tomato enhances resistance against three major tomato diseases, bacterial speck, early blight and late blight, either directly or upon application of synthetic 3-OH-FAs. This suggests that all essential signaling components required for LORE-mediated immunity are present in tomato, although LORE is a Brassicaceae-specific PRR ( Ranf et al ., 2015 ). Indeed, the signaling components downstream of LORE known to date, At PBL34/35/36, At RIPK and At LOPP, all have putative tomato orthologues ( Luo et al ., 2020 ; Wang et al ., 2023 ). Most of the known PRRs require universal co-receptors for ligand binding and signaling, such as members of the SERK (somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase) family, which are usually sufficiently conserved between species, as suggested by the overall functional conservation of SERKs in rice and Arabidopsis for signaling of the PRRs At EFR and Os Xa21( Chen et al ., 2014 ; Holton et al ., 2015 ). In contrast, no co-receptors have been described for At LORE signaling. Instead, we previously showed that receptor homomerization is essential for 3-OH-C10:0-induced immunity in A. thaliana ( Eschrig et al ., 2024 ). The concept of receptor homomerization could be advantageous to ensure its functionality when transferred into taxonomically different plant families, as co-receptors of phylogenetically restricted receptors may have co-evolved and be absent in other species. Overexpression or constitutive activation of immunity components is often associated with fitness costs, as plants need to fine-tune the division of their limited resources between immunity and growth ( Karasov et al ., 2017 ; Wang et al ., 2021 ; Zhang et al ., 2023 ). Such observations were, for example, made for overexpression of the immune regulator NON EXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) in rice, which increases disease resistance but also causes growth retardation and spontaneous cell death ( Chern et al ., 2005 ). Cross-family transfer of PRRs seems to be largely tolerated by recipient plants ( Huang & Zimmerli, 2014 ; Ranf, 2018 ; van Esse et al ., 2020 ). However, for DORN1-transgenic potato, impaired plant and tuber development were reported ( Bouwmeester et al ., 2014 ). Overexpression of AtLORE in tomato does not alter growth, development or reproduction, indicating that LORE expression and signaling are sufficiently controlled in this heterologous system and do not cause autoimmunity or cell death. Interestingly, we previously reported that strong transient overexpression of AtLORE in agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves leads to receptor auto-activation through homomerization and induces cell death ( Eschrig et al ., 2024 ). Thus, although N. benthamiana and S. lycopersicum both belong to the Solanaceae family, our data show that tomato tolerates AtLORE overexpression without apparent adverse side effects. This may be due to more moderate expression levels from stably integrated transgenes, or due to the effects of negative regulators that are present in tomato, but absent, diversified or expressed at lower levels in N. benthamiana . We found that 3-OH-C10:0 pretreatment of roots via soil drainage induces resistance against the major tomato pathogens P. infestans and A. solani in AtLORE -transgenic tomato ( Fig. 5 ). Fighting plant diseases through defense priming strategies is a widely discussed disease management approach and offers a great addition to genetic crop protection ( Conrath et al ., 2015 ; Alexandersson et al ., 2016 ; Sandroni et al ., 2020 ; Abbasi et al ., 2021 ). Primary infection, application of beneficial microbes and treatment with natural or synthetic chemicals activate systemic resistance and switch the plant to a primed state, leading to a more rapid and enhanced resistance activation against subsequent secondary infections ( Conrath et al ., 2015 ; Abbasi et al ., 2021 ; Vlot et al ., 2021 ). Similar to 3-OH-C10:0 shown here, other fatty acids, such as eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, have been described as systemic resistance inducers. These fatty acids are released during oomycete infection (or are produced by brown seaweed Ascophyllum nosodum ) and induce resistance against Phytophthora capsici in tomato and pepper ( Dye & Bostock, 2021 ; Lewis et al ., 2023 ). Furthermore, soil application of hexanoic acid induces resistance against Botrytis cinerea and P. syringae in A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum ( Vicedo et al ., 2009 ; Kravchuk et al ., 2011 ; Scalschi et al ., 2013 ). However, for most stimulants, the exact mechanisms of perception and resistance are not understood, so their efficacy in different plant species can hardly be predicted. In contrast, the elicitor, receptor and parts of the immune signaling pathways are characterized for LORE, which could make mc-3-OH-FAs superior to other known resistance inducers. Transgenic expression of AtLORE and mc-3-OH-FA soil application could be combined in several important crop species. Yet, the potential effects of mc-3-OH-FAs on plant growth, yield, consumers, and the environment require further evaluation. Mc-3-OH-FAs, as sensed by LORE, are widespread in nature and can be naturally found in soils, humans, animals, insects, plants, microorganisms and dairy foodstuff ( Schildknecht & Koob, 1971 ; Keinänen et al ., 2003 ; Sjögren et al ., 2003 ; Jenske & Vetter, 2009 ; Nagahashi et al ., 2010 ; Jones & Bennett, 2011 ; Kodai et al ., 2011 ; Nagahashi & Douds, 2011 ; Suzuki et al ., 2013 ; Mikkelsen et al ., 2022 ). Therefore, adverse effects on the environment might be low. With few exceptions, Gram-negative bacteria contain large amounts of 3-OH-FAs as part of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main outer membrane component ( Alexander & Rietschel, 2001 ). A common LPS remodeling mechanism is de-acylation, which removes 3-OH-FAs from the lipid A moiety of LPS ( Geurtsen et al ., 2005 ). Additionally, different bacteria use mc-3-OH-FAs as building blocks in various other compounds, such as lipopeptides ( Souza et al ., 2003 ; Raaijmakers et al ., 2006 ), HAAs and rhamnolipids ( Abdel-Mawgoud et al ., 2010 ), N-acyl-homoserine lactone-type quorum sensing molecules ( Williams, 2007 ; Thiel et al ., 2009 ), or polyhydroxyalkanoates ( Raza et al ., 2018 ; Paduvari et al ., 2024 ). While most of these compounds do not activate LORE-mediated immunity directly ( Kutschera et al ., 2019 ), mc-3-OH-FAs could be released from these compounds or the ACP/CoA-bound precursors ( Zheng, Z. et al ., 2004 ; Zheng, Zhong et al ., 2004 ; Geurtsen et al ., 2005 ; Ernst et al ., 2006 ; Kutschera et al ., 2019 ; Gerster et al ., 2022 ). Free 3-OH-C10:0 FAs are, for example, prevalent in the secretome of Pseudomonas spp. ( Schellenberger et al ., 2021 ) and the culture medium of Escherichia coli ( Zheng, Z. et al ., 2004 ; Zheng, Zhong et al ., 2004 ). Thus, we assume that At LORE confers resistance against P. syringae upon release of free 3-OH-C10:0 from the pathogen. So far, the release of free mc-3-OH-FAs has not been specifically described for fungi or oomycetes, which are rather known to produce complex, long-chain hydroxy fatty acids ( Ivanova et al ., 2010 ; Neri et al ., 2023 ). However, we found that A. solani infection was decreased in AtLORE -transgenic tomato independent of the elicitor pretreatment. Thus, A. solani potentially directly activates LORE-dependent immunity, possibly by releasing mc-3-OH-FAs or related compounds. So far, only the release of non-hydroxylated medium-chain FAs has been reported in the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor ( Hao & Barker, 2022 ). Medium chain 2- and 3-OH-FAs from plant root exudates affect the growth of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi ( Nagahashi & Douds, 2011 ) and treatment with LPS (containing 3-OH-C10:0) modulates fungal secondary metabolism ( Khalil et al ., 2014 ), suggesting that some fungi might sense and respond to mc-3-OH-FAs directly. Furthermore, it has been shown that 3-OH-C10:0 itself has antifungal properties against yeasts and moulds ( Sjögren et al ., 2003 ). In our study, however, synthetic 3-OH-C10:0 was applied to the soil two days before the leaves were infected with A. solani and P. infestans . This spatial and temporal separation makes it unlikely that direct contact of 3-OH-C10:0 with the pathogens led to the observed resistance phenotypes. Hence, we assume that the soil application of 3-OH-C10:0 triggers systemic immunity in AtLORE -transgenic tomato and subsequently enhances pathogen resistance. Additionally, independent of treatment with synthetic 3-OH-C10:0, the release of mc-3-OH-FAs from soil/plant microbiota or root exudates may lead to low constitutive immune activation in AtLORE -transgenic tomato. This might explain or contribute to the observed resistance to A. solani and P. syringae but might be insufficient for the more aggressive P. infestans . Our study suggests that mc-3-OH-FAs seem to be potent resistance-inducing bio-stimulants on AtLORE -expressing plants. In combination, this might form an effective, transferable resistance module and adds to the list of successful examples of resistance engineering in crops. LORE might thereby be especially applicable for PRR transfer, as the receptor is not widespread in the plant kingdom compared to others, such as FLS2 ( Yue et al ., 2012 ), and preexisting natural adaptation of pathogens may be low. This may delay the potential selection of pathogens with altered mc-3-OH-FA profiles that would evade LORE-dependent immunity, potentially leading to more durable resistance of LORE -transgenic crops in the field. In the future, infection assays with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and R. solanacearum on AtLORE -transgenic tomato could confirm its effectiveness against other devastating bacterial tomato pathogens. It would be furthermore interesting to transfer LORE into other crops that are often threatened by bacterial pathogens, such as potato or rice, which could profit from direct activation of LORE-dependent immunity or the combination with mc-3-OH-FAs application. On the pathogen side, analysis of mc-3-OH-FA contents in fungi and oomycetes would give new insights into whether LORE-dependent immunity is more widely triggered by pathogens from different kingdoms. As advances in plant immunity research have shown that ETI and PTI mutually enhance plant immunity, another benefit of cross-family PRR transfer, alongside the broadened PTI response, could be the potentiation of ETI ( Ngou et al ., 2021 ; Tian et al ., 2021 ; Yuan et al ., 2021a ; Yuan et al ., 2021b ). This suggests that a combination of the At LORE expression with QTLs or R genes may promote even more profound and durable resistance. Initial evidence for this aspect is provided in potato, where an introgressed QTL from wild potato was combined with an AtEFR transgene. The study demonstrated an additive effect of quantitative resistance and heterologous PRR expression over QTL or EFR alone ( Boschi et al ., 2017 ). In this respect, transgenic approaches and gene-editing tools hold great potential to further engineer durable resistance or circumvent growth-immunity trade-offs, as they offer great flexibility in transgene combinations, tailoring ligand specificity, or additional introduction of positive and negative immune regulators ( van Esse et al ., 2020 ; Luo et al ., 2021 ; Cadiou et al ., 2023 ). In conclusion, our study shows that the Brassicaceae-specific PRR At LORE is a great model for investigating genetic resistance engineering via cross-family gene transfer. It further emphasizes the advances and importance of basic molecular research in the field of plant immunity and underlines its great potential for application in modern and sustainable agriculture in the future. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Molecular cloning The coding sequence (CDS) of At LORE (AT1G61380) was amplified from cDNA before ( Ranf et al ., 2015 ) and cloned via a binary vector system including pART7 and pART27 ( Gleave, 1992 ) for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. At LORE CDS was amplified via PCR with adapters containing enzymatic restriction sites for integration into the multiple cloning site of the primary cloning vector pART7 via XhoI and EcoRI (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). The CaMV 35S expression cassette of pART7, including the desired CDS, was transferred into the binary vector pART27 via NotI (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). The empty vector (EV) pART27 or pART27- At LORE were transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 pMP90 for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato. Generation of stable transgenic S. lycopersicum Stable transgenic S. lycopersicum cv. M82 containing the empty vector pART27 or pART27- At LORE were generated under sterile conditions by Agrobacteria-mediated transformation of cotyledons, callus formation and regeneration of transgenic plants as described ( Wittmann et al ., 2016 ). Fully regenerated sterile transgenic T0 plants were transferred to soil, genotyped via PCR and grown in the greenhouse until seed set. Genotyping by PCR The presence of T-DNA in transgenic plants was confirmed via extraction of genomic DNA and genotyping by PCR with the REDExtract-N-Amp™ Plant PCR-Kit (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, Product No. XNAPR-1KT). Primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1 . Growth conditions After transformation and in vitro callus regeneration, transgenic tomatoes were transferred to potting soil (Einheitserde CL ED73, Patzer Erden, Germany) mixed with vermiculite (1:8). Plants were grown in climate chambers (Fitotron SGC120-H, Weiss Technik, Germany) under long-day conditions (16h light/8h dark) at 23°C and 60% relative humidity and transferred to the greenhouse for seed set. Plants grown from seeds were sterilized, germinated on Jiffy pellets (Jiffy-7, 44 mm; Jiffy Products International AS, Norway) and transferred to potting soil/vermiculite (1:8). Plantlets were grown in climate chambers as described above and propagated for experiments using stem cuttings. Seed extraction and sterilization Fruits of T0 tomato were cut open, and fruit flesh was removed, mixed 1:1 with 3N HCl, and incubated with stirring for 20-30 minutes to remove seed coats. Seeds were washed with H 2 O, neutralized in 10% (m/v) Na 3 PO 4 for 30 minutes, washed again with H 2 O and dried on filter paper over night. Before planting, all seeds were surface sterilized with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min and washed thrice with H 2 O. Assessment of tomato seed germination rates Surface-sterilized tomato seeds were germinated under sterile conditions on water-soaked filter paper in Petri dishes and incubated in a long-day climate chamber (16h light/8h dark). The germination rates (number of germinated seeds/number of sown seeds) were assessed on the basis of radical and hypocotyl emergence one week after sowing. Ethylene measurement A leaf-disc-based method was performed to evaluate ethylene accumulation in the different plant lines as previously described ( Kahlon et al ., 2023 ). Leaf discs were sampled with a 4 mm diameter biopsy puncher and incubated overnight at room temperature while floating on H 2 O to allow wounding reactions to decline. Three leaf discs were transferred to 5 ml glass vials containing 300 µl of H 2 O. Elicitors (3-hydroxydecanoic acid, Cat. No. J41087, Manchester Organics, Runcorn, United Kingdom; 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, Cat. No. M-1735, Cayman Chemial, Michigan USA; both dissolved in EtOH) or the corresponding volume of EtOH as control were added to the vials, which were immediately sealed with septa (Carl Roth GmbH, Germany). Upon 3 hours of incubation with constant shaking (50 rpm, Polymax 2040, Heidolph Instruments GmbH & Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany), 1 ml of air was sampled with a 1 ml syringe and injected into a gas chromatograph (Varian 3300, Waters TM , Germany) equipped with an AlO 3 column (length 1 m). The detector was set to a temperature of 225°C and the column and injector to 80 °C. The gases H 2 , N 2 and O 2 at 0.5 MPa each were used to separate ethylene from the sample. The amount of ethylene was calculated based on the standard calculation developed by Von Kruedener ( Von Kruedener et al ., 1995 ) using the area under the curve (AUC). Infection assays with Pst DC3000 Pst DC3000 was grown on KB medium with 50 µg/ml Rifampicin at 28°C for two days. Bacteria were scratched from plates and diluted in 10 mM sterile MgCl 2 and 0.04% Silwet L77 (Kurt Obermeier GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) to an OD600 of 0.002. Spray infection assays were performed on 4- to 6-week-old stem cuttings of At LORE-OE and EV lines. Four cuttings per line were prepared, from which three were sprayed with Pst DC3000 and one with mock (10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.04% Silwet L-77). Plants were covered with bags for two days to maintain high humidity. Three days post infection, disease symptoms were assessed by photography and bacterial colony counting. For each of the three infected cuttings four leaves were sampled by punching one leaf disc (diameter 4 mm) from the same position of three random leaflets, leading to 12 technical replicates. After adding 100 µl MgCl 2 (10 mM) and two glass beads per sample, all samples were ground for 2 minutes at 25 Hz (TissueLyser II, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). A dilution series was performed on this mixture with MgCl 2 (10 mM) to a dilution of up to 1×10 -8 . 10 µl of each dilution was drop-inoculated on KB-Agar plates (10 µg/ml Rifampicin) and incubated at 28°C for about 36 hours. Colony-forming units were counted, normalized to the leaf area and log10 transformed. Induced resistance infection assay with A. solani and P. infestans To induce resistance, six- to seven-week-old stem cuttings of EV and At LORE-OE lines were irrigated with 10 µM 3-OH-C10:0 dissolved in water (Cat. No. J41087, Manchester Organics, Runcorn, United Kingdom) or a water control 48 hours prior infection. The whole leaf area was spray infected with spore solutions of P. infestans isolate Pi100 (3000 sporangia/ml) as described ( Kahlon et al ., 2021 ) or A. solani NL03003 (5000 spores/ml). Leaf infection frequencies (symptomatic leaflets/inoculated leaflets) were assessed 14 days after infection as described ( Kahlon et al ., 2021 ). COMPETING INTERESTS Technical University of Munich has filed a patent application to inventors S.R. and R.H. The authors state they have no competing interests or disclosures. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Conception of the project: SR, PK, RH; generation of transgenic tomato: AH, CA; experimental work, data collection, analysis and representation: SE, PK; data interpretation and discussion of results: SE, PK, SR; drafting the manuscript: SE; critical revision of the manuscript: PK, SR, RH, CS. DATA AVAILIBILITY STATEMENT All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary material. Raw data are available from the corresponding author on request. SUPPORTING INFORMATION LEGENDS Figure S1 Propagation of At LORE-transgenic S. lycopersicum cv. M82 in the greenhouse. Transgenic tomatoes overexpressing At LORE or harboring an empty vector control were regenerated from callus culture and grown in the greenhouse ( A ). Most transgenic lines did not show obvious growth, fruiting or yield alterations ( B , fruits of OE2-1). Figure S2 At LORE-transgenic tomato line OE7-1 exhibits an impaired growth phenotype. Line OE7-1 shows a dwarf, developmentally impaired phenotype ( A-B ). The flowers of OE7-1 appeared to be sterile due to an exerted style that outgrows the stigma from the anthers and prevents self-pollination ( C-D ). Figure S3 Leaf shape phenotypes of At LORE-transgenic tomato lines (T0). Table S1 Primer sequences for genotyping PCR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Bert Evenhuis for kindly providing the A. solani isolate NL03003 and Remco Stam for providing the P. infestans isolate Pi100. We thank Kai Steinmetz, Sabine Zuber and Bärbel Breulmann from the TUM Plant Technology Center for maintenance of tomatoes in the greenhouse. Research was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation to S.R. (SFB924/TP B10 and Emmy Noether program RA-2541/1). REFERENCES 1. ↵ Abbasi S , Sadeghi A , Omidvari M , Tahan V . 2021 . The stimulators and responsive genes to induce systemic resistance against pathogens: An exclusive focus on tomato as a model plant . Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 33 : 101993 . OpenUrl 2. ↵ Abdel-Mawgoud AM , Lépine F , Déziel E . 2010 . Rhamnolipids: diversity of structures, microbial origins and roles . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 86 ( 5 ): 1323 – 1336 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 3. ↵ Adhikari P , Oh Y , Panthee DR . 2017 . Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update . International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 ( 10 ): 2019 . OpenUrl 4. ↵ Afroz A , Chaudhry Z , Rashid U , Ali GM , Nazir F , Iqbal J , Khan MR . 2011 . Enhanced resistance against bacterial wilt in transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) lines expressing the Xa21 gene . Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC ) 104 ( 2 ): 227 – 237 . OpenUrl 5. ↵ Alexander C , Rietschel ET . 2001 . Invited review: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity . Journal of Endotoxin Research 7 ( 3 ): 167 – 202 . OpenUrl CrossRef Web of Science 6. ↵ Alexandersson E , Mulugeta T , Lankinen Å , Liljeroth E , Andreasson E . 2016 . Plant Resistance Inducers against Pathogens in Solanaceae Species—From Molecular Mechanisms to Field Application . International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 ( 10 ): 1673 . OpenUrl 7. ↵ Anders S , Cowling W , Pareek A , Gupta KJ , Singla-Pareek SL , Foyer CH . 2021 . Gaining Acceptance of Novel Plant Breeding Technologies . Trends Plant Sci 26 ( 6 ): 575 – 587 . OpenUrl 8. ↵ Anver S , Tsuda K 2015 . Ethylene and Plant Immunity . In: Wen C-K ed. Ethylene in Plants . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands , 205 – 221 . 9. ↵ Boschi F , Schvartzman C , Murchio S , Ferreira V , Siri MI , Galván GA , Smoker M , Stransfeld L , Zipfel C , Vilaró FL , et al. 2017 . Enhanced Bacterial Wilt Resistance in Potato Through Expression of Arabidopsis EFR and Introgression of Quantitative Resistance from Solanum commersonii . Front Plant Sci 8 : 1642 . OpenUrl 10. ↵ Bouwmeester K , Han M , Blanco-Portales R , Song W , Weide R , Guo LY , van der Vossen EA , Govers F . 2014 . The Arabidopsis lectin receptor kinase LecRK-I.9 enhances resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Solanaceous plants . Plant Biotechnol J 12 ( 1 ): 10 – 16 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 11. ↵ Bozbuga R , Yalcin Ates S , Gok Guler P , Nilufer Yildiz H , Aridici Kara P , Bulent Arpaci B , Imren M 2022 . Host-Pathogen and Pest Interactions: Virus, Nematode, Viroid, Bacteria, and Pests in Tomato Cultivation . In: Pranas V , Dalia U , Jonas V eds. Tomato - From Cultivation to Processing Technology . Rijeka : IntechOpen , Ch. 6. 12. ↵ Bubolz J , Sleboda P , Lehrman A , Hansson SO , Johan Lagerkvist C , Andersson B , Lenman M , Resjö S , Ghislain M , Zahid MA , et al. 2022 . Genetically modified (GM) late blight-resistant potato and consumer attitudes before and after a field visit . GM Crops Food 13 ( 1 ): 290 – 298 . OpenUrl 13. ↵ Cadiou L , Brunisholz F , Cesari S , Kroj T . 2023 . Molecular engineering of plant immune receptors for tailored crop disease resistance . Current Opinion in Plant Biology 74 : 102381 . OpenUrl 14. ↵ Chen X , Zuo S , Schwessinger B , Chern M , Canlas PE , Ruan D , Zhou X , Wang J , Daudi A , Petzold CJ , et al. 2014 . An XA21-associated kinase (OsSERK2) regulates immunity mediated by the XA21 and XA3 immune receptors . Mol Plant 7 ( 5 ): 874 – 892 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 15. ↵ Chern M , Fitzgerald HA , Canlas PE , Navarre DA , Ronald PC . 2005 . Overexpression of a rice NPR1 homolog leads to constitutive activation of defense response and hypersensitivity to light . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18 ( 6 ): 511 – 520 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 16. ↵ Cho IJ , Choi KR , Lee SY . 2020 . Microbial production of fatty acids and derivative chemicals . Current Opinion in Biotechnology 65 : 129 – 141 . OpenUrl CrossRef 17. ↵ Conrath U , Beckers GJM , Langenbach CJG , Jaskiewicz MR . 2015 . Priming for Enhanced Defense . Annu Rev Phytopathol 53 ( 1 ): 97 – 119 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 18. ↵ Dangl JL , Horvath DM , Staskawicz BJ . 2013 . Pivoting the plant immune system from dissection to deployment . Science 341 ( 6147 ): 746 – 751 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 19. ↵ Dangl JL , Jones JD . 2001 . Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection . Nature 411 ( 6839 ): 826 – 833 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 20. ↵ Dye SM , Bostock RM . 2021 . Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids induce defense responses and resistance to Phytophthora capsici in tomato and pepper . Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 114 : 101642 . OpenUrl 21. ↵ Ernst RK , Adams KN , Moskowitz SM , Kraig GM , Kawasaki K , Stead CM , Trent MS , Miller SI . 2006 . The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipid A Deacylase: Selection for Expression and Loss within the Cystic Fibrosis Airway . Journal of Bacteriology 188 ( 1 ): 191 – 201 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 22. ↵ Eschrig S , Schäffer M , Shu L-J , Illig T , Eibel S , Fernandez A , Ranf S . 2024 . LORE receptor homomerization is required for 3-hydroxydecanoic acid-induced immune signaling and determines the natural variation of immunosensitivity within the Arabidopsis genus . New Phytologist . 23. ↵ Ferreira SA , Pitz KY , Manshardt R , Zee F , Fitch M , Gonsalves D . 2002 . Virus Coat Protein Transgenic Papaya Provides Practical Control of Papaya ringspot virus in Hawaii . Plant Disease 86 ( 2 ): 101 – 105 . OpenUrl 24. ↵ Fitch MMM , Manshardt RM , Gonsalves D , Slightom JL , Sanford JC . 1992 . Virus Resistant Papaya Plants Derived from Tissues Bombarded with the Coat Protein Gene of Papaya Ringspot Virus . Bio/Technology 10 ( 11 ): 1466 – 1472 . OpenUrl CrossRef 25. ↵ Gerster T , Wröbel M , Hofstaedter CE , Schwudke D , Ernst RK , Ranf S , Gisch N . 2022 . Remodeling of Lipid A in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola In Vitro . International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 ( 4 ): 1996 . OpenUrl 26. ↵ Geurtsen J , Steeghs L , Hove JT , van der Ley P , Tommassen J . 2005 . Dissemination of lipid A deacylases (pagL) among gram-negative bacteria: identification of active-site histidine and serine residues . J Biol Chem 280 ( 9 ): 8248 – 8259 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 27. ↵ Gleave AP . 1992 . A versatile binary vector system with a T-DNA organisational structure conducive to efficient integration of cloned DNA into the plant genome . Plant Mol Biol 20 ( 6 ): 1203 – 1207 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 28. ↵ Gonsalves D . 1998 . Control of papaya ringspot virus in papaya: a case study . Annu Rev Phytopathol 36 ( 1 ): 415 – 437 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 29. ↵ Gurr SJ , Rushton PJ . 2005 . Engineering plants with increased disease resistance: what are we going to express? Trends Biotechnol 23 ( 6 ): 275 – 282 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 30. ↵ Hao G , Barker GC . 2022 . Fatty acid secretion by the white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 49 ( 1 ). OpenUrl 31. ↵ Hao G , Pitino M , Duan Y , Stover E . 2016 . Reduced Susceptibility to Xanthomonas citri in Transgenic Citrus Expressing the FLS2 Receptor From Nicotiana benthamiana . Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 29 ( 2 ): 132 – 142 . OpenUrl CrossRef 32. ↵ Holton N , Nekrasov V , Ronald PC , Zipfel C . 2015 . The phylogenetically-related pattern recognition receptors EFR and XA21 recruit similar immune signaling components in monocots and dicots . PLoS Pathog 11 ( 1 ): e1004602 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 33. ↵ Horvath DM , Stall RE , Jones JB , Pauly MH , Vallad GE , Dahlbeck D , Staskawicz BJ , Scott JW . 2012 . Transgenic Resistance Confers Effective Field Level Control of Bacterial Spot Disease in Tomato . PLoS ONE 7 ( 8 ): e42036 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 34. ↵ Huang PY , Zimmerli L . 2014 . Enhancing crop innate immunity: new promising trends . Front Plant Sci 5 : 624 . OpenUrl PubMed 35. ↵ Isman MB . 2019 . Challenges of Pest Management in the Twenty First Century: New Tools and Strategies to Combat Old and New Foes Alike . Frontiers in Agronomy 1 . 36. ↵ Ivanova L , Petersen D , Uhlig S . 2010 . Phomenins and fatty acids from Alternaria infectoria . Toxicon 55 ( 6 ): 1107 – 1114 . OpenUrl PubMed 37. ↵ Jenske R , Vetter W . 2009 . Concentrations of medium-chain 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in foodstuffs . Food Chemistry 114 ( 3 ): 1122 – 1129 . OpenUrl 38. ↵ Jones JD , Dangl JL . 2006 . The plant immune system . Nature 444 ( 7117 ): 323 – 329 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 39. ↵ Jones PM , Bennett MJ . 2011 . Clinical applications of 3-hydroxy fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1811 ( 11 ): 657 – 662 . OpenUrl 40. ↵ Kahlon PS , Förner A , Muser M , Oubounyt M , Gigl M , Hammerl R , Baumbach J , Hückelhoven R , Dawid C , Stam R . 2023 . Laminarin-triggered defence responses are geographically dependent in natural populations of Solanum chilense . J Exp Bot 74 ( 10 ): 3240 – 3254 . OpenUrl 41. ↵ Kahlon PS , Verin M , Hückelhoven R , Stam R . 2021 . Quantitative resistance differences between and within natural populations of Solanum chilense against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans . Ecology and Evolution 11 ( 12 ): 7768 – 7778 . OpenUrl 42. ↵ Karasov TL , Chae E , Herman JJ , Bergelson J . 2017 . Mechanisms to Mitigate the Trade-Off between Growth and Defense . Plant Cell 29 ( 4 ): 666 – 680 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 43. ↵ Keinänen MM , Korhonen LK , Martikainen PJ , Vartiainen T , Miettinen IT , Lehtola MJ , Nenonen K , Pajunen H , Kontro MH . 2003 . Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric detection of 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids as methyl esters from soil, sediment and biofilm . Journal of Chromatography B 783 ( 2 ): 443 – 451 . OpenUrl 44. ↵ Khalil ZG , Kalansuriya P , Capon RJ . 2014 . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of fungal secondary metabolism . Mycology 5 ( 3 ): 168 – 178 . OpenUrl 45. ↵ Kodai T , Nakatani T , Noda N . 2011 . The Absolute Configurations of Hydroxy Fatty Acids from the Royal Jelly of Honeybees (Apis mellifera) . Lipids 46 ( 3 ): 263 – 270 . OpenUrl 46. ↵ Kravchuk Z , Vicedo B , Flors V , Camañes G , González-Bosch C , García-Agustín P . 2011 . Priming for JA-dependent defenses using hexanoic acid is an effective mechanism to protect Arabidopsis against B. cinerea . J Plant Physiol 168 ( 4 ): 359 – 366 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 47. ↵ Kunwar S , Iriarte F , Fan Q , Evaristo da Silva E , Ritchie L , Nguyen NS , Freeman JH , Stall RE , Jones JB , Minsavage GV , et al. 2018 . Transgenic Expression of EFR and Bs2 Genes for Field Management of Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot of Tomato . Phytopathology 108 ( 12 ): 1402 – 1411 . OpenUrl 48. ↵ Kutschera A , Dawid C , Gisch N , Schmid C , Raasch L , Gerster T , Schäffer M , Smakowska-Luzan E , Belkhadir Y , Vlot AC , et al. 2019 . Bacterial medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid metabolites trigger immunity in Arabidopsis plants . Science 364 ( 6436 ): 178 – 181 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 49. ↵ Lacombe S , Rougon-Cardoso A , Sherwood E , Peeters N , Dahlbeck D , van Esse HP , Smoker M , Rallapalli G , Thomma BP , Staskawicz B , et al. 2010 . Interfamily transfer of a plant pattern-recognition receptor confers broad-spectrum bacterial resistance . Nat Biotechnol 28 ( 4 ): 365 – 369 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 50. ↵ Lewis DC , Stevens DM , Little H , Coaker GL , Bostock Richard M . 2023 . Overlapping Local and Systemic Defense Induced by an Oomycete Fatty Acid MAMP and Brown Seaweed Extract in Tomato . Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 36 ( 6 ): 359 – 371 . OpenUrl 51. ↵ Li P , Zhao L , Qi F , Htwe NMPS , Li Q , Zhang D , Lin F , Shang-Guan K , Liang Y . 2021 . The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase RIPK regulates broad-spectrum ROS signaling in multiple layers of plant immune system . Molecular Plant 14 ( 10 ): 1652 – 1667 . OpenUrl 52. ↵ Lu F , Wang H , Wang S , Jiang W , Shan C , Li B , Yang J , Zhang S , Sun W . 2015 . Enhancement of innate immune system in monocot rice by transferring the dicotyledonous elongation factor Tu receptor EFR . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 57 ( 7 ): 641 – 652 . OpenUrl 53. ↵ Luo M , Xie L , Chakraborty S , Wang A , Matny O , Jugovich M , Kolmer JA , Richardson T , Bhatt D , Hoque M , et al. 2021 . A five-transgene cassette confers broad-spectrum resistance to a fungal rust pathogen in wheat . Nat Biotechnol 39 ( 5 ): 561 – 566 . OpenUrl 54. ↵ Luo X , Wu W , Liang Y , Xu N , Wang Z , Zou H , Liu J . 2020 . Tyrosine phosphorylation of the lectin receptor-like kinase LORE regulates plant immunity . Embo j 39 ( 4 ): e102856 . OpenUrl CrossRef 55. ↵ Mazumdar P , Singh P , Kethiravan D , Ramathani I , Ramakrishnan N . 2021 . Late blight in tomato: insights into the pathogenesis of the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora infestans and future research priorities . Planta 253 ( 6 ): 119 . OpenUrl 56. ↵ Mendes BMJ , Cardoso SC , Boscariol-Camargo RL , Cruz RB , Mourão Filho FAA , Bergamin Filho A . 2010 . Reduction in susceptibility to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in transgenic Citrus sinensis expressing the rice Xa21 gene . Plant Pathology 59 ( 1 ): 68 – 75 . OpenUrl 57. ↵ Mikkelsen RB , Arora T , Trošt K , Dmytriyeva O , Jensen SK , Meijnikman AS , Olofsson LE , Lappa D , Aydin Ö , Nielsen J , et al. 2022 . Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased circulating levels of 3-hydroxydecanoate activating GPR84 and neutrophil migration . iScience 25 ( 12 ). 58. ↵ Mitre LK , Teixeira-Silva NS , Rybak K , Magalhães DM , de Souza-Neto RR , Robatzek S , Zipfel C , de Souza AA . 2021 . The Arabidopsis immune receptor EFR increases resistance to the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas and Xylella in transgenic sweet orange . Plant Biotechnol J 19 ( 7 ): 1294 – 1296 . OpenUrl 59. ↵ Nagahashi G , Douds DD . 2011 . The effects of hydroxy fatty acids on the hyphal branching of germinated spores of AM fungi . Fungal Biology 115 ( 4 ): 351 – 358 . OpenUrl 60. ↵ Nagahashi G , Douds DD , Ferhatoglu Y 2010 . Functional Categories of Root Exudate Compounds and their Relevance to AM Fungal Growth . In: Koltai H , Kapulnik Y eds. Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands , 33 – 56 . 61. ↵ Nekrasov V , Wang C , Win J , Lanz C , Weigel D , Kamoun S . 2017 . Rapid generation of a transgene-free powdery mildew resistant tomato by genome deletion . Sci Rep 7 ( 1 ): 482 . OpenUrl CrossRef 62. ↵ Neri KD , Devanadera MKP , Watanabe K , Bennett RM , Arafiles KHV , Aki T , Dedeles GR . 2023 . Fatty acid profiles of oomycetes (Halophytophthora and Phytopythium spp.) from Philippines mangroves . Letters in Applied Microbiology 76 ( 2 ). OpenUrl 63. ↵ Ngou BPM , Ahn HK , Ding P , Jones JDG . 2021 . Mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors . Nature 592 ( 7852 ): 110 – 115 . OpenUrl 64. ↵ Ngou BPM , Ding P , Jones JDG . 2022 . Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system . Plant Cell 34 ( 5 ): 1447 – 1478 . OpenUrl CrossRef 65. ↵ Oerke EC . 2005 . Crop losses to pests . The Journal of Agricultural Science 144 ( 1 ): 31 – 43 . OpenUrl 66. ↵ Padmanabhan SY . 1973 . The Great Bengal Famine . Annu Rev Phytopathol 11 ( 1 ): 11 – 24 . OpenUrl CrossRef Web of Science 67. ↵ Paduvari R , Subrahmanya Bhat K , Somashekara DM . 2024 . Biosynthesis of 3-hydroxydecanoate (3HD) and 3-hydroxydodecanoate (3HDd) in the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymeric ester chain by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCC 5300 using oleic acid as a carbon source . Bioresource Technology Reports 25 : 101690 . OpenUrl 68. ↵ Panno S , Davino S , Caruso AG , Bertacca S , Crnogorac A , Mandić A , Noris E , Matić S . 2021 . A Review of the Most Common and Economically Important Diseases That Undermine the Cultivation of Tomato Crop in the Mediterranean Basin . Agronomy 11 ( 11 ): 2188 . OpenUrl 69. ↵ Pegg KG , Coates LM , O’Neill WT , Turner DW . 2019 . The Epidemiology of Fusarium Wilt of Banana . Frontiers in Plant Science 10 : 1395 . OpenUrl 70. ↵ Piazza S , Campa M , Pompili V , Costa LD , Salvagnin U , Nekrasov V , Zipfel C , Malnoy M . 2021 . The Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptor EFR enhances fire blight resistance in apple . Hortic Res 8 ( 1 ): 204 . OpenUrl 71. ↵ Pickett JA . 2016 . The essential need for GM crops . Nature Plants 2 ( 6 ): 16078 . OpenUrl 72. ↵ Raaijmakers JM , de Bruijn I , de Kock MJ . 2006 . Cyclic lipopeptide production by plant-associated Pseudomonas spp.: diversity, activity, biosynthesis, and regulation . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19 ( 7 ): 699 – 710 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 73. ↵ Ranf S . 2018 . Pattern Recognition Receptors—Versatile Genetic Tools for Engineering Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops . Agronomy 8 ( 8 ): 134 . OpenUrl CrossRef 74. ↵ Ranf S , Gisch N , Schäffer M , Illig T , Westphal L , Knirel YA , Sanchez-Carballo PM , Zahringer U , Hückelhoven R , Lee J , et al. 2015 . A lectin S-domain receptor kinase mediates lipopolysaccharide sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana . Nat Immunol 16 ( 4 ): 426 – 433 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 75. ↵ Raza ZA , Abid S , Banat IM . 2018 . Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Characteristics, production, recent developments and applications . International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 126 : 45 – 56 . OpenUrl 76. ↵ Sandroni M , Liljeroth E , Mulugeta T , Alexandersson E . 2020 . Plant resistance inducers (PRIs): perspectives for future disease management in the field . CABI Reviews 2020 : 1 – 10 . OpenUrl 77. ↵ Savary S , Willocquet L , Pethybridge SJ , Esker P , McRoberts N , Nelson A . 2019 . The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops . Nature Ecology & Evolution 3 ( 3 ): 430 – 439 . OpenUrl 78. ↵ Scalschi L , Vicedo B , Camañes G , Fernandez-Crespo E , Lapeña L , González-Bosch C , García-Agustín P . 2013 . Hexanoic acid is a resistance inducer that protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae by priming the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways . Molecular Plant Pathology 14 ( 4 ): 342 – 355 . OpenUrl 79. ↵ Schellenberger R , Crouzet J , Nickzad A , Shu LJ , Kutschera A , Gerster T , Borie N , Dawid C , Cloutier M , Villaume S , et al. 2021 . Bacterial rhamnolipids and their 3-hydroxyalkanoate precursors activate Arabidopsis innate immunity through two independent mechanisms . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 ( 39 ): e2101366118 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 80. ↵ Schildknecht H , Koob K . 1971 . Myrmicacin, The First Insect Herbicide . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 10 ( 2 ): 124 – 125 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 81. ↵ Schoonbeek HJ , Wang HH , Stefanato FL , Craze M , Bowden S , Wallington E , Zipfel C , Ridout CJ . 2015 . Arabidopsis EF-Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat . New Phytol 206 ( 2 ): 606 – 613 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 82. ↵ Schwessinger B , Bahar O , Thomas N , Holton N , Nekrasov V , Ruan D , Canlas PE , Daudi A , Petzold CJ , Singan VR , et al. 2015 . Transgenic Expression of the Dicotyledonous Pattern Recognition Receptor EFR in Rice Leads to Ligand-Dependent Activation of Defense Responses . PLOS Pathogens 11 ( 3 ): e1004809 . OpenUrl PubMed 83. ↵ Sharma A , Abrahamian P , Carvalho R , Choudhary M , Paret ML , Vallad GE , Jones JB . 2022 . Future of Bacterial Disease Management in Crop Production . Annu Rev Phytopathol 60 ( 1 ): 259 – 282 . OpenUrl 84. ↵ Sjögren J , Magnusson J , Broberg A , Schnürer J , Kenne L . 2003 . Antifungal 3-hydroxy fatty acids from Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 14 . Appl Environ Microbiol 69 ( 12 ): 7554 – 7557 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 85. ↵ Souza JTd , Boer Md , Waard Pd , Beek TAv, Raaijmakers JM . 2003 . Biochemical, Genetic, and Zoosporicidal Properties of Cyclic Lipopeptide Surfactants Produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 ( 12 ): 7161 – 7172 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 86. ↵ Surendhar M , Anbuselvam Y , Ivin J . 2021 . Status of Rice Brown Spot (Helminthosporium oryza) Management in India: A Review . Agricultural Reviews 43 ( 2 ): 217 – 222 . OpenUrl 87. ↵ Suzuki M , Takaishi S , Nagasaki M , Onozawa Y , Iino I , Maeda H , Komai T , Oda T . 2013 . Medium-chain Fatty Acid-sensing Receptor, GPR84, Is a Proinflammatory Receptor . Journal of Biological Chemistry 288 ( 15 ): 10684 – 10691 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 88. ↵ Thiel V , Kunze B , Verma P , Wagner-Döbler I , Schulz S . 2009 . New Structural Variants of Homoserine Lactones in Bacteria . ChemBioChem 10 ( 11 ): 1861 – 1868 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 89. ↵ Tian H , Wu Z , Chen S , Ao K , Huang W , Yaghmaiean H , Sun T , Xu F , Zhang Y , Wang S , et al. 2021 . Activation of TIR signalling boosts pattern-triggered immunity . Nature 598 ( 7881 ): 500 – 503 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 90. ↵ Tripathi JN , Lorenzen J , Bahar O , Ronald P , Tripathi L . 2014 . Transgenic expression of the rice Xa21 pattern-recognition receptor in banana (Musa sp .) confers resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. Plant Biotechnol J 12 ( 6 ): 663 – 673 . OpenUrl 91. ↵ Tripathi L , Atkinson H , Roderick H , Kubiriba J , Tripathi JN . 2017 . Genetically engineered bananas resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease and nematodes . Food and Energy Security 6 ( 2 ): 37 – 47 . OpenUrl 92. ↵ Tsuda K , Somssich IE . 2015 . Transcriptional networks in plant immunity . New Phytol 206 ( 3 ): 932 – 947 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 93. ↵ van Esse HP , Reuber TL , van der Does D . 2020 . Genetic modification to improve disease resistance in crops . New Phytologist 225 ( 1 ): 70 – 86 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 94. ↵ Vicedo B , Flors V , de la O Leyva M , Finiti I , Kravchuk Z , Real MD , García-Agustín P , González-Bosch C . 2009 . Hexanoic Acid-Induced Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Plants . Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22 ( 11 ): 1455 – 1465 . OpenUrl 95. ↵ Vlot AC , Sales JH , Lenk M , Bauer K , Brambilla A , Sommer A , Chen Y , Wenig M , Nayem S . 2021 . Systemic propagation of immunity in plants . New Phytologist 229 ( 3 ): 1234 – 1250 . OpenUrl 96. ↵ Von Kruedener S , Schempp H , Elstner EF . 1995 . Gas chromatographic differentiation between myeloperoxidase activity and fenton-type oxidants . Free Radical Biology and Medicine 19 ( 2 ): 141 – 146 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 97. ↵ Wang J , Long X , Chern M , Chen X . 2021 . Understanding the molecular mechanisms of trade-offs between plant growth and immunity . Sci China Life Sci 64 ( 2 ): 234 – 241 . OpenUrl 98. ↵ Wang R , Li C , Jia Z , Su Y , Ai Y , Li Q , Guo X , Tao Z , Lin F , Liang Y . 2023 . Reversible phosphorylation of a lectin-receptor-like kinase controls xylem immunity . Cell Host Microbe 31 ( 12 ): 2051 – 2066 e2057. OpenUrl 99. ↵ Wang T , Zhang H , Zhu H . 2019 . CRISPR technology is revolutionizing the improvement of tomato and other fruit crops . Horticulture Research 6 : 77 . OpenUrl 100. ↵ Wang Y , Nsibo DL , Juhar HM , Govers F , Bouwmeester K . 2016 . Ectopic expression of Arabidopsis L-type lectin receptor kinase genes LecRK-I.9 and LecRK-IX.1 in Nicotiana benthamiana confers Phytophthora resistance . Plant Cell Reports 35 ( 4 ): 845 – 855 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 101. ↵ Wang Y , Zhang Y , Gao Z , Yang W . 2018 . Breeding for Resistance to Tomato Bacterial Diseases in China: Challenges and Prospects . Horticultural Plant Journal 4 ( 5 ): 193 – 207 . OpenUrl 102. ↵ Williams P . 2007 . Quorum sensing, communication and cross-kingdom signalling in the bacterial world . Microbiology 153 ( 12 ): 3923 – 3938 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 103. ↵ Wittmann J , Brancato C , Berendzen KW , Dreiseikelmann B . 2016 . Development of a tomato plant resistant to Clavibacter michiganensis using the endolysin gene of bacteriophage CMP1 as a transgene . Plant Pathology 65 ( 3 ): 496 – 502 . OpenUrl 104. ↵ Yoshida K , Schuenemann VJ , Cano LM , Pais M , Mishra B , Sharma R , Lanz C , Martin FN , Kamoun S , Krause J , et al. 2013 . The rise and fall of the Phytophthora infestans lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine . Elife 2 : e00731 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed 105. ↵ Yuan M , Jiang Z , Bi G , Nomura K , Liu M , Wang Y , Cai B , Zhou J-M , He SY , Xin X-F . 2021a . Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity . Nature 592 ( 7852 ): 105 – 109 . OpenUrl 106. ↵ Yuan M , Ngou BPM , Ding P , Xin X-F . 2021b . PTI-ETI crosstalk: an integrative view of plant immunity . Current Opinion in Plant Biology 62 : 102030 . OpenUrl CrossRef 107. ↵ Yue J-X , Meyers BC , Chen J-Q , Tian D , Yang S . 2012 . Tracing the origin and evolutionary history of plant nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes . New Phytologist 193 ( 4 ): 1049 – 1063 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science 108. ↵ Zhang H , Liu Y , Zhang X , Ji W , Kang Z . 2023 . A necessary considering factor for breeding: growth-defense tradeoff in plants . Stress Biol 3 ( 1 ): 6 . OpenUrl 109. ↵ Zheng Z , Gong Q , Liu T , Deng Y , Chen JC , Chen GQ . 2004 . Thioesterase II of Escherichia coli plays an important role in 3-hydroxydecanoic acid production . Appl Environ Microbiol 70 ( 7 ): 3807 – 3813 . OpenUrl Abstract / FREE Full Text 110. ↵ Zheng Z , Zhang M-J , Zhang G , Chen G-Q . 2004 . Production of 3-hydroxydecanoic acid by recombinant Escherichia coli HB101 harboring phaG gene . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 85 ( 2 ): 93 – 101 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science View the discussion thread. Back to top Previous Next Posted April 21, 2024. Download PDF Supplementary Material Email Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about bioRxiv. NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article. Your Email * Your Name * Send To * Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. You are going to email the following Cross-family transfer of the Arabidopsis cell-surface immune receptor LORE to tomato confers sensing of 3-hydroxylated fatty acids and enhanced disease resistance Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from bioRxiv Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the bioRxiv website. Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Share Cross-family transfer of the Arabidopsis cell-surface immune receptor LORE to tomato confers sensing of 3-hydroxylated fatty acids and enhanced disease resistance Sabine Eschrig , Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon , Carlos Agius , Andrea Holzer , Ralph Hückelhoven , Claus Schwechheimer , Stefanie Ranf bioRxiv 2024.04.19.590144; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.19.590144 Share This Article: Copy Citation Tools Cross-family transfer of the Arabidopsis cell-surface immune receptor LORE to tomato confers sensing of 3-hydroxylated fatty acids and enhanced disease resistance Sabine Eschrig , Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon , Carlos Agius , Andrea Holzer , Ralph Hückelhoven , Claus Schwechheimer , Stefanie Ranf bioRxiv 2024.04.19.590144; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.19.590144 Citation Manager Formats BibTeX Bookends EasyBib EndNote (tagged) EndNote 8 (xml) Medlars Mendeley Papers RefWorks Tagged Ref Manager RIS Zotero Tweet Widget Facebook Like Google Plus One Subject Area Plant Biology Subject Areas All Articles Animal Behavior and Cognition (7651) Biochemistry (17746) Bioengineering (13928) Bioinformatics (42066) Biophysics (21499) Cancer Biology (18650) Cell Biology (25579) Clinical Trials (138) Developmental Biology (13409) Ecology (19947) Epidemiology (2067) Evolutionary Biology (24374) Genetics (15633) Genomics (22557) Immunology (17775) Microbiology (40505) Molecular Biology (17217) Neuroscience (88796) Paleontology (667) Pathology (2845) Pharmacology and Toxicology (4836) Physiology (7664) Plant Biology (15179) Scientific Communication and Education (2047) Synthetic Biology (4304) Systems Biology (9839) Zoology (2272)