Cradle to Gate Environmental Impact Assessment of Fire Retardant Coverall Manufacturing in Pakistan

Cradle to Gate Environmental Impact Assessment of Fire Retardant Coverall Manufacturing in Pakistan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cradle to Gate Environmental Impact Assessment of Fire Retardant Coverall Manufacturing in Pakistan Qaisar Jamal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7651947/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The environmental footprints of textile industries in Pakistan are quite significant in terms of natural resource utilization, releasing greenhouse gas emissions, damaging the ecosystem, and causing adverse water pollution. This study aimed at understanding and quantifying the upstream life cycle assessment of a textile product (Fire – Retardant coverall) manufactured in the Pakistan textile industry. The data was collected and analyzed using a sustainability assessment tool - OpenLCA with using Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff database for secondary data for evaluating environmental impacts from the Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment boundary. Results for this study indicating that the most significant impact occurred at the Agricultural Land Occupation stage (manufacturing phase 15 m 2 a). The highest water footprint of manufactured products occurs at the raw-material processing stage (21.18 m 3 ). The climate change impacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions were determined to be highest at raw-material processing and extraction stages (30.27 kg CO 2 e and 28.29 kg CO 2 e respectively). The highest freshwater ecotoxicity occurred at the raw-material extraction stage during the manufacturing of the Fire-Retardant product (20.14 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq). Human toxicity occurred manufacturing and processing phase for the Fire-Retardant product had similar values (9.45 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq and 9.51 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq correspondingly). It suggested here that employing modern efficient technologies, innovative agricultural practices and switching of transport fuel types such as from fossil fuels to renewable energy will reduce disastrous environment impacts of Fire-Retardant coverall manufacturing on environment. Life Cycle Assessment Cradle-to-Gate Textile Product Fire Retardant Coverall Personal Protective Equipment OpenLCA Environmental Impact Study Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Environmental sustainability is a focus of importance for apparel industries [ 1 ]. Over the last ten years, the consumption of apparel products increased rapidly. According to Niinimäki, et al. [ 2 ], clothing consumption increased between 1975 to 2018 from 5.9 to 13 kg/capita. Textile production will be enhanced up to 81% in year 2030 by seeing this current trend. Textile industry is considered as one of the most polluting sectors of the global economy [ 3 , 4 ]. A large number of textile industries present in South Asian region including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are becoming the reason for serious environmental issues inside the region due to not adopting eco-friendly technologies and manufacturing equipment. Among all other manufacturing industries in the world, the pollutant loads of wastewater produced in textile industries have rank fifth in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) content [ 5 ]. According to Bianco, et al. [ 6 ], approximately 92 metric tons of textile waste are generated annually and this number will be increase up to 134 metric tons by 2030. According to the sustainability report of clothing brand H&M [ 7 ], not only production phase of textile industries has negative impacts on the environment but the use of clothing is also responsible for releasing microfibers into the atmosphere which causes many disastrous health issues [ 8 , 9 ]. Approximately 73% of textile waste produced either incinerated or landfill globally [ 10 , 11 ]. Although the clothing industry makes a substantial role to global economy, it has many negative impacts on the environment due to resource depletion, air, land and water pollution, greenhouses gas emissions, use of hazardous chemicals, toxic waste generation and releasing of highly contaminated waste water [ 12 – 14 ]. For instance, the fifth-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide is the textile industry [ 15 ]. The textile processing sector generates over 1.2 billion tons of carbon emissions annually [ 16 ]. To minimize environmental impact of textile products, it is important to work on United Nation (UN) – Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 12 (sustainable consumption with production). In this perspective, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) keeps significance in evaluating the magnitude of environmental damages for products or process. For evaluating EIA, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study is used. LCA is a systematic study that is utilized in the analysis of a process or product to check whether the process or product is eco-friendly or not [ 17 ]. An organized set of steps are involved in the LCA assessment process. Life Cycle Assessment is commonly used to evaluate sustainability and circular economy, as well as to study the ecological impact of constructing materials, their waste, energy sectors and supply chains [ 13 , 18 – 20 ]. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used extensively in the textile industries as a judgment instrument for assessing the environmental impacts of goods and services since the release of International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 [ 21 ]. Cotton shirts, T-shirts, wool clothing, denim and woven pants are among apparel products to which the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique has been applied [ 5 , 22 – 33 ]. In textile industries, LCA study covers key stages such as raw-material production (cotton), ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, finishing, garment manufacturing, packaging, distribution, consumer use and end-of-life disposal [ 34 ]. Previous literature showed that conventional cotton farming used a lot of energy and produced a lot of ammonia emissions during the raw material extraction stage [ 23 , 35 ]. Significant greenhouse gases emissions also released during the transportation of textile products [ 36 ]. The impact category for fossil fuels greatly influenced by the consumer use phase [ 31 ]. Finally, most clothing disposed of in landfills when it reached the end of its useful life. Just 14.7% of the 208 million pounds of textile waste produced in 2019 was recycled [ 31 ]. Now, fashion industry and end-consumers becoming more concerned about sustainability and the impact of different products on the environment [ 37 ]. Historically, sustainable fashion existed in the world since the 16th century and it was more of a way of life than a fashion choice. People used to conserve their resources and utilized them wisely before the industrial revolution. The origin of sustainability assessment initiated in the United States at some stage in the 1960s. During this phase, the focus of sustainability assessment was on energy and raw-materials consumption and very less on waste disposal methodologies [ 38 ]. Harold Smith was the first person who reported Life Cycle Assessment work in 1963 at the power conference, which deal with energy calculations for the manufacturing of chemical products. Similarly in this study, we quantified environmental impacts of Fire-Retardant (FR) Coverall that manufactured in Pakistan textile industry on the basis of Cradle-to-Gate boundary. We included raw-materials extraction (cotton), their processing (ginning, spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing and finishing) phases and manufacturing including transportation in each phase to evaluate different environmental impacts i.e. GHGs emissions, freshwater eco-toxicity, human toxicity, natural land transformation and agricultural land occupation. The inventory data for this study consist of two parts: Primary data (manufacturing facility records, and on-site interviews) Secondary data (past researches, literatures, and available databases) As like previously Moazzem, Crossin, Daver and Wang [ 10 ] used OpenLCA sustainability assessment tool, in this study Fire-Retardant Coverall Life Cycle Impacts (LCI) evaluated for water depletion (m 3 ), agricultural land occupation (m 2 a), and climate change (kg CO 2 e). Traditionally, the Life Cycle Assessment framework includes: 1) defining the goal and scope; 2) analyzing the inventory; 3) evaluating the impact; and 4) interpreting the results. The significance of the life-cycle perspective was discussed in this study. 2. Materials and Methods This research is according to LCA methodology, ISO Standards (14040-44) and Product Environmental Footprint Guidelines (PEFG) rules published by European Commission, divided into the phases of goal and scope, inventory, impact results and discussion, as henceforth detailed. 2.1. Goal and Scope This research based on the ISO-14040:2006/Amendment-1:2020 Life Cycle Assessment standards. Similarly to previous study by Bianco, De Bona, Zanetti and Panepinto [ 6 ], OpenLCA sustainability assessment tool with ReCiPe (Hierarchist/H) midpoint life cycle impact assessment methodology utilized to evaluate and quantify environmental impacts of manufactured Fire-Retardant Coverall. OpenLCA is an open-source sustainability assessment tool that developed by Green Delta in 2006 [ 39 ]. The reason for selection of OpenLCA is that it is free of cost and easy user-interface. ReCiPE is an impact assessment methodology developed through collaboration between Radbound University, PRé Sustainability, RIVM and Leiden University in 2008. Life cycle assessment is divided into three primary models as Fig. 1 . Cradle-to-Gate; Cradle-to-Grave; Cradle-to-Cradle. In this study, our boundary scope was Cradle-to-Gate. Functional unit for this study was Fire-Retardant (FR) coverall. Fire-Retardant coverall is a Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and this is suitable for use in such areas where there is the risk of fire or accidental ignition to workers such as in oil and gas industries, electrical plants, firefighting and petrochemical industries. It does not mean that these fabrics do not catch fire but process of ignition is slow in Fire-Retardant fabric as compare to natural fabric that give time to workers to protect their lives. Technical details related to functional unit are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Technical details. Sr. No. Product Product Type Size Material Composition Weight (kg) 1 Fire-Retardant Coverall Unisex Regular (width ~ 72.5 cm and height ~ 169 cm) 100% Cotton 1 0.88 1 Special FR treatment on cotton fabric. The manufacturing of Fire-Retardant Coverall mainly contains collection of raw-material (cotton), its processing and product manufacturing as shown in Fig. 2 . There are total 18 impact indicators in ReCiPe (H) that evaluated and comparison drawn between top 5 impact indicators as shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Top Five Environmental Impacts. Category Definition Unit Climate Change Climate change is long – term shift pattern in regional/ global climate [ 40 ]. kg CO2e Ozone Depletion Ozone depletion is constantly reducing ozone cover in the higher stratosphere. The reason is the releasing of biochemical compounds from anthropogenic activities [ 41 ]. kg CFC11 Ecotoxicity, Freshwater Ecotoxicity is the study of toxic effects initiated by natural/ man-made contaminants [ 42 ]. CTUe Water Stress Water stress is a situation there is no sufficient water in an area [ 41 ]. m3 Resource Use, Fossils Fossil fuel is a type of fuel that contains biological material found in the earth's crust that is used as a source of energy [ 41 ]. MJ 2.2. Inventory Data This life cycle assessment study started from 1 kg cotton production at farm. The activities data on farm level taken from secondary databases (Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff) which included preparation of agricultural land, plaguing of cotton seeds and other farm activities that’s necessary for field cultivation due to limitation of primary data access/availability. After extraction of cotton, next phase is textile processing including spinning and weaving. For spinning and weaving phases, also secondary databases utilized. For bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, finishing and manufacturing processes, primary industry data taken from one of the Pakistan textile industries. During finishing process, FR chemistry applied on cotton to convert into Fire-Retardant (FR) chemical treated cotton. For this conversion, usually padding process utilized. In padding process, product bleach, dyeing, cure with FR special treatment and wash. Product auxiliaries (i.e. accessories and labels) included, data taken from secondary databases (past literature and Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff). Due to Cradle-to-Gate LCA boundary, distribution and use of end product not included in this study. An overview of summary shown that what includes and excludes in this study shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Processes Included and Excluded. Sr. No. Phase Data Description Data Source Excluded Activity 1 Field Preparation Savannah clear-cutting Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 2 Purchased Cottonseed Cottonseed purchased from a market Eco-invent (v3.8) Transport related emissions 3 Nutrient supply Fertilizers used for plant development Eco-invent (v3.8) Machines related emissions 4 Tillage Represent subsoiling process Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 5 Sowing Sowing at one hectare Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 6 Irrigation Surface irrigation Eco-invent (v3.8) Water-related emissions 7 Nutrient supply Urea Ammonium, Nitrate mix and Potassium Chloride Eco-invent (v3.8) Machines related emissions 8 Harvesting Activities performed at the farm Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 9 Transportation Transportation from farm to ginning industry Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 10 Ginning Ginning-related activities for one kg cotton fiber production Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 11 Yarn Production Yarn-related activities for one kg greige yarn production Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 12 Textile Production Weaving related activities Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 13 Bleaching Bleaching-related activities for one kg of bleached cotton fabric Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 14 Mercerizing Mercerizing related activities for one kg mercerized cotton fabric Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 15 Dyeing Dyeing-related activities for one kg dyed cotton fabric Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 16 Finishing Finishing related activities for one kg finished cotton fabric Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 17 Manufacturing Manufacturing-related activities for Coverall Eco-invent (v3.8) - 1 1 This “-” indication means that no activity excluded from particular phase study. Raw materials consumption and utilization of electricity and steam are calculated based available literature [ 23 , 43 – 45 ]. For simplification, LCI inputs are mentioned in Table 4 . Regarding thermal energy, data taken for year 2022 based on calculated methodology. In addition to electrical energy, company equipped with sustainable energy and steam generation (using biomass boilers). The main consumption of thermal energy linked with dyeing and pretreatment process. These processes highly water extensive. Lastly, textile waste generated during stitching process. Table 4 Data Inventory. Sr. No. Material Inputs Units Consumption 1 Caustic soda kg 3.13 * 10 − 2 2 Chelating agent kg 2.40* 10 − 2 3 Desizing agent kg 3.55* 10 − 3 4 Dyeing agent kg 4.88* 10 − 2 5 Electricity MJ 3.12E + 00 6 FR and resins kg 3.20* 10 − 1 7 Formic acid kg 4.70* 10 − 2 8 Hydrogen peroxide kg 3.00* 10 − 2 9 Lubricant remover kg 6.00* 10 − 3 10 Lubricating agents kg 1.50* 10 − 2 11 Peroxide stabilizer kg 1.20* 10 − 2 12 Salts kg 8.30* 10 − 1 13 Silicone softener kg 1.50* 10 − 2 14 Soap/detergent kg 1.50* 10 − 2 15 Sodium carbonate kg 2.56* 10 − 1 16 Sodium thiosulphate kg 1.50* 10 − 2 17 Soft water L 1.80* 10 2 18 Steam MJ 2.68* 10 1 19 Wetting agent kg 1.10* 10 − 2 3. Results ReCiPe is a life cycle impact assessment technique that assesses ecological impacts of products/processes. The ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment methodology based on two-point indicators, midpoint and endpoint. Basically, there are 18 midpoint indicators and 3 end point indicators in the ReCiPe LCIA methodology. Midpoint explains specific environmental issues directly linked with product manufacturing i.e. climate change, eutrophication, toxicity, resource depletion, and conversion of natural land. The endpoint explains broader environmental concerns that incorporate indirect environmental impacts as well i.e. health issues in person, damage to the eco-system, and depletion of resources. In this study, a total of 18 ReCiPe midpoints impacts evaluated for the manufacturing of FR coveralls, results mentioned in below Table 5 , and a graphical representation of these results mentioned in Figure (6 and 7). Table 5 ReCiPe 18 Impacts Indicators. Sr. No. Impact Indicators Unit of Measurement Life Cycle Assessment Phase Extraction Processing Manufacturing 1 Agricultural Land Occupation m2a 4.95 * 10 0 1.42 * 10 1 1.52 * 10 1 2 Climate Change: Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2-Eq 2.83 * 10 1 3.03 * 10 1 1.42 * 10 1 3 Fossil Depletion kg oil-Eq 6.84 * 10 0 9.26 * 10 0 4.03 * 10 0 4 Stream Ecotoxicity kg 1, 4 DCB, Eq 2.01 * 10 1 1.61 * 10 0 2.51 * 10 0 5 Eutrophication: Eutrophication Potential (EP) kg P,Eq 1.79 * 10 − 1 1.40 * 10 − 2 2.04 * 10 − 2 6 Social Deadliness kg 1, 4 DCB, Eq 4.70 * 10 0 9.51 * 10 0 9.45 * 10 0 7 Ionizing Radiation kg U235-Eq 8.65 * 10 − 1 1.30 * 10 0 6.06 * 10 − 1 8 Nautical Ecotoxicity kg 1, 4 DCB, Eq 2.06 * 10 0 6.66 * 10 − 1 1.10 * 10 0 9 Nautical Eutrophication kg N, Eq 1.03 * 10 0 3.88 * 10 − 1 1.09 * 10 − 1 10 Metal Depletion kg Fe-Eq 1.75 * 10 0 9.41 * 10 − 1 2.08 * 10 0 11 Natural Land Transformation m 2 4.06 * 10 − 3 4.74 * 10 − 3 1.91 * 10 − 3 12 Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC, 11, Eq 2.76 * 10 − 6 2.58 * 10 − 6 6.15 * 10 − 7 13 Particulate Matter Formation (PMF) kg PM 10 , Eq 5.50 * 10 − 2 7.31 * 10 − 2 4.86 * 10 − 2 14 Photochemical Ozone Formation: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) kg NMVOC 9.82 * 10 − 2 1.07 * 10 − 1 6.56 * 10 − 2 15 Acidification: Acidification Potential (AP) kg SO 2 , Eq 1.79 * 10 − 1 2.51 * 10 − 1 1.00 * 10 − 1 16 Worldly Ecotoxicity kg 1,4 DCB, Eq -1.07 * 10 − 2 5.68 * 10 − 1 3.80 * 10 − 3 17 Urban Land Occupation m 2 a 3.90 * 10 − 1 2.60 * 10 − 1 1.90 * 10 − 1 18 Water Depletion: Water depletion potential m 3 5.66 * 10 0 2.12 * 10 1 2.61 * 10 − 1 Radar chart showed interesting findings. First, we evaluated raw-materials extraction phase, it show that freshwater ecotoxicity highest and terrestrial changes which aligned with previous results. Raw-materials processing phase show highest number in GHG emissions that also aligned with previous study. At last manufacturing phase show that conversion of agricultural land highest that also true finding because now industries set up on fertile land and it seen that from last couple of years agricultural land reduces and urbanization increasing rapidly. 4. Discussion 4.1. Environmental Impacts By absorbing energy and slowing its escape to space, greenhouse gases (GHGs) contribute to global warming by insulating the planet like a blanket. The impact of various GHGs on global warming varies from each other. Their capacity to absorb energy (their "radiative efficiency") and the length of time they remain in the atmosphere (also referred to as their "lifetime") are two important ways that these gases different from one another [ 46 ]. The GWP–100 is a metric unit utilized to estimate the impacts of different GHG gases. The figure of 100 shows a comparison of GHG gases made above 100 years time span. During the manufacturing of FR coveralls, climate change-related GHG emissions observed high in the raw materials processing phase, such as fabric weaving, dyeing, finishing and then in the raw materials extraction phase. For a better understanding of emissions distribution, the sankey diagram also mentioned in Fig. 4 . In numbers, the combined contributions of climate change during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 72.71 kg CO2e. If we divide this number into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing in kg CO2e are 28.29, 30.27, and 14.15 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig. 6 . 4.2. Freshwater Eco-toxicity Toxic elements have dangerous effects on freshwater systems. These poisonous constituents include chemicals, heavy metals, and manufacturing pollutants [ 42 ]. Freshwater eco-toxicity is measured in kg 1,4-DCB-Eq unit which stands for a kg of 1,4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents. For a better understanding of emissions distribution, the sankey diagram is also mentioned in Fig. 5 . In numbers, the combined contributions of freshwater eco-toxicity during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 24.26 kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. If we divide this value into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing is in kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. 20.14, 1.61, and 2.52 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig. 6 . 4.3. Human Toxicity Similarly, poisonous elements have dangerous effects on human health. These poisonous constituents include chemicals, heavy metals, and manufacturing pollutants [ 47 ]. Human eco-toxicity is also measured in kg 1,4-DCB-Eq unit that stands for a kg of 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents. In numbers, the combined contributions of human eco-toxicity during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 23.65 kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. If we divide this value into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing are in kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. 4.69, 9.51, and 9.45 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig. 6 . 4.4. Natural Land-Transformation Similarly, poisonous elements have dangerous effects on human health. These poisonous constituents include chemicals, heavy metals, and manufacturing pollutants [ 47 ]. Human eco-toxicity is also measured in kg 1,4-DCB-Eq unit that stands for a kg of 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents. In numbers, the combined contributions of human eco-toxicity during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 23.65 kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. If we divide this value into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing are in kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. 4.69, 9.51, and 9.45 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig. 6 . 4.5. Agricultural Land Occupation Natural land-transformation measured in m 2 units. In numbers, the combined contributions of agricultural land occupation during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 34.36 m 2 a. If we divide it into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing are in m 2 a 4.95, 14.21, and 15.18 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig. 6 . 4.6. Comparisons for LCA Stages To understand Life Cycle Assessment stages and their impacts on the environment, the following key bar charts present for climate change, freshwater eco-toxicity, human toxicity, and natural land transformation as shown in Fig. 6 . These graphs evaluated using the OpenLCA sustainability assessment tool with adopting ReCiPe midpoint (H) impact assessment methodology and eco-invent v3.8 cutoff database. These graphs help in understanding the significant impacts of FR Coverall manufacturing on the environment. According to the findings of this LCA assessment, the processing phase accounts for a significant portion of the impact in terms of climate change, which is consistent with the findings of previous scientific studies i.e. [ 4 , 10 , 48 ]. However, secondary data from the Eco-invent database were used in the analysis for this phase due to the lack of supplier specific information. This is a common problem in the textile industries due to the complexity of supply chains and the low adoption of traceability practices. This critical point impedes the comparability of different textile products and implies that, in the absence of primary data for the processing phase, comparisons between studies can only be meaningful if the same dataset for the textile product is used. As a result, specific textile industry guidelines (currently in development) are required to allow for fair comparisons between products in the same category. The results for the company under study show that the cutting and sewing phases have lower environmental impacts than other stages of the product life cycle. This result is consistent with the previous literature i.e. [ 23 , 49 – 51 ]. It must be noted that the impact results could change if sustainable energy mix is used. Given that the Fire-Retardant Coverall is a necessary piece of PPE apparel, the overall impact of the analysis is an intriguing finding. Comparability with other comparable studies is still difficult, though, for a number of reasons: 1. Since the functions of various clothing items can differ greatly, they cannot be directly compared; 2. Because each material has unique properties and functions, even similar products—like Fire Retardant Coverall—made with different fibers may not always be comparable; 3. Variations in the LCA study settings, such as different functional units (FUs) and system boundaries, make comparisons of studies even more difficult. 5. Conclusions The purpose of this research evaluates the different ecological impacts of Fire-Retardant Coverall adopting ISO – 140040/44 standards approach. Key results of this assessment study will help environment practitioners develop eco-friendly policies for reducing adverse environmental impacts of manufactured products on the environment. After evaluation of results for manufacturing of Fire-Retardant Coverall using ReCiPe 18 impacts indicators, key adverse impacts highlighted in farming terrestrial living, environment change, water depletion, human poisonousness, and stream ecotoxicity. In terms of value, the impact of agricultural land occupation at the manufacturing stage is 15 m 2 a. The value of climate change is highest at the raw-material processing phase 30.27 kg CO 2 e. The highest freshwater ecotoxicity occurred at the raw-material extraction stage during the manufacturing of the Fire-Retardant product (20.14 kg 1, 4 DCB eq). The social deadliness occurred maximum observed in the manufacturing and processing phase for Fire-Retardant product 9.45 kg 1, 1, 4 DCB eq. Solutions for reducing/mitigating the impacts of these highlighted points will be adopting innovative advanced technologies, revolutionizing agricultural activities, and shifting towards renewable energy resources. Improving the quality of the cottonseed and enhancing the productivity of agricultural land will help reduce the ecological footprint. Academia together with industry could make a positive impact in creating new databases for better evaluation of results. These impacts evaluated based on the Cradle-to-Gate boundary, which includes raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing of Fire-Retardant Coverall. By adopting recommended measures in textile industries, we can move towards more sustainable production and lessening global environmental pollution while contributing to better sustainable economic growth. This study covers only cradle-to-gate boundaries and the prospect is to enhance the area of study and cover cradle-to-cradle or cradle-to-grave boundaries for a better understanding of Life Cycle Assessment. Complete evaluation of LCA helps end-consumers buy those products that are eco-friendly. LCA also helps product manufacturers to improve their process efficiency to reduce environmental stress. Another improvement requires inventory data that should be updated on an annual basis to comply with changing requirements in the production of cotton all over the world. This will help customers and brands to better estimate the environmental impacts of their products. Databases updated at regular intervals help to evaluate environmental impacts more accurately and precisely to help policy makers develop robust methodologies to lessen the negative impacts of manufactured products. Similarly, currently using already available databases such as Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff for estimating/evaluating life cycle impacts of manufactured products. These data are available at the global level. There is also a good improvement point to develop a regional-specific database for better quantification of environmental impacts. This will give precise results for the sustainability assessment of the product. For developing regional databases, collaboration is required between academic research centers, industry experts, and the government. This will help on a national level to quantify environmental footprints with precise data. Environmental sustainability is so important for evaluating life cycle assessment but future recommendations are to incorporate social impacts with costing factors. This approach will incorporate the whole concept of sustainable development combining social, environmental, and economic factors of manufactured products from the selected boundary and will provide complete overview of negative impact on environment. Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: FR Fire – Retardant LCA Life Cycle Assessment CO2e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent COD Chemical Oxygen Demand UN United Nation SDG Sustainable Development Goal EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ISO Organization of Standardization LCI Life Cycle Impacts LCI Life Cycle Inventory PEFG Product Environmental Footprint Guidelines PPE Personal Protective Equipment GWP Global Warming Potential EP Eutrophication Potential ODP Ozone Depletion Potential PMF Particulate Matter Formation POCP Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential AP Acidification Potential GHGs Greenhouse Gases FU Functional Unit PEFCR Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: The study was conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Sapphire Finishing Mills Limited (SFML/ETH/2025/01). Prior informed consent was obtained from all participants before conducting the interviews, and participation was entirely voluntary. Participant confidentiality was strictly maintained. Consent to Participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved in the study. Consent to Publish: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflicts of interest. Clinical Trial Not applicable. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s). Funding: This research received no external funding. Author Contribution Q.J. was responsible for study conception, methodology, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All aspects of the work were completed by the sole author, who approves the final version. 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Kooistra K, Termorshuizen AJ, Pyburn R. The sustainability of cotton: Consequences for man and environment . Wetenschapswinkel Wageningen: 2006. Yilmaz I, Akcaoz H, Ozkan B. An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton production in Turkey. Renewable Energy. 2005;30(2):145–55. Jacquet J, Morris V, Loy L, Eshel G. Early US meat industry knowledge and response to global warming. Environ Res Lett. 2025;20(3):031006. Muthu SS. Assessing the environmental impact of textiles and the clothing supply chain . Woodhead publishing: 2020. Sandin G, Peters GM. Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling–A review. J Clean Prod. 2018;184:353–65. Sandin G, Roos S, Spak B, Zamani B, Peters G. Environmental assessment of Swedish clothing consumption—six garments, Sustainable Futures. Mistra Future Fashion 2019, 6. Roos S, Posner S, Jönsson C, Peters GM. Is unbleached cotton better than bleached? Exploring the limits of life-cycle assessment in the textile sector. Cloth Textiles Res J. 2015;33(4):231–47. Wiedmann T. Carbon footprint and input–output analysis–an introduction. In Taylor & Francis: 2009. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7651947","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":532060234,"identity":"23a9dd32-0a79-42ea-83b1-da21d7fe800a","order_by":0,"name":"Qaisar 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":126947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLCA models.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/c67b84436d8ff2b63a0b19cb.png"},{"id":94823380,"identity":"590e7eb8-14ab-4e4a-bf42-9ddcc8b67c4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:47:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFR Coverall LCA Boundary.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/d08ebbee4cf3c5ecf0bd573c.png"},{"id":94755214,"identity":"70a9f88a-64bb-40b9-af8f-ddf4fffc9414","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 11:04:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":320989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRadar chart represents ReCiPe 18 midpoint impacts indicators.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/ddad09bee11a9c0b506dc9f2.png"},{"id":94823212,"identity":"c4e0d213-8188-45ac-a767-f59d794caea1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:46:46","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGHG emissions sankey diagram.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/e3205c307834f2d9c55530c0.png"},{"id":94823050,"identity":"38167c83-cbd2-4839-aeb6-ea9ca5d986af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:45:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":205591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFreshwater eco-toxicity sankey diagram.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/67fc41b10ffb46d5c1e261ac.png"},{"id":94823693,"identity":"c79d4019-0577-4891-822d-92ccf610684d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:47:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) \u003c/strong\u003eComparison of Climate Change (b) Freshwater Ecotoxicity (c) Natural Land Transformation and (d) Human Toxicity at Different Stages of Fire-Retardant Coverall Production.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/be68fe60e753f946bcdb3554.png"},{"id":99788070,"identity":"247ec99e-0ccf-498f-b6c1-5d631c56341e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:44:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2159774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7651947/v1/53fe0e0a-218e-4351-ba81-3c4b5df0e989.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Cradle to Gate Environmental Impact Assessment of Fire Retardant Coverall Manufacturing in Pakistan","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental sustainability is a focus of importance for apparel industries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Over the last ten years, the consumption of apparel products increased rapidly. According to Niinim\u0026auml;ki, et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], clothing consumption increased between 1975 to 2018 from 5.9 to 13 kg/capita. Textile production will be enhanced up to 81% in year 2030 by seeing this current trend. Textile industry is considered as one of the most polluting sectors of the global economy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. A large number of textile industries present in South Asian region including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are becoming the reason for serious environmental issues inside the region due to not adopting eco-friendly technologies and manufacturing equipment. Among all other manufacturing industries in the world, the pollutant loads of wastewater produced in textile industries have rank fifth in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Bianco, et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], approximately 92 metric tons of textile waste are generated annually and this number will be increase up to 134 metric tons by 2030. According to the sustainability report of clothing brand H\u0026amp;M [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], not only production phase of textile industries has negative impacts on the environment but the use of clothing is also responsible for releasing microfibers into the atmosphere which causes many disastrous health issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Approximately 73% of textile waste produced either incinerated or landfill globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the clothing industry makes a substantial role to global economy, it has many negative impacts on the environment due to resource depletion, air, land and water pollution, greenhouses gas emissions, use of hazardous chemicals, toxic waste generation and releasing of highly contaminated waste water [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, the fifth-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide is the textile industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The textile processing sector generates over 1.2\u0026nbsp;billion tons of carbon emissions annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. To minimize environmental impact of textile products, it is important to work on United Nation (UN) \u0026ndash; Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 12 (sustainable consumption with production).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this perspective, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) keeps significance in evaluating the magnitude of environmental damages for products or process. For evaluating EIA, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study is used. LCA is a systematic study that is utilized in the analysis of a process or product to check whether the process or product is eco-friendly or not [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. An organized set of steps are involved in the LCA assessment process. Life Cycle Assessment is commonly used to evaluate sustainability and circular economy, as well as to study the ecological impact of constructing materials, their waste, energy sectors and supply chains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used extensively in the textile industries as a judgment instrument for assessing the environmental impacts of goods and services since the release of International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Cotton shirts, T-shirts, wool clothing, denim and woven pants are among apparel products to which the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique has been applied [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn textile industries, LCA study covers key stages such as raw-material production (cotton), ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, finishing, garment manufacturing, packaging, distribution, consumer use and end-of-life disposal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous literature showed that conventional cotton farming used a lot of energy and produced a lot of ammonia emissions during the raw material extraction stage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Significant greenhouse gases emissions also released during the transportation of textile products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The impact category for fossil fuels greatly influenced by the consumer use phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, most clothing disposed of in landfills when it reached the end of its useful life. Just 14.7% of the 208\u0026nbsp;million pounds of textile waste produced in 2019 was recycled [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Now, fashion industry and end-consumers becoming more concerned about sustainability and the impact of different products on the environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistorically, sustainable fashion existed in the world since the 16th century and it was more of a way of life than a fashion choice. People used to conserve their resources and utilized them wisely before the industrial revolution. The origin of sustainability assessment initiated in the United States at some stage in the 1960s. During this phase, the focus of sustainability assessment was on energy and raw-materials consumption and very less on waste disposal methodologies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Harold Smith was the first person who reported Life Cycle Assessment work in 1963 at the power conference, which deal with energy calculations for the manufacturing of chemical products. Similarly in this study, we quantified environmental impacts of Fire-Retardant (FR) Coverall that manufactured in Pakistan textile industry on the basis of Cradle-to-Gate boundary. We included raw-materials extraction (cotton), their processing (ginning, spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing and finishing) phases and manufacturing including transportation in each phase to evaluate different environmental impacts i.e. GHGs emissions, freshwater eco-toxicity, human toxicity, natural land transformation and agricultural land occupation. The inventory data for this study consist of two parts:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary data (manufacturing facility records, and on-site interviews)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary data (past researches, literatures, and available databases)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs like previously Moazzem, Crossin, Daver and Wang [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] used OpenLCA sustainability assessment tool, in this study Fire-Retardant Coverall Life Cycle Impacts (LCI) evaluated for water depletion (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e), agricultural land occupation (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ea), and climate change (kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee). Traditionally, the Life Cycle Assessment framework includes: 1) defining the goal and scope; 2) analyzing the inventory; 3) evaluating the impact; and 4) interpreting the results. The significance of the life-cycle perspective was discussed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research is according to LCA methodology, ISO Standards (14040-44) and Product Environmental Footprint Guidelines (PEFG) rules published by European Commission, divided into the phases of goal and scope, inventory, impact results and discussion, as henceforth detailed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Goal and Scope\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research based on the ISO-14040:2006/Amendment-1:2020 Life Cycle Assessment standards. Similarly to previous study by Bianco, De Bona, Zanetti and Panepinto [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], OpenLCA sustainability assessment tool with ReCiPe (Hierarchist/H) midpoint life cycle impact assessment methodology utilized to evaluate and quantify environmental impacts of manufactured Fire-Retardant Coverall. OpenLCA is an open-source sustainability assessment tool that developed by Green Delta in 2006 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The reason for selection of OpenLCA is that it is free of cost and easy user-interface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReCiPE is an impact assessment methodology developed through collaboration between Radbound University, PR\u0026eacute; Sustainability, RIVM and Leiden University in 2008. Life cycle assessment is divided into three primary models as Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCradle-to-Gate;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCradle-to-Grave;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCradle-to-Cradle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, our boundary scope was Cradle-to-Gate. Functional unit for this study was Fire-Retardant (FR) coverall. Fire-Retardant coverall is a Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and this is suitable for use in such areas where there is the risk of fire or accidental ignition to workers such as in oil and gas industries, electrical plants, firefighting and petrochemical industries. It does not mean that these fabrics do not catch fire but process of ignition is slow in Fire-Retardant fabric as compare to natural fabric that give time to workers to protect their lives. Technical details related to functional unit are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnical details.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProduct\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProduct Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterial Composition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFire-Retardant Coverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnisex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegular (width\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;72.5 cm and height\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;169 cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100% Cotton\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eSpecial FR treatment on cotton fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe manufacturing of Fire-Retardant Coverall mainly contains collection of raw-material (cotton), its processing and product manufacturing as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. There are total 18 impact indicators in ReCiPe (H) that evaluated and comparison drawn between top 5 impact indicators as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop Five Environmental Impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate Change\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate change is long \u0026ndash; term shift pattern in regional/ global climate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg CO2e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOzone Depletion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOzone depletion is constantly reducing ozone cover in the higher stratosphere. The reason is the releasing of biochemical compounds from anthropogenic activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg CFC11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcotoxicity, Freshwater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcotoxicity is the study of toxic effects initiated by natural/ man-made contaminants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCTUe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater Stress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater stress is a situation there is no sufficient water in an area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResource Use, Fossils\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFossil fuel is a type of fuel that contains biological material found in the earth's crust that is used as a source of energy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Inventory Data\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis life cycle assessment study started from 1 kg cotton production at farm. The activities data on farm level taken from secondary databases (Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff) which included preparation of agricultural land, plaguing of cotton seeds and other farm activities that\u0026rsquo;s necessary for field cultivation due to limitation of primary data access/availability. After extraction of cotton, next phase is textile processing including spinning and weaving. For spinning and weaving phases, also secondary databases utilized. For bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, finishing and manufacturing processes, primary industry data taken from one of the Pakistan textile industries. During finishing process, FR chemistry applied on cotton to convert into Fire-Retardant (FR) chemical treated cotton. For this conversion, usually padding process utilized. In padding process, product bleach, dyeing, cure with FR special treatment and wash. Product auxiliaries (i.e. accessories and labels) included, data taken from secondary databases (past literature and Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff). Due to Cradle-to-Gate LCA boundary, distribution and use of end product not included in this study. An overview of summary shown that what includes and excludes in this study shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcesses Included and Excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData Description\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData Source\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcluded Activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eField Preparation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSavannah clear-cutting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurchased Cottonseed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCottonseed purchased from a market\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport related emissions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrient supply\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFertilizers used for plant development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMachines related emissions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTillage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepresent subsoiling process\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSowing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSowing at one hectare\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrrigation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface irrigation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater-related emissions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrient supply\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrea Ammonium, Nitrate mix and Potassium Chloride\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMachines related emissions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarvesting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActivities performed at the farm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransportation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransportation from farm to ginning industry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGinning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGinning-related activities for one kg cotton fiber production\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYarn Production\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYarn-related activities for one kg greige yarn production\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTextile Production\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeaving related activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBleaching\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBleaching-related activities for one kg of bleached cotton fabric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMercerizing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMercerizing related activities for one kg mercerized cotton fabric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing-related activities for one kg dyed cotton fabric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinishing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinishing related activities for one kg finished cotton fabric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManufacturing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManufacturing-related activities for Coverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEco-invent (v3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eThis \u0026ldquo;-\u0026rdquo; indication means that no activity excluded from particular phase study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw materials consumption and utilization of electricity and steam are calculated based available literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. For simplification, LCI inputs are mentioned in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Regarding thermal energy, data taken for year 2022 based on calculated methodology. In addition to electrical energy, company equipped with sustainable energy and steam generation (using biomass boilers). The main consumption of thermal energy linked with dyeing and pretreatment process. These processes highly water extensive. Lastly, textile waste generated during stitching process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData Inventory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterial Inputs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaustic soda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.13 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChelating agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDesizing agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.55* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectricity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.12E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFR and resins\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.20* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.70* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydrogen peroxide\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLubricant remover\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLubricating agents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeroxide stabilizer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.30* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSilicone softener\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoap/detergent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium carbonate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium thiosulphate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoft water\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80* 10\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68* 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWetting agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10* 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReCiPe is a life cycle impact assessment technique that assesses ecological impacts of products/processes. The ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment methodology based on two-point indicators, midpoint and endpoint. Basically, there are 18 midpoint indicators and 3 end point indicators in the ReCiPe LCIA methodology. Midpoint explains specific environmental issues directly linked with product manufacturing i.e. climate change, eutrophication, toxicity, resource depletion, and conversion of natural land. The endpoint explains broader environmental concerns that incorporate indirect environmental impacts as well i.e. health issues in person, damage to the eco-system, and depletion of resources. In this study, a total of 18 ReCiPe midpoints impacts evaluated for the manufacturing of FR coveralls, results mentioned in below Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, and a graphical representation of these results mentioned in Figure (6 and 7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReCiPe 18 Impacts Indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact Indicators\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnit of Measurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife Cycle Assessment Phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcessing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManufacturing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgricultural Land Occupation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em2a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.95 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate Change: Global Warming Potential (GWP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg CO2-Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.03 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFossil Depletion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg oil-Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.84 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.26 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStream Ecotoxicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg 1, 4 DCB, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.51 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEutrophication: Eutrophication Potential (EP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg P,Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Deadliness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg 1, 4 DCB, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.70 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.51 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.45 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIonizing Radiation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg U235-Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.65 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.06 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNautical Ecotoxicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg 1, 4 DCB, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.06 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.66 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNautical Eutrophication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg N, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetal Depletion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg Fe-Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural Land Transformation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.06 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.74 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOzone Depletion: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg CFC, 11, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.76 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.58 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.15 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticulate Matter Formation (PMF)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.50 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.31 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.86 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhotochemical Ozone Formation: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg NMVOC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.82 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.56 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcidification: Acidification Potential (AP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.51 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorldly Ecotoxicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ekg 1,4 DCB, Eq\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.07 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.68 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.80 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban Land Occupation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.90 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.60 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater Depletion: Water depletion potential\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.66 * 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12 * 10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.61 * 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadar chart showed interesting findings. First, we evaluated raw-materials extraction phase, it show that freshwater ecotoxicity highest and terrestrial changes which aligned with previous results. Raw-materials processing phase show highest number in GHG emissions that also aligned with previous study. At last manufacturing phase show that conversion of agricultural land highest that also true finding because now industries set up on fertile land and it seen that from last couple of years agricultural land reduces and urbanization increasing rapidly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Environmental Impacts\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy absorbing energy and slowing its escape to space, greenhouse gases (GHGs) contribute to global warming by insulating the planet like a blanket. The impact of various GHGs on global warming varies from each other. Their capacity to absorb energy (their \"radiative efficiency\") and the length of time they remain in the atmosphere (also referred to as their \"lifetime\") are two important ways that these gases different from one another [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. The GWP\u0026ndash;100 is a metric unit utilized to estimate the impacts of different GHG gases. The figure of 100 shows a comparison of GHG gases made above 100 years time span. During the manufacturing of FR coveralls, climate change-related GHG emissions observed high in the raw materials processing phase, such as fabric weaving, dyeing, finishing and then in the raw materials extraction phase. For a better understanding of emissions distribution, the sankey diagram also mentioned in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In numbers, the combined contributions of climate change during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 72.71 kg CO2e. If we divide this number into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing in kg CO2e are 28.29, 30.27, and 14.15 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Freshwater Eco-toxicity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eToxic elements have dangerous effects on freshwater systems. These poisonous constituents include chemicals, heavy metals, and manufacturing pollutants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Freshwater eco-toxicity is measured in kg 1,4-DCB-Eq unit which stands for a kg of 1,4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents. For a better understanding of emissions distribution, the sankey diagram is also mentioned in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. In numbers, the combined contributions of freshwater eco-toxicity during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 24.26 kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. If we divide this value into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing is in kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq.\u0026nbsp;20.14, 1.61, and 2.52 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3. Human Toxicity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, poisonous elements have dangerous effects on human health. These poisonous constituents include chemicals, heavy metals, and manufacturing pollutants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Human eco-toxicity is also measured in kg 1,4-DCB-Eq unit that stands for a kg of 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents. In numbers, the combined contributions of human eco-toxicity during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 23.65 kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. If we divide this value into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing are in kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq.\u0026nbsp;4.69, 9.51, and 9.45 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4. Natural Land-Transformation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, poisonous elements have dangerous effects on human health. These poisonous constituents include chemicals, heavy metals, and manufacturing pollutants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Human eco-toxicity is also measured in kg 1,4-DCB-Eq unit that stands for a kg of 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents. In numbers, the combined contributions of human eco-toxicity during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 23.65 kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq. If we divide this value into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing are in kg 1, 4-DCB-Eq.\u0026nbsp;4.69, 9.51, and 9.45 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5. Agricultural Land Occupation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural land-transformation measured in m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e units. In numbers, the combined contributions of agricultural land occupation during the manufacturing of FR coverall are 34.36 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ea. If we divide it into subcategories then the contribution of raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing are in m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ea 4.95, 14.21, and 15.18 respectively as shown in the comparison section of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.6. Comparisons for LCA Stages\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand Life Cycle Assessment stages and their impacts on the environment, the following key bar charts present for climate change, freshwater eco-toxicity, human toxicity, and natural land transformation as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. These graphs evaluated using the OpenLCA sustainability assessment tool with adopting ReCiPe midpoint (H) impact assessment methodology and eco-invent v3.8 cutoff database. These graphs help in understanding the significant impacts of FR Coverall manufacturing on the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the findings of this LCA assessment, the processing phase accounts for a significant portion of the impact in terms of climate change, which is consistent with the findings of previous scientific studies i.e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. However, secondary data from the Eco-invent database were used in the analysis for this phase due to the lack of supplier specific information. This is a common problem in the textile industries due to the complexity of supply chains and the low adoption of traceability practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis critical point impedes the comparability of different textile products and implies that, in the absence of primary data for the processing phase, comparisons between studies can only be meaningful if the same dataset for the textile product is used. As a result, specific textile industry guidelines (currently in development) are required to allow for fair comparisons between products in the same category. The results for the company under study show that the cutting and sewing phases have lower environmental impacts than other stages of the product life cycle. This result is consistent with the previous literature i.e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR50\" citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt must be noted that the impact results could change if sustainable energy mix is used. Given that the Fire-Retardant Coverall is a necessary piece of PPE apparel, the overall impact of the analysis is an intriguing finding. Comparability with other comparable studies is still difficult, though, for a number of reasons:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Since the functions of various clothing items can differ greatly, they cannot be directly compared;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Because each material has unique properties and functions, even similar products\u0026mdash;like Fire Retardant Coverall\u0026mdash;made with different fibers may not always be comparable;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Variations in the LCA study settings, such as different functional units (FUs) and system boundaries, make comparisons of studies even more difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this research evaluates the different ecological impacts of Fire-Retardant Coverall adopting ISO \u0026ndash; 140040/44 standards approach. Key results of this assessment study will help environment practitioners develop eco-friendly policies for reducing adverse environmental impacts of manufactured products on the environment. After evaluation of results for manufacturing of Fire-Retardant Coverall using ReCiPe 18 impacts indicators, key adverse impacts highlighted in farming terrestrial living, environment change, water depletion, human poisonousness, and stream ecotoxicity. In terms of value, the impact of agricultural land occupation at the manufacturing stage is 15 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ea. The value of climate change is highest at the raw-material processing phase 30.27 kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee. The highest freshwater ecotoxicity occurred at the raw-material extraction stage during the manufacturing of the Fire-Retardant product (20.14 kg 1, 4 DCB eq). The social deadliness occurred maximum observed in the manufacturing and processing phase for Fire-Retardant product 9.45 kg 1, 1, 4 DCB eq.\u0026nbsp;Solutions for reducing/mitigating the impacts of these highlighted points will be adopting innovative advanced technologies, revolutionizing agricultural activities, and shifting towards renewable energy resources. Improving the quality of the cottonseed and enhancing the productivity of agricultural land will help reduce the ecological footprint.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademia together with industry could make a positive impact in creating new databases for better evaluation of results. These impacts evaluated based on the Cradle-to-Gate boundary, which includes raw-material extraction, raw-material processing, and manufacturing of Fire-Retardant Coverall. By adopting recommended measures in textile industries, we can move towards more sustainable production and lessening global environmental pollution while contributing to better sustainable economic growth. This study covers only cradle-to-gate boundaries and the prospect is to enhance the area of study and cover cradle-to-cradle or cradle-to-grave boundaries for a better understanding of Life Cycle Assessment. Complete evaluation of LCA helps end-consumers buy those products that are eco-friendly. LCA also helps product manufacturers to improve their process efficiency to reduce environmental stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother improvement requires inventory data that should be updated on an annual basis to comply with changing requirements in the production of cotton all over the world. This will help customers and brands to better estimate the environmental impacts of their products. Databases updated at regular intervals help to evaluate environmental impacts more accurately and precisely to help policy makers develop robust methodologies to lessen the negative impacts of manufactured products. Similarly, currently using already available databases such as Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff for estimating/evaluating life cycle impacts of manufactured products. These data are available at the global level. There is also a good improvement point to develop a regional-specific database for better quantification of environmental impacts. This will give precise results for the sustainability assessment of the product. For developing regional databases, collaboration is required between academic research centers, industry experts, and the government. This will help on a national level to quantify environmental footprints with precise data. Environmental sustainability is so important for evaluating life cycle assessment but future recommendations are to incorporate social impacts with costing factors. This approach will incorporate the whole concept of sustainable development combining social, environmental, and economic factors of manufactured products from the selected boundary and will provide complete overview of negative impact on environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFR\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFire \u0026ndash; Retardant\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLCA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLife Cycle Assessment\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCO2e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCarbon Dioxide Equivalent\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCOD\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eChemical Oxygen Demand\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUN\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUnited Nation\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSDG\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSustainable Development Goal\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEIA\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEnvironmental Impact Assessment\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eISO\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOrganization of Standardization\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLCI\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLife Cycle Impacts\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLCI\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLife Cycle Inventory\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePEFG\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eProduct Environmental Footprint Guidelines\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePPE\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePersonal Protective Equipment\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGWP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGlobal Warming Potential\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEutrophication Potential\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eODP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOzone Depletion Potential\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePMF\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eParticulate Matter Formation\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePOCP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhotochemical Ozone Creation Potential\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAP\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAcidification Potential\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGHGs\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGreenhouse Gases\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFU\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFunctional Unit\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePEFCR\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eProduct Environmental Footprint Category Rules\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Sapphire Finishing Mills Limited (SFML/ETH/2025/01). Prior informed consent was obtained from all participants before conducting the interviews, and participation was entirely voluntary. Participant confidentiality was strictly maintained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individuals involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eClinical Trial\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDisclaimer/Publisher\u0026rsquo;s Note\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQ.J. was responsible for study conception, methodology, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All aspects of the work were completed by the sole author, who approves the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLuo Y, Song K, Ding X, Wu X. Environmental sustainability of textiles and apparel: A review of evaluation methods. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2021;86:106497.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNiinim\u0026auml;ki K, Peters G, Dahlbo H, Perry P, Rissanen T, Gwilt A. The environmental price of fast fashion. Nat reviews earth Environ. 2020;1(4):189\u0026ndash;200.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBostr\u0026ouml;m M, Micheletti M. Introducing the sustainability challenge of textiles and clothing. 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In Taylor \u0026amp; Francis: 2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Life Cycle Assessment, Cradle-to-Gate, Textile Product, Fire Retardant Coverall, Personal Protective Equipment, OpenLCA, Environmental Impact Study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7651947/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7651947/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe environmental footprints of textile industries in Pakistan are quite significant in terms of natural resource utilization, releasing greenhouse gas emissions, damaging the ecosystem, and causing adverse water pollution. This study aimed at understanding and quantifying the upstream life cycle assessment of a textile product (Fire \u0026ndash; Retardant coverall) manufactured in the Pakistan textile industry. The data was collected and analyzed using a sustainability assessment tool - OpenLCA with using Eco-Invent v3.8 Cutoff database for secondary data for evaluating environmental impacts from the Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment boundary. Results for this study indicating that the most significant impact occurred at the Agricultural Land Occupation stage (manufacturing phase 15 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ea). The highest water footprint of manufactured products occurs at the raw-material processing stage (21.18 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e). The climate change impacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions were determined to be highest at raw-material processing and extraction stages (30.27 kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee and 28.29 kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ee respectively). The highest freshwater ecotoxicity occurred at the raw-material extraction stage during the manufacturing of the Fire-Retardant product (20.14 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq). Human toxicity occurred manufacturing and processing phase for the Fire-Retardant product had similar values (9.45 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq and 9.51 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq correspondingly). It suggested here that employing modern efficient technologies, innovative agricultural practices and switching of transport fuel types such as from fossil fuels to renewable energy will reduce disastrous environment impacts of Fire-Retardant coverall manufacturing on environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cradle to Gate Environmental Impact Assessment of Fire Retardant Coverall Manufacturing in Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-30 11:04:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7651947/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ea95596a-992d-47a1-aaac-c681fd3b9dc6","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-25T10:54:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-30 11:04:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7651947","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7651947","identity":"rs-7651947","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}