Phase angle and its determinants among adolescents: influence of body composition and physical fitness level

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C. Ferreira, Gerson Ferrari, Raquel D. Langer, Marco Cossio-Bolaños, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4011959/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Jun, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective To examine the association between levels of physical fitness, parameters of body composition and phase angle amongst adolescents. Methods A total of 152 adolescents (84 girls) aged 11–16 years were included in this study. Flexibility, abdominal strength, upper and lower limb strength, agility, speed and cardiorespiratory fitness were analysed. Generalized Linear Models were applied to verify significant differences across sexes. Stepwise linear regression was used to establish an association between the variables studied. Results The study established a significant association between PhA and weight, FFM, BMI, FM, %FM and medicine ball throw (MBT) for girls. As for the boys, a significant association was verified between PhA and weight, FFM, BMI, standing long jump (SLJ), MBT and the three allometric VO 2peak variables analyzed. A negative association was found between PhA and the boys’ square agility test (SAT) and 20-m shuttle run test (20SRT). Conclusion Boys showed a greater phase angle than girls; In girls, BMI and %FM, were determinant of 32.4% (r = 0.57). PhA variability which is influenced by physical fitness, body composition and, therefore, the tissues electrical conductivity. Furthermore, boys’ height, FFM, upper limb strength, and agility account for 58.4% (r = 0.76) PhA variability. There was a positive correlation between the physical fitness tests and the PhA. Health sciences/Health care/Public health Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life phase angle physical fitness body composition cardiorespiratory fitness Introduction Being physically active and having good levels of body composition parameters [low fat mass (FM) and high fat-free mass (FFM)] are widely known as components of a healthy life style. 1 – 2 However, physical inactivity is currently identified as the fourth main risk factor for all-cause mortality, and, as a consequence, the increase of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has modified the population’s general health globally. 1 – 2 On the other hand, previous studies have shown that children and adolescents who engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity one or more hours per day, and muscle and bone-strengthening activities three or more times per week with the correct load applied, have improved their muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition, therefore decreasing the liability of cardiovascular complications and benefitting bone health, psychological well-being, cognition and school performance. 1 , 3 – 4 In addition, developing and adopting healthy behaviors during this stage of life might reinforce well-being and health throughout adulthood. 5 – 6 However, nowadays some tendencies of physical inactivity can be seen, especially concerning the youth which maintain minor levels of physical fitness than children from previous generations, 7 leading to the rise of obesity, 8 cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. 9 – 10 A previous study showed that 6% of cardiovascular diseases and 7% of diabetes type II are expected to develop worldwide due to physical inactivity. 11 Therefore, using accurate methods to monitor physical fitness and body composition changes occurring during growth might contribute to decelerating the epidemiological risk factors associated with physical inactivity. 12 Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a worldwide technique used to analyze body composition in individuals with different characteristics (i.e., age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, health condition). BIA provides raw parameters of reactance (Xc) and resistance (R) in ohms (Ω). Xc is the capacitance produced by tissue interfaces and cell membranes, while R is the pure opposition of a biological conductor to the flow of an alternating electric current. 13 – 15 Considering that in biological systems the electrical current is conducted by the electrolytes content in the body water, the lean tissue is a good electric conductor due to the high amount of water, thus offering lower resistance to the electrical current. On the other hand, fat mass and bone mass are poorly conductive; hence have a higher resistance value. 13 – 14 , 16 It is possible to calculate the phase angle (PhA) in degrees using BIA parameters. PhA is expressed by the arc tangent of the reactance and resistance and is used as an indicator of nutritional status in different patients, such as malnourished children and patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. 17 – 18 Previous studies have found a direct association between PhA and cardiorespiratory fitness in critically ill pediatric patients, 19 HIV-infected children, 20 and malnourished children, 21 and only one study with healthy children. 22 Its usage is endorsed as an indicator for prognosis in children clinical practice, 23 and when correlated with anthropometric data – weight and height – in patients that underline nutritional risk, its subsids a great screening tool. However, few studies have linked physical fitness to PhA in healthy adolescents. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the association between levels of physical fitness, parameters of body composition and PhA. We hypothesized that adolescents who have higher PhA values will show better levels in body composition (i. e., > FFM; < FM) and in all physical fitness tests. Methods Participants and study design This is a cross-sectional study with children of both sexes intentionally selected from a local school in the city of Campinas, Brazil. We recruited 358 children and following the inclusion criteria, they had to: a) be properly enrolled at the local school; b) detain a regular attendance at Physical Education classes, and c) be between 11 and 16 years old. From this total, children were excluded in the case of: a) presence of physical disabilities (permanent or temporary) that would prevent them from participating in any of the procedures (n = 6); b) use of prescribed medicine (n = 2); c) no completion of any of the measurements collected (n = 102); and d) not returning a signed Informed Consent Form (n = 96). Thus, 152 children (84 girls and 68 boys) were included in the data analysis of this study. This research was approved by the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas’ Research Ethics Committee by means of CAAE: 24727119.1.0000.5481. All procedures were conducted and followed the Declaration of Helsinki for studies with human subjects. Study design, tasks and procedures All adolescents and their guardians/parents who agreed to participate in the study were adequately informed about the research proposal and the procedures to which they would be subjected. After obtained the parents’ consent, all tests were applied during the Physical Education (PE) classes and each class lasted for approximately 90 min in two different days. For each participant, all the measurements were obtained in the morning, after an overnight regular fast (8 h), refraining from vigorous exercise for at least 15h, avoiding caffeine and alcohol during the preceding 24h, and consuming a normal evening meal the night before. Verbal explanation and test demonstration were performed before participants were tested. The evaluation was done by properly trained professionals. Anthropometry assessment Anthropometry and body composition were measured before the physical fitness testing. Total body weight (kg) was determined using a digital scale (Sanny Digital Glass 200 Control, SBC, SP, Brazil) to the nearest 0.1 kg, and total body height (cm) using a vertical stadiometer (Sanny, SBC, SP, Brazil) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Consecutively, the body mass index (BMI kg/m 2 ) was calculated. Maturity status Maturity status was estimated using two approaches: sexual maturation, using self-examination of pubertal development for which the participants were provided with a standardized series of realistic color images with an explanatory text to individually assess their pubertal development following the sexual maturity stage criteria described by Tanner. 24 All assessments were carried out in a private room. Eventually, somatic maturation was verified, using estimations based on maturity offset and age at peak height velocity (PHV). The total age (years) and total body height (cm) were used to predict the PHV in years, following the published Eq. 2 5 : PHV boys = -7.999994 + (0.0036124 * (age * height)); R 2 = 0.896 and SEE = 0.542 PHV girls = -7.709133 + (0.0042232 * (age * height)); R 2 = 0.898 and SEE = 0.528 According to sex, a negative value of PHV was considered pre-PHV, while a positive value of PHV was considered post-PHV. Body Composition and Phase angle assessment BIA measurements were performed according to the protocol, using a Quantum II, single frequency (50 kHz) tetrapolar device (RJL Systems, Detroit, MI, USA). All children were instructed to remove all objects containing metal before BIA measurement was taken. Participants were laid barefoot, in a supine position, with the legs abducted at a 45° angle, arms far from the trunk and hands pronated on a table isolated from electrical conductors. After five minutes resting, the skin of the participants was cleaned with alcohol and two electrodes were placed on the surface of the right hand and two others on the surface of the right foot, according to the recommended protocol. 14 The evaluation lasted approximately one minute. BIA provided values of R and Xc in Ω and, from these variables, PhA was calculated using the following published Eq. 2 3 : $$PhA=\text{a}\text{r}\text{c}\text{t}\text{a}\text{n}\text{g}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}\left(\frac{Xc}{R}\right)*\left(\frac{180}{\pi }\right)$$ FFM was calculated using the published equation, by Houtkooper et al. 27 : FFM = 0.61 * [height(cm 2 ) / R] + 0.25 * weight + 1.31 Then, the percentage of fat mass (%FM) was calculated: %FM = [(body weight – FFM)/body weight*100). Physical fitness assessment The cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2peak ) was determined using Léger’s 20 meters shuttle run test 28 and, afterwards, was adjusted allometrically by weight, height and FFM according to the following equation: Log𝑌 = Log α + 𝑘 ⋅ Log 𝑋 The coefficients observed for weight, height and FFM in girls were − 0.79, -0.60, and − 0.84, respectively, while in boys were − 0.80, -0.61, and − 0.87, respectively. Neuromotor tests followed the procedures described by Gaya and Gaya. 29 Hamstring and lumbar spine flexibility were measured by the sit-and-reach test using the Wells’ bench with feet supported at the 23-cm mark. Abdominal strength was assessed by the sit-up test. Lower limb muscle explosive strength was evaluated by standing long jump (SLJ) test. To evaluate upper limb explosive strength, the medicine ball throw (MBT) test was performed, using a 2kg ball. Linear speed was evaluated by a 20-m shuttle run test (20SRT), and agility was evaluated by square agility test (SAT). Statistical analysis The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 25.0, Chicago, IL, EUA). Data normality was verified using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and subsequently presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). Student’s t -test was employed to verify the differences between groups (boys and girls) for age, PHV and age of PHV variables. Pearson’s correlation was used to establish an association between PhA and anthropometric variables, body composition and physical fitness. Additionally, to determine differences of values of anthropometric variables, body composition and PhA between groups, Generalized Linear Models (GzLM) were implemented and adjusted by PHV and Bonferroni post hoc test. GzLM also allowed this study to evaluate the discrepancy between groups regarding the physical fitness test (except for allometric VO 2peak ), and PHV, height, FFM and %FM were adopted as covariables. Finally, to verify the determinant factors on PhA, variation linear regression analysis (stepwise method) was used and multicollinearity was determined by the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF < 5). The level of significance adopted was p < 0.05. Results The descriptive anthropometrics and body composition characteristics of the participants included in the study are presented in Table 1 . As we found a significant difference of PHV between sex groups, the anthropometric variables, body composition, and physical fitness (with the exception of allometric VO 2peak ) were adjusted by PHV. Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study participants stratified by sex. Variables Girls (n = 84) Boys (n = 68) p-Value Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Age (years) 13.22 ± 1.22 13.25 ± 1.05 0.873 * PHV (years) 0.85 ± 1.10 -0.58 ± 0.86 < 0.001 * Height (m) 1.49 ± 0.06 1.61 ± 0.08 < 0.001 # Weight (kg) 44.02 ± 1.18 53.15 ± 1.53 < 0.001 # BMI (kg/m 2 ) 19.58 ± 0.43 20.37 ± 0.56 0.266 # BMI (z escore) 0.41 ± 1.25 0.23 ± 1.08 0.372 # Resistance (Ω) 690.16 ± 9.38 575.74 ± 12.23 < 0.001 # Reactance (Ω) 64.91 ± 0.89 61.72 ± 1.16 0.029 # FFM (kg) 32.42 ± 0.68 42.75 ± 0.88 < 0.001 # FM (%) 25.24 ± 0.79 19.12 ± 1.04 < 0.001 # Phase Angle ( o ) 5.43 ± 0.08 6.20 ± 0.11 < 0.001 # Abbreviations : PHV: Peak height velocity; BMI: Body mass index; FFM: Fat-free mass; FM: Fat mass. *Student’s t -test. # Generalized Linear Model (adjusted by PHV). Bold values indicate statistically significant (boys vs girls, p < 0.05). In this study, girls had higher %FM and lower body weight, height and FFM compared to boys. They also had higher values of R and Xc, and had lower PhA values compared to boys (Table 1 ). The association of PhA and PHV according to girls and boys established that girls’ PhA was not associate with PHV (r = 0.16; p = 0.138), whereas for boys, a significant association was found (r = 0.28; p = 0.019); for this reason, controlled correlation by PHV (with the exception of allometric VO 2peak ) was used in the analysis for boys. PhA in girls was not associated with allometric VO 2peak FFM (r = 0.13; p = 0,252), allometric VO 2peak weight (r = 0.16; p = 0.151), allometric VO 2peak height (r=-0.12; p = 0.286), or with SAT (r=-0.30; p = 0.798) and 20SRT (r=-0.29; p = 0.791). However, a significant association between PhA and weight (r = 0.43; p < 0.001), FFM (r = 0.49; p < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.52; p < 0.001), FM (r = 0.38; p = 0.001), %FM (r = 0.26; p = 0.018), and MBT (r = 0.36; p = 0.001) was found for girls. PhA was not associated either with absolute FM (r=-0.07; p = 0.561) or %FM (r=-0.12; p = 0.347) in boys. However, a significant association between PhA and weight (r = 0.36; p = 0.003), FFM (r = 0.49; p < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.35; p = 0.004), SLJ (r = 0.34; p = 0.005), MBT (r = 0.60; p < 0.001), allometric VO 2peak FFM (r = 0.41; p = 0.001), allometric VO 2peak weight (r = 0.40; p = 0.001), and allometric VO 2peak height (r = 0.26; p = 0.033) was found in boys. In addition, a negative association was found between PhA and SAT (r=-0.24; p = 0.046) and 20SRT (r=-0.30; p = 0.015) in boys. Table 2 presents the physical fitness test stratified by sexes. The results (with the exception of allometric VO 2peak ) were adjusted for the confounding variables (PHV, height, FFM, and %FM). With the exception of flexibility test (girls: 24.30 ± 0.94 cm vs boys: 18.24 ± 1.24 cm, p < 0.001), boys showed higher values in all physical tests compared to girls (p < 0.001). Table 2 Physical fitness test of the study participants stratified by sex. Physical test Girls (n = 84) Boys (n = 68) p-Value Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Flexibility (cm) 24.30 ± 0.94 18.24 ± 1.24 < 0.001 # Abdominal (repetitions) 24.64 ± 1.00 35.86 ± 1.31 < 0.001 # SLJ (cm) 129.61 ± 2.50 172.91 ± 3.26 < 0.001 # MBT (cm) 245.00 ± 5.70 368.18 ± 7.41 < 0.001 # SAT (s) 7.14 ± 0.80 5.56 ± 0.10 < 0.001 # 20SRT (s) 4.41 ± 0.05 3.87 ± 0.07 < 0.001 # VO 2 peak (ml -1 /kg -1 /min -1 ) 39.88 ± 3.20 43.45 ± 4.78 < 0.001 * VO 2 peak (ml/weight/min) 115.08 ± 8.29 127.79 ± 14.29 < 0.001 * VO 2 peak (ml/height/min) 105.09 ± 8.26 116.55 ± 12.89 < 0.001 * VO 2 peak (ml/FFM/min) 114.76 ± 8.75 133.43 ± 16.53 < 0.001 * Abbreviations : SLJ: Standing long jump; MBT: Medicine ball throw test; SAT: square agility test; 20SRT: 20-m speed run test. *Student’s t -test. # Generalized Linear Model (adjusted by PHV, height, FFM, and %FM). Table 3 shows the linear regression analysis using the stepwise method between PhA, body composition, and physical fitness test in the study participants stratified by sex. Table 3 Linear regression analysis between phase angle and determinant factors in the study population stratified by sex. GIRLS (n = 84) Models B EP R 2 β t Sig. CI (95,.0%) LI LS 1 (Constant) -0.036 0.094 -0.383 0.703 -0.222 0.150 BMI 0.522 0.097 0.259 0.509 5.360 0.000 0.329 0.716 2 (Constant) -0.016 0.090 -0.174 0.862 -0.195 0.164 BMI 0.849 0.150 0.324 0.827 5.647 0.000 0.550 1.148 % FM -0.439 0.158 -0.407 -2.777 0.007 -0.753 -0.124 BOYS (n = 68) Models B EP R 2 β t Sig. CI (95.0%) LI LS 1 (Constant) -0.086 0.122 -0.702 0.485 -0.329 0.158 Height 0.316 0.139 0.073 0.270 2.274 0.026 0.039 0.594 2 (Constant) -0.137 0.099 -1.385 0.171 -0.334 0.060 Height -0.653 0.196 0.406 -0.557 -3.336 0.001 -1.045 -0.262 FFM 1.275 0.211 1.008 6.039 0.000 0.853 1.696 3 (Constant) 0.024 0.095 0.252 0.802 -0.166 0.214 Height -0.751 0.175 0.538 -0.640 -4.277 0.000 -1.101 -0.400 FFM 0.728 0.227 0.576 3.209 0.002 0.275 1.181 MBT 0.621 0.145 0.620 4.283 0.000 0.331 0.910 4 (Constant) -0.003 0.092 -0.029 0.977 -0.186 0.181 Height -0.739 0.168 0.584 -0.630 -4.399 0.000 -1.074 -0.403 FFM 0.823 0.220 0.651 3.742 0.000 0.384 1.263 MBT 0.527 0.143 0.527 3.686 0.000 0.242 0.813 SAT -0.221 0.084 -0.221 -2.636 0.011 -0.389 -0.053 Abbreviations : FFM: Fat-free mass; % FM: Fat Mass percentage; MBT: Medicine ball throw test; SAT: square agility test. Overall, the greater predictor for girls is BMI with explanatory significance of 25.9% (p < 0.001), succeeded by %FM with 6.5% (p = 0.007). Concurrently, FFM was the main predictor for boys, demonstrating 33.3% (p < 0.001) of PhA variation, succeeded by MBT with 13.2% (p < 0.001), height with 7.3% (p = 0.001), and SAT with 4.6% (p = 0.011). Discussion This study evaluated the association between PhA, body composition, and physical fitness tests among a sample of adolescent boys and girls, and established that boys showed a higher PhA value than girls (6.20 ± 0.1 and 5.43 ± 0.08; p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the study established a positive correlation between PhA and the body composition variables, FFM for both sexes, and FM and BMI in girls, as a higher FFM value was clearly associated with a higher PhA. Overall, FFM was also identified as the main predictor for boys, demonstrating 33.3% of PhA variability, whereas for girls, BMI was the greatest predictor, with explanatory significance of 25.9%. The results of this study establish higher values for girls in relations to boys for PHV, R, Xc, and %FM, although boys depicted greater values for weight, height, FFM, and PhA, reinforcing outcomes documented in other studies with scholar adolescents 30 and athletes. 31 Interestingly, the study reported superior PhA values for boys rather than girls, which could be explained by the fact that boys present greater FFM and lower %FM than girls, being well established that FFM is an exceptional electrical conductor. 14 This finding was consistent with a previous review by Mattiello et al., 32 which evaluated 46 studies including 249.844 subjects and reported a 7.3 o value of PhA (IC 95%: 7.0 o and 7.5 o ) for adolescent (16–18 years old) boys and 6.4 o (IC 95%: 6.1 o and 6.8 o ) for girls. Weak and moderate correlation was observed for both sexes between PhA and weight, FFM, MBT, and BMI, exclusively for girls in FM and %FM, and primarily for boys regarding SLJ, SAT, 20SRT, and the three allometric VO 2peak considered. Furthermore, in girls, the predictors were the body composition variables associated with fat increase (BMI and %FM), while in boys, the predictors were the variables related to the neuromuscular growth (i.e., height, FFM, MBT, and SAT); nonetheless, the study was unable to establish correlations with physical fitness tests (i.e., flexibility and VO 2peak ml -1 /kg -1 /min -1 ). It is imperative to display the negative impact of %FM for girls and SAT for boys; however, this variable is measured in seconds (i.e., time), which represents that the smaller the time, the better the results of the test. Hence, even with negative results found in linear regression analysis ( B = -0.439), there is a positive influence on PhA. These data emphasize the discrepancy during growth induced by puberty in both sexes and can be clarified as girls experience puberty earlier than boys. Additionally, female puberty is modulated by estrogen, which enhances the build-up of fat; meantime masculine puberty modulated by androgen increases the development of fat-free mass. 5 PhA index reported in this study were within the normality standard for this age group, which outlines a progressive increase during adolescence. In their research, Langer et al. 30 have shown that physical training is associated with higher PhA values and thus improving cellular health. Besides, superior PhA values (6.9° ± 0.9°) were obtained by adolescents who practice sports, compared to adolescents who did not exercise. PhA index represents the cellular function as it is composed by the relationship established between R and Xc. Such relationship is important because it reflects different electrical 14properties of tissues that can be affected in various ways by diseases, nutritional status and hydration status. 14 Overall, when a subject produces a force, the individual generates an electrical current throughout the neurons that transport it continuously to the muscle, which endure low resistance to the transmission of the current, being highly conductive and generating the muscular contraction that modifies the existing relation between the electrolytes confined in the water of the tissue, therefore, altering the values of R, 34 and consequently PhA value. Regarding girls in this study, BMI and %FM account for 32.4% of PhA variation, while for boys, height, FFM, MBT, and SAT have an explanatory significance of 58.4% on PhA variation. Boys’ results endorse previous observational studies that validated a direct correlation of PhA and diverse functional indexes, such as handgrip strength, knee extension strength, and maximum quadriceps strength. 20 Gonzalez et al. report in their research that age was the predicting leading factor for PhA in men and women, succeeded by FFM and height. FFM is a good electrical conductor because it has a greater amount of water, thus a greater amount of electrolytes, interfering directly in PhA, which is measured according to the relationship between R and Xc. As formerly mentioned, R is inversely related to the amount of electrolytes enclosed in the water of the tissue; therefore, if the tissue hydration level is low, R values increase, whereas if it is high, R will be smaller. 14 Although Xc indicates the capacitance of the cellular membrane, as it is a non-ionic tissue surface, it prolongs the transmission of electrical flow, thus, the better the integrity of the cellular membrane, the higher the body’s Xc values. PhA is widely used in numerous populations as an indicator of nutritional status and cellular function, 34 in which elevated PhA values in healthy individuals suggest a better cellular function, 35 indicating a larger cellular body mass and a greater volume of intact cellular membrane. On the other hand, low PhA values are found in subjects carrying diseases, such as malnourished patients, 21 patients with anorexia nervosa, and HIV 20 and cancer patient, 35 – 36 thus revealing the impairment of the cellular function and integrity of the membrane. The limitations of this study are due to its transversal nature that impedes a cause-effect relationship validation, and the small group of participants that prevents results from being extrapolated to other population groups. Furthermore, the suggestion is the performance of future longitudinal studies to better comprehend the cause-effect relationship between PhA, body composition, and physical fitness. By this time, no other study has used seven tests (i.e., flexibility, abdominal, SLJ, MBT, SAT, 20SRT and VO 2peak ) to determine the association between physical fitness and PhA with this number of healthy adolescents. This study verified that PhA is a health marker that presents variability according to the levels of physical fitness and body composition of adolescents. Conclusion In this sample, boys showed greater PhA values compared to girls. We found a positive association between PhA and FM for girls and between PhA and FFM for boys. In addition, physical fitness tests showed a positive association with PhA. Therefore, PhA can be implemented as critical tool to assess cellular health and monitor the nutritional status and overall health in children and adolescents. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas’ Research Ethics Committee by means of CAAE: 24727119.1.0000.5481. All procedures were conducted and followed the Declaration of Helsinki for studies with human subjects. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The dataset used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was supported by the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq (101151/2021-7). Authors’ contributions GOCF: conceived the study, analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript; GF: made substantial contributions to design, analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article with critical revision for important intellectual content; final approval of version to be published; RDL, MC-B, and RG-C: performed the projects and drafting the manuscript with critical revision for important intellectual content; EL: performed the projects; drafting the article with critical revision for important intellectual content; final approval of version to be published; AMM: performed the projects and final approval of version to be published; All authors have provided a critical revision and final approval of the manuscript. Acknowledgment The authors thank the Principal and the students of Pio XII School at Campinas-SP for their authorization and collaboration in this study. References Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. 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Doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2013v15n1p113 . Eickemberg, M; Oliveira, CC; Roriz, AKC; Sampaio L. Bioelectric impedance analysis and its use for nutritional assessments. Rev Nutr 2011; 24(6):883–893. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732011000600009 C . Pileggi VN, Scalize ARH, Camelo Junior JS. Ângulo de fase e critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde na avaliação do estado nutricional em crianças com osteogênese imperfeita. Rev Paul Pediatr 2016; 34(4):484–488. Doi: 10.1016/j.rpped.2016.02.005 . Schiesser M, Kirchhoff P, Müller MK, et al. The correlation of nutrition risk index, nutrition risk score, and bioimpedance analysis with postoperative complications in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Surgery 2009; 145(5):519–526. Doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.02.001 . Azevedo ZMA, Moore DCBC, de Matos FAA, et al. Bioelectrical impedance parameters in critically ill children: Importance of reactance and resistance. Clin Nutr 2013; 32(5):824–829. Doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.01.011 . Martins PC, de Lima LRA, Berria J, et al. Association between phase angle and isolated and grouped physical fitness indicators in adolescents. Physiol Behav 2020; 217(December 2019):112825. Doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112825 . Girma T, Hother Nielsen AL, Kæstel P, et al. Biochemical and anthropometric correlates of bio-electrical impedance parameters in severely malnourished children: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr 2018; 37(2):701–705. Doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.017 . Langer RD, da Costa KG, Bortolotti H, et al. Phase angle is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in children aged between 9 and 11 years. Physiol Behav 2020; 215. Doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112772 . Nagano M, Suita S, Yamanouchi T. The validity of bioelectrical impedance phase angle for nutritional assessment in children. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35(7):1035–1039. Doi: 10.1053/jpsu.2000.7766 . Tanner JM. Growth at adolescence. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford; 1962 Moore SA, McKay HA, Macdonald H, et al. Enhancing a somatic maturity prediction model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47(8):1755–1764. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000588 . Léger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, et al. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci 1988; 6(2):93–101. Doi: 10.1080/02640418808729800 . Houtkooper LB, Going SB, Lohman TG, et al. Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72(1):366–373. Doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.366 . Langer RD, Silva AM, Borges JH, et al. Physical training over 6 months is associated with improved changes in phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose in healthy young males. Am J Hum Biol 2019; (January):1–8. Doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23275 . Gaya AGAR. Projeto Esporte Brasil: manual de testes e avaliação. Porto Alegre, Edições Perfil, 2016. Langer RD, de Fatima Guimarães R, Gonçalves EM, et al. Phase Angle is Determined by Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents. Int J Sports Med 2020. Doi: 10.1055/a-1152-4865 . Marini E, Campa F, Buffa R, et al. Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in the evaluation of body composition in athletes. Clin Nutr 2020; 39(2):447–454. Doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.016 . Mattiello R, Amaral MA, Mundstock E, et al. Reference values for the phase angle of the electrical bioimpedance: Systematic review and meta-analysis involving more than 250,000 subjects. Clin Nutr 2020; 39(5):1411–1417. Doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.004 . Koury JC, Trugo NMF, Torres AG. Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vectors in adolescent and adult male athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9(5):798–804. Doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0397 . Yoshida T, Yamada Y, Tanaka F, et al. Intracellular-to-total water ratio explains the variability of muscle strength dependence on the size of the lower leg in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113(September):120–127. Doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.022 . Norman K, Stobäus N, Zocher D, et al. Cutoff percentiles of bioelectrical phase angle predict functionality, quality of life, and mortality in patients with cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92(3):612–619. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29215 . Norman K, Stobäus N, Pirlich M, et al. Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis - Clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin Nutr 2012; 31(6):854–861. Doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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C.","lastName":"Ferreira","suffix":""},{"id":281641695,"identity":"a9fd71da-0040-4db1-9cca-7bc51117ab8d","order_by":1,"name":"Gerson Ferrari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gerson","middleName":"","lastName":"Ferrari","suffix":""},{"id":281641696,"identity":"04c5c28f-5670-4916-9082-4cc01b2c6033","order_by":2,"name":"Raquel D. Langer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Campinas","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raquel","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Langer","suffix":""},{"id":281641697,"identity":"428b77f7-5ba4-4954-aae8-99d007a0b875","order_by":3,"name":"Marco Cossio-Bolaños","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Católica del Maule","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"","lastName":"Cossio-Bolaños","suffix":""},{"id":281641699,"identity":"344205e1-8b4d-4319-8a40-fec9d52cb7b7","order_by":4,"name":"Rossana Gomez-Campos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Católica del Maule","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rossana","middleName":"","lastName":"Gomez-Campos","suffix":""},{"id":281641701,"identity":"e57bb7e7-4d4e-4c92-a6e9-73714cad525f","order_by":5,"name":"Evandro Lázari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Campinas","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Evandro","middleName":"","lastName":"Lázari","suffix":""},{"id":281641703,"identity":"d765521c-3daf-4ae8-944b-7dcaf3f3d17b","order_by":6,"name":"Anderson M. Moraes","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anderson","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Moraes","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-04 14:06:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4011959/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4011959/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62546-6","type":"published","date":"2024-06-13T14:53:16+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58822444,"identity":"eeea220f-8740-4d6d-95db-bb3eafeabd2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-21 16:43:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":822263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4011959/v1/5dabfa39-1871-47ce-b1a2-7fa07a704c98.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phase angle and its determinants among adolescents: influence of body composition and physical fitness level","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBeing physically active and having good levels of body composition parameters [low fat mass (FM) and high fat-free mass (FFM)] are widely known as components of a healthy life style.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e However, physical inactivity is currently identified as the fourth main risk factor for all-cause mortality, and, as a consequence, the increase of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has modified the population\u0026rsquo;s general health globally.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, previous studies have shown that children and adolescents who engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity one or more hours per day, and muscle and bone-strengthening activities three or more times per week with the correct load applied, have improved their muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition, therefore decreasing the liability of cardiovascular complications and benefitting bone health, psychological well-being, cognition and school performance.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In addition, developing and adopting healthy behaviors during this stage of life might reinforce well-being and health throughout adulthood. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, nowadays some tendencies of physical inactivity can be seen, especially concerning the youth which maintain minor levels of physical fitness than children from previous generations,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e leading to the rise of obesity,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e A previous study showed that 6% of cardiovascular diseases and 7% of diabetes type II are expected to develop worldwide due to physical inactivity.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, using accurate methods to monitor physical fitness and body composition changes occurring during growth might contribute to decelerating the epidemiological risk factors associated with physical inactivity.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a worldwide technique used to analyze body composition in individuals with different characteristics (i.e., age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, health condition). BIA provides raw parameters of reactance (Xc) and resistance (R) in ohms (Ω). Xc is the capacitance produced by tissue interfaces and cell membranes, while R is the pure opposition of a biological conductor to the flow of an alternating electric current.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Considering that in biological systems the electrical current is conducted by the electrolytes content in the body water, the lean tissue is a good electric conductor due to the high amount of water, thus offering lower resistance to the electrical current. On the other hand, fat mass and bone mass are poorly conductive; hence have a higher resistance value. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to calculate the phase angle (PhA) in degrees using BIA parameters. PhA is expressed by the arc tangent of the reactance and resistance and is used as an indicator of nutritional status in different patients, such as malnourished children and patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have found a direct association between PhA and cardiorespiratory fitness in critically ill pediatric patients,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e HIV-infected children,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and malnourished children,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and only one study with healthy children.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Its usage is endorsed as an indicator for prognosis in children clinical practice,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and when correlated with anthropometric data \u0026ndash; weight and height \u0026ndash; in patients that underline nutritional risk, its subsids a great screening tool.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, few studies have linked physical fitness to PhA in healthy adolescents. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the association between levels of physical fitness, parameters of body composition and PhA. We hypothesized that adolescents who have higher PhA values will show better levels in body composition (i. e., \u0026gt; FFM; \u0026lt; FM) and in all physical fitness tests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants and study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This is a cross-sectional study with children of both sexes intentionally selected from a local school in the city of Campinas, Brazil. We recruited 358 children and following the inclusion criteria, they had to: a) be properly enrolled at the local school; b) detain a regular attendance at Physical Education classes, and c) be between 11 and 16 years old. From this total, children were excluded in the case of: a) presence of physical disabilities (permanent or temporary) that would prevent them from participating in any of the procedures (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6); b) use of prescribed medicine (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2); c) no completion of any of the measurements collected (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;102); and d) not returning a signed Informed Consent Form (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;96). Thus, 152 children (84 girls and 68 boys) were included in the data analysis of this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This research was approved by the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas\u0026rsquo; Research Ethics Committee by means of CAAE: 24727119.1.0000.5481. All procedures were conducted and followed the Declaration of Helsinki for studies with human subjects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design, tasks and procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e All adolescents and their guardians/parents who agreed to participate in the study were adequately informed about the research proposal and the procedures to which they would be subjected. After obtained the parents\u0026rsquo; consent, all tests were applied during the Physical Education (PE) classes and each class lasted for approximately 90 min in two different days. For each participant, all the measurements were obtained in the morning, after an overnight regular fast (8 h), refraining from vigorous exercise for at least 15h, avoiding caffeine and alcohol during the preceding 24h, and consuming a normal evening meal the night before. Verbal explanation and test demonstration were performed before participants were tested. The evaluation was done by properly trained professionals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnthropometry assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropometry and body composition were measured before the physical fitness testing. Total body weight (kg) was determined using a digital scale (Sanny Digital Glass 200 Control, SBC, SP, Brazil) to the nearest 0.1 kg, and total body height (cm) using a vertical stadiometer (Sanny, SBC, SP, Brazil) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Consecutively, the body mass index (BMI kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaturity status\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaturity status was estimated using two approaches: sexual maturation, using self-examination of pubertal development for which the participants were provided with a standardized series of realistic color images with an explanatory text to individually assess their pubertal development following the sexual maturity stage criteria described by Tanner.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e All assessments were carried out in a private room. Eventually, somatic maturation was verified, using estimations based on maturity offset and age at peak height velocity (PHV). The total age (years) and total body height (cm) were used to predict the PHV in years, following the published Eq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePHV \u003csub\u003eboys\u003c/sub\u003e = -7.999994 + (0.0036124 * (age * height)); R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.896 and SEE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePHV \u003csub\u003egirls\u003c/sub\u003e = -7.709133 + (0.0042232 * (age * height)); R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.898 and SEE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to sex, a negative value of PHV was considered pre-PHV, while a positive value of PHV was considered post-PHV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBody Composition and Phase angle assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIA measurements were performed according to the protocol, using a Quantum II, single frequency (50 kHz) tetrapolar device (RJL Systems, Detroit, MI, USA). All children were instructed to remove all objects containing metal before BIA measurement was taken. Participants were laid barefoot, in a supine position, with the legs abducted at a 45\u0026deg; angle, arms far from the trunk and hands pronated on a table isolated from electrical conductors. After five minutes resting, the skin of the participants was cleaned with alcohol and two electrodes were placed on the surface of the right hand and two others on the surface of the right foot, according to the recommended protocol. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The evaluation lasted approximately one minute.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIA provided values of R and Xc in Ω and, from these variables, PhA was calculated using the following published Eq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$PhA=\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{g}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\left(\\frac{Xc}{R}\\right)*\\left(\\frac{180}{\\pi }\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFFM was calculated using the published equation, by Houtkooper et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFFM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.61 * [height(cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) / R]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.25 * weight\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThen, the percentage of fat mass (%FM) was calculated:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%FM = [(body weight \u0026ndash; FFM)/body weight*100).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhysical fitness assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cardiorespiratory fitness (VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e) was determined using L\u0026eacute;ger\u0026rsquo;s 20 meters shuttle run test \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and, afterwards, was adjusted allometrically by weight, height and FFM according to the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLog\u0026#119884; = Log α + \u0026#119896; \u0026sdot; Log \u0026#119883;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coefficients observed for weight, height and FFM in girls were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.79, -0.60, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.84, respectively, while in boys were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.80, -0.61, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.87, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuromotor tests followed the procedures described by Gaya and Gaya. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eHamstring\u003c/em\u003e and lumbar spine flexibility were measured by the sit-and-reach test using the Wells\u0026rsquo; bench with feet supported at the 23-cm mark. Abdominal strength was assessed by the sit-up test. Lower limb muscle explosive strength was evaluated by standing long jump (SLJ) test. To evaluate upper limb explosive strength, the medicine ball throw (MBT) test was performed, using a 2kg ball. Linear speed was evaluated by a 20-m shuttle run test (20SRT), and agility was evaluated by square agility test (SAT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 25.0, Chicago, IL, EUA). Data normality was verified using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and subsequently presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). Student\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test was employed to verify the differences between groups (boys and girls) for age, PHV and age of PHV variables. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation was used to establish an association between PhA and anthropometric variables, body composition and physical fitness. Additionally, to determine differences of values of anthropometric variables, body composition and PhA between groups, Generalized Linear Models (GzLM) were implemented and adjusted by PHV and Bonferroni post hoc test. GzLM also allowed this study to evaluate the discrepancy between groups regarding the physical fitness test (except for allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e), and PHV, height, FFM and %FM were adopted as covariables. Finally, to verify the determinant factors on PhA, variation linear regression analysis (stepwise method) was used and multicollinearity was determined by the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5). The level of significance adopted was p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe descriptive anthropometrics and body composition characteristics of the participants included in the study are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. As we found a significant difference of PHV between sex groups, the anthropometric variables, body composition, and physical fitness (with the exception of allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e) were adjusted by PHV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive characteristics of the study participants stratified by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirls\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoys\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHV (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight (m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI (z escore)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.372\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResistance (Ω)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e690.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e575.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReactance (Ω)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFFM (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFM (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhase Angle (\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/b\u003e: PHV: Peak height velocity; BMI: Body mass index; FFM: Fat-free mass; FM: Fat mass. *Student\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test. \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003eGeneralized Linear Model (adjusted by PHV). Bold values indicate statistically significant (boys \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e girls, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, girls had higher %FM and lower body weight, height and FFM compared to boys. They also had higher values of R and Xc, and had lower PhA values compared to boys (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe association of PhA and PHV according to girls and boys established that girls\u0026rsquo; PhA was not associate with PHV (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.138), whereas for boys, a significant association was found (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019); for this reason, controlled correlation by PHV (with the exception of allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e) was used in the analysis for boys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhA in girls was not associated with allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e FFM (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,252), allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e weight (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.151), allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e height (r=-0.12; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.286), or with SAT (r=-0.30; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.798) and 20SRT (r=-0.29; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.791). However, a significant association between PhA and weight (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), FFM (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.49; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), BMI (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.52; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), FM (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.38; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), %FM (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018), and MBT (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) was found for girls. PhA was not associated either with absolute FM (r=-0.07; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.561) or %FM (r=-0.12; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.347) in boys. However, a significant association between PhA and weight (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003), FFM (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.49; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), BMI (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004), SLJ (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.34; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), MBT (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.60; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e FFM (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.41; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e weight (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.40; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e height (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033) was found in boys. In addition, a negative association was found between PhA and SAT (r=-0.24; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046) and 20SRT (r=-0.30; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) in boys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the physical fitness test stratified by sexes. The results (with the exception of allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e) were adjusted for the confounding variables (PHV, height, FFM, and %FM). With the exception of flexibility test (girls: 24.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94 cm \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e boys: 18.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 cm, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), boys showed higher values in all physical tests compared to girls (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical fitness test of the study participants stratified by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirls\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoys\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlexibility (cm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbdominal (repetitions)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSLJ (cm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBT (cm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSAT (s)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20SRT (s)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003epeak (ml\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e/kg\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e/min\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003epeak (ml/weight/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003epeak (ml/height/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003epeak (ml/FFM/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/b\u003e: SLJ: Standing long jump; MBT: Medicine ball throw test; SAT: square agility test; 20SRT: 20-m speed run test. *Student\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test. \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003eGeneralized Linear Model (adjusted by PHV, height, FFM, and %FM).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the linear regression analysis using the stepwise method between PhA, body composition, and physical fitness test in the study participants stratified by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear regression analysis between phase angle and determinant factors in the study population stratified by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGIRLS (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI (95,.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Constant)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Constant)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e% FM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBOYS (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModels\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eβ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003et\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSig.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCI (95.0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Constant)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Constant)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.557\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFFM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Constant)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFFM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Constant)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.739\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFFM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMBT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSAT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/b\u003e: FFM: Fat-free mass; % FM: Fat Mass percentage; MBT: Medicine ball throw test; SAT: square agility test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the greater predictor for girls is BMI with explanatory significance of 25.9% (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), succeeded by %FM with 6.5% (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007). Concurrently, FFM was the main predictor for boys, demonstrating 33.3% (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) of PhA variation, succeeded by MBT with 13.2% (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), height with 7.3% (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and SAT with 4.6% (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the association between PhA, body composition, and physical fitness tests among a sample of adolescent boys and girls, and established that boys showed a higher PhA value than girls (6.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 and 5.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the study established a positive correlation between PhA and the body composition variables, FFM for both sexes, and FM and BMI in girls, as a higher FFM value was clearly associated with a higher PhA. Overall, FFM was also identified as the main predictor for boys, demonstrating 33.3% of PhA variability, whereas for girls, BMI was the greatest predictor, with explanatory significance of 25.9%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study establish higher values for girls in relations to boys for PHV, R, Xc, and %FM, although boys depicted greater values for weight, height, FFM, and PhA, reinforcing outcomes documented in other studies with scholar adolescents \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and athletes. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, the study reported superior PhA values for boys rather than girls, which could be explained by the fact that boys present greater FFM and lower %FM than girls, being well established that FFM is an exceptional electrical conductor. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This finding was consistent with a previous review by Mattiello et al.,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e which evaluated 46 studies including 249.844 subjects and reported a 7.3\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e value of PhA (IC 95%: 7.0\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e and 7.5 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e) for adolescent (16\u0026ndash;18 years old) boys and 6.4 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e (IC 95%: 6.1\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e and 6.8\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e) for girls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeak and moderate correlation was observed for both sexes between PhA and weight, FFM, MBT, and BMI, exclusively for girls in FM and %FM, and primarily for boys regarding SLJ, SAT, 20SRT, and the three allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e considered. Furthermore, in girls, the predictors were the body composition variables associated with fat increase (BMI and %FM), while in boys, the predictors were the variables related to the neuromuscular growth (i.e., height, FFM, MBT, and SAT); nonetheless, the study was unable to establish correlations with physical fitness tests (i.e., flexibility and VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e ml\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e/kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e/min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). It is imperative to display the negative impact of %FM for girls and SAT for boys; however, this variable is measured in seconds (i.e., time), which represents that the smaller the time, the better the results of the test. Hence, even with negative results found in linear regression analysis (\u003cem\u003eB =\u003c/em\u003e -0.439), there is a positive influence on PhA. These data emphasize the discrepancy during growth induced by puberty in both sexes and can be clarified as girls experience puberty earlier than boys. Additionally, female puberty is modulated by estrogen, which enhances the build-up of fat; meantime masculine puberty modulated by androgen increases the development of fat-free mass. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhA index reported in this study were within the normality standard for this age group, which outlines a progressive increase during adolescence. In their research, Langer et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e have shown that physical training is associated with higher PhA values and thus improving cellular health. Besides, superior PhA values (6.9\u0026deg; \u0026plusmn; 0.9\u0026deg;) were obtained by adolescents who practice sports, compared to adolescents who did not exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhA index represents the cellular function as it is composed by the relationship established between R and Xc. Such relationship is important because it reflects different electrical 14properties of tissues that can be affected in various ways by diseases, nutritional status and hydration status. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Overall, when a subject produces a force, the individual generates an electrical current throughout the neurons that transport it continuously to the muscle, which endure low resistance to the transmission of the current, being highly conductive and generating the muscular contraction that modifies the existing relation between the electrolytes confined in the water of the tissue, therefore, altering the values of R,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and consequently PhA value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding girls in this study, BMI and %FM account for 32.4% of PhA variation, while for boys, height, FFM, MBT, and SAT have an explanatory significance of 58.4% on PhA variation. Boys\u0026rsquo; results endorse previous observational studies that validated a direct correlation of PhA and diverse functional indexes, such as handgrip strength, knee extension strength, and maximum quadriceps strength. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Gonzalez et al. report in their research that age was the predicting leading factor for PhA in men and women, succeeded by FFM and height. FFM is a good electrical conductor because it has a greater amount of water, thus a greater amount of electrolytes, interfering directly in PhA, which is measured according to the relationship between R and Xc. As formerly mentioned, R is inversely related to the amount of electrolytes enclosed in the water of the tissue; therefore, if the tissue hydration level is low, R values increase, whereas if it is high, R will be smaller. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Although Xc indicates the capacitance of the cellular membrane, as it is a non-ionic tissue surface, it prolongs the transmission of electrical flow, thus, the better the integrity of the cellular membrane, the higher the body\u0026rsquo;s Xc values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhA is widely used in numerous populations as an indicator of nutritional status and cellular function, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in which elevated PhA values in healthy individuals suggest a better cellular function, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e indicating a larger cellular body mass and a greater volume of intact cellular membrane. On the other hand, low PhA values are found in subjects carrying diseases, such as malnourished patients, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e patients with anorexia nervosa, and HIV \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and cancer patient, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e thus revealing the impairment of the cellular function and integrity of the membrane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limitations of this study are due to its transversal nature that impedes a cause-effect relationship validation, and the small group of participants that prevents results from being extrapolated to other population groups. Furthermore, the suggestion is the performance of future longitudinal studies to better comprehend the cause-effect relationship between PhA, body composition, and physical fitness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy this time, no other study has used seven tests (i.e., flexibility, abdominal, SLJ, MBT, SAT, 20SRT and VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e) to determine the association between physical fitness and PhA with this number of healthy adolescents. This study verified that PhA is a health marker that presents variability according to the levels of physical fitness and body composition of adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this sample, boys showed greater PhA values compared to girls. We found a positive association between PhA and FM for girls and between PhA and FFM for boys. In addition, physical fitness tests showed a positive association with PhA. Therefore, PhA can be implemented as critical tool to assess cellular health and monitor the nutritional status and overall health in children and adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas\u0026rsquo; Research Ethics Committee by means of CAAE: 24727119.1.0000.5481. All procedures were conducted and followed the Declaration of Helsinki for studies with human subjects.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development \u0026ndash; CNPq (101151/2021-7).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGOCF: conceived the study, analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript; GF: made substantial contributions to design, analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article with critical revision for important intellectual content; final approval of version to be published; RDL, MC-B, and RG-C: performed the projects and drafting the manuscript with critical revision for important intellectual content; EL: performed the projects; drafting the article with critical revision for important intellectual content; final approval of version to be published; AMM: performed the projects and final approval of version to be published; All authors have provided a critical revision and final approval of the manuscript.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the Principal and the students of Pio XII School at Campinas-SP for their authorization and collaboration in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. 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Doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"phase angle, physical fitness, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4011959/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4011959/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the association between levels of physical fitness, parameters of body composition and phase angle amongst adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 152 adolescents (84 girls) aged 11\u0026ndash;16 years were included in this study. Flexibility, abdominal strength, upper and lower limb strength, agility, speed and cardiorespiratory fitness were analysed. Generalized Linear Models were applied to verify significant differences across sexes. Stepwise linear regression was used to establish an association between the variables studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study established a significant association between PhA and weight, FFM, BMI, FM, %FM and medicine ball throw (MBT) for girls. As for the boys, a significant association was verified between PhA and weight, FFM, BMI, standing long jump (SLJ), MBT and the three allometric VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e variables analyzed. A negative association was found between PhA and the boys\u0026rsquo; square agility test (SAT) and 20-m shuttle run test (20SRT).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoys showed a greater phase angle than girls; In girls, BMI and %FM, were determinant of 32.4% (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57). PhA variability which is influenced by physical fitness, body composition and, therefore, the tissues electrical conductivity. Furthermore, boys\u0026rsquo; height, FFM, upper limb strength, and agility account for 58.4% (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.76) PhA variability. There was a positive correlation between the physical fitness tests and the PhA.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phase angle and its determinants among adolescents: influence of body composition and physical fitness level","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-22 11:46:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4011959/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-08T12:39:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-26T23:15:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"649bb175-27fc-4414-9c1c-9b7d0caf939a","date":"2024-03-25T07:23:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-25T07:09:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-25T06:55:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-20T05:51:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-20T05:45:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-03-04T12:57:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"20dd7174-cfac-45ed-b4cf-2fd0c9bdfa82","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":29654920,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Public health"},{"id":29654921,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-21T14:53:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4011959","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62546-6","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-06-13 14:53:16","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 13th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-22 11:46:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-62546-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62546-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4011959","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4011959","identity":"rs-4011959","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}