Surveillance and Biorational Management of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Coconut to Reduce the Invasion Threat in Bangladesh

Surveillance and Biorational Management of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Coconut to Reduce the Invasion Threat in Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Surveillance and Biorational Management of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Coconut to Reduce the Invasion Threat in Bangladesh Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Nirmal Kumar Dutta, Md Akhtaruzzaman Sarkar, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859422/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, is a new invasive pest in Bangladesh that was first reported in May 2019 infesting coconut trees. In this context, the present study was carried out to respond to this pest immediately by evaluating the seasonal incidence of this pest and establishing a suitable management procedure to control it. Seasonal abundance of RSW populations was observed at weekly intervals from January 2021 to December 2022. Seasonal variations have been observed in RSW infestation of coconuts. The RSW populations prevailed throughout the year, peaking in April-May and September-October in both 2021 and 2022. Among different climatic factors, temperature played a significant role in the growth of these pest populations. Of six treatments tested, the chemical insecticide Acetamiprid (Tundra® 50 SP) was most effective, reducing pest numbers by over 80% after initial and follow-up applications. Initial application of bio-pesticides yielded a more modest 44.83-65.98% control, with D-Lemonine (Bio clean® 5% SL) performing best. A second spray of D-Lemonine lowered nymph, puparium, and adult populations by 82.11%, 82.12%, and 83.53% respectively compared to untreated trees. Furthermore, when Acetamiprid and D-Lemonine were used in combination, they demonstrated a high level of efficacy in controlling the RSW. Therefore, implementing a rotation spraying strategy that involves the use of Acetamiprid followed by D-Lemonine can be considered a sustainable management option to combat RSW infestation in coconut trees. This rotation utilizes chemical and organic options while avoiding the overuse of any single method. Invasive Pest Population Dynamics bio-pesticide environment friendly Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Highlights Rugose Spiraling Whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus can be found in coconut trees throughout the year, with two peaks in April-May and September-October. Acetamiprid (Tundra® 50 SP) is effective to suppress RSW population. The bio-pesticide containing D-Lemonine is also effective in reducing RSW populations when applied a second time or used in rotation with Acetamiprid. Rotation spraying method using Acetamiprid and D-Lemonine can be sustainable management option. Background Infestation with invasive pests and diseases poses is always challenging due to their unknown impact on agricultural production. It is crucial to immediately respond to these threats and establish an appropriate management procedure. Currently, Bangladesh is facing a major concern with the presence of an invasive insect species called Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), commonly known as rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW). This species has already infested 39 plant species from 22 families (Swarnaa et al., 2023 ). Among these plants, coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) and banana ( Musa sp.) are the most preferred hosts for RSW (Francis et al., 2016 ; Selvaraj et al., 2019 ; Khan, 2022 ). The first report of RSW infestation on coconuts was in Belize in 2004, and its distribution was initially limited to Belize, Mexico, Guatemala, and Florida (Martin, 2004 ; Evans, 2008 ). However, it has since spread globally. In India, RSW was identified on coconut palms in 2016 (Sundararaj and Selvaraj, 2017 ), and in Bangladesh, the presence and infestation of RSW on coconut leaves were first reported in May 2019 (Dutta et al., 2019 ). This insect can be easily identified by examining the characteristics of its puparia (Dubey and David, 2012 ), and it has a distinctive egg-laying pattern from which its name is derived. While RSW infestation typically does not result in the death of the host plant, it can disrupt its normal growth. This small insect feeds on the sap of leaves, causing stress to the host plant. Moreover, it secretes honeydew, which promotes the growth of sooty molds. As a result, the plant's photosynthesis is reduced, leading to significant yield losses (Ullah et al., 2021 ; Puvvala et al., 2023 ). Coconut plants heavily infested with RSW exhibit fewer leaves and nuts, smaller size, and lower water content (Swarnaa et al., 2023 ). Due to its ability to spread easily through wind, RSW rapidly attacks neighboring gardens, posing a serious threat to the economy. The current scenario of RSW infestation in Bangladesh is alarming due to its successful establishment over a wide range of hosts as well as its continuous expansion (Khan, 2022 ; Swarnaa et al., 2023 ). It is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to developing a rapid response against this invasion. At the same time, it is crucial to establish pest control strategies to safeguard crop yield. Until now, no chemical insecticides have been recommended for controlling RSW, leading farmers to rely on excessive use of conventional broad-spectrum chemical pesticides. This increased frequency of pesticide applications has resulted in higher costs and reduced profitability in production. Moreover, the use of such pesticides raises concerns about fruit quality, as well as risks to the environment and human health. In recent years, alternative biorational management approaches have gained significance as substitutes for conventional and synthetic pesticides. These approaches encompass the utilization of colored sticky traps, conservation and enhancement of biocontrol agents, entomopathogenic fungi, and the optimal utilization of green and bio-pesticides for pest control (Kaur and Chandi, 2021 ). In certain cases, the combined use of less toxic synthetic pesticides and biopesticides has proven to be an effective method in reducing the quantity of synthetic pesticides. Previous studies have successfully employed biorational management options to control piercing sucking insect groups, including whiteflies (Akmal et al., 2013 ; Sharma et al., 2015 ; Ikbal and Pavela, 2023; Malinga and Laing, 2021 ; Rahman et al., 2023 ). For the control of RSW, foliar sprays of neem products have demonstrated effectiveness in other countries, such as India (Alagar et al., 2020 ; Kumar et al., 2021). Additionally, certain commercial bio-pesticides containing D-limonene, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, Bacillus thuringiensis , matrine, and spinosad have shown efficacy in controlling sucking pests in Bangladesh (Hossain et al., 2020 ; Rashid et al., 2022 ; Rahman et al., 2023 ). Moreover, in order to efficiently handle an invasive insect pest, it is crucial to comprehend its occurrence throughout the year. The seasonal presence and dominance of the pest are significantly affected by abiotic factors, particularly climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity (Silva et al., 2020 ). By obtaining information regarding the seasonal incidence of RSW, it becomes possible to predict its occurrence in advance, enabling farmers to effectively manage their population on time. To demonstrate a prompt response to this invasive species, this research was conducted to examine both the seasonal incidence and biorational management options concurrently for two consecutive years, namely 2021 and 2022. Consequently, the first objective of this study was to determine the impact of climatic factors on population dynamics. Meanwhile, the second objective aimed to investigate the efficacy of various bio-pesticides/less toxic pesticides in controlling RSW infestation in coconut plantations, with the ultimate goal of identifying a suitable biorational control method. Materials and methods Location of the study The investigation into the seasonal occurrence survey of RSW was conducted between January 2021 to December 2022. Whereas effectiveness of different bio-pesticides/less toxic pesticides to control RSW infestation were also investigated in both the years 2021 and 2022. In this experiment the bio-pesticides/less toxic pesticides were applied as foliar spray during the peak season of pest infestation. The peak season of pest infestation was selected by observing the pest prevalence in 2020. Both studies were executed at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), located in Rahmatpur (90°17’29.414” E, 22°47’36.033” N) within the Babuganj upazila, Barishal district, Bangladesh (Scheme 1 ). Evaluation of Seasonal Incidence and Population Dynamics The seasonal incidence of the rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) population in relation to current weather conditions was evaluated by observing both immature and adult populations at 7-day intervals from January 2021 to December 2022. The first occurrence of RSW infestation was documented in the Jashore region (89°12’10.2” E, 23°09’47.7” N) in May 2019, while the Barishal district remained unaffected until March 2020. On March 21, 2020, the first RSW infestation was observed. From that point until December, the presence of the pest was visually monitored without collecting any data. Starting in January 2021, a systematic documentation of its seasonal appearance was initiated. The study took place at five coconut gardens, each containing 100 palms, located at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rahmatpur, Barishal. The coconut trees were between seven to eight years old and had a height of 7–10 feet. Within each garden, 10 palms were selected as replication. One palm from each garden was chosen for each replication. Ten palms were randomly chosen in each garden, and the incidence and severity of damage were assessed by counting the number of nymphs, puparia, and adults. In each tree, the five matured fronds at the bottom were selected, and from each frond, five leaflets were marked for observing the population dynamics of RSW. The incidence and severity of damage were recorded by counting the number of nymphs, puparia, and adults of A. rugioperculatus per leaflet in the selected leaflets of the coconut tree. Daily records of abiotic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were collected and recorded at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Barishal, which was located 13 kilometers away from the study sites. The efficacy of different pesticides against rugose spiraling whitefly in coconut Targeted pesticides The pesticides used in this study were obtained from a commercially available local market listed below. Table 1 List of bio- and chemical pesticides used against rugose spiraling whitefly. Pesticide /biopesticides Trade name Manufacturer Matrine Biotrin® 0.5% AS Ispahani Agro Ltd., Gazipur, Bangladesh D-Limonene Bio-clean® 5% SL Ispahani Agro Ltd., Gazipur, Bangladesh Acetamiprid Tundra® 50 SP Auto crop care Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh Field experiment The experiments were conducted at RARS, BARI, Rahmatpur, Barishal from 2021 to 2022, focusing on the primary observation of pest infestation in 2020. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 6 treatments and 6 replicates was used for the experiments. The selected 30 palms of 9-year-old Kerala Dwarf variety were subjected to evaluation using bio-pesticides or less toxic chemical pesticides. Eight palms were kept as untreated controls and were positioned 100 meters away from the treated plots. The treatments included six different options, including the control. Treatments were assigned as follows: T 1 : Spraying of Tundra® 50 SP (Acetamiprid) @ 1 g /L of water T 2 : Spraying of Bio clean® 5% SL (D- Lemonine) @ 1 ml/L of water T 3 : Spraying of Biotrin® 0.5% (Matrine) @ 1.5 ml/L of water T 4 : Rotation spraying of Tundra® 50 SP (Acetamiprid) @ 1 g /L of water and Bioclean® 5% SL (D- limonene) @ 1ml/L of water T 5 : Rotation spraying of Tundra® 50 SP (Acetamiprid) @ 1 g /L of water and Biotrin® 0.5% (Matrine) @ 1.5 ml/L of water T 6 : Untreated control. During the peak season, which is September-October, two sprays of each pesticide were conducted. The timing of the treatment application was determined based on the RSW population observed in 2020. In each month, both pesticides were sprayed at a 7-day interval using a high-volume power sprayer. The nymph (2nd to 3rd instar), puparia (4th instar nymph), and adult whitefly population on coconut leaflets were recorded one day before spraying and seven days after spraying in each month. However, the pest population was monitored until November. The pest population per leaflet was calculated by considering the three-month average data. Statistical Analysis Population dynamics and their relationship with weather parameters were analyzed for RSW using the developed model for assessing the impact of weather parameters on the seasonal abundance of RSW (Amin et al., 2021 ; Hossain et al., 2020 ; Rahman et al., 2023 ). Additionally, a multiple stepwise linear regression procedure was used to estimate the impact of bi-weekly mean values of meteorological factors (temperature, humidity & rainfall) on the number of flies per leaflet in different bi-weeks and the form of this linear regression model is: \(Y={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}{X}_{1}+ {\beta }_{2}{X}_{2}+ {\beta }_{3}{X}_{3}+ ℇ\dots \dots \dots \left(1\right)\) Where, Y is abundance of RSW, \({X}_{1}\) is bi-weekly average temperature, \({X}_{2}\) is weekly average relative humidity and \({X}_{3}\) is bi-weekly average rainfall. \({\beta }_{0}\) is a constant representing the general level of abundance of RSW irrespective of the effect of meteorological factors. \({\beta }_{1}\) is regression coefficient indicating the marginal effect of temperature, \({\beta }_{2}\) is regression coefficient indicating the marginal effect of relative humidity and \({\beta }_{3}\) is regression coefficient indicating the marginal effect of rainfall. The model accuracy was confirmed by the value of the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the ANOVA was used to evaluate the regression model fitness. Before performing analysis of variance and Tukey’s multiple range tests on the RSW, they were subjected to arcsine transformation (SAS Institute, 2012). The seasonal pooled number of RSW per leaflet data were square root transformed before analyzing variance, and means were separated using Tukey’s multiple range tests. Results Evaluation of rugose spiraling whitefly infestation on coconut Figure 1 illustrates the infestation and management of rugose spiraling whitefly on coconut trees. The distinctive spiral pattern of egg-laying confirms that the infestation is caused by the Rugose Spiraling Whitefly (Fig. 1 b). The adult RSW is noticeably larger than the typical whitefly (Fig. 1 d). Both adult and nymph RSW feed on the sap of tender leaves, leading to a decline in plant vigor. In high populations, they excrete significant amounts of honeydew, promoting the growth of sooty mold (Fig. 1 g). Effect of climatic factors on seasonal incidence The distribution of RSW throughout the seasons in relation to weather conditions has been illustrated in Fig. 2 and listed in Table 2 . The findings of the study reveal that the incidence of RSW nymphs, puparia, and adult populations followed a similar pattern in both 2021 and 2022. The infestation of this pest began in January, with an average of 0.75 to 0.83 per leaflet, and persisted throughout the year. The population of nymphs, puparia, and adults ranged from 0.75 to 16.67, 0.75 to 27.67, and 0.75 to 15.08 per leaflet, respectively. This indicates that RSW reproduces throughout the year, with multiple overlapping generations. Notably, two distinct peaks in the nymph, puparia and adult RSW population were observed: the first peak occurred in April-May, with an average of 11.50 to 19.42 per leaflet, while the second peak was observed in September-October, with an average of 16.42 to 27.67 per leaflet. The impact of meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on the seasonal abundance of RSW has been analyzed using a multiple linear regression modeling approach. This analysis provided insights into the specific effect of each meteorological factor on the seasonal abundance of RSW (Table 3 ). Table 2 Monthly distribution of weather parameters and population growth of RSW infesting coconut during 2021 and 2022 Year Month Temperature ( ° C) Rainfall (mm) Relative humidity (%) No. of RSW/leaflet (± SE) Nymph Puparia Adult 2021 January 18.66 0.00 72.55 0.83 ± 0.56 0.92 ± 0.48 0.92 ± 0.46 February 21.55 0.00 68.63 1.42 ± 0.59 1.08 ± 0.48 1.00 ± 0.33 March 27.14 0.00 71.47 6.50 ± 0.97 8.00 ± 1.27 4.50 ± 0.83 April 30.86 0.00 70.85 11.83 ± 2.03 19.42 ± 1.44 14.25 ± 1.85 May 29.78 85.80 75.98 8.58 ± 1.01 12.08 ± 1.95 9.25 ± 1.02 June 28.29 174.20 82.98 5.75 ± 0.97 6.25 ± 1.12 6.58 ± 0.81 July 28.55 277.30 86.63 4.83 ± 0.92 6.17 ± 1.02 7.83 ± 0.83 August 28.82 67.00 82.79 6.42 ± 0.61 8.17 ± 0.74 8.75 ± 0.70 September 29.40 85.70 83.85 16.67 ± 1.75 27.67 ± 3.15 13.33 ± 1.19 October 29.18 128.90 84.21 13.25 ± 1.90 22.00 ± 2.95 14.67 ± 1.27 November 24.27 0.00 71.73 2.17 ± 0.77 2.42 ± 0.76 2.08 ± 0.20 December 19.58 0.00 71.21 1.58 ± 0.41 1.83 ± 0.64 1.33 ± 0.47 2022 January 18.24 10.40 75.10 0.75 ± 0.54 0.75 ± 0.33 0.75 ± 0.54 February 20.14 37.10 69.61 1.25 ± 0.59 0.92 ± 0.36 0.83 ± 0.46 March 26.69 0.00 69.03 6.83 ± 1.71 7.92 ± 1.36 4.75 ± 1.22 April 29.89 6.20 78.05 11.50 ± 2.1.5 19.08 ± 1.94 14.08 ± 1.61 May 29.33 151.80 79.45 7.92 ± 1.16 10.50 ± 1.35 8.33 ± 0.80 June 28.65 285.30 85.85 4.92 ± 1.05 5.58 ± 1.19 5.50 ± 1.10 July 29.40 194.70 85.42 4.25 ± 1.62 5.42 ± 1.12 6.33 ± 0.83 August 28.52 520.20 85.63 5.58 ± 0.97 6.92 ± 1.10 7.58 ± 1.21 September 29.21 323.00 83.18 16.42 ± 1.62 27.17 ± 2.25 13.25 ± 1.92 October 29.58 385.30 84.08 13.67 ± 2.26 21.67 ± 2.45 15.08 ± 1.64 November 24.22 0.00 73.73 1.83 ± 0.77 1.83 ± 0.77 1.67 ± 0.25 December 19.11 0.00 72.00 1.42 ± 0.67 1.42 ± 0.37 1.00 ± 0.39 Source: Meteorological station, Regional Station, BRRI, Barishal The data suggests that there is a strong positive correlation between temperature and the seasonal abundance of RSW (nymph, puparia, and adult). As the temperature increases, the population of RSW also increases. On the other hand, relative humidity and rainfall have negative relationships with the seasonal abundance of RSW. Temperature alone accounts for 45.80–54.00% of the nymph population, 39.20–46.30% of the puparia population, and 64.30–66.30% of the adult population, which is statistically significant. The combined effect of temperature and rainfall is also significant, contributing to 54.30–56.70% of the nymph population, 46.70–50.30% of the puparia population, and 66.60–68.20% of the adult population. Additionally, the average monthly rainfall, along with temperature and relative humidity, contributes to 59.80–62.40% of the nymph population, 51.90–57.90% of the puparia population, and 71.70–71.90% of the adult population, which is statistically significant. The individual effects of rainfall and relative humidity on the nymph population range from 0.30-10.93 and 5.50–5.75, respectively. For the puparia population, the individual effects of rainfall and relative humidity range from 0.44–11.03 and 5.22–7.65, respectively. Lastly, the individual effects of rainfall and relative humidity on the adult RSW population abundance range from 0.30–3.94% and 3.45–5.30%, respectively (Table 3 ). Table 3 Multiple linear regression models along with coefficients of determination (R 2 ) regarding the impact of weather parameters on the seasonal abundance of the RSW population during 2021 and 2022 Year Stages of insect Regression equation R 2 100 R 2 % Role of individual factor F- statistics 2021 Nymph Y = -11.26 + 0.74X 1 0.458 45.8 45.80 F 1,10 =8.43, P = 0.0157 Y = -15.28 + 0.94X 1 − 0.02X 2 0.567 56.7 10.93 F 2,9 =5.89, P = 0.0231 Y = -38.26 + 0.83X 1 -0.04X 2 -0.35X 3 0.624 62.4 5.75 F 3,8 =4.43, P = 0.0409 Puparia Y = -18.69 + 1.14X 1 0.392 39.2 39.20 F 1,10 =6.44, P = 0.0295 Y = -25.50 + 1.49X 1 − 0.03X 2 0.503 50.3 11.03 F 2,9 =4.55, P = 0.0431 Y = -69.98 + 1.28X 1 -0.07X 2 -0.69X 3 0.579 57.9 7.65 F 3,8 =3.67, P = 0.0628 Adult Y = -14.05 + 0.85X 1 0.643 64.3 64.30 F 1,10 =18.01, P = 0.002 Y = -16.29 + 0.97X 1 -0.01X 2 0.682 68.2 3.94 F 2,9 =9.67, P = 0.0056 Y = -33.72 + 0.88X 1 -0.03X 2 -0.27X 3 0.717 71.7 3.45 F 3,8 =6.75, P = 0.0139 2022 Nymph Y = -15.77 + 0.85X 1 0.540 54.0 54.00 F 1,10 =11.73, P = 0.006 Y = -16.58 + 0.89X 1 -0.002X 2 0.543 54.3 0.30 F 2,9 =5.35, P = 0.0295 Y = -4.89 + 0.93X 1 -0.01X 2 -0.31X 3 0.598 59.8 5.50 F 3,8 =3.97, P = 0.052 Puparia Y = -26.12 + 1.35X 1 0.463 46.3 46.30 F 1,10 =8.61, P = 0.0149 Y = -27.78 + 1.44X 1 − 0.004X 2 0.467 46.7 0.44 F 2,9 =3.95, P = 0.0512 Y = -8.20 1.51X 1 -0.01X 2 -0.52X 3 0.519 51.9 5.22 F 3,8 =2.88, P = 0.103 Adult Y = -18.37 + 0.96X 1 0.663 66.3 66.3 F 1,10 =19.68, P = 0.001 Y = -19.15 + 0.99X 1 − 0.002X 2 0.666 66.6 0.30 F 2,9 =8.97, P = 0.0072 Y = -2.37 + 1.04X 1 -0.01X 2 -0.31X 3 0.719 71.9 5.30 F 3,8 =6.83, P = 0.0134 Y = insect population/leaflet; X 1 = average temperature (°C); X 2 = rainfall (mm); X 3 = relative humidity (%) Evaluation of bio-rational approach to control rugose spiraling whitefly using bio- and less toxic chemical pesticides The study on population dynamics revealed that the incidence of RSW population started in January and persisted throughout the year, with the highest infestation occurring in September-October (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 ). As a result, management experiments were conducted from September to November in both 2021 and 2022. Prior to spraying, there was no significant difference in RSW population among the treatments, but all the treatments resulted in a reduction of RSW population compared to the control. When the treatments were administered during the first week of September, their abundance decreased compared to the control. In comparison to the untreated control, the alternating spraying of and Tundra® (Acetamiprid 50 SP) and Bio clean® (D-limonene 5% SL) as well as the double spraying of the bio-pesticide Bio clean® and the chemical pesticide Tundra®, performed better in terms of reducing the seasonal RSW incidence in 2021 and 2022 (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 ). Furthermore, a two-year field study demonstrated that various pest management strategies had a significant impact on the mortality of the seasonal RSW population. The initial application of two bio-pesticides, D-limonene 5% SL and Matirine 0.5%, did not effectively decrease the population of RSW in all stages (nymph, paparia, and adult). The reduction achieved varied from 44.83–67.71%. In contrast, the chemical pesticide Acetamiprid 50 SP exhibited a significant reduction ranging from 80.67–85.42%. However, after the second application, there was a notable decrease in the nymph population of RSW. The reduction ranged from 86.18–87.80%, 82.11–83.74%, and 83.74–86.18% compared to the control. This reduction was accomplished by alternating the application of Tundra® 50 SP and Bio clean® 5% SL, as well as two rounds of spraying with Bio clean® and Tundra® on treated coconut palms respectively, followed by alternating the application of Biotrin® 0.5% AS and Tundra® 50 SP, along with double spraying of Biotrin® 0.5% AS on treated palms (in case of first spray; during 2021: F 5,30 = 94.00, P < 0.0001; during 2022: F 5,30 = 75.08, P < 0.0001 and in case of second spray; during 2021: F 5,30 = 312.51, P < 0.0001; during 2022: F 5,30 = 324.64, P < 0.0001) (Table 4 , 5 , and 6 ). The population of RSW in puparia experienced a significant decrease when coconut palms were treated with alternating sprays of Tundra® 50 SP and Bio clean® 5% SL, as well as two rounds of spraying with Bio clean® 5% SL and Tundra®. The reduction in RSW population ranged from 86.09–87.42%, 82.12–83.44%, and 82.12–83.44% compared to the control, respectively. This was followed by alternating sprays of Biotrin® 0.5% AS and Tundra® 50 SP, and double spraying of Biotrin® 0.5% AS on the treated palms (in case of first spray; during 2021: F 5,30 = 54.11, P < 0.0001; during 2022: F 5,30 = 50.21, P < 0.0001 and in case of second spray; during 2021: F 5,30 = 95.54, P < 0.0001; during 2022: F 5,30 = 153.10, P < 0.0001) (Table 4 , 5 , and 6 ). Similarly, the adult RSW population was also significantly reduced using the same treatment method, resulting in a reduction ranging from 84.71–86.25%, 83.53–85.00%, and 87.06–88.75% compared to the control (in case of first spray; during 2021: F 5,30 = 94.34, P < 0.0001; during 2022: F 5,30 = 97.57, P < 0.0001 and in case of second spray; during 2021: F 5,30 = 77.45, P < 0.0001; during 2022: F 5,30 = 76.38, P < 0.0001) (Table 4 , 5 , and 6 ). Table 4 Effect of different treatments on the population reduction of RSW nymphs during September-November 2021 and 2022 Treatments/Year Before spray After spray First spray Second spray (7 days after first spray) Mean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (± SE) Mean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (± SE) Percent reduction of RSW population over control Mean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (± SE) Percent reduction of RSW population over control 2021 Acetamiprid (T 1 ) 14.67 ± 1.45 a 3.17 ± 0.46 d 83.62 3.33 ± 0.33 d 83.74 D-Lemonine (T 2 ) 15.67 ± 1.76 a 7.67 ± 0.33 c 60.34 3.67 ± 0.37 cd 82.11 Matrine (T 3 ) 15.67 ± 1.20 a 10.67 ± 1.33 b 44.83 6.33 ± 0.73 b 69.11 Acetamiprid + D-Lemonine (T 4 ) 15.33 ± 1.45 a 3.17 ± 0.47d 83.62 2.83 ± 0.77 d 86.18 Acetamiprid + Matrine (T 5 ) 14.33 ± 1.54 a 3.83 ± 0.17 d 80.17 5.00 ± 0.34 bc 75.61 Control (T 6 ) 14.67 ± 1.66 a 19.33 ± 0.73 a - 20.50 ± 1.15 a - 2022 Acetamiprid (T 1 ) 14.33 ± 1.67 a 3.00 ± 0.50 c 85.25 2.83 ± 0.46 d 86.18 D-Lemonine (T 2 ) 15.33 ± 1.45 a 7.33 ± 0.33 b 63.93 3.33 ± 0.43 cd 83.74 Matrine (T 3 ) 15.00 ± 1.15 a 10.17 ± 0.89 b 50.00 6.00 ± 0.67 b 70.73 Acetamiprid + D-Lemonine (T 4 ) 15.00 ± 1.53 a 2.83 ± 0.46 c 86.07 2.50 ± 0.88 d 87.80 Acetamiprid + Matrine (T 5 ) 14.33 ± 1.45 a 3.50 ± 0.52 c 82.79 4.67 ± 0.46 bc 77.24 Control (T 6 ) 15.33 ± 1.20 a 20.33 ± 1.77 a - 20.50 ± 1.50 a - Note: All means followed by same letters at each column in a year were not significantly different among the treatments by Tukey test (P < 0.05). Table 5 Effect of different treatments on the population reduction of RSW puparia during September-November 2021 and 2022 Treatments/Year Before spray After spray First spray Second spray (7 days after first spray) Mean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (± SE) Mean RSW puparia/ leaflet (± SE) Percent reduction of RSW population over control Mean RSW puparia/ leaflet (± SE) Percent reduction of RSW population over control 2021 Acetamiprid (T 1 ) 19.33 ± 3.84 a 4.83 ± 0.61 d 80.67 4.50 ± 0.79 bc 82.12 D-Lemonine (T 2 ) 18.33 ± 1.86 a 8.83 ± 1.36 c 64.67 4.50 ± 0.61 bc 82.12 Matrine (T 3 ) 18.67 ± 3.44 a 12.83 ± 1.47 b 48.67 7.83 ± 0.74 b 68.87 Acetamiprid + D-Lemonine (T 4 ) 17.67 ± 3.71 a 4.17 ± 0.83 d 83.33 3.50 ± 0.33 c 86.09 Acetamiprid + Matrine (T 5 ) 17.00 ± 2.65 a 5.33 ± 1.02 d 78.67 6.67 ± 0.73 bc 73.51 Control (T 6 ) 18.67 ± 2.33 a 25.00 ± 1.05 a - 25.17 ± 1.50 a - 2022 Acetamiprid (T 1 ) 17.00 ± 3.51 a 4.33 ± 0.46 c 82.55 4.17 ± 0.61 cd 83.44 D-Lemonine (T 2 ) 18.00 ± 2.08 a 8.33 ± 0.96 bc 66.44 4.17 ± 0.62 cd 83.44 Matrine (T 3 ) 17.33 ± 3.18 a 12.33 ± 1.83 b 50.34 7.50 ± 0.89 b 70.20 Acetamiprid + D-Lemonine (T 4 ) 17.67 ± 3.71 a 3.83 ± 0.93 c 84.56 3.17 ± 0.46 d 87.42 Acetamiprid + Matrine (T 5 ) 16.67 ± 2.40 a 5.00 ± 1.04 c 79.87 6.33 ± 0.91 bc 74.83 Control (T 6 ) 18.33 ± 2.42 a 24.83 ± 1.88 a - 25.17 ± 1.18 a - Note: All means followed by same letters at each column in a year were not significantly different among the treatments by Tukey test (P < 0.05). Table 6 Effect of different treatments on the population reduction of RSW adult during September- November 2021 and 2022 Treatments/Year Before spray After spray First spray Second spray (7 days after first spray) Mean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (± SE) Mean RSW adult/ leaflet (± SE) Percent reduction of RSW population over control Mean RSW adult/ leaflet (± SE) Percent reduction of RSW population over control 2021 Acetamiprid (T 1 ) 11.33 ± 0.67 a 2.67 ± 0.61 c 83.51 1.83 ± 0.73 c 87.06 D-Lemonine (T 2 ) 12.00 ± 0.58 a 5.50 ± 0.74 b 65.98 2.33 ± 0.50 c 83.53 Matrine (T 3 ) 13.33 ± 1.20 a 7.67 ± 0.53 b 52.58 5.50 ± 0.83 b 61.18 Acetamiprid + D-Lemonine (T 4 ) 12.33 ± 0.83 a 2.67 ± 0.44 c 83.51 2.17 ± 0.46 c 84.71 Acetamiprid + Matrine (T 5 ) 13.67 ± 1.45 a 3.00 ± 0.77 c 81.44 4.00 ± 0.77 bc 71.76 Control (T 6 ) 12.67 ± 1.33 a 16.17 ± 1.04 a - 14.17 ± 1.17 a - 2022 Acetamiprid (T 1 ) 10.67 ± 0.33 a 2.33 ± 0.77 c 85.42 1.50 ± 0.50 c 88.75 D-Lemonine (T 2 ) 11.67 ± 0.88 a 5.17 ± 0.46 b 67.71 2.00 ± 0.58 c 85.00 Matrine (T 3 ) 12.67 ± 1.20 a 7.17 ± 0.54 b 55.21 5.17 ± 0.93 b 61.25 Acetamiprid + D-Lemonine (T 4 ) 11.33 ± 0.43 a 2.33 ± 0.33c 85.42 1.83 ± 0.46 c 86.25 Acetamiprid + Matrine (T 5 ) 12.67 ± 1.76 a 2.67 ± 0.62 c 83.33 3.67 ± 0.83 bc 72.50 Control (T 6 ) 12.67 ± 1.20 a 16.00 ± 1.04 a - 13.33 ± 0.94 a - Note: All means followed by same letters at each column in a year were not significantly different among the treatments by Tukey test (P < 0.05). Discussion The rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) is a major pest of coconut that has recently invaded South Asian countries, including Bangladesh (Selvaraj, 2017; Dutta et al., 2019 ). This invasive insect poses a serious threat to the coconut industry and causes substantial economic losses. To ensure sustainable coconut production, it is vital to respond to this invasive pest. As such, we investigated the seasonal occurrence of this insect. Since coconut palms are perennial and stay green year-round, they provide a suitable habitat for RSW, resulting in year-round pest incidence. In this study, it was observed that RSW populations (nymph, puparia, and adult) were present throughout the year, with two peak infestations occurring in April-May and September-October. This pattern of infestation was consistent in both 2021 and 2022, as shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2 . This study confirms earlier findings where RSW populations peaked twice a year, in April-May and September-October (Elango and Nelson, 2020 ; Khan, 2022 ). Generally, the RSW life cycle is 30 days at 27°C (Mannion et al., unpublished data), thus multiple overlapping generations including nymph, pupae, and adult RSW were found together (Fig. 1 e). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that climatic factors like temperature, rainfall and relative humidity significantly influence RSW population dynamics. Of these factors, temperature has the greatest influence on population abundance compared to humidity and rainfall. Along with high temperature, moderate moisture facilitates RSW infestation, thus maximum infestation occurred in September-October. However, low temperature or excessive moisture are unsuitable for RSW. As a result, infestations decreased in June-July and December-January, indicating the rainy and winter seasons are less favorable for RSW. Additionally, reduced rainfall, higher temperatures, and decreased humidity have been reported to contribute to RSW outbreaks and spread in other countries (Srinivasan et al., 2016 ; Chandrika et al., 2017 ; Josephrajkumar et al., 2018 ). In the context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, monitoring plants is crucial to detect pest presence, activity, and movement. Using monitoring data, crop needs can be addressed effectively and pest problems combated through reduced pesticide use or eliminating routine applications. Furthermore, monitoring seasonal pest incidence enables assessment of pest population occurrence and growth, aiding efficient time management. This study revealed that post-winter or post-rainy seasons are critical for RSW control. As there are no effective biorational control measures available in Bangladesh against RSW, we also tested various commercially available biopesticides/less toxic pesticides as an alternative to broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides for managing RSW infestation on coconut trees. The study showed that all treatments, except the untreated control, significantly decreased RSW populations (Fig. 3 , Fig. 4 , Table 4 , Table 5 and Table 6 ). Of the treatments, initially Bio clean® 5% SL (D-limonene) and Biotrin® 0.5% (Matrine) were not as effective as Tundra® 50 SP (Acetamiprid) in suppressing RSW populations. These findings agree with previous studies (Palumbo et al., 2001 ; Nadeem et al., 2011 ; Said, 2011 ; Singh and Kumar, 2006 ; Babar et al., 2013 ; Zawrah et al., 2020 ), who also reported the efficacy of Acetamiprid in controlling whiteflies and other sucking pests on various crops. However, when these biopesticides were applied after Acetamiprid as a second spray, they showed comparable efficacy. The best results were seen in both 2021 and 2022 when Tundra® 50 SP (Acetamiprid) and Bio clean® 5% SL (D-limonene) were applied alternately. This was due to D-limonene disrupting the insects' waxy respiratory layer, causing suffocation and death upon direct contact. D-Limonene, known for its strong aroma, is an active ingredient in several pesticide products that can repel RSW. Our findings align with previous reports indicating that certain bio-pesticides like Fizimite® 10% (Sodium lauryl ether sulfate), Bio clean® 5% SL, Antario® 0.1% ( Bacillus thuringiensis ), Success® 2.5% SC (Spinosad), and others effectively combat sucking pests in different crops (Hossain et al., 2020 ; Rashid et al., 2022 ; Rahman et al., 2023 ). The incorporation of bio-pesticides significantly enhanced pest management programs and proved compatible with various biorational control methods. Application of both the bio-pesticide (D-limonene) and the chemical pesticide (Acetamiprid) may also potentially minimize the risk of pest resistance. These promising results, observed consistently over two consecutive years, provide a solid background for future research in establishing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. Consequently, the utilization of a commercial bio-pesticide, specifically Bio clean® 5% SL (D-Limonene), or a chemical pesticide Tundra® 50 SP (Acetamiprid), can serve as a less toxic and safer approach for pest control against RSW-affected coconuts. Conclusion In conclusion, this research found that the rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) population is prevalent throughout the year and reaches its highest infestation levels in April-May and September-October. Temperature played a significant role in increasing the pest population, while relative humidity and precipitation had a negative correlation with the seasonal occurrence of RSW. This valuable information will assist farmers in estimating and managing the RSW population in a timely manner. The bio-pesticide containing D-Limonene (Bio clean® 5% SL) and the chemical insecticide containing Acetamiprid (Tundra® 50 SP) both effectively decreased the RSW population. However, it should be noted that the bio-pesticide (D-Limonene) had a slower impact. By combining the use of both the bio-pesticide (D-Limonene) and the chemical pesticide (Acetamiprid), farmers can efficiently control the nymph, puparia, and adult RSW. This approach is expected to minimize the risk of pest resistance, and implementing a rotation of Acetamiprid and D-Limonene spraying can serve as a sustainable management option. Abbreviations AS: Aqueous Suspension BARI: Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BRRI: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute IPM: Integrated Pest Management RARS: Regional Agricultural Research Station RCBD: Randomize Complete Block Design RSW: Rugose Spiraling Whitefly SL: Soluble Liquid SP: Soluble Powder Declarations Acknowledgments The author would like to express deepest gratitude to the Ministry of Agriculture, the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh for funding, under the research scheme (code number: 143-14301-213033901), “Documentation of Insect Pests, Development and Dissemination of Integrated Pest Management Technology for Cultivating Important Fruits, Betel Leaf, Betel Nut, and Pulse Crops through Safe Food Production in the Southern Region of Bangladesh.” Authors’ contributions MMR and NKD conceptualized the study. MMR wrote the main manuscript text; MMR and MRI performed the experiment. 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Supplementary Files GraphicalAbstract.png Scheme1.png Scheme 1 Showing study area: Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rahmatpur (Babuganj), Barishal, Bangladesh. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Mahbubur Rahman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjYGxgYQg/kYXEyCgeEARBCvFja2NJK18JgRp0W3/eyxx7w7GOTM5Xu+PfyZc0/e4ADzwds8DHdkcWkxO5OXbsx7hsHYso13uzHvtmLDDQfYkq15GJ4Z49RyIMdMmreNIXHDMd5t0ozbEhg3HOAxk+ZhOJyIU8v5N2At9RuO8TyT/LktwX7DAf5v+LXcgNiSYHCMh02Cd1tCItAWNgJa3pgbzj0jYbjhWJo50C8JyTMPsxlbzjHA45fzOWYP3u6wkTc4fPjZQ6DDbPuONz+88aYCd4hBgQQSmxlEGOBXPwpGwSgYBaMAPwAA149aLq+FoksAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Mahbubur","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":267203991,"identity":"f0a6ff18-eaf6-456b-99e4-722b3d302124","order_by":1,"name":"Nirmal Kumar Dutta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nirmal","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Dutta","suffix":""},{"id":267203992,"identity":"01f7accd-8d32-4daa-9904-3a5e8bbe21f4","order_by":2,"name":"Md Akhtaruzzaman Sarkar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Akhtaruzzaman","lastName":"Sarkar","suffix":""},{"id":267203993,"identity":"f609fb79-8dbc-4f1b-8d90-c6bc9ea26939","order_by":3,"name":"Md Nuruzzaman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Newcastle","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"","lastName":"Nuruzzaman","suffix":""},{"id":267203994,"identity":"ace1082f-0f78-4316-94ed-fc0ba421d45a","order_by":4,"name":"Md Rashedul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Rashedul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-13 07:59:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859422/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859422/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49739247,"identity":"d425dcc9-c74d-4889-9fa4-e2b59d01a871","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 08:32:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3930464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRugose spiraling whitefly infestation on coconut, a. infested coconut tree; b. infested leaf indicating spiraling egg laying pattern; c\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: nymph (2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e to 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e instar); c\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: puparia (4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar nymph); d. colony; e. adult fly; f. heavily infested leaf; g. black colored sooty mold; and h. spraying of pesticide.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/1fd63e96182fd94223652ccf.png"},{"id":49739245,"identity":"3be56534-0210-4468-b975-6b32e6a0ee5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 08:32:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal population density of rugose spiraling whitefly infesting coconut during 2021 and 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/3f706af99469654f12155908.png"},{"id":49739922,"identity":"75cc819e-ccb0-4ad8-8c2e-64af06b6d056","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 08:48:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":292140,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of different treatmentson rugose spiraling whitefly population in coconut during 2021. Arrow indicates the date of spray.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/028209723c90ac9d72bb8cff.png"},{"id":49739248,"identity":"8ad31432-de7d-4d30-8d34-f7999f85a81f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 08:32:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of different treatments on rugose spiraling whitefly population in coconut during 2022. Arrow indicates the date of spray.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/4467ff5aef52765960b8cb10.png"},{"id":50147357,"identity":"81db4a89-27d1-476e-9ff2-4f11b3e07e02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-25 08:52:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4144487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/8d400dc4-693e-4f1d-964e-11f3a44d3055.pdf"},{"id":49739921,"identity":"5493acb4-7b48-4721-a88b-b71b4e400595","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 08:48:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":291912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GraphicalAbstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/edc47b00d9be093b57a3450b.png"},{"id":49739402,"identity":"ea3ea1e5-a6c4-4ebb-b055-f7500da85c3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-17 08:40:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2737936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScheme 1\u003c/strong\u003e Showing study area: Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rahmatpur (Babuganj), Barishal, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Scheme1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859422/v1/f349dc66a1537f154747f170.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Surveillance and Biorational Management of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Coconut to Reduce the Invasion Threat in Bangladesh","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRugose Spiraling Whitefly (RSW), \u003cem\u003eAleurodicus rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e can be found in coconut trees throughout the year, with two peaks in April-May and September-October.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAcetamiprid (Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP) is effective to suppress RSW population.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe bio-pesticide containing D-Lemonine is also effective in reducing RSW populations when applied a second time or used in rotation with Acetamiprid.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRotation spraying method using Acetamiprid and D-Lemonine can be sustainable management option.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfestation with invasive pests and diseases poses is always challenging due to their unknown impact on agricultural production. It is crucial to immediately respond to these threats and establish an appropriate management procedure. Currently, Bangladesh is facing a major concern with the presence of an invasive insect species called \u003cem\u003eAleurodicus rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), commonly known as rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW). This species has already infested 39 plant species from 22 families (Swarnaa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Among these plants, coconut (\u003cem\u003eCocos nucifera\u003c/em\u003e) and banana (\u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e sp.) are the most preferred hosts for RSW (Francis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Selvaraj et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Khan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The first report of RSW infestation on coconuts was in Belize in 2004, and its distribution was initially limited to Belize, Mexico, Guatemala, and Florida (Martin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Evans, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). However, it has since spread globally. In India, RSW was identified on coconut palms in 2016 (Sundararaj and Selvaraj, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), and in Bangladesh, the presence and infestation of RSW on coconut leaves were first reported in May 2019 (Dutta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis insect can be easily identified by examining the characteristics of its puparia (Dubey and David, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), and it has a distinctive egg-laying pattern from which its name is derived. While RSW infestation typically does not result in the death of the host plant, it can disrupt its normal growth. This small insect feeds on the sap of leaves, causing stress to the host plant. Moreover, it secretes honeydew, which promotes the growth of sooty molds. As a result, the plant's photosynthesis is reduced, leading to significant yield losses (Ullah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Puvvala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Coconut plants heavily infested with RSW exhibit fewer leaves and nuts, smaller size, and lower water content (Swarnaa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Due to its ability to spread easily through wind, RSW rapidly attacks neighboring gardens, posing a serious threat to the economy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current scenario of RSW infestation in Bangladesh is alarming due to its successful establishment over a wide range of hosts as well as its continuous expansion (Khan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Swarnaa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to developing a rapid response against this invasion. At the same time, it is crucial to establish pest control strategies to safeguard crop yield. Until now, no chemical insecticides have been recommended for controlling RSW, leading farmers to rely on excessive use of conventional broad-spectrum chemical pesticides. This increased frequency of pesticide applications has resulted in higher costs and reduced profitability in production. Moreover, the use of such pesticides raises concerns about fruit quality, as well as risks to the environment and human health. In recent years, alternative biorational management approaches have gained significance as substitutes for conventional and synthetic pesticides. These approaches encompass the utilization of colored sticky traps, conservation and enhancement of biocontrol agents, entomopathogenic fungi, and the optimal utilization of green and bio-pesticides for pest control (Kaur and Chandi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In certain cases, the combined use of less toxic synthetic pesticides and biopesticides has proven to be an effective method in reducing the quantity of synthetic pesticides. Previous studies have successfully employed biorational management options to control piercing sucking insect groups, including whiteflies (Akmal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ikbal and Pavela, 2023; Malinga and Laing, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). For the control of RSW, foliar sprays of neem products have demonstrated effectiveness in other countries, such as India (Alagar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., 2021). Additionally, certain commercial bio-pesticides containing D-limonene, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e, matrine, and spinosad have shown efficacy in controlling sucking pests in Bangladesh (Hossain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rashid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, in order to efficiently handle an invasive insect pest, it is crucial to comprehend its occurrence throughout the year. The seasonal presence and dominance of the pest are significantly affected by abiotic factors, particularly climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). By obtaining information regarding the seasonal incidence of RSW, it becomes possible to predict its occurrence in advance, enabling farmers to effectively manage their population on time. To demonstrate a prompt response to this invasive species, this research was conducted to examine both the seasonal incidence and biorational management options concurrently for two consecutive years, namely 2021 and 2022. Consequently, the first objective of this study was to determine the impact of climatic factors on population dynamics. Meanwhile, the second objective aimed to investigate the efficacy of various bio-pesticides/less toxic pesticides in controlling RSW infestation in coconut plantations, with the ultimate goal of identifying a suitable biorational control method.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLocation of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe investigation into the seasonal occurrence survey of RSW was conducted between January 2021 to December 2022. Whereas effectiveness of different bio-pesticides/less toxic pesticides to control RSW infestation were also investigated in both the years 2021 and 2022. In this experiment the bio-pesticides/less toxic pesticides were applied as foliar spray during the peak season of pest infestation. The peak season of pest infestation was selected by observing the pest prevalence in 2020. Both studies were executed at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), located in Rahmatpur (90\u0026deg;17\u0026rsquo;29.414\u0026rdquo; E, 22\u0026deg;47\u0026rsquo;36.033\u0026rdquo; N) within the Babuganj upazila, Barishal district, Bangladesh (Scheme \u003cspan refid=\"Sch1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of Seasonal Incidence and Population Dynamics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe seasonal incidence of the rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) population in relation to current weather conditions was evaluated by observing both immature and adult populations at 7-day intervals from January 2021 to December 2022. The first occurrence of RSW infestation was documented in the Jashore region (89\u0026deg;12\u0026rsquo;10.2\u0026rdquo; E, 23\u0026deg;09\u0026rsquo;47.7\u0026rdquo; N) in May 2019, while the Barishal district remained unaffected until March 2020. On March 21, 2020, the first RSW infestation was observed. From that point until December, the presence of the pest was visually monitored without collecting any data. Starting in January 2021, a systematic documentation of its seasonal appearance was initiated. The study took place at five coconut gardens, each containing 100 palms, located at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rahmatpur, Barishal. The coconut trees were between seven to eight years old and had a height of 7\u0026ndash;10 feet. Within each garden, 10 palms were selected as replication. One palm from each garden was chosen for each replication. Ten palms were randomly chosen in each garden, and the incidence and severity of damage were assessed by counting the number of nymphs, puparia, and adults. In each tree, the five matured fronds at the bottom were selected, and from each frond, five leaflets were marked for observing the population dynamics of RSW. The incidence and severity of damage were recorded by counting the number of nymphs, puparia, and adults of \u003cem\u003eA. rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e per leaflet in the selected leaflets of the coconut tree. Daily records of abiotic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were collected and recorded at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Barishal, which was located 13 kilometers away from the study sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe efficacy of different pesticides against rugose spiraling whitefly in coconut\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTargeted pesticides\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pesticides used in this study were obtained from a commercially available local market listed below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of bio- and chemical pesticides used against rugose spiraling whitefly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticide /biopesticides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% AS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIspahani Agro Ltd., Gazipur, Bangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Limonene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBio-clean\u0026reg; 5% SL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIspahani Agro Ltd., Gazipur, Bangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTundra\u0026reg; 50 SP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuto crop care Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eField experiment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments were conducted at RARS, BARI, Rahmatpur, Barishal from 2021 to 2022, focusing on the primary observation of pest infestation in 2020. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 6 treatments and 6 replicates was used for the experiments. The selected 30 palms of 9-year-old Kerala Dwarf variety were subjected to evaluation using bio-pesticides or less toxic chemical pesticides. Eight palms were kept as untreated controls and were positioned 100 meters away from the treated plots. The treatments included six different options, including the control. Treatments were assigned as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Spraying of Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP (Acetamiprid) @ 1 g /L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: Spraying of Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL (D- Lemonine) @ 1 ml/L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: Spraying of Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% (Matrine) @ 1.5 ml/L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: Rotation spraying of Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP (Acetamiprid) @ 1 g /L of water and Bioclean\u0026reg; 5% SL (D- limonene) @ 1ml/L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: Rotation spraying of Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP (Acetamiprid) @ 1 g /L of water and Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% (Matrine) @ 1.5 ml/L of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: Untreated control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the peak season, which is September-October, two sprays of each pesticide were conducted. The timing of the treatment application was determined based on the RSW population observed in 2020. In each month, both pesticides were sprayed at a 7-day interval using a high-volume power sprayer. The nymph (2nd to 3rd instar), puparia (4th instar nymph), and adult whitefly population on coconut leaflets were recorded one day before spraying and seven days after spraying in each month. However, the pest population was monitored until November. The pest population per leaflet was calculated by considering the three-month average data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation dynamics and their relationship with weather parameters were analyzed for RSW using the developed model for assessing the impact of weather parameters on the seasonal abundance of RSW (Amin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Hossain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, a multiple stepwise linear regression procedure was used to estimate the impact of bi-weekly mean values of meteorological factors (temperature, humidity \u0026amp; rainfall) on the number of flies per leaflet in different bi-weeks and the form of this linear regression model is:\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(Y={\\beta }_{0}+{\\beta }_{1}{X}_{1}+ {\\beta }_{2}{X}_{2}+ {\\beta }_{3}{X}_{3}+ ℇ\\dots \\dots \\dots \\left(1\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, Y is abundance of RSW, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({X}_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is bi-weekly average temperature, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({X}_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is weekly average relative humidity and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({X}_{3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is bi-weekly average rainfall. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\beta }_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is a constant representing the general level of abundance of RSW irrespective of the effect of meteorological factors. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\beta }_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is regression coefficient indicating the marginal effect of temperature, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\beta }_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is regression coefficient indicating the marginal effect of relative humidity and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\beta }_{3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is regression coefficient indicating the marginal effect of rainfall. The model accuracy was confirmed by the value of the coefficient of determination (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and the ANOVA was used to evaluate the regression model fitness. Before performing analysis of variance and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s multiple range tests on the RSW, they were subjected to arcsine transformation (SAS Institute, 2012). The seasonal pooled number of RSW per leaflet data were square root transformed before analyzing variance, and means were separated using Tukey\u0026rsquo;s multiple range tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluation of rugose spiraling whitefly infestation on coconut\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the infestation and management of rugose spiraling whitefly on coconut trees. The distinctive spiral pattern of egg-laying confirms that the infestation is caused by the Rugose Spiraling Whitefly (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb). The adult RSW is noticeably larger than the typical whitefly (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed). Both adult and nymph RSW feed on the sap of tender leaves, leading to a decline in plant vigor. In high populations, they excrete significant amounts of honeydew, promoting the growth of sooty mold (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eg).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of climatic factors on seasonal incidence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of RSW throughout the seasons in relation to weather conditions has been illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The findings of the study reveal that the incidence of RSW nymphs, puparia, and adult populations followed a similar pattern in both 2021 and 2022. The infestation of this pest began in January, with an average of 0.75 to 0.83 per leaflet, and persisted throughout the year. The population of nymphs, puparia, and adults ranged from 0.75 to 16.67, 0.75 to 27.67, and 0.75 to 15.08 per leaflet, respectively. This indicates that RSW reproduces throughout the year, with multiple overlapping generations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, two distinct peaks in the nymph, puparia and adult RSW population were observed: the first peak occurred in April-May, with an average of 11.50 to 19.42 per leaflet, while the second peak was observed in September-October, with an average of 16.42 to 27.67 per leaflet. The impact of meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on the seasonal abundance of RSW has been analyzed using a multiple linear regression modeling approach. This analysis provided insights into the specific effect of each meteorological factor on the seasonal abundance of RSW (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly distribution of weather parameters and population growth of RSW infesting coconut during 2021 and 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative humidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of RSW/leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuparia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJanuary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFebruary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApril\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAugust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeptember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctober\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJanuary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFebruary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApril\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAugust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeptember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctober\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eSource: Meteorological station, Regional Station, BRRI, Barishal\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data suggests that there is a strong positive correlation between temperature and the seasonal abundance of RSW (nymph, puparia, and adult). As the temperature increases, the population of RSW also increases. On the other hand, relative humidity and rainfall have negative relationships with the seasonal abundance of RSW. Temperature alone accounts for 45.80\u0026ndash;54.00% of the nymph population, 39.20\u0026ndash;46.30% of the puparia population, and 64.30\u0026ndash;66.30% of the adult population, which is statistically significant. The combined effect of temperature and rainfall is also significant, contributing to 54.30\u0026ndash;56.70% of the nymph population, 46.70\u0026ndash;50.30% of the puparia population, and 66.60\u0026ndash;68.20% of the adult population. Additionally, the average monthly rainfall, along with temperature and relative humidity, contributes to 59.80\u0026ndash;62.40% of the nymph population, 51.90\u0026ndash;57.90% of the puparia population, and 71.70\u0026ndash;71.90% of the adult population, which is statistically significant. The individual effects of rainfall and relative humidity on the nymph population range from 0.30-10.93 and 5.50\u0026ndash;5.75, respectively. For the puparia population, the individual effects of rainfall and relative humidity range from 0.44\u0026ndash;11.03 and 5.22\u0026ndash;7.65, respectively. Lastly, the individual effects of rainfall and relative humidity on the adult RSW population abundance range from 0.30\u0026ndash;3.94% and 3.45\u0026ndash;5.30%, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression models along with coefficients of determination (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) regarding the impact of weather parameters on the seasonal abundance of the RSW population during 2021 and 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStages of insect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression equation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Role of individual factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF- statistics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -11.26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.74X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=8.43, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0157\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -15.28\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.94X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.02X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=5.89, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0231\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -38.26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.83X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e -0.04X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -0.35X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=4.43, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0409\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuparia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -18.69\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.14X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=6.44, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0295\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -25.50\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.49X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.03X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=4.55, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0431\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -69.98\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.28X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e -0.07X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -0.69X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=3.67, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0628\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -14.05\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.85X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=18.01, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -16.29\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.97X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e -0.01X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=9.67, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0056\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -33.72\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.88X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e -0.03X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -0.27X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=6.75, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0139\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -15.77\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.85X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=11.73, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -16.58\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.89X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e -0.002X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=5.35, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0295\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -4.89\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.93X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e -0.01X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-0.31X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=3.97, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuparia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -26.12\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.35X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=8.61, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0149\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -27.78\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.44X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.004X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=3.95, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0512\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -8.20 1.51X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e-0.01X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -0.52X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=2.88, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.103\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -18.37\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.96X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=19.68, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -19.15\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.99X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.002X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=8.97, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0072\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY = -2.37\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.04X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e-0.01X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -0.31X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=6.83, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0134\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;insect population/leaflet; X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;average temperature (\u0026deg;C); X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;rainfall (mm); X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;relative humidity (%)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of bio-rational approach to control rugose spiraling whitefly using bio- and less toxic chemical pesticides\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study on population dynamics revealed that the incidence of RSW population started in January and persisted throughout the year, with the highest infestation occurring in September-October (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, management experiments were conducted from September to November in both 2021 and 2022. Prior to spraying, there was no significant difference in RSW population among the treatments, but all the treatments resulted in a reduction of RSW population compared to the control. When the treatments were administered during the first week of September, their abundance decreased compared to the control. In comparison to the untreated control, the alternating spraying of and Tundra\u0026reg; (Acetamiprid 50 SP) and Bio clean\u0026reg; (D-limonene 5% SL) as well as the double spraying of the bio-pesticide Bio clean\u0026reg; and the chemical pesticide Tundra\u0026reg;, performed better in terms of reducing the seasonal RSW incidence in 2021 and 2022 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a two-year field study demonstrated that various pest management strategies had a significant impact on the mortality of the seasonal RSW population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial application of two bio-pesticides, D-limonene 5% SL and Matirine 0.5%, did not effectively decrease the population of RSW in all stages (nymph, paparia, and adult). The reduction achieved varied from 44.83\u0026ndash;67.71%. In contrast, the chemical pesticide Acetamiprid 50 SP exhibited a significant reduction ranging from 80.67\u0026ndash;85.42%. However, after the second application, there was a notable decrease in the nymph population of RSW. The reduction ranged from 86.18\u0026ndash;87.80%, 82.11\u0026ndash;83.74%, and 83.74\u0026ndash;86.18% compared to the control. This reduction was accomplished by alternating the application of Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP and Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL, as well as two rounds of spraying with Bio clean\u0026reg; and Tundra\u0026reg; on treated coconut palms respectively, followed by alternating the application of Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% AS and Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP, along with double spraying of Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% AS on treated palms (in case of first spray; during 2021: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 94.00, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001; during 2022: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 75.08, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 and in case of second spray; during 2021: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 312.51, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001; during 2022: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 324.64, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population of RSW in puparia experienced a significant decrease when coconut palms were treated with alternating sprays of Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP and Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL, as well as two rounds of spraying with Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL and Tundra\u0026reg;. The reduction in RSW population ranged from 86.09\u0026ndash;87.42%, 82.12\u0026ndash;83.44%, and 82.12\u0026ndash;83.44% compared to the control, respectively. This was followed by alternating sprays of Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% AS and Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP, and double spraying of Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% AS on the treated palms (in case of first spray; during 2021: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 54.11, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001; during 2022: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 50.21, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 and in case of second spray; during 2021: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 95.54, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001; during 2022: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 153.10, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the adult RSW population was also significantly reduced using the same treatment method, resulting in a reduction ranging from 84.71\u0026ndash;86.25%, 83.53\u0026ndash;85.00%, and 87.06\u0026ndash;88.75% compared to the control (in case of first spray; during 2021: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 94.34, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001; during 2022: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 97.57, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 and in case of second spray; during 2021: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 77.45, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001; during 2022: F\u003csub\u003e5,30\u003c/sub\u003e= 76.38, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of different treatments on the population reduction of RSW nymphs during September-November 2021 and 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments/Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond spray (7 days after first spray)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent reduction of RSW population over control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent reduction of RSW population over control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Matrine (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Matrine (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: All means followed by same letters at each column in a year were not significantly different among the treatments by Tukey test (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of different treatments on the population reduction of RSW puparia during September-November 2021 and 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments/Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond spray (7 days after first spray)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW puparia/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent reduction of RSW population over control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW puparia/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent reduction of RSW population over control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.84 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.44 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Matrine (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.51 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.18 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.83 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Matrine (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.42 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.88 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: All means followed by same letters at each column in a year were not significantly different among the treatments by Tukey test (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of different treatments on the population reduction of RSW adult during September- November 2021 and 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments/Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond spray (7 days after first spray)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW nymphs/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW adult/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent reduction of RSW population over control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean RSW adult/ leaflet (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent reduction of RSW population over control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Matrine (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrine (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D-Lemonine (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Matrine (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: All means followed by same letters at each column in a year were not significantly different among the treatments by Tukey test (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) is a major pest of coconut that has recently invaded South Asian countries, including Bangladesh (Selvaraj, 2017; Dutta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This invasive insect poses a serious threat to the coconut industry and causes substantial economic losses. To ensure sustainable coconut production, it is vital to respond to this invasive pest. As such, we investigated the seasonal occurrence of this insect. Since coconut palms are perennial and stay green year-round, they provide a suitable habitat for RSW, resulting in year-round pest incidence. In this study, it was observed that RSW populations (nymph, puparia, and adult) were present throughout the year, with two peak infestations occurring in April-May and September-October. This pattern of infestation was consistent in both 2021 and 2022, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. This study confirms earlier findings where RSW populations peaked twice a year, in April-May and September-October (Elango and Nelson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Khan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, the RSW life cycle is 30 days at 27\u0026deg;C (Mannion et al., unpublished data), thus multiple overlapping generations including nymph, pupae, and adult RSW were found together (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ee). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that climatic factors like temperature, rainfall and relative humidity significantly influence RSW population dynamics. Of these factors, temperature has the greatest influence on population abundance compared to humidity and rainfall. Along with high temperature, moderate moisture facilitates RSW infestation, thus maximum infestation occurred in September-October. However, low temperature or excessive moisture are unsuitable for RSW. As a result, infestations decreased in June-July and December-January, indicating the rainy and winter seasons are less favorable for RSW. Additionally, reduced rainfall, higher temperatures, and decreased humidity have been reported to contribute to RSW outbreaks and spread in other countries (Srinivasan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Chandrika et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Josephrajkumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, monitoring plants is crucial to detect pest presence, activity, and movement. Using monitoring data, crop needs can be addressed effectively and pest problems combated through reduced pesticide use or eliminating routine applications. Furthermore, monitoring seasonal pest incidence enables assessment of pest population occurrence and growth, aiding efficient time management. This study revealed that post-winter or post-rainy seasons are critical for RSW control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs there are no effective biorational control measures available in Bangladesh against RSW, we also tested various commercially available biopesticides/less toxic pesticides as an alternative to broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides for managing RSW infestation on coconut trees. The study showed that all treatments, except the untreated control, significantly decreased RSW populations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Of the treatments, initially Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL (D-limonene) and Biotrin\u0026reg; 0.5% (Matrine) were not as effective as Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP (Acetamiprid) in suppressing RSW populations. These findings agree with previous studies (Palumbo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Nadeem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Said, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Singh and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Babar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Zawrah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who also reported the efficacy of Acetamiprid in controlling whiteflies and other sucking pests on various crops. However, when these biopesticides were applied after Acetamiprid as a second spray, they showed comparable efficacy. The best results were seen in both 2021 and 2022 when Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP (Acetamiprid) and Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL (D-limonene) were applied alternately. This was due to D-limonene disrupting the insects' waxy respiratory layer, causing suffocation and death upon direct contact. D-Limonene, known for its strong aroma, is an active ingredient in several pesticide products that can repel RSW. Our findings align with previous reports indicating that certain bio-pesticides like Fizimite\u0026reg; 10% (Sodium lauryl ether sulfate), Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL, Antario\u0026reg; 0.1% (\u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e), Success\u0026reg; 2.5% SC (Spinosad), and others effectively combat sucking pests in different crops (Hossain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rashid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The incorporation of bio-pesticides significantly enhanced pest management programs and proved compatible with various biorational control methods. Application of both the bio-pesticide (D-limonene) and the chemical pesticide (Acetamiprid) may also potentially minimize the risk of pest resistance. These promising results, observed consistently over two consecutive years, provide a solid background for future research in establishing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. Consequently, the utilization of a commercial bio-pesticide, specifically Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL (D-Limonene), or a chemical pesticide Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP (Acetamiprid), can serve as a less toxic and safer approach for pest control against RSW-affected coconuts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this research found that the rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) population is prevalent throughout the year and reaches its highest infestation levels in April-May and September-October. Temperature played a significant role in increasing the pest population, while relative humidity and precipitation had a negative correlation with the seasonal occurrence of RSW. This valuable information will assist farmers in estimating and managing the RSW population in a timely manner. The bio-pesticide containing D-Limonene (Bio clean\u0026reg; 5% SL) and the chemical insecticide containing Acetamiprid (Tundra\u0026reg; 50 SP) both effectively decreased the RSW population. However, it should be noted that the bio-pesticide (D-Limonene) had a slower impact. By combining the use of both the bio-pesticide (D-Limonene) and the chemical pesticide (Acetamiprid), farmers can efficiently control the nymph, puparia, and adult RSW. This approach is expected to minimize the risk of pest resistance, and implementing a rotation of Acetamiprid and D-Limonene spraying can serve as a sustainable management option.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAS: Aqueous Suspension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBARI: Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBRRI: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIPM: Integrated Pest Management\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRARS: Regional Agricultural Research Station\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCBD: Randomize Complete Block Design\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRSW: Rugose Spiraling Whitefly\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSL: Soluble Liquid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSP: Soluble Powder\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e The author would like to express deepest gratitude to the Ministry of Agriculture, the Government of the People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh for funding, under the research scheme (code number: 143-14301-213033901), \u0026ldquo;Documentation of Insect Pests, Development and Dissemination of Integrated Pest Management Technology for Cultivating Important Fruits, Betel Leaf, Betel Nut, and Pulse Crops through Safe Food Production in the Southern Region of Bangladesh.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMMR and NKD\u0026nbsp;conceptualized the study. MMR\u0026nbsp;wrote the main manuscript text; MMR and MRI performed the experiment.\u0026nbsp;MN and NKD revised the manuscript and MMR and MN performed the data analyses.\u0026nbsp;The experiments were supervised, and technical guidance was provided, by NKD and MAS.\u0026nbsp;All the authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkmal, M., Freed, S., Malik, M. N., \u0026amp; Gul, H. T. (2013). Efficacy of \u003cem\u003eBeauveria bassiana\u003c/em\u003e (Deuteromycotina: Hypomycetes) against different aphid species under laboratory conditions. \u003cem\u003ePakistan Journal of Zoology\u003c/em\u003e, 45,71-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlagar, M., Sivakumar, V., Chinnaduari, S., Saravanan, P. 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A field guide of major insect pests and diseases of different crops in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Agricultural University Extension Centre (BAUEC). pp. 500.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZawrah, M. F. M., Masry, A. T. E., Noha, L., \u0026amp; Saleh, A. A. A. (2020). Efficacy of certain insecticides against whitefly \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e (genn.) infesting tomato plants and their associated predators. \u003cem\u003ePlant Archives,\u003c/em\u003e 20(2), 2221-2228.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Scheme 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Invasive, Pest, Population, Dynamics, bio-pesticide, environment friendly","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859422/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859422/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, is a new invasive pest in Bangladesh that was first reported in May 2019 infesting coconut trees. In this context, the present study was carried out to respond to this pest immediately by evaluating the seasonal incidence of this pest and establishing a suitable management procedure to control it. Seasonal abundance of RSW populations was observed at weekly intervals from January 2021 to December 2022. Seasonal variations have been observed in RSW infestation of coconuts. The RSW populations prevailed throughout the year, peaking in April-May and September-October in both 2021 and 2022. Among different climatic factors, temperature played a significant role in the growth of these pest populations. Of six treatments tested, the chemical insecticide Acetamiprid (Tundra® 50 SP) was most effective, reducing pest numbers by over 80% after initial and follow-up applications. Initial application of bio-pesticides yielded a more modest 44.83-65.98% control, with D-Lemonine (Bio clean® 5% SL) performing best. A second spray of D-Lemonine lowered nymph, puparium, and adult populations by 82.11%, 82.12%, and 83.53% respectively compared to untreated trees. Furthermore, when Acetamiprid and D-Lemonine were used in combination, they demonstrated a high level of efficacy in controlling the RSW. Therefore, implementing a rotation spraying strategy that involves the use of Acetamiprid followed by D-Lemonine can be considered a sustainable management option to combat RSW infestation in coconut trees. This rotation utilizes chemical and organic options while avoiding the overuse of any single method.","manuscriptTitle":"Surveillance and Biorational Management of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Coconut to Reduce the Invasion Threat in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-17 08:32:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859422/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b7877e20-f7bd-4a01-b29e-92370f4a45b9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-25T08:44:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-17 08:32:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3859422","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3859422","identity":"rs-3859422","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}