Clausius’ thermodynamics, a theory of motive power from disorganized energy

Thermodynamics is the theory of energy resulting from the conceptual differentiation of caloric, circa 1850-1865, into energy (including both organized and disorganized energies), entropy, and heat (a disorganized form of energy)—one key part of the conceptual differentiation is the relation between organized energy and disorganized energy. The theory is often referred to as the Clausius-Kelvin theory as a single theoretical system. In actual fact, it is a blend of Kelvin’s contribution and Clausius’ contribution. Clausius’ version of the theory was transformed by Gibbs into Gibbsian thermodynamics, which is the result of a successful conceptual differentiation but one that does not involve the key part of the differentiation. Orthodox engineering thermodynamics is instead an update of energy physics formulated by Kelvin circa 1850-55 based on the _energy premise_, which errs on the “relation between two energies.” As a result, engineering thermodynamics is a defective theoretical system. This paper makes the case that Clausius’ theorem of entropy can be developed for reforming ET into a coherent system by rejecting the energy premise, which is to be supplanted with a what-where duality premise. Getting the relationship between two energies correctly, we shall have a completely different take on the connection between the “consumption of energy” and the surrounding “heat reservoirs.”