Comprehensive Study on In Vitro Propagation of Some Imported Peach Rootstocks: In Vitro Rooting and Acclimatization

Comprehensive Study on In Vitro Propagation of Some Imported Peach Rootstocks: In Vitro Rooting and Acclimatization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comprehensive Study on In Vitro Propagation of Some Imported Peach Rootstocks: In Vitro Rooting and Acclimatization Galal I. Eliwa, El Refaey F. El Dengawye, Mohamed S. Gawish, Mona M. Yamany This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656826/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory at the horticulture department, Damietta University's faculty of agriculture, Egypt. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different IBA concentrations on the in vitro rooting and acclimatization of Okinawa ( P. persica ), Nemared ( P. persica × P. davidiana ) × P. persica ), and Garnem ( P. dulcis × P. persica ) peach rootstocks. For the in vitro rooting stage, microcuttings of 2–3 cm long were cultured in MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L). According to our results, the Garnem genotype exhibited the highest in vitro rooting rate%, number of roots per plantlet, and root length. The level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA was associated with rooting rates of 100%, 83.33%, and 75% for the rootstocks Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, respectively. The Garnem genotype responded to 4.0 mg/L of IBA with a fixed highest root number (12.33), which is the average number of roots per plantlet. As for the rootstocks Nemared and Okinawa, the highest root number per plantlet was 8.00 and 5.00, respectively, in response to 3.0 mg/L of IBA. The root lengths of the three rootstocks varied significantly depending on the IBA treatment. The Garnem genotype presented the longest root length (5.33 cm), which was followed by the Okinawa genotype (2.49 cm), while the shortest value was presented with the Nemared (1.43 cm). The current study demonstrated that the three rootstocks developed abnormal roots and callus formation when the IBA concentration was increased to 4.00 mg/L. Following acclimatization, the three peach rootstocks of the Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared had respective average survival rates of 93%, 90%, and 75% for plantlets with fully grown shoots and roots. Horticulture Plant Physiology and Morphology Biotechnology and Bioengineering acclimatization genotype IBA micropropagation rooting rootstock Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Micropropagation of rooting is regarded as a crucial stage in Prunus species since it affects the plant's ability to survive acclimatization. Auxins and the genotype are two significant rooting-related factors that are thought to be crucial for the induction and development of roots [ 1 ] [ 2 ].The researchers confirmed that auxins are essentially capable of stimulating adventitious roots on explanted plants and rooting those [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. Therefore, the addition of exogenous auxins is required in the early stages to stimulate root formation [ 5 ] [ 6 ] and the emergence of numerous roots [ 7 ]. The number of roots is a significant factor for increased plant survival percentage during the acclimatization phase, and it is considered a qualitative trait of rooting response [ 8 ]. One of the most crucial stages in the propagation of in vitro cultures is selecting the proper kind and concentration of PGR [ 9 ] [ 10 ]. For this, a variety of synthetic auxins can be employed, including naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), while the primary naturally occurring auxin in plants is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) [ 9 ]. It has been reported that IBA is the most effective method for inducing roots in Prunus species [ 4 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]. One possible explanation for IBA's superior performance over NAA and IAA is its delayed degradation and slow migration [ 3 ]. Additionally, it is less susceptible to enzymes that break down auxin and would be gradually broken down by the peroxidase enzyme [ 6 ] [ 13 ]. IBA can also enhance rooting by boosting internal free IBA or by synergistically altering the action of endogenous IAA synthesis [ 14 ]. Numerous researchers have encountered issues because in vitro-grown roots may exhibit physiological disorders despite having normal morphology [ 15 ] [ 1 ]. Root induction in the genus Prunus sp. can be affected by an interaction of factors, highlighting the genotype [ 16 ] [ 17 ], the culture medium [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ], and growth regulators, among which auxins are decisive for successful rooting in vitro [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]. Additionally, some species in the Prunus genus are hesitant to in vitro root and show a low frequency of root formation, which presents vast economic consequences. Therefore, we must also optimize tissue culture systems for the rooting of these species. The plants are able to adjust to ex-vitro conditions because the acclimatization is carried out gradually. Usually, the plants are taken from high to low humidity and low to high light intensity [ 28 ], [ 29 ]. Using IBA to induce healthy and well-developed roots during in vitro culture was essential for the plantlets' successful acclimatization [ 27 ] [ 30 ]. The present investigation examined the acclimatization and rooting ability in vitro of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks in response to varying indole butyric acid (IBA) concentrations. 2. Materials and Methods Three prunus rootstocks, namely: Okinawa ( P. persica ), Nemared ( P. persica × P. davidiana ) × P. persica ), and Garnem ( P. dulcis × P. persica ), were micropropagated in the tissue culture laboratory of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Egypt. Plant experimental research, including the gathering of plant material, was carried out in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations. 2.1. Rooting stage In this report, we have examined the rooting capacity of Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks in vitro in response to varying concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA), following studies on an explant sterilization procedure and assessment of the rootstocks' capacity to multiply in vitro under the influence of different BAP concentrations in conjunction with IBA [ 31 ]. For in vitro rooting, 2–3 cm long microcuttings were added to a rooting medium that contained half the strength of MS [ 32 ] plus 3% (w/v) sucrose, 3 g/L gerlite, 1.5 g/L activated charcoal, and varying amounts of indole-butyric acid (IBA) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L. The control was the MS medium devoid of IBA. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber with a photoperiod of 16 hours of light using cool-white fluorescent lamps (light intensity of 2000 lux), a temperature of 23 ± 2°C, and a relative humidity (RH) of 70 to 80%. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized (CRD) in a 3x6 factorial scheme (three genotypes (Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem) combined with six concentrations of IBA: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L). Each experimental unit consisted of nine jars, each with one microcutting with three replications. After 6 weeks, the rooting percentage was calculated for each treatment. Also, the number of roots per plantlet and average root length (cm) were measured and recorded. The average length (cm) of the root was estimated with the aid of a caliper and recorded. 2.2. Acclimatization stage Plantlets with fully grown roots and shoots ( Plate 1 ) were carefully removed from the propagation jars and thoroughly cleaned with tap water to remove any remaining medium, particularly the hardened material, gerlite, which could be the source of contamination. The roots were then placed in the fungicide Topsin M70. Then transplanted in plastic cups (5 cm in diameter) containing a soil mixture consisting of peat moss + perlite + sand (1:1:1(v/v/v) ratio). The soil mixture was autoclaved at 1.05 kg/cm2 and 121°C for 20 minutes to sterilize it. These cups have four holes in the bottom to get rid of excess irrigation water; each cup contains one plantlet. The plantlets were irrigated, and the cups were covered after planting (to reduce moisture loss and protect the plantlets from drying out) and placed in the growth room with a temperature of 23 ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light provided by cool-white fluorescent lamps (light intensity of 2000 lux). The plantlets were fertilized weekly with a quarter-strength MS solution, once a week. After 6 weeks, the survival rate was recorded as the following equation: 2.3. Statistical analysis In a completely randomized (CRD) design, the experiments were conducted as factorials, and the results were validated by repeating them three times. Each experimental unit consisted of nine jars, each with one microcutting with three replications. CoStat Computer Software (version 6.311) was used to analyze average data about the effects of IBA concentrations for each genotype. The least significant difference (LSD) test at p ≤ 0.05 was used to assess mean differences [ 33 ]. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Rooting stage Rooting is considered a critical stage in the micropropagation of Prunus sp . Because it controls plant survival during acclimatization. Auxins and genotype are thought to play a significant role in root formation and induction. In the present study, we tried to investigate the effect of the genotype, IBA concentration, and genotype x IBA concentration interaction on the average rooting rate%, length (cm), and number of roots per plantlet of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks. 3.1.1. The effect of IBA on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks Table (1) and Figure (1) display the average rooting percentages of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks as influenced by varying IBA concentrations. The in vitro rooting percentages of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks showed distinct and noteworthy variations depending on the tested IBA concentrations. The lowest significant value of average rooting percentage (12.50%) was recorded with the control T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA), while the high significant values of average rooting percentage 87.50 and 86.11% were recorded with T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) and T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA), respectively. Table (1): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks Rootstock (A) Treatment (B) Okinawa Nemared Garnem Average (B) T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA) 0.00 e 0.00 e 37.50 c-e 12.50 C T2 (0.5 mg/L IBA) 50.00 b-d 33.33 de 87.50 ab 56.94 B T3 (1.00 mg/L IBA) 50.00 b-d 50.00 b-d 88.88 a 62.96 B T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA) 83.33 ab 75.00 a-c 100.00 a 86.11 A T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) 62.50 a-d 100.00 a 100.00 a 87.50 A T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA) 100.00 a 33.33 de 100.00 a 77.77 AB Average (A) 57.63 B 48.61 B 85.64 A *The LSD test shows that the means of each factor and their interaction, denoted by the same letters, are not significantly different from one another at P 0.05. Figure (1): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks Regarding the behavior of genotype rootstock as influenced by IBA concentration on average rooting percentage, the data shown in Table (1) and Fig. (1) made it evident that genotype has a significant impact on rooting percentage. As the average rooting percentage was the highest for the Garnem genotype (85.64%) and the lowest for the Nemared genotype (48.61%), there was no discernible difference with the Okinawa genotype (57.63%), suggesting that the rooting percentage is genotype-dependent. These results are in line with those of [ 34 ], who discovered that the Gisela 5 genotype had the lowest value and that Fereley Jaspi had the highest rooting ability (100%) among genotypes, followed by Pyro dwarf and Gisela 6 (both of which had the best rooting percentage of 90%). while the Gisela 5 genotype had the lowest value (70%) among genotypes. Also, Nezami et al. (2014 ) [ [35showed the highest rooting rate (60 and 75%, respectively) of the GF677 hybrid rootstock and Rabi cultivar. With respect to the genotype-IBA concentration interaction, the data presented in Table (1) and Figure (1) demonstrated that the genotype-IBA concentration interaction strongly influenced rooting percentage. The rootstocks showed different responses to the rooting percentage with relation to the IBA levels tested. Since the “Garnem” genotype recorded the maximum significant values regarding the rate of rooting (100%) at concentrations T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA), T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA), and T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA), respectively, followed by the Nemared genotype, which recorded (100%) in T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA), while the Okinawa genotype recorded the average rooting (100%) with the highest concentration of IBA {T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA)}. The lowest value of rooting percentage (0.00%) was recorded with the Okinawa and Nemared genotypes in the control treatment T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA), while the Garnem genotype recorded 37.50% of the rooting rat in the control treatment (T1 without IBA), and that could be attributed to the Garnem genotype having enough endogenous cytokinin and auxin combination for root initiation [ 36 ]. 3.1.2. The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average root length (cm) The effect of IBA concentrations on the average root length (cm) of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks was cleared in Table (2) and Fig. (2). According to the results, explants grown on medium T2 (0.05 mg/L IBA) had the longest average root length (4.69 cm), while explants grown on medium T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA) had the shortest average root length (1.56 cm). Concerning the genotype rootstock behavior as influenced by IBA on average root length (cm), the data shown in Table (2) and Fig. (2) made it evident that the three rootstocks had a significant difference in root length as influenced by the IBA treatments. The Garnem genotype produced the longest root length (5.33 cm), which was significantly followed by the Okinawa genotype (2.49 cm), while the shortest average root length (1.43 cm) was recorded with the Nemared genotype. Regarding the interaction between IBA concentration and genotypes on average root length per plantlet, the results in Table (2) and Fig. (2) cleared that the rootstocks showed different responses to the average root length (cm) with relation to the IBA levels. The Garnem genotype recorded the highest significant root length (8.08 cm) with T2 (0.5 mg/L IBA), followed by the Okinawa genotype, which recorded root length (4.33 cm) in T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA). Our results are in agreement with [ 37 ], who showed that the maximum root length in the medium containing 0.5 mg/L IBA of GF677. Kassaye and Bekele (2015) [ 38 ] observed the highest length of roots in media supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA in P. salicina . Table (2): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average root length (cm) of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks. Rootstock (A) Treatment (B) Okinawa Nemared Garnem Average (B) T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA) 0.00 f 0.00 f 5.00 a-c 1.66 B T2 (0.5 mg/L IBA) 2.50 d-g 3.50 c-e 8.08 a 4.69 A T3 (1.00 mg/L IBA) 3.00 c-f 1.00 e-g 7.22 ab 3.74 A T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA) 3.50 c-e 1.50 d-f 6.83 ab 3.94 A T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) 4.33 b-d 2.10 c-f 2.32 c-f 2.92 AB T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA) 1.65 d-f 0.50 e-f 2.55 c-f 1.56 B Average (A) 2.49 B 1.43 B 5.33 A *The LSD test shows that the means of each factor and their interaction, denoted by the same letters, are not significantly different from one another at P 0.05. 3.1.3. The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average number of roots per plantlet The effect of IBA treatments on the average root number per plantlet of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks was cleared in Table (3) and Fig. (3) . The IBA had a positive effect on the in vitro rooting of the evaluated rootstocks, significantly affecting the number of roots per plantlet. The high significant values (6.91 and 6.11) of the average root number were recorded with high concentrations of IBA T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) and T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA), respectively, while the lowest average number of roots per plantlet (1.16) was recorded with the control treatment T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA). The data shown in Table (3) and Fig. (3) made it evident how the genotype rootstock behaved in relation to the average number of roots per plantlet as influenced by IBA. The Garnem genotype produced the highest significant number of roots (7.06), which was followed by the Nemared genotype (3.16), while the lowest average root number per plantlet (2.79) was recorded with the Okinawa. Regarding the interaction between IBA and genotypes as shown in Table (3) and Fig. (3), the rootstocks showed significantly different responses to the root number per plantlet with relation to the IBA concentrations tested; the maximum significant value (12.33 as an average number of roots per plantlet) was recorded in T6 (4.00 IBA mg/L), with the Garnem genotype followed by the Nemared genotype, which recorded 8.00 in T5 (3.00 IBA mg/L), and the Okinawa genotype, which recorded 5.00 in T5 (3.00 IBA mg/L). While (T1), with the absence of IBA, root formation did not significantly occur with the Okinawa and Nemared genotypes under this study, whereas the genotype of Garnem was rooted 3.50 (as an average number of roots per plantlet) without the addition of IBA, which could be due to the presence of sufficient internal auxin for the rooting process to occur [ 36 ]. Table (3): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks. Rootstock (A) Treatment (B) Okinawa Nemared Garnem Average (B) T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA) 0.00 g 0.00 g 3.50 c-g 1.16 D T2 (0.5 mg/L IBA) 1.50 e-g 1.00 f-g 5.33 b-e 2.61 CD T3 (1.00 mg/L IBA) 2.91 d-g 2.00 d-g 6.11 b-d 3.67 BC T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA) 4.33 b-f 5.00 b-f 7.33 b-c 5.55 AB T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) 5.00 b-f 8.00 b 7.75 b 6.91 A T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA) 3.00 d-g 3.00 d-g 12.33 a 6.11 A Average (A) 2.79 B 3.16 B 7.06A *The LSD test shows that the means of each factor and their interaction, denoted by the same letters, are not significantly different from one another at P 0.05. According to our findings, the rootstock Garnem had the greatest root number per plantlet and in vitro rooting rate (Plate 2). For the rootstocks Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, the corresponding rooting rates were 100%, 83.33%, and 75.00% at a level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA (Plates 2, 3, and 4). We found that the interaction between genotype and IBA concentration had a significant effect, which supports the need to optimize IBA concentration for each genotype. The results observed concerning the percentage of rooting, root length, and the number of roots per plantlet are similar to those found in the literature for the different species of the genus Prunus , which found that root formation depended on the concentration of auxins used [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ]. Pevalek-Kozlina and Jelaska (1987) [ 16 ] found a strong genotypic effect on rooting in vitro of Prunus avium , ranging from 11.0 to 90.5% of rooted explants. The rooting capacity of a species or variety is considered a genetic characteristic. Thus, the rooting capacity was successful in the in vitro rooting of peach and plum trees but not for the cherry tree (Skirvin et al., 1982) [ 43 ]. However, these authors suggested that the in vitro rooting capacity between species could be affected positively or negatively by the constituents of the culture medium. According to Rogalski et al. (2003) [ 1 ], the rootstock Capdeboscq had the greatest root number per shoot and in vitro rooting rate. At 1.0 mg/L of IBA, the corresponding rooting rates for the rootstocks Capdeboscq, GF677, and VP411 were 100%, 64%, and 64%, respectively. For the VP417 selection, rooting rates of 64.0% were linked to an IBA level of 2.0 mg/L. In response to the level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA, the maximum number of roots per shoot for the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677 was 9.6 and 5.2, respectively. The selections VP411 and VP417 responded to the level of 1.0 mg/L of IBA with the highest root numbers (3.6 and 3.9, respectively). When 0.5 mg/L of IBA was used in Prunus cerasifera, 4.4 roots were formed per plantlet, yielding a 97% in vitro rooting rate [ 44 ]. Despite the number of roots, this is a significant factor for increased percentages of plant survival during acclimatization [ 30 ]. Thus, in order to promote rhizogenesis [ 5 ] and the formation of many roots [ 7 ], exogenous auxins are needed in the early stages [ 7 ]. It is important to adjust the IBA level in the medium for each genotype of prunus rootstocks to induce and develop normal roots per plantlet. However, the current study demonstrated that callus and abnormal roots formed when the concentration of IBA was increased to 4.00 mg/L with the three rootstocks ( Plat 5 ). These findings are consistent with those of [ 45 ], who found that peach rootstock GF 677's normal root development was inhibited and callus was induced by higher levels of IBA (4.0 mg/l). 3.2. Acclimatization stage The acclimatization phase is a very difficult step affected by different factors such as genotype, medium composition, and plant growth regulators [ 46 ], [ 47 ]. Lawson et al. (2023) [ 48 ] reported that difficult-to-root plants often perform poorly during acclimatization, and in vitro, rooting can increase the survival and quality of plants. Therefore, the acclimatization stage is one of the important stages in tissue culture. The acclimation was done in the growth room for four weeks by growing well-rooted explants in plastic cups containing a soil mixture consisting of sterilized peat moss + perlite + sand (1:1:1). The average survival percentages were 90, 75, and 93% for the three peach rootstocks of the Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem, respectively (Plate 6) . This outcome is consistent with that of [ 49 ], who demonstrated that within the GF677 rootstock, rooted plantlets were successfully acclimated and moved to a potting mix with 90% survival. They then grew naturally after being strengthened and moved to a soil mixture consisting of perlite, sand, and soil in a ratio of 1: 2: 1. Nezami et al. (2014) [ 35 ] showed that 90% of the plantlets survived during the acclimatization phase in the greenhouse when worked with GF677 hybrid rootstock and Rabi cultivar. According to [ 26 ], when plantlets were placed in soil, the ex-vitro survival rate for Garnem peach rootstock was 95%. According to Abou Elyazid et al. (2021) [ 27 ], the survival rates for the Cadaman and Garmen rootstocks were 83% and 63.3%, respectively, following acclimatization. 4. Conclusion In vitro rooting and acclimatization of the prunus rootstocks "Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem" micropropagation is successfully accomplished in this study, with encouraging outcomes for large-scale propagation. The highest root number per shoot, root length, and in vitro rooting rate were all displayed by the Garnem genotype. For the rootstocks Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, the corresponding rooting rates were 100%, 83.33%, and 75% at a level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA. The Garnem genotype responded to the level of 4.0 mg/L of IBA with the highest root number, 12.33 (as an average number of roots per plantlet). The IBA treatments caused a significant difference in the root length of the three rootstocks. The current study demonstrated that callus and abnormal roots formed when the concentration of IBA was increased to 4.00 mg/L with the three rootstocks. After the acclimatization, the average survival percentages were 93%, 90%, and 75% for the three peach rootstocks of the Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, respectively. Declarations Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) and the Science, Technology, & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) collaborate to offer open access funding. Author contributions GIE, EFE, and MSG conceptualized, carried out, and supervised the experiments; MMY collected the data; GIE, MMY, and MSG analyzed the data; GIE and MMY prepared the manuscript; GIE, MMY, MSG, and EFE wrote, reviewed, and edited it; and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Data availability The authors affirm that the article contains all pertinent information. References Rogalski M, Moraes LKAD, Feslibino C, Crestani L, Guerra MP, Silva ALD (2003) In vitro rooting of Prunus rootstocks. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25:293–296. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 29452003000200028 Shukla MR, Piunno K, Saxena PK, Jones AMP (2020) Improved in vitro rooting in liquid culture using a two-piece scaffold system. Eng Life Sci 20(3–4):126–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201900133 Mansseri-Lamrioui A, Louerguioui A, Bonaly J, Yakoub-Bougdal S, Allili N, Gana-Kebbouche S (2011) Proliferation and rooting of wild cherry: the influence of cytokinin and auxin types and their concentration. Afr J Biotechnol 10(43):8613–8624 Zhou H, Li M, Zhao X, Fan X, Guo A (2010) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaves of the peach rootstock ‘Nemaguard’ (Prunus persica× P. davidiana). Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 101, 79–87. Doi: F10.1007/s11240-010-9666-z Radmann EB, Gallo CM, Ritterbusch CW, Bianchi VJ, Fernando JA, Peters JA (2014) In vitro rooting and acclimatization of ‘Mr. S. 2/5’ plum rootstock. Plant Cell Micropropagation 10:21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452012000200035 Arab MM, Yadollahi A, Eftekhari M, Ahmadi H, Akbari M, Khorami SS (2018) Modeling and optimizing a new culture medium for in vitro rooting of G×N15 Prunus rootstock using an artificial neural network genetic algorithm. Sci Rep 8(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27858-4 Dobranszki J, da Silva JAT (2010) Micropropagation of apples: A review. Biotech Adv 28:462–488 Tsafouros A, Roussos PA (2018) First report of Krymsk® 5 (cv. VSL 2) cherry rootstock in vitro propagation: Studying the effect of cytokinins, auxins, and endogenous sugars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47(1):152–161. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47111276 Phillips GC, Garda M (2019) Plant tissue culture media and practices: an overview. Vitro Cell Dev Biology—Plant 55:242–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09983-5 Ruzic D, Vujovic T (2008) The effects of cytokinin types and their concentration on in vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins (Prunus avium L). J Hortic Sci 35:12–21 Pruski K, Astatkie T, Nowak J (2005) Tissue culture propagation of Mongolian cherry (Prunus froticosa) and Nanking cherry (P. tomentosa). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 82:207–211. 10.1007/s11240-004-7836-6 Sadeghi F, Yadollahi A, Kermani M, Eftekhar M (2015) Optimizing culture media for in vitro proliferation and rooting of Tetra (Prunus empyrean) rootstock. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 13:19–23. 10.1016/j.jgeb.2014.12.006 Miri SM (2017) Effect of IAA, IBA, and NAA auxins on in vitro rooting of M.9 and M.26 apple rootstocks. Cell Mol Plant Biology J 12(4):15–23 (In Farsi) Krieken WVD, Breteler H, Visser MHM, Mavridou D (1993) The role of the conversion of IBA into IAA on root regeneration in apples. Introduction of test system. Plant Cell Rep 12:203–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237054 Filiti N, Montuschi N, Rosati P (1987) In vitro rhizogenesis: histoanatomical aspects on Prunus rootstock, Advances in Horticultural Science, Firenze, v. 1, pp. 34–38 Pevalek-Kozlina B, Jelaska S (1985), September Microclonal propagation of Prunus avium L. In Symposium on In Vitro Problems Related to Mass Propagation of Horticultural Plants 212 (pp. 599–602). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.212.98 Caboni E, Tonelli MG, Lauri P, Iacovacci P, Kevers C, Damiano C, Gaspar T (1997) Biochemical aspects of almond microcuttings related to in vitro rooting ability, Biologia Plantarum, Prague, v. 39, n. 1, p. 91–97 Sharifmoghaddam N, Safarnejad A, Tabatabaei SM (2011) The effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction and regeneration of GF677 rootstock. Int J Sci Nat 2(4):805–808 Özden AN, Ak BE, Özden M (2011) In vitro regeneration and micropropagation of GF-677 hybrid (Prunus amygdalus × P. persica) rootstock. Acta Hort 912:653–656. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.912.98 Karamad Z, Ganji Moghadam E, Bolandi A (2014) Effects of culture media and growth regulators on micropropagation of Gisela 6 rootstock. J Crop Improv 16(2):339–335. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2014.53047 El-Deeb MD, El-Alakmy HA, Shaban SM (2018) In Vitro Propagation of Nemaguard Peach (Prunus persica l.) Rootstock. Hortscience J Suez Canal Univ, 7(2) Balapoor Z, Hosseini Moghaddam H, Zarei M, Mollashahi M (2019) Micropropagation of Penta Rootstock ( Prunus domestica ) in the two-culture media (MS and B5). Plant Productions 42(4):441–454. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24937.1570 Borkheyli MM, Miri SM, Nabigol A (2021) In vitro multiplication and rooting of GF677 rootstock. J Hortic Postharvest Res 4(2):243–252. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.3608.1157 Aghaye RNM, Yadollahi A (2012) Micropropagation of GF 677 rootstock. J Agric Sci 4(5):131–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n5p131 Kose S, Canli FA (2015) In vitro Propagation of ‘Garnem’ (P. persica x P. dulcis) Rootstock. J Plant Mol Biol Biotechnol 5(1):25–30 Rezaei A, Hosseipour B (2015) In vitro propagation and rooting of Garnem rootstock. Plant Cell Biotech Mol Bio 16(1–2):41–47. http://publications.article4sub.com/id/eprint/2972 Abou Elyazid DM, Gawish MS, Eliwa GI (2021) Optimized Protocol for Micropropagation of Cadaman and Garnem Peach Rootstocks. J Plant Prod 12(7):731–735. 10.21608/JPP.2021.83432.1038 Ahloowalia BS, Prakash J, Savangikar VA, Savangikar C (2004) Plant tissue culture. Low-cost options for tissue culture technology in developing countries. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 3–11 Espinosa-Leal CA, Garza-Padrón RA, Morales-Rubio ME (2017) Cultivo in vitro como alternativa para la producción de metabolitos: Comparación de actividades biológicas de extractos de planta silvestre y cultivada in vitro de Leucophyllum frutescens. Editorial Académica Española Ritterbusch CW, Lucho SR, Radmann EB, Bianchi VJ (2020) Effect of cytokinins, carbohydrate sources, and auxins on in vitro propagation of the ‘G× N-9 peach rootstock. Int J Fruit Sci 20(sup3):S1607–S1619. 10.1080/15538362.2020.1822266 Eliwa GI, El-Dengawy ERF, Gawish MS, Yamany MM (2024) Comprehensive study on in vitro propagation of some imported peach rootstocks: in vitro explant surface sterilization and bud proliferation. Sci Rep 14(1):5586. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-55685-3 Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497. 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x Steel RG, Torrie JH (1997) Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Book, New York Vujović T, Ružić Đ, Cerović R (2012) In vitro shoot multiplication as influenced by repeated subculturing of shoots of contemporary fruit rootstocks. Hortic Sci 39(3):101–107 Nezami E, Garoosi GA, Haddad R, Hosseini R (2014) A Reliable Protocol for Adventitious Shoot Regeneration in GF677 and Rabi Cultivar, a Late Flowering Almond. J Plant Physiol Breed 4(2):43–53 Felek W, Mekibib F, Admassu B (2017) Micropropagation of peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Garnem. Afr J Biotechnol 16(10):490–498. 10.5897/AJB2016.15209 Bagheri S, Davoodi D, Amiri ME, Bayanati M, Entesari M (2017) Effect of different culture media on the micropropagation of GF677 (Prunus amygdalus × P. persica). J Hortic Sci 30(4):616–623. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.32259 Kassaye E, Bekele BD (2015) In vitro optimization of the protocol for micropropagation of plum (prunus salicina l. Var. Methley) from nodal explants. Biotechnol Int 8(4):137–148 Canli FA, Tian L (2008) In vitro shoot regeneration from stored mature cotyledons of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars. Scientia Hortic 116(1):34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.10.023 Hassanen SA, Mahdia FG (2012) In vitro propagation of pear Pyrus betulaefolia rootstock. American-Eurasian J Agricultural Environ Sci 12:484–489 Edriss MH, Baghdadi GA, Abd El-Razek AM, Abdrabboh GA, Abdel-Aziz HF (2014) Micropropagation of some peach rootstocks. Nat Sci 12(3):106–114. http://www.sciencepub.net/nature Erfani MARYAM, Miri SM, Imani A (2017) In vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of Garnem rootstock as influenced by basal media, plant growth regulators, and carbon sources. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biology 18(34):101–109. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315080971 Skirvin RM, Chu MC, Rukan-Kerns H (1982) An improved medium for the in vitro rooting of Harbrite peach Sciutti R, Morini S (1993) Effect of relative humidity in in vitro culture on some growth characteristics of plum rootstocks during shoot proliferation and rooting and on plantlet survival. Adv Hortic Sci 7(4):117–121 Ahmad TAT, Rahman HU, Ahmed CMS, Laghari MH (2003) Effect of culture media and growth regulators on micropropagation of peach rootstock GF677. Pak J Bot 35(3):331–338 Custódio L, Martins-Loucao M, Romano A (2004) Influence of sugars on in vitro rooting and acclimatization of carob trees. Biol Plant 48:469–472 Ying-Ning ZOU (2010) Micropropagation of Chinese Plum ( Prunus salicina Lindl. ) using mature stem segments. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38(3):214–218 Lawson JD, Bridges WC, Adelberg JW (2023) IBA delivery technique and media salts affected in vitro rooting and acclimatization of eight Prunus genotypes. Plants 12(2):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020289 Gerdakaneh M, Mohamadi M, Badakhshan H, Arji I (2020) The effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of GF677 rootstock under liquid medium conditions. J Plant Prod Res 27(2):43–57. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27439.1667 Plates Plates 1 to 6 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Plate1.png Plate (1): Plantlet exhibiting fully grown roots and shoots. Plate2.png Plate (2): Effect of 1.00 mg/l of IBA on the average number of normal roots per plantlet of Garnem peach rootstock. Plate3.png Plate (3): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of Okinawa prunus rootstock. Plate4.png Plate (4): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of Nemared prunus rootstock. Plate5.png Plate 5: Adverse root development and callus formation at the base of the "Garnem" (G), "Okinawa" (O), and "Nemard" (N) plantlets in vitro as a result of high IBA concentration. Plate6.png Plate (6): Acclimatization of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5656826","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":391088524,"identity":"75bbfb6b-3cb6-4a75-b3a1-e886c3f4db0d","order_by":0,"name":"Galal I. Eliwa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIie3QMUtDMRDA8XsEzuWg6ytS31eIBIpicfVr9CG86bk7OKQU6mTnJwh+hYDgnHJQF90FF0tBHBzs0k3rdRTk7CiYPySQwI8LAUil/mTGR4Ae4dYw5nLM/O8kW5Nqp0XT/uZENnbtprabkeJoMGA6M2WI9eKJoNcJ0fCrRnbvJ55pikIebg4IKhciVnsqaUrPNVIZJhe32wQslrpWJdczIZ95GZhehKyEtJYqKfLM88nIuvaIUEhcTzHPGrEkD/sY9+WT0e1f2WN3ydjVBBTnzItmuSIs5rPHt9PDzvhuOH9Xp8TvR1kGMFen+B8ujTollUql/l1f7hxSs5uBdD0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-1110","institution":"Damietta University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Galal","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Eliwa","suffix":""},{"id":391088525,"identity":"a88cec34-2263-41a4-a9f7-e68deebcd437","order_by":1,"name":"El Refaey F. El Dengawye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Damietta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"El","middleName":"Refaey F. El","lastName":"Dengawye","suffix":""},{"id":391088526,"identity":"594b769e-f005-451e-aa2a-092a082f79ec","order_by":2,"name":"Mohamed S. Gawish","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Damietta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Gawish","suffix":""},{"id":391088527,"identity":"758b2d98-58ec-48e0-a700-09a44c8f0f11","order_by":3,"name":"Mona M. Yamany","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Damietta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mona","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Yamany","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-16 22:14:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656826/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656826/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71770075,"identity":"d866312e-8198-44d2-bfcf-9a27dde96d1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:17:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of varying IBA concentrations on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprunus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e rootstocks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/233e82996049ce6c12d8737b.png"},{"id":71770979,"identity":"609b96f4-3e8d-43e8-aea9-893f56bf61cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:25:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of varying IBA concentrations on average root length (cm) of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/6df29f0868d26dfce66f08c8.png"},{"id":71770980,"identity":"e30ec504-8a33-4f19-b1c6-ee3607592f71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:25:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26131,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of the Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprunus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e rootstocks.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/c3c303b3bbae336a9dafd9d9.png"},{"id":71773220,"identity":"ecc90336-8c11-4eae-9e24-3ccc9b8654fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:49:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1131313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/3b7b045e-5b52-4a62-a27f-db21b54341ef.pdf"},{"id":71770076,"identity":"745b24de-ffac-4df1-8c8e-5fdee6ed7976","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:17:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":293691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlate (1): Plantlet exhibiting fully grown roots and shoots.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Plate1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/f137537f02aac38c37d5e3a2.png"},{"id":71770080,"identity":"a893661e-b3ab-4697-8250-6aa9eb6eb92b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:17:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":177348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlate (2): Effect of 1.00 mg/l of IBA on the average number of normal roots per plantlet of Garnem peach rootstock.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Plate2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/7189c47d75143172355e6385.png"},{"id":71771654,"identity":"3525364f-5d07-47af-ad2c-db410989ec16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:33:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":261273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlate (3): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of Okinawa prunus rootstock.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Plate3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/88122b3752ff27ca1d3c4d8b.png"},{"id":71772948,"identity":"cb809473-2b6e-4e3b-8784-b44715b6acdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:41:27","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":174808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlate (4): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of Nemared \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprunus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erootstock.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Plate4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/ccc01cdd99f9861cd781fef9.png"},{"id":71770086,"identity":"245f718b-d886-4e96-b514-24cd5f8cf743","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:17:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":379300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlate 5: Adverse root development and callus formation at the base of the \"Garnem\" (G), \"Okinawa\" (O), and \"Nemard\" (N) plantlets in vitro as a result of high IBA concentration.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Plate5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/a22ba2517b3b32588333e82b.png"},{"id":71770084,"identity":"1a6c7b43-d6b0-4c39-b721-c4412014083c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-18 12:17:27","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":361637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlate (6): Acclimatization of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Plate6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5656826/v1/5d3f7011f9d4d061d8d0b7d8.png"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComprehensive Study on In Vitro Propagation of Some Imported Peach Rootstocks: In Vitro Rooting and Acclimatization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMicropropagation of rooting is regarded as a crucial stage in \u003cem\u003ePrunus\u003c/em\u003e species since it affects the plant's ability to survive acclimatization. Auxins and the genotype are two significant rooting-related factors that are thought to be crucial for the induction and development of roots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].The researchers confirmed that auxins are essentially capable of stimulating adventitious roots on explanted plants and rooting those [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the addition of exogenous auxins is required in the early stages to stimulate root formation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] and the emergence of numerous roots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The number of roots is a significant factor for increased plant survival percentage during the acclimatization phase, and it is considered a qualitative trait of rooting response [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the most crucial stages in the propagation of in vitro cultures is selecting the proper kind and concentration of PGR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. For this, a variety of synthetic auxins can be employed, including naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), while the primary naturally occurring auxin in plants is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been reported that IBA is the most effective method for inducing roots in \u003cem\u003ePrunus\u003c/em\u003e species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. One possible explanation for IBA's superior performance over NAA and IAA is its delayed degradation and slow migration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, it is less susceptible to enzymes that break down auxin and would be gradually broken down by the peroxidase enzyme [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. IBA can also enhance rooting by boosting internal free IBA or by synergistically altering the action of endogenous IAA synthesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Numerous researchers have encountered issues because in vitro-grown roots may exhibit physiological disorders despite having normal morphology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Root induction in the genus \u003cem\u003ePrunus\u003c/em\u003e sp. can be affected by an interaction of factors, highlighting the genotype [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], the culture medium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], and growth regulators, among which auxins are decisive for successful rooting in vitro [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, some species in the Prunus genus are hesitant to in vitro root and show a low frequency of root formation, which presents vast economic consequences. Therefore, we must also optimize tissue culture systems for the rooting of these species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plants are able to adjust to ex-vitro conditions because the acclimatization is carried out gradually. Usually, the plants are taken from high to low humidity and low to high light intensity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Using IBA to induce healthy and well-developed roots during in vitro culture was essential for the plantlets' successful acclimatization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The present investigation examined the acclimatization and rooting ability in vitro of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks in response to varying indole butyric acid (IBA) concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThree \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks, namely: Okinawa (\u003cem\u003eP. persica\u003c/em\u003e), Nemared (\u003cem\u003eP. persica \u0026times; P. davidiana\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eP. persica\u003c/em\u003e), and Garnem (\u003cem\u003eP. dulcis \u0026times; P. persica\u003c/em\u003e), were micropropagated in the tissue culture laboratory of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Egypt. Plant experimental research, including the gathering of plant material, was carried out in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Rooting stage\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this report, we have examined the rooting capacity of Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks in vitro in response to varying concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA), following studies on an explant sterilization procedure and assessment of the rootstocks\u0026apos; capacity to multiply in vitro under the influence of different BAP concentrations in conjunction with IBA [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. For in vitro rooting, 2\u0026ndash;3 cm long microcuttings were added to a rooting medium that contained half the strength of MS [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] plus 3% (w/v) sucrose, 3 g/L gerlite, 1.5 g/L activated charcoal, and varying amounts of indole-butyric acid (IBA) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L. The control was the MS medium devoid of IBA. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber with a photoperiod of 16 hours of light using cool-white fluorescent lamps (light intensity of 2000 lux), a temperature of 23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C, and a relative humidity (RH) of 70 to 80%. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized (CRD) in a 3x6 factorial scheme (three genotypes (Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem) combined with six concentrations of IBA: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L). Each experimental unit consisted of nine jars, each with one microcutting with three replications. After 6 weeks, the rooting percentage was calculated for each treatment. Also, the number of roots per plantlet and average root length (cm) were measured and recorded. The average length (cm) of the root was estimated with the aid of a caliper and recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Acclimatization stage\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlantlets with fully grown roots and shoots (\u003cstrong\u003ePlate 1\u003c/strong\u003e) were carefully removed from the propagation jars and thoroughly cleaned with tap water to remove any remaining medium, particularly the hardened material, gerlite, which could be the source of contamination. The roots were then placed in the fungicide Topsin M70. Then transplanted in plastic cups (5 cm in diameter) containing a soil mixture consisting of peat moss\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;perlite\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;sand (1:1:1(v/v/v) ratio). The soil mixture was autoclaved at 1.05 kg/cm2 and 121\u0026deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize it. These cups have four holes in the bottom to get rid of excess irrigation water; each cup contains one plantlet. The plantlets were irrigated, and the cups were covered after planting (to reduce moisture loss and protect the plantlets from drying out) and placed in the growth room with a temperature of 23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light provided by cool-white fluorescent lamps (light intensity of 2000 lux). The plantlets were fertilized weekly with a quarter-strength MS solution, once a week. After 6 weeks, the survival rate was recorded as the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn a completely randomized (CRD) design, the experiments were conducted as factorials, and the results were validated by repeating them three times. Each experimental unit consisted of nine jars, each with one microcutting with three replications. CoStat Computer Software (version 6.311) was used to analyze average data about the effects of IBA concentrations for each genotype. The least significant difference (LSD) test at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used to assess mean differences [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Rooting stage\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRooting is considered a critical stage in the micropropagation of \u003cem\u003ePrunus sp\u003c/em\u003e. Because it controls plant survival during acclimatization. Auxins and genotype are thought to play a significant role in root formation and induction. In the present study, we tried to investigate the effect of the genotype, IBA concentration, and genotype x IBA concentration interaction on the average rooting rate%, length (cm), and number of roots per plantlet of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1. The effect of IBA on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFigure (1)\u003c/strong\u003e display the average rooting percentages of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks as influenced by varying IBA concentrations. The in vitro rooting percentages of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks showed distinct and noteworthy variations depending on the tested IBA concentrations. The lowest significant value of average rooting percentage (12.50%) was recorded with the control T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA), while the high significant values of average rooting percentage 87.50 and 86.11% were recorded with T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) and T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared prunus rootstocks\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRootstock (A)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOkinawa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNemared\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGarnem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1 (0.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00 e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00 e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.50 c-e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.50 C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 (0.5 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.00 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.33 de\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.50 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.94 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3 (1.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.00 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.00 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.88 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.96 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4 (2.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.33 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.00 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.11 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5 (3.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.50 a-d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.50 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6 (4.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.33 de\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.77 AB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.63 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48.61 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.64 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*The LSD test shows that the means of each factor and their interaction, denoted by the same letters, are not significantly different from one another at P 0.05.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure (1): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average rooting percentage of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eprunus\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003erootstocks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the behavior of genotype rootstock as influenced by IBA concentration on average rooting percentage, the data shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/strong\u003e made it evident that genotype has a significant impact on rooting percentage. As the average rooting percentage was the highest for the Garnem genotype (85.64%) and the lowest for the Nemared genotype (48.61%), there was no discernible difference with the Okinawa genotype (57.63%), suggesting that the rooting percentage is genotype-dependent. These results are in line with those of [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], who discovered that the Gisela 5 genotype had the lowest value and that Fereley Jaspi had the highest rooting ability (100%) among genotypes, followed by Pyro dwarf and Gisela 6 (both of which had the best rooting percentage of 90%). while the Gisela 5 genotype had the lowest value (70%) among genotypes. Also, \u003cstrong\u003eNezami\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eet al.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(2014\u003c/strong\u003e) [ [35showed the highest rooting rate (60 and 75%, respectively) of the GF677 hybrid rootstock and Rabi cultivar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the genotype-IBA concentration interaction, the data presented in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFigure (1)\u003c/strong\u003e demonstrated that the genotype-IBA concentration interaction strongly influenced rooting percentage. The rootstocks showed different responses to the rooting percentage with relation to the IBA levels tested. Since the \u0026ldquo;Garnem\u0026rdquo; genotype recorded the maximum significant values regarding the rate of rooting (100%) at concentrations T4 (2.00 mg/L IBA), T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA), and T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA), respectively, followed by the Nemared genotype, which recorded (100%) in T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA), while the Okinawa genotype recorded the average rooting (100%) with the highest concentration of IBA {T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA)}. The lowest value of rooting percentage (0.00%) was recorded with the Okinawa and Nemared genotypes in the control treatment T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA), while the Garnem genotype recorded 37.50% of the rooting rat in the control treatment (T1 without IBA), and that could be attributed to the Garnem genotype having enough endogenous cytokinin and auxin combination for root initiation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1.2. The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average root length (cm)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of IBA concentrations on the average root length (cm) of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks was cleared in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;(2).\u003c/strong\u003e According to the results, explants grown on medium T2 (0.05 mg/L IBA) had the longest average root length (4.69 cm), while explants grown on medium T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA) had the shortest average root length (1.56 cm).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcerning the genotype rootstock behavior as influenced by IBA on average root length (cm), the data shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/strong\u003e made it evident that the three rootstocks had a significant difference in root length as influenced by the IBA treatments. The Garnem genotype produced the longest root length (5.33 cm), which was significantly followed by the Okinawa genotype (2.49 cm), while the shortest average root length (1.43 cm) was recorded with the Nemared genotype.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the interaction between IBA concentration and genotypes on average root length per plantlet, the results in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/strong\u003e cleared that the rootstocks showed different responses to the average root length (cm) with relation to the IBA levels. The Garnem genotype recorded the highest significant root length (8.08 cm) with T2 (0.5 mg/L IBA), followed by the Okinawa genotype, which recorded root length (4.33 cm) in T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results are in agreement with [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], who showed that the maximum root length in the medium containing 0.5 mg/L IBA of GF677. \u003cstrong\u003eKassaye and Bekele (2015)\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] observed the highest length of roots in media supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA in \u003cem\u003eP. salicina\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average root length (cm) of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eprunus\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003erootstocks.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRootstock (A)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOkinawa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNemared\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGarnem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1 (0.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00 f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00 f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00 a-c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.66 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 (0.5 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.50 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.50 c-e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.08 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.69 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3 (1.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.00 c-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 e-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.22 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.74 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4 (2.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.50 c-e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.50 d-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.83 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.94 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5 (3.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.33 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.10 c-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.32 c-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.92 AB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6 (4.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.65 d-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50 e-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.55 c-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.56 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.49 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.43 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.33 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*The LSD test shows that the means of each factor and their interaction, denoted by the same letters, are not significantly different from one another at P 0.05.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1.3. The effect of varying IBA concentrations on average number of roots per plantlet\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of IBA treatments on the average root number per plantlet of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks was cleared in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(3)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;(3)\u003c/strong\u003e. The IBA had a positive effect on the in vitro rooting of the evaluated rootstocks, significantly affecting the number of roots per plantlet. The high significant values (6.91 and 6.11) of the average root number were recorded with high concentrations of IBA T5 (3.00 mg/L IBA) and T6 (4.00 mg/L IBA), respectively, while the lowest average number of roots per plantlet (1.16) was recorded with the control treatment T1 (0.00 mg/L IBA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data shown in Table\u0026nbsp;(3) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;(3) made it evident how the genotype rootstock behaved in relation to the average number of roots per plantlet as influenced by IBA. The Garnem genotype produced the highest significant number of roots (7.06), which was followed by the Nemared genotype (3.16), while the lowest average root number per plantlet (2.79) was recorded with the Okinawa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the interaction between IBA and genotypes as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;(3) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;(3), the rootstocks showed significantly different responses to the root number per plantlet with relation to the IBA concentrations tested; the maximum significant value (12.33 as an average number of roots per plantlet) was recorded in T6 (4.00 IBA mg/L), with the Garnem genotype followed by the Nemared genotype, which recorded 8.00 in T5 (3.00 IBA mg/L), and the Okinawa genotype, which recorded 5.00 in T5 (3.00 IBA mg/L). While (T1), with the absence of IBA, root formation did not significantly occur with the Okinawa and Nemared genotypes under this study, whereas the genotype of Garnem was rooted 3.50 (as an average number of roots per plantlet) without the addition of IBA, which could be due to the presence of sufficient internal auxin for the rooting process to occur [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(3): The effect of varying IBA concentrations on the average number of roots per plantlet of the Okinawa, Garnem, and Nemared\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eprunus\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003erootstocks.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRootstock (A)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOkinawa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNemared\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGarnem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1 (0.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00 g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00 g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.50 c-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.16 D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 (0.5 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.50 e-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 f-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.33 b-e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.61 CD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3 (1.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.91 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.00 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.11 b-d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.67 BC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4 (2.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.33 b-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00 b-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.33 b-c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.55 AB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5 (3.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00 b-f\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.75 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.91 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6 (4.00 mg/L IBA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.00 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.00 d-g\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.33 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.11 A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage (A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.79 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.16 B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.06A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*The LSD test shows that the means of each factor and their interaction, denoted by the same letters, are not significantly different from one another at P 0.05.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to our findings, the rootstock Garnem had the greatest root number per plantlet and in vitro rooting rate (Plate 2). For the rootstocks Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, the corresponding rooting rates were 100%, 83.33%, and 75.00% at a level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA (Plates 2, 3, and 4). We found that the interaction between genotype and IBA concentration had a significant effect, which supports the need to optimize IBA concentration for each genotype.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results observed concerning the percentage of rooting, root length, and the number of roots per plantlet are similar to those found in the literature for the different species of the genus \u003cem\u003ePrunus\u003c/em\u003e, which found that root formation depended on the concentration of auxins used [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cstrong\u003ePevalek-Kozlina and Jelaska (1987)\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] found a strong genotypic effect on rooting in vitro of \u003cem\u003ePrunus avium\u003c/em\u003e, ranging from 11.0 to 90.5% of rooted explants. The rooting capacity of a species or variety is considered a genetic characteristic. Thus, the rooting capacity was successful in the in vitro rooting of peach and plum trees but not for the cherry tree \u003cstrong\u003e(Skirvin et al., 1982)\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. However, these authors suggested that the in vitro rooting capacity between species could be affected positively or negatively by the constituents of the culture medium. According to \u003cstrong\u003eRogalski et al. (2003)\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], the rootstock Capdeboscq had the greatest root number per shoot and in vitro rooting rate. At 1.0 mg/L of IBA, the corresponding rooting rates for the rootstocks Capdeboscq, GF677, and VP411 were 100%, 64%, and 64%, respectively. For the VP417 selection, rooting rates of 64.0% were linked to an IBA level of 2.0 mg/L. In response to the level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA, the maximum number of roots per shoot for the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677 was 9.6 and 5.2, respectively. The selections VP411 and VP417 responded to the level of 1.0 mg/L of IBA with the highest root numbers (3.6 and 3.9, respectively). When 0.5 mg/L of IBA was used in Prunus cerasifera, 4.4 roots were formed per plantlet, yielding a 97% in vitro rooting rate [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the number of roots, this is a significant factor for increased percentages of plant survival during acclimatization [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, in order to promote rhizogenesis [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and the formation of many roots [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], exogenous auxins are needed in the early stages [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. It is important to adjust the IBA level in the medium for each genotype of \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks to induce and develop normal roots per plantlet. However, the current study demonstrated that callus and abnormal roots formed when the concentration of IBA was increased to 4.00 mg/L with the three rootstocks (\u003cstrong\u003ePlat 5\u003c/strong\u003e). These findings are consistent with those of [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], who found that peach rootstock GF 677's normal root development was inhibited and callus was induced by higher levels of IBA (4.0 mg/l).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Acclimatization stage\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe acclimatization phase is a very difficult step affected by different factors such as genotype, medium composition, and plant growth regulators [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cstrong\u003eLawson et al. (2023)\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e] reported that difficult-to-root plants often perform poorly during acclimatization, and in vitro, rooting can increase the survival and quality of plants. Therefore, the acclimatization stage is one of the important stages in tissue culture. The acclimation was done in the growth room for four weeks by growing well-rooted explants in plastic cups containing a soil mixture consisting of sterilized peat moss\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;perlite\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;sand (1:1:1). The average survival percentages were 90, 75, and 93% for the three peach rootstocks of the Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem, respectively \u003cstrong\u003e(Plate 6)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis outcome is consistent with that of [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e], who demonstrated that within the GF677 rootstock, rooted plantlets were successfully acclimated and moved to a potting mix with 90% survival. They then grew naturally after being strengthened and moved to a soil mixture consisting of perlite, sand, and soil in a ratio of 1: 2: 1. \u003cstrong\u003eNezami et al. (2014)\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] showed that 90% of the plantlets survived during the acclimatization phase in the greenhouse when worked with GF677 hybrid rootstock and Rabi cultivar. According to [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], when plantlets were placed in soil, the ex-vitro survival rate for Garnem peach rootstock was 95%. According to Abou Elyazid et al. (2021) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], the survival rates for the Cadaman and Garmen rootstocks were 83% and 63.3%, respectively, following acclimatization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn vitro rooting and acclimatization of the \u003cem\u003eprunus\u003c/em\u003e rootstocks \"Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem\" micropropagation is successfully accomplished in this study, with encouraging outcomes for large-scale propagation. The highest root number per shoot, root length, and in vitro rooting rate were all displayed by the Garnem genotype. For the rootstocks Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, the corresponding rooting rates were 100%, 83.33%, and 75% at a level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA. The Garnem genotype responded to the level of 4.0 mg/L of IBA with the highest root number, 12.33 (as an average number of roots per plantlet). The IBA treatments caused a significant difference in the root length of the three rootstocks. The current study demonstrated that callus and abnormal roots formed when the concentration of IBA was increased to 4.00 mg/L with the three rootstocks. After the acclimatization, the average survival percentages were 93%, 90%, and 75% for the three peach rootstocks of the Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) and the Science, Technology, \u0026amp; Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) collaborate to offer open access funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGIE, EFE, and MSG conceptualized, carried out, and supervised the experiments; MMY collected the data; GIE, MMY, and MSG analyzed the data; GIE and MMY prepared the manuscript; GIE, MMY, MSG, and EFE wrote, reviewed, and edited it; and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that the article contains all pertinent information.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRogalski M, Moraes LKAD, Feslibino C, Crestani L, Guerra MP, Silva ALD (2003) In vitro rooting of Prunus rootstocks. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25:293\u0026ndash;296. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 29452003000200028\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1590/S0100- 29452003000200028\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShukla MR, Piunno K, Saxena PK, Jones AMP (2020) Improved in vitro rooting in liquid culture using a two-piece scaffold system. Eng Life Sci 20(3\u0026ndash;4):126\u0026ndash;132. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201900133\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/elsc.201900133\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMansseri-Lamrioui A, Louerguioui A, Bonaly J, Yakoub-Bougdal S, Allili N, Gana-Kebbouche S (2011) Proliferation and rooting of wild cherry: the influence of cytokinin and auxin types and their concentration. Afr J Biotechnol 10(43):8613\u0026ndash;8624\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou H, Li M, Zhao X, Fan X, Guo A (2010) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaves of the peach rootstock \u0026lsquo;Nemaguard\u0026rsquo; (Prunus persica\u0026times; P. davidiana). Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 101, 79\u0026ndash;87. Doi: F10.1007/s11240-010-9666-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRadmann EB, Gallo CM, Ritterbusch CW, Bianchi VJ, Fernando JA, Peters JA (2014) In vitro rooting and acclimatization of \u0026lsquo;Mr. S. 2/5\u0026rsquo; plum rootstock. Plant Cell Micropropagation 10:21\u0026ndash;31. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452012000200035\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1590/S0100-29452012000200035\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArab MM, Yadollahi A, Eftekhari M, Ahmadi H, Akbari M, Khorami SS (2018) Modeling and optimizing a new culture medium for in vitro rooting of G\u0026times;N15 Prunus rootstock using an artificial neural network genetic algorithm. Sci Rep 8(1):1\u0026ndash;18. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27858-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-018-27858-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDobranszki J, da Silva JAT (2010) Micropropagation of apples: A review. Biotech Adv 28:462\u0026ndash;488\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsafouros A, Roussos PA (2018) First report of Krymsk\u0026reg; 5 (cv. VSL 2) cherry rootstock in vitro propagation: Studying the effect of cytokinins, auxins, and endogenous sugars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47(1):152\u0026ndash;161. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47111276\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15835/nbha47111276\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhillips GC, Garda M (2019) Plant tissue culture media and practices: an overview. Vitro Cell Dev Biology\u0026mdash;Plant 55:242\u0026ndash;257. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09983-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11627-019-09983-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRuzic D, Vujovic T (2008) The effects of cytokinin types and their concentration on in vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins (Prunus avium L). J Hortic Sci 35:12\u0026ndash;21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePruski K, Astatkie T, Nowak J (2005) Tissue culture propagation of Mongolian cherry (Prunus froticosa) and Nanking cherry (P. tomentosa). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 82:207\u0026ndash;211. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s11240-004-7836-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11240-004-7836-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSadeghi F, Yadollahi A, Kermani M, Eftekhar M (2015) Optimizing culture media for in vitro proliferation and rooting of Tetra (Prunus empyrean) rootstock. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 13:19\u0026ndash;23. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.jgeb.2014.12.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jgeb.2014.12.006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMiri SM (2017) Effect of IAA, IBA, and NAA auxins on in vitro rooting of M.9 and M.26 apple rootstocks. Cell Mol Plant Biology J 12(4):15\u0026ndash;23 (In Farsi)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKrieken WVD, Breteler H, Visser MHM, Mavridou D (1993) The role of the conversion of IBA into IAA on root regeneration in apples. Introduction of test system. Plant Cell Rep 12:203\u0026ndash;206. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/bf00237054\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/bf00237054\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFiliti N, Montuschi N, Rosati P (1987) In vitro rhizogenesis: histoanatomical aspects on Prunus rootstock, Advances in Horticultural Science, Firenze, v. 1, pp. 34\u0026ndash;38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePevalek-Kozlina B, Jelaska S (1985), September Microclonal propagation of Prunus avium L. In Symposium on In Vitro Problems Related to Mass Propagation of Horticultural Plants 212 (pp. 599\u0026ndash;602). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.212.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.212.98\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaboni E, Tonelli MG, Lauri P, Iacovacci P, Kevers C, Damiano C, Gaspar T (1997) Biochemical aspects of almond microcuttings related to in vitro rooting ability, Biologia Plantarum, Prague, v. 39, n. 1, p. 91\u0026ndash;97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharifmoghaddam N, Safarnejad A, Tabatabaei SM (2011) The effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction and regeneration of GF677 rootstock. Int J Sci Nat 2(4):805\u0026ndash;808\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ouml;zden AN, Ak BE, \u0026Ouml;zden M (2011) In vitro regeneration and micropropagation of GF-677 hybrid (Prunus amygdalus \u0026times; P. persica) rootstock. Acta Hort 912:653\u0026ndash;656. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.912.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.912.98\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaramad Z, Ganji Moghadam E, Bolandi A (2014) Effects of culture media and growth regulators on micropropagation of Gisela 6 rootstock. J Crop Improv 16(2):339\u0026ndash;335. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2014.53047\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22059/jci.2014.53047\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Deeb MD, El-Alakmy HA, Shaban SM (2018) In Vitro Propagation of Nemaguard Peach (Prunus persica l.) Rootstock. Hortscience J Suez Canal Univ, 7(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBalapoor Z, Hosseini Moghaddam H, Zarei M, Mollashahi M (2019) Micropropagation of Penta Rootstock (\u003cem\u003ePrunus domestica\u003c/em\u003e) in the two-culture media (MS and B5). Plant Productions 42(4):441\u0026ndash;454. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24937.1570\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22055/ppd.2019.24937.1570\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBorkheyli MM, Miri SM, Nabigol A (2021) In vitro multiplication and rooting of GF677 rootstock. J Hortic Postharvest Res 4(2):243\u0026ndash;252. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.3608.1157\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22077/jhpr.2020.3608.1157\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAghaye RNM, Yadollahi A (2012) Micropropagation of GF 677 rootstock. J Agric Sci 4(5):131\u0026ndash;138. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n5p131\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5539/jas.v4n5p131\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKose S, Canli FA (2015) In vitro Propagation of \u0026lsquo;Garnem\u0026rsquo; (P. persica x P. dulcis) Rootstock. J Plant Mol Biol Biotechnol 5(1):25\u0026ndash;30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRezaei A, Hosseipour B (2015) In vitro propagation and rooting of Garnem rootstock. Plant Cell Biotech Mol Bio 16(1\u0026ndash;2):41\u0026ndash;47. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://publications.article4sub.com/id/eprint/2972\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://publications.article4sub.com/id/eprint/2972\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbou Elyazid DM, Gawish MS, Eliwa GI (2021) Optimized Protocol for Micropropagation of Cadaman and Garnem Peach Rootstocks. J Plant Prod 12(7):731\u0026ndash;735. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.21608/JPP.2021.83432.1038\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21608/JPP.2021.83432.1038\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhloowalia BS, Prakash J, Savangikar VA, Savangikar C (2004) Plant tissue culture. Low-cost options for tissue culture technology in developing countries. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 3\u0026ndash;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEspinosa-Leal CA, Garza-Padr\u0026oacute;n RA, Morales-Rubio ME (2017) Cultivo in vitro como alternativa para la producci\u0026oacute;n de metabolitos: Comparaci\u0026oacute;n de actividades biol\u0026oacute;gicas de extractos de planta silvestre y cultivada in vitro de Leucophyllum frutescens. Editorial Acad\u0026eacute;mica Espa\u0026ntilde;ola\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRitterbusch CW, Lucho SR, Radmann EB, Bianchi VJ (2020) Effect of cytokinins, carbohydrate sources, and auxins on in vitro propagation of the \u0026lsquo;G\u0026times; N-9 peach rootstock. Int J Fruit Sci 20(sup3):S1607\u0026ndash;S1619. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/15538362.2020.1822266\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/15538362.2020.1822266\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEliwa GI, El-Dengawy ERF, Gawish MS, Yamany MM (2024) Comprehensive study on in vitro propagation of some imported peach rootstocks: in vitro explant surface sterilization and bud proliferation. Sci Rep 14(1):5586. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-55685-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMurashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473\u0026ndash;497. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSteel RG, Torrie JH (1997) Principles and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Book, New York\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVujović T, Ružić Đ, Cerović R (2012) In vitro shoot multiplication as influenced by repeated subculturing of shoots of contemporary fruit rootstocks. Hortic Sci 39(3):101\u0026ndash;107\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNezami E, Garoosi GA, Haddad R, Hosseini R (2014) A Reliable Protocol for Adventitious Shoot Regeneration in GF677 and Rabi Cultivar, a Late Flowering Almond. J Plant Physiol Breed 4(2):43\u0026ndash;53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFelek W, Mekibib F, Admassu B (2017) Micropropagation of peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Garnem. Afr J Biotechnol 16(10):490\u0026ndash;498. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5897/AJB2016.15209\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5897/AJB2016.15209\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBagheri S, Davoodi D, Amiri ME, Bayanati M, Entesari M (2017) Effect of different culture media on the micropropagation of GF677 (Prunus amygdalus \u0026times; P. persica). J Hortic Sci 30(4):616\u0026ndash;623. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.32259\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.32259\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKassaye E, Bekele BD (2015) In vitro optimization of the protocol for micropropagation of plum (prunus salicina l. Var. Methley) from nodal explants. Biotechnol Int 8(4):137\u0026ndash;148\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCanli FA, Tian L (2008) In vitro shoot regeneration from stored mature cotyledons of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars. Scientia Hortic 116(1):34\u0026ndash;40. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.10.023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scienta.2007.10.023\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHassanen SA, Mahdia FG (2012) In vitro propagation of pear Pyrus betulaefolia rootstock. American-Eurasian J Agricultural Environ Sci 12:484\u0026ndash;489\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEdriss MH, Baghdadi GA, Abd El-Razek AM, Abdrabboh GA, Abdel-Aziz HF (2014) Micropropagation of some peach rootstocks. Nat Sci 12(3):106\u0026ndash;114. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.sciencepub.net/nature\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.sciencepub.net/nature\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErfani MARYAM, Miri SM, Imani A (2017) In vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of Garnem rootstock as influenced by basal media, plant growth regulators, and carbon sources. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biology 18(34):101\u0026ndash;109. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/315080971\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315080971\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSkirvin RM, Chu MC, Rukan-Kerns H (1982) An improved medium for the in vitro rooting of Harbrite peach\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSciutti R, Morini S (1993) Effect of relative humidity in in vitro culture on some growth characteristics of plum rootstocks during shoot proliferation and rooting and on plantlet survival. Adv Hortic Sci 7(4):117\u0026ndash;121\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad TAT, Rahman HU, Ahmed CMS, Laghari MH (2003) Effect of culture media and growth regulators on micropropagation of peach rootstock GF677. Pak J Bot 35(3):331\u0026ndash;338\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCust\u0026oacute;dio L, Martins-Loucao M, Romano A (2004) Influence of sugars on in vitro rooting and acclimatization of carob trees. Biol Plant 48:469\u0026ndash;472\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYing-Ning ZOU (2010) Micropropagation of Chinese Plum (\u003cem\u003ePrunus salicina Lindl.\u003c/em\u003e) using mature stem segments. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38(3):214\u0026ndash;218\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLawson JD, Bridges WC, Adelberg JW (2023) IBA delivery technique and media salts affected in vitro rooting and acclimatization of eight Prunus genotypes. Plants 12(2):289. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020289\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/plants12020289\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGerdakaneh M, Mohamadi M, Badakhshan H, Arji I (2020) The effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of GF677 rootstock under liquid medium conditions. J Plant Prod Res 27(2):43\u0026ndash;57. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27439.1667\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22055/ppd.2019.27439.1667\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Plates","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlates 1 to 6 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Damietta University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"acclimatization, genotype, IBA, micropropagation, rooting, rootstock","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656826/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656826/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory at the horticulture department, Damietta University's faculty of agriculture, Egypt. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different IBA concentrations on the in vitro rooting and acclimatization of Okinawa (\u003cem\u003eP. persica\u003c/em\u003e), Nemared (\u003cem\u003eP. persica \u0026times; P. davidiana\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eP. persica\u003c/em\u003e), and Garnem (\u003cem\u003eP. dulcis \u0026times; P. persica\u003c/em\u003e) peach rootstocks. For the in vitro rooting stage, microcuttings of 2\u0026ndash;3 cm long were cultured in MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/L). According to our results, the Garnem genotype exhibited the highest in vitro rooting rate%, number of roots per plantlet, and root length. The level of 2.0 mg/L of IBA was associated with rooting rates of 100%, 83.33%, and 75% for the rootstocks Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared, respectively. The Garnem genotype responded to 4.0 mg/L of IBA with a fixed highest root number (12.33), which is the average number of roots per plantlet. As for the rootstocks Nemared and Okinawa, the highest root number per plantlet was 8.00 and 5.00, respectively, in response to 3.0 mg/L of IBA. The root lengths of the three rootstocks varied significantly depending on the IBA treatment. The Garnem genotype presented the longest root length (5.33 cm), which was followed by the Okinawa genotype (2.49 cm), while the shortest value was presented with the Nemared (1.43 cm). The current study demonstrated that the three rootstocks developed abnormal roots and callus formation when the IBA concentration was increased to 4.00 mg/L. Following acclimatization, the three peach rootstocks of the Garnem, Okinawa, and Nemared had respective average survival rates of 93%, 90%, and 75% for plantlets with fully grown shoots and roots.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comprehensive Study on In Vitro Propagation of Some Imported Peach Rootstocks: In Vitro Rooting and Acclimatization","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-18 12:17:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5656826/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9b149f5c-0330-4ddf-aab1-e005210ab200","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":41711673,"name":"Horticulture"},{"id":41711674,"name":"Plant Physiology and Morphology"},{"id":41711675,"name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-31T03:08:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-18 12:17:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5656826","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5656826","identity":"rs-5656826","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}