Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya

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Methods This observational analytic study, conducted in 2019, aimed to examine the relationship between xylene concentration, xylene RQ, and liver function in industrial workers in Surabaya, especially in shoe industries. The chi-square method was utilized for data analysis. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study results, air and blood sampling procedures were implemented. Air sampling was conducted to measure xylene concentrations in the workplace environment, while blood samples were collected from workers to assess Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels. The study was conducted in five regions in Surabaya, namely Kalijudan, Ketintang, Jemursari, AUP, and Romokalisari. Participants were between 16 and 65 years old, provided informed consent, had no history of medically diagnosed liver disease, and submitted complete and accurate questionnaire responses. Confounding factors (physical activity, nutrition, smoking) were controlled through participant questionnaires and statistical adjustments. The population includes a total of 90 workers with 77 of them taken as samples using the accidental sampling method. Results The results show that there is a relationship between xylene concentration and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) levels (p> 0.05); (r = 0,65) and there is no relationship between xylene concentrations and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels (p> 0.05); (r = -0,12). There was no relationship between RQ and SGOT levels (p> 0.05) and there was no relationship between RQ and SGPT levels (p> 0.05). However, from the calculation of the prevalence ratio, workers with unsafe RQ (RQ>1) have a 7.09x greater chance of experiencing damage to SGOT levels and a 1.06x greater chance of experiencing damage to SGPT levels. Conclusions Xylene exposure (concentration & RQ) affects liver enzyme levels (SGOT/SGPT) in workers. Industries should consider providing nutritious food to aid xylene removal and stricter safety policies are needed. This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to worker health and safety when dealing with hazardous chemicals. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v3", "name": "Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity..." } } ] } Home Browse Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Tualeka AR, Martiana T, Aziz MY et al. Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Previously titled: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Heart and Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya Abdul Rohim Tualeka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-4813 1 , Tri Martiana 1 , Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-3131 1,2 , [...] Tamilanban Thamaraikani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-0645 1,3 , Roslan Rosnon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-7368 1,4 , Salsabila Novianti 5 , Pudji Rahmawati 6 , Ahsan Ahsan 7 Abdul Rohim Tualeka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-4813 1 , Tri Martiana 1 , [...] Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-3131 1,2 , Tamilanban Thamaraikani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-0645 1,3 , Roslan Rosnon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-7368 1,4 , Salsabila Novianti 5 , Pudji Rahmawati 6 , Ahsan Ahsan 7 PUBLISHED 01 May 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia 2 Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, Malaysia 3 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India 4 Department of Social & Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia 5 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia 6 Department of Development of Islamic Society, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 7 Faculty of Nursing, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Abdul Rohim Tualeka Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Tri Martiana Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Tamilanban Thamaraikani Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Roslan Rosnon Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Salsabila Novianti Roles: Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Pudji Rahmawati Roles: Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Ahsan Ahsan Roles: Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Xylene, a common solvent in painting, printing, and shoemaking, enters the body through inhalation of vapors. Methods This observational analytic study, conducted in 2019, aimed to examine the relationship between xylene concentration, xylene RQ, and liver function in industrial workers in Surabaya, especially in shoe industries. The chi-square method was utilized for data analysis. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study results, air and blood sampling procedures were implemented. Air sampling was conducted to measure xylene concentrations in the workplace environment, while blood samples were collected from workers to assess Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels. The study was conducted in five regions in Surabaya, namely Kalijudan, Ketintang, Jemursari, AUP, and Romokalisari. Participants were between 16 and 65 years old, provided informed consent, had no history of medically diagnosed liver disease, and submitted complete and accurate questionnaire responses. Confounding factors (physical activity, nutrition, smoking) were controlled through participant questionnaires and statistical adjustments. The population includes a total of 90 workers with 77 of them taken as samples using the accidental sampling method. Results The results show that there is a relationship between xylene concentration and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) levels (p> 0.05); (r = 0,65) and there is no relationship between xylene concentrations and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels (p> 0.05); (r = -0,12). There was no relationship between RQ and SGOT levels (p> 0.05) and there was no relationship between RQ and SGPT levels (p> 0.05). However, from the calculation of the prevalence ratio, workers with unsafe RQ (RQ>1) have a 7.09x greater chance of experiencing damage to SGOT levels and a 1.06x greater chance of experiencing damage to SGPT levels. Conclusions Xylene exposure (concentration & RQ) affects liver enzyme levels (SGOT/SGPT) in workers. Industries should consider providing nutritious food to aid xylene removal and stricter safety policies are needed. This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to worker health and safety when dealing with hazardous chemicals. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Xylene, RQ xylene, heart function, industrial workers, safe work Corresponding Author(s) Abdul Rohim Tualeka ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Abdul Rohim Tualeka Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Tualeka AR et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Tualeka AR, Martiana T, Aziz MY et al. Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.3 ) First published: 13 Nov 2023, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.1 ) Latest published: 01 May 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.3 ) Revised Amendments from Version 2 We have revised this article according to the reviewer's comments. Here is what we revised: 1. Title: We have revised the title by removing the phrase "heart function" to accurately reflect the study's scope. 2. Abstract: We have added the study timeframe and confounding factors in the methods section of the abstract and have also included participant characteristics in the methods section. The keyword "heart function" has been removed. Introduction: We have removed all references to "heart function" as the focus of the study is solely on liver function. Specifically, the sentence "This study aims to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and heart function in industrial workers in Surabaya" has been revised to: "This study aims to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and liver function in industrial workers in Surabaya." 3. Methods: We have revised the Methods section to address all reviewer comments. Additional technical details regarding the air sampling procedures have been included. Blood collection procedures and storage conditions have also been clarified. The calculation of the Risk Quotient (RQ) has been explained. 4. Results: We have revised the figures by clearly labeling the X-axis and adding the sample size for each location 5. Discussion: We have revised the Discussion section by providing a more detailed biological explanation and clarifying the relevance of the Risk Quotient (RQ) in the context of this study. We have revised this article according to the reviewer's comments. Here is what we revised: 1. Title: We have revised the title by removing the phrase "heart function" to accurately reflect the study's scope. 2. Abstract: We have added the study timeframe and confounding factors in the methods section of the abstract and have also included participant characteristics in the methods section. The keyword "heart function" has been removed. Introduction: We have removed all references to "heart function" as the focus of the study is solely on liver function. Specifically, the sentence "This study aims to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and heart function in industrial workers in Surabaya" has been revised to: "This study aims to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and liver function in industrial workers in Surabaya." 3. Methods: We have revised the Methods section to address all reviewer comments. Additional technical details regarding the air sampling procedures have been included. Blood collection procedures and storage conditions have also been clarified. The calculation of the Risk Quotient (RQ) has been explained. 4. Results: We have revised the figures by clearly labeling the X-axis and adding the sample size for each location 5. Discussion: We have revised the Discussion section by providing a more detailed biological explanation and clarifying the relevance of the Risk Quotient (RQ) in the context of this study. To read any peer review reports and author responses for this article, follow the "read" links in the Open Peer Review table. READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction As a country develops over time, the development is also directly proportional to the high potential danger to workers; one of which is exposure to chemicals as industrial raw materials ( Chen & Reniers, 2020 ). These chemicals, if entered into the body of workers can cause illness and health problems ( Mandiracioglu et al. , 2011 ). Some chemicals that are found in many industries are benzene, toluene, and xylene. Xylene is a solvent with the physical properties of colorless, flammable, volatile, and has a sweet aroma ( Bordoloi, 2018 ). This is a natural substance that is found in the contents of kerosene, coal, and others. Today many industries use xylene as a paint thinner and ink solvent ( Jafari et al. , 2009 ). In addition, this is also commonly found in the agricultural industry as a solvent and emulsifier ( Efeovbokhan et al. , 2021 ). Xylene exposure to workers can be bad for health. According to Kurnianto (2016) , several xylene exposure pathways include breathing, digestion, eye contact, and skin. Xylene that is inhaled by workers will enter and be retained in the lungs and eventually circulated to the body through the bloodstream. Many industries use xylene as a substitute for benzene ( Kandyala et al. , 2010 ). However, based on experiments conducted, xylene is more dangerous than toluene ( Masekameni et al. , 2019 ). A study ( Kurnianto, 2016 ) was conducted whose results showed that the effect of the xylene threshold appeared at the lowest dose of toluene. Xylene concentrations below 200 ppm can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. At higher concentrations of xylene, exposure can cause narcotic effects ( Niaz et al. , 2015 ). Exposure to xylene ingested by workers can cause interference with the stomach and toxic effects on the liver. Meanwhile, acute exposure to xylene vapors can cause lung dysfunction and cause swelling and bleeding ( Kandyala et al. , 2010 ). One of the health problems caused by xylene exposure to workers is the disruption to the digestive system. Indigestion can attack liver function which can be seen through SGOT and SPGT levels ( Niaz et al. , 2015 ). SGOT or Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase or also known as AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is one of the liver enzymes. This enzyme is located in the structure of the liver, so its appearance in the blood indicates damage or disruption in liver function ( Singh et al. , 2011 ). SGPT or Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase called ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is also a liver enzyme in the liver. Elevated levels of SGPT in the blood indicate symptoms of damage or impairment in liver function ( Gowda et al. , 2009 ). Continuous and frequent xylene exposure by workers can cause some health problems in the long run. These health problems include visual disturbances, dryness of the nose, dermatitis, and damage to the liver and kidneys ( Rajan et al., 2019 ). This study aims to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and liver function in industrial workers in Surabaya. This study also leaves areas for further research on the long-term impact of xylene exposure on the liver function of industrial workers. The results of this study have direct applications in efforts to improve occupational health and safety in the industrial sector, by enabling the development of more effective policies to reduce the risk of xylene exposure. However, more research is needed to fill this knowledge gap and find more comprehensive solutions to the health problems arising from xylene exposure in the workplace. The paper will begin with an introduction to xylene, its sources of exposure, and its potential health effects on humans. The second section will present the methodology of the study, including the study design, participants, and data collection methods. The third section will present the results of the study, including the relationship between xylene exposure and heart function in industrial workers in Surabaya. Finally, the paper will conclude with a discussion of the implications of the study for occupational health and safety, as well as recommendations for future research in this area. Methods This study, conducted in 2019, examines the relationship between xylene exposure and liver function in shoe industry workers. We employed a cross-sectional design, collecting data from workers in five prominent shoe industry clusters: Ketintang, Kalijudan, Jemursari, AUP, and Romokalisari. These locations were chosen due to their high concentration of workers potentially exposed to xylene. The study aimed to capture a diverse range of exposure levels by surveying workers across these clusters. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study through a well-defined process that ensured their understanding and willingness to participate. The process included information provision, opportunity for questions, voluntary participation, consent forms, confidentiality assurance, and contact information. By following these steps, the study ensured that participants were fully informed about the study and their rights. The study included workers from shoe industry sites in Ketintang, Kalijudan, Jemursari, AUP, and Romokalisari who had worked there since 2019 or earlier, were between 16 and 65 years old, gave informed consent, had no history of medically diagnosed liver disease, and provided complete and accurate questionnaire answers. Workers from unspecified locations, those who started working after 2019, individuals under 16 or over 65 years old, those with a history of medically diagnosed liver disease, those who did not provide informed consent, those who were unavailable during data collection, and those who provided incomplete or inaccurate questionnaire answers, will be excluded from the study. A total of 90 workers were used as the study population. Of these, 77 people were selected as samples using the accidental sampling method. This method is a non-probability sampling method where researchers select samples based on ease of access, not through a random selection process. As a result, the sample obtained is potentially not representative of the entire population ( University of Greenwich, 2019 ). The accidental sampling method is also known as grab sampling, convenience sampling, or opportunity sampling ( Alleydog, 2023 ). To ensure the validity and reliability of the study results, air and blood sampling procedures were implemented. Air samples were collected using a calibrated air sampling pump, equipped with an activated charcoal absorbent tube to quantify xylene concentrations in the workplace environment. The flow rate during sampling was set at [50-200 mL/min], in accordance with NIOSH standards number 1501 for volatile organic compounds. Calibration was performed using a Chromatography Gas to ensure accuracy. Blood samples were collected using SST (Serum Separator Tubes) to facilitate serum separation for Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) analysis. The skin was cleaned with alcohol wipes before venipuncture, and all materials were disposed of following standard biomedical waste protocols. Blood samples were stored at 4°C and tested in the laboratory within 2 hours after collection. Enzyme levels were analyzed using spectrophotometry. The independent variables were xylene concentration and xylene RQ, and the dependent variable was liver function as indicated by SGPT and SGOT levels. Blood samples were then tested in the laboratory. Statistical analysis The data analysis was conducted using. The association between variables was assessed using the chi-square test on categorical data, and the prevalence rate (PR) formula was used to estimate the level of risk. Confounding factors such as physical activity, nutrition, and smoking were controlled for by including a detailed questionnaire that collected information on these habits from each participant and by performing statistical adjustments in the data analysis. Risk characterization Health risk characteristics are expressed as a Risk Quotient (RQ) for non-carcinogenic effects. The RQ is calculated by dividing the non-carcinogenic intake of a given risk agent by its reference dose (RfD) or reference concentration (RfC), according to the following formula: RQ = Intake/RfD or RfC The Reference Dose (RfD) represents a quantitative measure of non-carcinogenic toxicity and is defined as the estimated daily exposure dose that is not expected to cause adverse health effects over a lifetime of continuous exposure. Both RfD and RfC are expressed in milligrams of the risk agent per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg/day). The Risk Quotient (RQ) indicates the potential likelihood of a health risk. It is commonly interpreted using the following criteria: • RQ ≥ 1 implies that the level of exposure may pose a potential non-carcinogenic health risk, with higher values indicating a greater level of concern. • RQ < 1 suggests that the exposure is unlikely to cause adverse non-carcinogenic health effects over a lifetime. Results Some characteristics of respondents include age, sex, level of education, and work area. The following table distributes the characteristics of respondents who work in the Surabaya shoe industry. Based on Table 1 , 25 (32.47%) of shoe industry workers aged 36-45 years with the majority of workers being male (61 or 79.22%) with the majority of final education level is senior high school (43 or 55.84%). Based on the working area of the shoe industry, 24 (31.17%) workers work in the shoe industry located in Romokalisari, Tambak Oso Wilangun, Surabaya. Table 1. Distribution of Shoe Industry Workers in Surabaya. Characteristic of Respondent Frequency Percentage (%) Age 20-25 15 19.48 26-35 12 15.58 36-45 25 32.47 46-55 14 18.18 56-65 11 14.29 Sex Male 61 79.22 Female 16 20.78 Education level Primary 14 18.18 Junior High 19 24.68 Senior High 43 55.84 University 1 1.30 Work Area Ketintang 12 15.58 Kalijudan 20 25.97 Jemursari 10 12.99 AUP 11 14.29 Romokalisari 24 31.17 Table 2 shows that of the five shoe industries in Surabaya, the majority (98.7%) of workers had a concentration of xylene exposure below the threshold value of 100 ppm. There is only one worker whose concentration of xylene exposure (103.59) exceeds the threshold, namely in Jemursari. Based on the risk level (RQ), 72 (93.5%) workers fall into the safe RQ category by RQ <1. There are still 5 (6.5%) workers that fell into the risk category. Table 2. Xylene RQ and Concentration in the Shoe Industry in Surabaya. Variable Frequency Percentage (%) Xylene Concentration < threshold ( threshold (>100ppm) 1 1.3 Xylene RQ RQ 1 5 6.5 Table 3 explains the distribution of SGOT rates and SGPT rates among workers. The normal rate of SGOT is 5-40 IU / L and SGPT is 5-35 IU/L. Based on these results it is known that 66 (85.7%) workers have normal SGOT levels. There were 58 (75.3%) workers with normal SGPT rate. Table 3. Distribution of SGOT and SGPT levels in the Shoe Industry Workers in Surabaya. Variable Frequency Percentage (%) SGOT Normal (5-40 I/L) 66 85.7 Abnormal 11 14.3 SGPT Normal (5-35 IU/L) 58 75.3 Abnormal 19 24.7 Based on Table 4 there is no relationship between xylene concentration and xylene risk level (p > 0.05). Table 4 shows that there were 71 (92.2%) workers who had an RQ level <1 with a concentration of exposure 1. While for concentrations> 100 ppm there is 1 (1.3%) worker with risk level of RQ 1 RQ 100 ppm Count 0 1 1 P value = 1,00 % of Total 0.0% 1.3% 1.3% < 100 ppm Count 5 71 76 % of Total 6.5% 92.2% 98.7% Total Count 72 5 77 % of Total 6.5% 93.5% 100.0% According to Table 5 , there was a relationship between SGOT and SGPT rates (p < 0.05). Table 5 also shows that there are 55 (71.43%) workers with normal SGOT and SGPT levels. There were 11 (14.29%) employees with normal SGOT rates but SGPT rates were not normal. There were 3 (3.89%) employees with a normal SGPT rate and 8 (10.39%) employees with a normal SGPT rate. Table 5. Results of the Cross Tabulation Test between SGOT and SGPT Levels in Shoe Industry Workers in Surabaya. SGPT Total Abnormal Normal (5-40 IU/L SGOT Abnormal Count 8 3 11 P value = 0,00 % of Total 10.4% 3.9% 14.3% Normal (5-40 IU/L) Count 11 55 66 % of Total 14.3% 71.4% 85.7% Total Count 58 19 77 % of Total 24.7% 75.3% 100.0% Figure 1 shows the highest average xylene concentration (122.81 ppm) is in Jemursari; the industry with the lowest average xylen concentration was Romokalisari (4.03 ppm). The highest average SGOT level was found in AUP (61.65 IU/L) and the lowest was found in Romokalisari (20 IU/L). The highest average SGPT level was found in the AUP industry (45.25 IU/L) and the lowest average was in Kalijudan (19.5 IU/L). Figure 1. Graph Xylene Concentration with SGOT and SGPT levels. Based on Figure 2 , the highest average RQ was found in Romokalisari (0.54) while the lowest average was found in Jemursari (0.004). SGOT and SGPT levels are the same as those listed in Figure 1 . Figure 2. Graph RQ Xylene Concentration with SGOT and SGPT levels. Table 6 shows the results of the cross tabulation test between xylene concentrations and SGOT levels in workers. Based on the chi square test there was no relationship between xylene concentration and SGOT levels in workers (p > 0.05). There were 66 (85.7%) workers with xylene concentration 100 ppm. Based on the prevalence rate calculation, xylene concentration is a protective factor against damage to SGOT levels. Table 6. Cross Tabulation Test Results between Xylene Concentrations and SGOT Levels. Variable SGOT Total Abnormal Normal (5-35 IU/L) Concentration > 100 ppm Count 1 0 1 P value = 0,143 % of Total 1.3% 0.0% 1.3% 0.05). There were 58 (75.3%) workers who were exposed to xylene concentrations <100 ppm and had normal SGPT levels and 18 (23.4%) workers who had abnormal SGPT levels. In workers exposed to xylene concentrations exceeding NAV, there is 1 worker (1.3%) who has an abnormal SGPT level. Based on the calculation of the prevalence rate workers exposed to xylene concentration are included in the protection factor will cause damage to SGPT level. Table 7. Cross Tabulation Test Results between Xylene Concentration and SGPT Levels. Variable SGPT Total Abnormal Normal (5-35 IU/L) Concentration > 100 ppm Count 1 0 1 P value = 0,247 % of Total 1.3% 0.0% 1.3% 0.05). There were 61 (79.2%) workers who had RQ level 1 there were 5 (6.5%) workers who had normal SGOT levels. Based on the calculation of the prevalence rate of workers with RQ 1 Count 0 5 5 P value = 0,452 % of Total 0.0% 6.5% 6.5% RQ 0.05). There were 54 (70.1%) workers who had RQ 1 there were 4 (5.2%) workers with normal SGPT levels and 1 (1.3%) workers with abnormal SGPT levels. Based on the calculation of the prevalence rate, workers with RQ < 1 were at a risk of 1.067x greater to experience damage to SGPT levels. Table 9. Cross Tabulation Test Results between RQ Xylene and SGPT Levels. Variable SGPT Total Abnormal Normal (5-35 IU/L) RQ RQ > 1 Count 1 4 5 P value = 0,640 % of Total 1.3% 5.2% 6.5% RQ < 1 Count 18 54 72 % of Total 23.4% 70.1% 93.5% Total Count 58 19 77 % of Total 24.7% 75.3% 100.0% Discussion As this observational analytic study aimed to examine the relationship between xylene concentration, xylene RQ, and liver function in industrial workers, particularly in Surabaya’s shoe industry, the following findings were identified: Based on the collected data ( Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 ), the majority of respondents fell within the 36-45 age range (32.47%), were male (61%), had a high school or vocational high school education (55.84%), and worked in the Romokalisari industry (31.17%). Moving on to the core objective, the correlation coefficient (R) between xylene concentration and SGOT level was found to be 0.65, indicating a moderate positive correlation. This suggests that higher xylene exposure levels are associated with higher SGOT levels in the workers. Conversely, the R-value between xylene concentration and SGPT level was -0.12, signifying no significant correlation. In simpler terms, there seems to be no clear association between xylene exposure and SGPT levels in these industrial workers. Relationship between xylene concentration and RQ xylene Table 2 shows the distribution of xylene exposure based on xylene concentration and risk (RQ). A total of 76 workers (98.7%) were exposed to xylene with concentrations below the threshold value (NAB) set at 200 ppm. Only 1 worker (1.3%) was exposed to concentrations above the NAB. Based on the results of the study, 72 workers (93.5%) had RQ 1 (risk). The Chi-Square test analysis in Table 4 showed no relationship between xylene concentration and RQ category (p > 0.05). This may be influenced by individual metabolic differences, including liver enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity, which can be affected by dietary intake, such as foods rich in glutathione precursors that support detoxification. The relationship between SGOT and SGPT Table 3 shows the distribution of SGOT and SGPT levels in workers. A total of 66 workers (85.7%) had normal SGOT levels (5-40 IU/L) and 11 workers (14.3%) had abnormal SGOT levels. Meanwhile, 58 workers (75.3%) had normal SGPT levels and 19 workers (24.7%) had abnormal SGPT levels. Table 5 shows the relationship between SGOT and SGPT levels (p < 0.05). Increases and decreases in SGOT levels were consistent with changes in SGPT levels. This is reasonable because SGOT and SGPT are among the biochemical markers often used to assess human liver function. An increase in SGOT is usually in line with an increase in SGPT. Relationship between xylene concentration and SGOT Table 6 shows the results of the relationship test between the variables of xylene concentration and SGOT levels in workers. Chi-Square test showed no relationship between the two (p > 0.05). This may be influenced by factors such as the duration and frequency of exposure, which affect the cumulative internal dose and the liver’s capacity to metabolize xylene. Since xylene is primarily metabolized in the liver via the cytochrome P450 pathway, repeated low-dose exposures may be adequately detoxified without triggering hepatocellular damage. It should be noted that Table 2 shows only 1 worker (1.3%) was exposed above the NAB, while the other 76 workers (98.7%) were exposed to xylene below the NAB. Low exposure may not cause a significant increase in SGOT levels. Another study by Cahyana et al. (2015) actually showed a strong correlation between xylene concentration and MHA (Methylhippuric Acid) levels in urine. MHA itself is an acid produced from xylene metabolism in the body. The relationship between RQ and SGOT/SGPT Table 8 shows the relationship test between RQ variables and SGOT levels using the Chi-Square test. No association was found between RQ and blood SGOT levels (p > 0.05). The same was found in Table 9 , where the test of association between RQ and SGPT levels also showed no significant association (p > 0.05). This may be due to the low number of workers with RQ > 1. Most workers were in the safe category (RQ < 1) and the xylene concentration exposed was also below the NAB. The Risk Quotient (RQ) is a screening-level risk assessment tool that estimates the likelihood of adverse health effects from chemical exposure. An RQ > 1 indicates a potential health risk, while an RQ < 1 suggests acceptable exposure levels. However, the lack of correlation between RQ and SGOT/SGPT may be due to the short biological half-life of xylene and the liver’s robust capacity to metabolize it under moderate exposure. Transient exposure spikes may not be reflected in steady-state enzyme levels. This study found no association between xylene concentration and SGOT/SGPT levels in workers. Xylene is primarily metabolized in the liver to methylhippuric acid, which is excreted in urine. This biotransformation process, predominantly via CYP2E1, may protect against acute hepatic damage, especially at exposure levels below regulatory thresholds. This finding is in line with a study by Rusdy (2012) who reported no association between xylene exposure and neurotoxic symptoms in paint factory workers. Both studies suggest that xylene exposure at reasonable levels (below the NAB) may not directly affect liver function. Another study by Morley et al. (1970) also supports our findings. They stated that chronic effects on liver function due to xylene occur in workers with extreme exposure. This study found that most workers (98.7%) were exposed to xylene below the NAB, which may explain the absence of a significant association with SGOT/SGPT. Research conducted by Irawati (2010) also states the same thing that the IARC and EPA have not been able to determine whether xylene is carcinogenic to humans. Some health effects experienced by workers due to xylene exposure are dizziness, nausea, headaches, and loss of balance. But there are no studies that state that xylene exposure interferes with or even damages the function of the human heart. Some studies suggest that exposure to BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) has a direct impact on the neurotoxic or nervous system in humans due to exposure that enters through the inhalation system. Conclusion This study found no association between xylene concentrations and SGOT/SGPT levels in shoe industry workers in Surabaya who were exposed below the Threshold Value (NAB) (p > 0.05. This finding suggests that xylene exposure at reasonable levels may not directly affect liver function. Other factors such as duration and frequency of exposure, dietary intake, and individual health conditions may play a greater role in affecting SGOT/SGPT levels. These findings may help focus occupational health prevention efforts on other risk factors besides xylene exposure at reasonable levels. Further research is needed to identify other factors that may affect liver function in workers exposed to xylene. Education and training programmes on occupational health related to xylene exposure need to be continued to increase workers’ awareness of potential risks and ways to prevent them. The results of this study may be generalisable to other populations of industrial workers who are exposed to xylene at reasonable levels. However, keep in mind that this study was conducted in Surabaya and with a limited sample, so further research needs to be conducted elsewhere with a larger sample to confirm these findings. This study contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between xylene exposure and liver function in shoe industry workers in Indonesia. The findings help complement previous studies that focus on the neurotoxic effects of xylene. This study has several limitations, including: Cross-sectional research design that cannot show cause-and-effect relationship, limited sample from one location in Surabaya, did not consider other factors that may affect SGOT/SGPT levels. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine the relationship between xylene exposure and long-term liver function. Studies with larger and more diverse samples from different locations and industries should be conducted. Studies that consider other factors such as duration and frequency of exposure, dietary intake, and individual health conditions should be conducted. Studies using other biomarkers of liver function other than SGOT/SGPT should be conducted. Ethical statement Ethical approval was obtained from the Universitas Airlangga, Faculty of Dental Medicine ethics committee (605/HRECC.FODM/IX/2019). Informed consent The objectives and protocols of the study were explained to the participants and obtained written informed consent from each subject before participation in the study. Data availability Underlying data All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required. Acknowledgments The authors would like thank to the rector of Airlangga University. 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Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2023 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia 2 Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, Malaysia 3 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India 4 Department of Social & Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia 5 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia 6 Department of Development of Islamic Society, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 7 Faculty of Nursing, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia Abdul Rohim Tualeka Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Tri Martiana Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Tamilanban Thamaraikani Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Roslan Rosnon Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Salsabila Novianti Roles: Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Pudji Rahmawati Roles: Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Ahsan Ahsan Roles: Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 01 May 2025, 12:1468 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.3 version 2 Revised Published: 11 Sep 2024, 12:1468 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.2 version 1 Published: 13 Nov 2023, 12:1468 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.1 Copyright © 2025 Tualeka AR et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Tualeka AR, Martiana T, Aziz MY et al. Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140277.3 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 11 Sep 2024 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Boutlelis DA. Reviewer Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r376823 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v2#referee-response-376823 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Apr 2025 Djahra Ali Boutlelis , Laboratory of Biology, Environment, and Health (LBEH), Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r376823 Comments to the Authors This study investigates the effects of xylene exposure on liver enzyme levels (SGOT/SGPT) among shoe factory workers in Surabaya, examining both concentration levels and the risk quotient (RQ). While the research follows a conventional methodological ... Continue reading READ ALL Comments to the Authors This study investigates the effects of xylene exposure on liver enzyme levels (SGOT/SGPT) among shoe factory workers in Surabaya, examining both concentration levels and the risk quotient (RQ). While the research follows a conventional methodological framework, it offers valuable occupational health insights pertinent to this industrial sector. The manuscript is well-organized; however, to enhance its scientific rigor and potential impact, I have some suggested corrections: 1- Title: The current title refers to both "heart and liver function," while the study exclusively examines liver enzyme activity (SGOT and SGPT) as indicators of liver function. For scientific accuracy and clarity, I recommend removing the "heart function" reference from the title. 2- Abstract: Clarify study design (Add study timeframe, Include participant characteristics, Specify any control for confounding (smoking, alcohol use…). Keywords: Remove "heart function" (not studied). 3—Introduction: Thematic consistency: The focus on the heart and liver is inconsistent—all references to heart function should be removed. Study Objective: The objective of the study should be clearly stated at the end of the introduction. 4- Methods : Air Sampling Procedures : Could you provide more technical details about the calibrated air sampling pump equipped with an absorbent tube for xylene measurement? Specifically: - Please specify the unit used for measuring xylene concentration in air samples. - Manufacturer and model of the pump. - Flow rate used during sampling (e.g., 50-200 mL/min as per NIOSH standards). - Type of absorbent tube (e.g., activated charcoal, Tenax TA). - Sampling duration and frequency per worker. - Calibration method (e.g., primary calibration using a bubble flowmeter). - Quality control measures implemented. - Were air samples collected at different times during the work shift (beginning/end) to account for fluctuations in xylene concentrations? - How was the accuracy of the air sampling pump calibration ensured, and were quality control standards (e.g., certification by an accredited lab) mentioned? Blood Collection Procedures : Were specific blood collection tubes used (e.g., SST serum separator tubes)? What sterilization protocols were implemented pre- and post-collection? What was the time interval between collection and analysis? At what temperature were samples stored (e.g., 4°C)? What are the specifications of the analyzer used (manufacturer, model)? How were factors affecting enzyme levels controlled (e.g., fasting, pre-collection exercise)? Was blood draw time recorded relative to participants' last meal? Please briefly explain how the Risk Quotient (RQ) was calculated, including the formula and reference value used. Statistical analysis Please indicate the statistical software used for data analysis in the study (e.g. SPSS, Excel,…). 5- Results Please revise the figures to label the X-axis clearly and specify the sample size for each location. 6- Discussion Add possible biological explanations for the lack of significant association between xylene exposure and liver enzyme levels. Explain the relevance of RQ as a risk indicator and why it did not show a clear relationship with SGOT/SGPT. Replace vague explanations (e.g. nutritious food) with scientifically accurate interpretations (e.g., metabolism and liver health). Minor suggestions; Following are references which the authors may able to refer to enhance the manuscript; https://www.afjbs.com/issue-content/xylene-induced-hepatic-and-thyroid-dysfunction-in-wistar-rats-protective-effects-of-aqueous-extract-from-ghars-date-seeds-phoenix-dactylifera-l-8314 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK600778/ Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Simmons JE, Allis JW, Grose EC, Seely JC, et al.: Assessment of the hepatotoxicity of acute and short-term exposure to inhaled p-xylene in F-344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health . 1991; 32 (3): 295-306 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Langman JM: Xylene: its toxicity, measurement of exposure levels, absorption, metabolism and clearance. Pathology . 1994; 26 (3): 301-9 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: My primary research interests lie in the field of toxicology, particularly in the evaluation of the toxicological effects of xenobiotics and plant-derived compounds and their potential therapeutic applications. I focus on the identification and biochemical characterization of toxic and bioactive constituents from desert and medicinal plants, assessing their impact on vital organs such as the liver and kidneys through both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, my work explores the protective and antioxidant roles of phytochemicals against chemical-induced toxicity. I also integrate spectroscopic and microscopic techniques (e.g., FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD) to support phytochemical and toxicological analyses. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Boutlelis DA. Reviewer Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r376823 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v2#referee-response-376823 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Dehghan SF. Reviewer Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r322712 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v2#referee-response-322712 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Sep 2024 Somayeh Farhang Dehghan , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r322712 I am writing to express my observations regarding the recent manuscript submission by the authors. Upon reviewing the revised version, it is evident that the authors have diligently addressed a majority of the review comments provided during the previous evaluation. ... Continue reading READ ALL I am writing to express my observations regarding the recent manuscript submission by the authors. Upon reviewing the revised version, it is evident that the authors have diligently addressed a majority of the review comments provided during the previous evaluation. Their responses demonstrate a commitment to enhancing the quality and clarity of their work. In conclusion, I believe that the authors' revisions substantially improve the manuscript and contribute to its overall robustness. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Occupational Health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Dehghan SF. Reviewer Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r322712 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v2#referee-response-322712 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2023 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Dehghan SF. Reviewer Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.153614.r232284 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v1#referee-response-232284 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 11 May 2024 Somayeh Farhang Dehghan , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.153614.r232284 Dear, Thank you for the opportunity to review the article. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and heart function in industrial workers in Surabaya. . They pertain to topics such as methodology, ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear, Thank you for the opportunity to review the article. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and heart function in industrial workers in Surabaya. . They pertain to topics such as methodology, many contradictions, and poorly written and the authors' lack of familiarity with the related specialized terminology. See the comments below: Title --The term "heart function" is quite broad; however, in this article, only enzyme assessment was conducted for this purpose. -Consider the SGOT and SGPT levels in workers aren’t dedicated biomarker for heart function. -Only the workers of shoe industries have been assessed, not whole worker industry of Surabaya. Abstract- The aim (s) has been ignored.There is no information available on air and blood sampling.Report the R values.A conclusion does not introduce new ideas; instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper. Introduction -Provide the references.Check the correct format of in-text citation and verify the necessity of parentheses.Replace the “hazard” and “hazardous” with “danger” and “dangerous”.The fifth paragraph discusses how SGOT and SGPT are biomarkers of liver function; however, the topic of the article is about heart function.Define the SPGT in first use.In the last paragraph, please outline the unresolved issues and research gaps, as well as the direct and indirect applications of this study. The statement discussing how the results of this research can help resolve ambiguities is found in the last paragraph. Methods - In the first paragraph,Since 2019? Or in 2019? I believe your study is cross-sectional.In Inclusion criteria ,Free of known pre-existing liver diseases??In Exclusion criteria,Those with a history of liver diseases? How was the adequacy of the sample size determined? There is no detailed information available on air and blood sampling. How were the confounding factors (e.g. physical activity, nutrition, smoking, …) controlled? Was there no control group? Discussion -First, mention the purpose of the study. Then, state the results of each hypothesis separately, present congruent and discordant research, explain how past research aligns or differs, and interpret the results based on the theoretical framework and research outlined in the introduction of the article. Finally, the general and practical conclusions, the generalizability of the results, and the presentation of the contributions of this research to existing theoretical and practical knowledge are outlined. Following that, the limitations of the research are discussed, along with suggestions for future studies Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Occupational Health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Dehghan SF. Reviewer Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.153614.r232284 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v1#referee-response-232284 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2023 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 3 (revision) 01 May 25 Version 2 (revision) 11 Sep 24 read read Version 1 13 Nov 23 read Somayeh Farhang Dehghan , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Djahra Ali Boutlelis , Laboratory of Biology, Environment, and Health (LBEH), Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Boutlelis D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Apr 2025 | for Version 2 Djahra Ali Boutlelis , Laboratory of Biology, Environment, and Health (LBEH), Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria 0 Views copyright © 2025 Boutlelis D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Comments to the Authors This study investigates the effects of xylene exposure on liver enzyme levels (SGOT/SGPT) among shoe factory workers in Surabaya, examining both concentration levels and the risk quotient (RQ). While the research follows a conventional methodological framework, it offers valuable occupational health insights pertinent to this industrial sector. The manuscript is well-organized; however, to enhance its scientific rigor and potential impact, I have some suggested corrections: 1- Title: The current title refers to both "heart and liver function," while the study exclusively examines liver enzyme activity (SGOT and SGPT) as indicators of liver function. For scientific accuracy and clarity, I recommend removing the "heart function" reference from the title. 2- Abstract: Clarify study design (Add study timeframe, Include participant characteristics, Specify any control for confounding (smoking, alcohol use…). Keywords: Remove "heart function" (not studied). 3—Introduction: Thematic consistency: The focus on the heart and liver is inconsistent—all references to heart function should be removed. Study Objective: The objective of the study should be clearly stated at the end of the introduction. 4- Methods : Air Sampling Procedures : Could you provide more technical details about the calibrated air sampling pump equipped with an absorbent tube for xylene measurement? Specifically: - Please specify the unit used for measuring xylene concentration in air samples. - Manufacturer and model of the pump. - Flow rate used during sampling (e.g., 50-200 mL/min as per NIOSH standards). - Type of absorbent tube (e.g., activated charcoal, Tenax TA). - Sampling duration and frequency per worker. - Calibration method (e.g., primary calibration using a bubble flowmeter). - Quality control measures implemented. - Were air samples collected at different times during the work shift (beginning/end) to account for fluctuations in xylene concentrations? - How was the accuracy of the air sampling pump calibration ensured, and were quality control standards (e.g., certification by an accredited lab) mentioned? Blood Collection Procedures : Were specific blood collection tubes used (e.g., SST serum separator tubes)? What sterilization protocols were implemented pre- and post-collection? What was the time interval between collection and analysis? At what temperature were samples stored (e.g., 4°C)? What are the specifications of the analyzer used (manufacturer, model)? How were factors affecting enzyme levels controlled (e.g., fasting, pre-collection exercise)? Was blood draw time recorded relative to participants' last meal? Please briefly explain how the Risk Quotient (RQ) was calculated, including the formula and reference value used. Statistical analysis Please indicate the statistical software used for data analysis in the study (e.g. SPSS, Excel,…). 5- Results Please revise the figures to label the X-axis clearly and specify the sample size for each location. 6- Discussion Add possible biological explanations for the lack of significant association between xylene exposure and liver enzyme levels. Explain the relevance of RQ as a risk indicator and why it did not show a clear relationship with SGOT/SGPT. Replace vague explanations (e.g. nutritious food) with scientifically accurate interpretations (e.g., metabolism and liver health). Minor suggestions; Following are references which the authors may able to refer to enhance the manuscript; https://www.afjbs.com/issue-content/xylene-induced-hepatic-and-thyroid-dysfunction-in-wistar-rats-protective-effects-of-aqueous-extract-from-ghars-date-seeds-phoenix-dactylifera-l-8314 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK600778/ Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Simmons JE, Allis JW, Grose EC, Seely JC, et al.: Assessment of the hepatotoxicity of acute and short-term exposure to inhaled p-xylene in F-344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health . 1991; 32 (3): 295-306 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Langman JM: Xylene: its toxicity, measurement of exposure levels, absorption, metabolism and clearance. Pathology . 1994; 26 (3): 301-9 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My primary research interests lie in the field of toxicology, particularly in the evaluation of the toxicological effects of xenobiotics and plant-derived compounds and their potential therapeutic applications. I focus on the identification and biochemical characterization of toxic and bioactive constituents from desert and medicinal plants, assessing their impact on vital organs such as the liver and kidneys through both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, my work explores the protective and antioxidant roles of phytochemicals against chemical-induced toxicity. I also integrate spectroscopic and microscopic techniques (e.g., FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD) to support phytochemical and toxicological analyses. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Boutlelis DA. Peer Review Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r376823) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v2#referee-response-376823 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Dehghan S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Sep 2024 | for Version 2 Somayeh Farhang Dehghan , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 0 Views copyright © 2024 Dehghan S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I am writing to express my observations regarding the recent manuscript submission by the authors. Upon reviewing the revised version, it is evident that the authors have diligently addressed a majority of the review comments provided during the previous evaluation. Their responses demonstrate a commitment to enhancing the quality and clarity of their work. In conclusion, I believe that the authors' revisions substantially improve the manuscript and contribute to its overall robustness. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Occupational Health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Dehghan SF. Peer Review Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167173.r322712) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v2#referee-response-322712 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Dehghan S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 May 2024 | for Version 1 Somayeh Farhang Dehghan , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 0 Views copyright © 2024 Dehghan S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear, Thank you for the opportunity to review the article. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between xylene, RQ xylene concentration, and heart function in industrial workers in Surabaya. . They pertain to topics such as methodology, many contradictions, and poorly written and the authors' lack of familiarity with the related specialized terminology. See the comments below: Title --The term "heart function" is quite broad; however, in this article, only enzyme assessment was conducted for this purpose. -Consider the SGOT and SGPT levels in workers aren’t dedicated biomarker for heart function. -Only the workers of shoe industries have been assessed, not whole worker industry of Surabaya. Abstract- The aim (s) has been ignored.There is no information available on air and blood sampling.Report the R values.A conclusion does not introduce new ideas; instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper. Introduction -Provide the references.Check the correct format of in-text citation and verify the necessity of parentheses.Replace the “hazard” and “hazardous” with “danger” and “dangerous”.The fifth paragraph discusses how SGOT and SGPT are biomarkers of liver function; however, the topic of the article is about heart function.Define the SPGT in first use.In the last paragraph, please outline the unresolved issues and research gaps, as well as the direct and indirect applications of this study. The statement discussing how the results of this research can help resolve ambiguities is found in the last paragraph. Methods - In the first paragraph,Since 2019? Or in 2019? I believe your study is cross-sectional.In Inclusion criteria ,Free of known pre-existing liver diseases??In Exclusion criteria,Those with a history of liver diseases? How was the adequacy of the sample size determined? There is no detailed information available on air and blood sampling. How were the confounding factors (e.g. physical activity, nutrition, smoking, …) controlled? Was there no control group? Discussion -First, mention the purpose of the study. Then, state the results of each hypothesis separately, present congruent and discordant research, explain how past research aligns or differs, and interpret the results based on the theoretical framework and research outlined in the introduction of the article. Finally, the general and practical conclusions, the generalizability of the results, and the presentation of the contributions of this research to existing theoretical and practical knowledge are outlined. Following that, the limitations of the research are discussed, along with suggestions for future studies Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Occupational Health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Dehghan SF. Peer Review Report For: Relationship Between Xylene, Rq Xylene Concentration and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Liver Function Among Shoe Industry Workers In Surabaya [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 12 :1468 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.153614.r232284) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/12-1468/v1#referee-response-232284 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. 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