Winter climate or species-specific traits? Controls on tundra winter nitrogen uptake along an Arctic climate gradient in East Greenland

Winter climate or species-specific traits? Controls on tundra winter nitrogen uptake along an Arctic climate gradient in East Greenland | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Winter climate or species-specific traits? Controls on tundra winter nitrogen uptake along an Arctic climate gradient in East Greenland Laura Helene Helene Rasmussen, Louise Rütting, Anders Michelsen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9353987/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and Aims: Nitrogen (N) availability is a point of competition in the warming Arctic tundra, where shrubs are spreading. Soil microbial N mobilization can happen year-round, and plants that access more N during winter may compete better during warmer winters. We therefore explored how plant access to and retention of N during freeze-in to late winter in tundra heaths may be linked to root biomass and plant functional type-specific traits. Methods We used 15 N tracer at freeze-in in mesocosms collected along an East Greenlandic climate gradient from High- to Subarctic climates and analyzed N uptake and retention species-specifically in stems and leaves, roots, microbes and soil solution at four different winter stages. Results Roots and aboveground biomass took up and retained 3–8% of the winter-released N, but early microbial N recovery of up to 50% dominated ecosystem N retention. Roots took up most N in Low arctic tundra, with continuous uptake indicated. Least total winter-released 15 N was recovered in the High arctic ecosystem, whereas Subarctic plants had highest 15 N recovery, particularly in deciduous shrub stems. While evergreen shrubs were overall most successful at accessing winter-released N, the deciduous Salix arctica stood out as most effective per unit biomass. Conclusion We conclude that soil microbial biomass retains the largest N reservoir through winter in the tundra, and that plant-specific traits, as well as climate, control tundra plant N access and retention during winter. Plants from the Subarctic could be best adapted to access increased winter N. Across climates, we conclude that species-specific traits must be considered when explaining expansion of shrubs in the Arctic tundra. Arctic tundra Nitrogen winter plant functional type stable isotope tracer Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Nitrogen (N) is an often-limiting nutrient in Arctic ecosystems (Marion and Miller 1982 ; Wild et al. 2013 ) and one of the most important, yet uncertain, constraints on future carbon (C) uptake by plants in terrestrial ecosystems (Weintraub and Schimel 2005 ; Riley et al. 2021 ). Indeed, the size of the future Arctic C sink related to increased vegetation growth following climate warming (Meyerholt et al. 2020 ), and the future soil microbial community composition will depend on future labile N availability (Kim et al. 2024 ). Terrestrial ecosystem N limitation, however, differs in time and space. In the short Arctic growing season, with above-zero temperatures and ample liquid soil water, organic N is rapidly turned over and used for e.g. plant growth or microbial metabolism (Weintraub and Schimel 2005 ; Lopez-Blanco et al. 2020; Kim et al. 2024 ). In recent years, however, studies increasingly indicate that the many-month long non-growing season is also characterized by significant N cycling despite the below-zero air and soil temperatures, low amount of liquid water and light (Schimel et al. 2004 ; Larsen et al. 2012 ; Buckeridge et al. 2013 ; Rasmussen et al. 2024 ; Andersen et al. 2025 ). During spring soil thaw, the release of a mineral N pulse is common in Arctic soils (e.g. Buckeridge and Grogan 2010 ; Buckeridge et al. 2013 ; Rasmussen et al, 2020 ), where N is rapidly acquired by microbes and important for vegetation growth (Semenchuck et al. 2015; Ravn et al. 2017 ; Rasmussen et al. 2021 ; 2024 ). The spring N pulse size depends on winter mineralization processes under the snow (Rixen et al. 2022 ), which may be affected by winter warming events (5–10 days of thaw temperatures featuring snowmelt, upper soil thaw and in some cases rain) (Rasmussen et al. 2024 ). Microbes are able to assimilate as well as mineralize organic N during the Arctic winter (Buckeridge et al 2013 ), and the rates of N turnover are regulated by e.g. snow depth, as a larger snowpack provides insulation against the cold air, and hence increases soil temperatures leading to higher N turnover rates (Schimel et al. 2004 ; Buckeridge and Grogan 2010 ; Mösdorf et al. 2019; Xu et al. 2021 ). Whether vegetation (deciduous and evergreen plants, bryophytes) is able to compete with microbes for N during winter is less clear (but see Andresen & Michelsen 2005; Edwards et al. 2010; Larsen et al. 2012 ). Continued allocation of resources to below-ground biomass during the non-growing season (Iversen et al. 2015 ; Blume-Werry et al. 2016 ) indicates physiologically active plants with a potential for nutrient uptake, however, species-specific root traits impact nutrient acquisition strategies (Chen et al. 2020 ). Further, warming and additional N in model studies cause increased plant N uptake in Arctic scenarios (Meyerholt et al. 2020 ; Rasmussen et al. 2022 ). Arctic vegetation is strongly exposed to impacts of climate warming, which causes shrub expansion (Myers-Smith et al. 2015 ) but also decline in lichen and moss abundance (Elmendorf et al. 2012 ). Future changes in vegetation composition could be influenced by differences in ability to compete for plant-available N in deeper soil layers between plant functional types (e.g. Zhu et al. 2016 ; Pedersen et al. 2020 ), but perhaps also by differences in ability to compete for N during the warming winters (Grogan and Jonasson 2003 ; Edwards et al. 2010; Larsen et al. 2012 ; Rasmussen et al. 2024 ). In this study, we test this hypothesis by quantifying species- and functional plant type-specific winter N uptake in mesocosms from a geographic transect representing a climate gradient spanning from High Arctic tundra in NE Greenland to the Subarctic tundra in the milder climate of S Greenland. If indeed tundra plants are able to assimilate non-growing season N, and this uptake comprises a significant part of the annual vegetation N budget, our models for Arctic tundra N dynamics need some adjustment (Riley et al. 2018 ). If adaptation to different winter temperatures impacts the rates of plant winter N uptake, our predictions of tundra C dynamics in a warmer Arctic should be revised, because tundra plant N limitation could decrease during the cold season, and, together with N uptake from deeper soil layers, give future vegetation access to more N than previously expected (Riley et al. 2021 ). If plant functional types differ in benefit from winter N uptake (Chen et al. 2020 ), e.g. because they have different root density (Spitzer et al. 2023 ), this could impact future plant community composition (Zamin et al. 2014 ). In this study, we quantified N uptake in microbes and vegetation throughout the non-growing season in mesocosms from an Arctic climatic gradient over four sites ranging from the High Arctic over Low Arctic to the Subarctic in Greenland. We sampled soil water, microbes, roots and above-ground biomass from mesocosms four times throughout the winter, simulating conditions at the four field sites. We used 15 N tracer to follow the partitioning of N between the pools, and the plant species-specific allocation of N to leaves and stems during winter. We further subjected a subset of the mesocosms to one extreme winter warming (WW) event throughout 6 days during winter to reveal the interaction between Arctic climate type and impact of WW events on N fluxes. This enabled us to reveal the early-to-late winter N uptake at microbe and plant functional type-specific level along a mild-to-cold climate transect. We hypothesize that 1) vegetation adapted to milder winters is more ready to take up N in winter, and that 2) vegetation at sites further south are better at competing for N during extreme WW events than sites further north, because WW events are more common in the Subarctic (Tao et al. 2023 ). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Field locations The mesocosms were sampled at four different mesic tundra heath locations in East Greenland during the summer of 2023 (Leister Foundation, 2025 ). Figure 1 shows a map of the sampling locations, and Table 1 gives basic information about the sites. The sampling locations were chosen on a North-South climate gradient with different Arctic subtypes, where a representation of similar plant functional types was expected, but where deciduous shrubs (e.g. Betula nana ) or evergreen shrubs (e.g. Cassiope tetragona ) would experience different summer and winter conditions between sites. All sites were located on gently sloping terrain with drainage of meltwater. Each location was associated with a weather station (Jensen et al. 2024 ), which gave background climate normals for the winter simulation experiment. The plant species targeted in the selection of heath ecosystem sampling at each site were the deciduous shrubs Salix arctica, Dryas integrifolia and Betula nana , and the evergreen shrubs Empetrum nigrum and Cassiope tetragona . Together with bryophytes, lichen, forbs and grasses, these species are widespread in mesic tundra heaths (e.g. Zamin et al. 2014 ; Karami et al. 2018 ; Pedersen et al. 2020 ). Table 1 : Location of mesocosm sampling with its type of Arctic climate. 2.2 Data collection For each of the four sampling sites, 8 tundra heath mesocosms were acquired (10 at northern), using a shovel and plastic containers for storage and transport. A sampled mesocosm consisted of the intact vegetation, the crust organisms and the intact soil below the 25×25 cm area, down to 20 cm depth. Care was taken to not cut large roots of the shrubs. The mesocosms were kept moist and under ambient light in outdoor conditions and were transported to the lab at University of Copenhagen at the end of the expedition. Here they were immediately transferred to controlled growth chambers with light and temperature cycle pre-programmed to site conditions as summer turned to fall and to winter. During the following winter 2023–2024, we simulated Arctic winter in controlled climate chambers, with light cycles and temperatures following the timing in the natural conditions at the sites as approximated from the measured climate normals (Table S1 -2). Because we did not have temperature data below the snow from each site, and snow functions as an insulator, we kept temperatures after snowfall relatively similar across sites and as such observe the legacy effect of vegetation adaptation to winter N uptake. Table 2 Winter simulation temperatures imposed on the mesocosms during the experiment from autumn (September, no snow assumed) and Early to Late winter (October-April, snow insulation assumed). The temperatures were adjusted/checked weekly and are based on mean monthly air temperatures (°C) and snow depth (mm) for the four meteorological stations closest to the mesocosm sampling sites (See table S1 ). Data was retrieved from Danish Meteorological Institute (Jensen et al. 2024 ) and Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (g-e-m.dk) as available in Rasmussen et al. ( 2025 ). The corresponding light cycle in September can be seen inTable S2 . Month Northern Eastern Southeastern Southern Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) September + 5→2 + 6→2 + 7→2 + 8→2 October + 2→–2 + 2→–2 + 2→–2 + 2→–2 November -2 -2 -2 -2 December -2→-3 -2→-3 -2 -2 January -3 -3 -2 -2 February -3 -3 -2 -2 March -3 -3 -2 -2 April C -3 -3→-2 -2→-1 -2→0 April WW -3→ + 4 -3→4 -2→ + 4 -2→ + 4 We then consecutively measured the winter plant and microbial N uptake throughout the simulated winter by sampling from all parts of the ecosystem at four time points throughout the early, mid- and late winter (Fig. 2 ). 2.3 Lab sampling and analysis: After sampling plant tissue and soil for natural abundance values and just before simulation of winter onset, when soil temperature was 2°C, we added a solution containing a small, but highly enriched (99.9% 15 N) amount of 15 NH 4 + (adding 0.1% N to the natural mineral N content, corresponding to 0.42 g 15 N /m 2 , in the form of ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ). We added the solution homogeneously at 36 grid points throughout each of the 34 entire mesocosms by inserting a long needle into the soil to a depth of 10 cm at the intersects of a grid, and injecting tracer solution as we pulled out the needle again. We assume the tracer mixed with the natural pools of dissolved N in the mesocosms and this allowed us to trace N uptake in ecosystem compartments during the subsequent winter. On day 6 after tracer injection, in late October, we started winter simulation with temperatures at 0°C or below. Temperature was then kept below the freezing point according to the scheme in Table 2 , with mid-November at -2°C for all mesocosms. At four discrete times corresponding to “early winter” (mid-October), “midwinter I” (mid-December), “midwinter II” (mid-February) and “late winter” (mid-April), we took small samples of aboveground biomass (leaves and stem) from each species identified in the mesocosm, and of soil from the entire depth of the mesocosm using a soil corer with 2.5 cm diameter. From this sample, we sorted out the plant roots and measured gravimetric water content (GWC%). After root sorting, a subsample of soil was used for measurement of δ 15 N in microbial biomass using the chloroform-fumigation method (Brookes et al. 1985), where soil samples are kept in an atmosphere of high chloroform content for 24 h prior to extraction. Extracted N and δ 15 N was analyzed using an elemental analyser Eurovector EA 3000 (Eurovector, Pavia, Italy) coupled to Isoprime isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Elementar, Cheadle Hulme, UK), and the fumigated extracts were compared to unfumigated extracts. Roots were split into fine ( 1 mm) roots, dried, and crushed. Leaves and stems were separated into species before analysis for δ 15 N using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) (Thermo Delta V Advantage IRMS, Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany) to obtain the δ 15 N in the fine and coarse roots and plants. An extreme winter warming (WW) event was imposed on half the mesocosms from each location during early April before late winter sampling, when temperature was − 2°C for all mesocosms, by moving these mesocosms to a 4°C climate chamber for 6 full days. The late winter sampling was then conducted at the end of the WW event and at the same time parallel in the mesocosms not exposed to WW. 2.4 Statistics and calculations The δ 15 N value was calculated as the ratio of the stable isotopes 15 N/ 14 N compared to the reference 15 N/ 14 N ratio in Air-N 2 : \(\:{\delta\:}{}^{15}\text{N}\left(\text{‰}\right)\:=\frac{{{}^{15}\text{N}}_{sample}/{{}^{14}N}_{sample}-{{}^{15}\text{N}}_{reference}/{{}^{14}N}_{reference}}{{{}^{15}\text{N}}_{reference}/{{}^{14}N}_{reference}}\) ×1000 (1) Recovery of tracer δ 15 N pr unit area was then calculated by first subtracting the background δ 15 N value, as atomic percentage of 15 N per g N, from the experiment sample values, to achieve atomic percentage excess (APE%); then scaling to m 2 using the profile depth and dry bulk density of the mesocosm soil, the microbial g N in dry soil − 1 , the g root N m − 2 and the species-specific g above-ground N m − 2 measured in the mesocosms. This excess amount of 15 N was then compared to the amount of tracer 15 N added to achieve 15 N recovery in % of added tracer per m 2 (see also Figure S1 ). The effects of 1) position along climate gradient (site), 2) winter stage, 3) plant functional type (for aboveground biomass) and 4) fraction (fine or coarse roots, plant leaf or stem) on 15 N excess m − 2 was tested using a generalized linear mixed model (library GLMMTB in R 4.3 (R core team 2023 )) with 15 N excess m − 2 as response, Site (north, east, southeast or south) and winter stage (early, mid I, mid II, late C or late WW) as fixed effects, as well as plant functional type (PFT) and fraction (stem, leaf) and their interaction in the analysis of aboveground biomass. In the analysis of root recovery, root fraction (fine, coarse) instead of PFT and plant fraction was added as fixed effect in the GLMM. As winter stage was not independent from samples within site, the interaction between site and winter stage was used as a random effect in both models. For each site and winter stage combination, n = 8 replicates, but n = 10 at the northern site. A post-hoc Tukey’s test of differences between all winter stage within each site was performed on the resulting model. Before fitting the model, the best transformation for achieving normally distributed residual was performed (library bestNormalize (Peterson 2021 )) and the best transformation was applied to approach normality. After analyses, the outputs were back-transformed to the response scale. Responses of 1) root biomass differences over time and among sites as well as 2) the difference among aboveground plant 15 N recovery in individual plant species per g dry weight biomass was further tested in two separate GLMM models with i) root biomass m − 2 as the response, site and winter stage as fixed effects and interaction, and root fraction and its interaction with winter stage as fixed effects, and ii) 15 N excess per g dry weight biomass as response, site, winter stage, species and fraction (leaf or stem) as a fixed effects, including interactions with winter stage, site and fraction. In order to investigate species 15 N recovery between sites, we calculated the estimated marginal means of the effect of Species in GLMM (ii) and compared them pairwise with Tukey’s HSD adjustment (emmeans library in R (Lenth 2025 ), see also the full code in Supplementary code 1–3). 3. Results 3.1 Ecosystem 15 N recovery The 15 N recovery in plants, microorganisms and dissolved N was highest at the eastern site at freeze-in (early winter, October), with the highest ecosystem N recovery (total 15 N recovery) observed in the entire experiment (68%). In all other sites the 15 N recovery peaked later, during the phase after freeze-in (midwinter I, December), where we found 20–50% of the added tracer N in plants, microbes and dissolved N (Fig. 3 , Supplementary Tables S3-6 with SE). Across all sites the 15 N recovery was controlled by microbial N uptake, as the microbial fraction dominated the 15 N recovery (Fig. 3 ), but varied from 4.7% (southern site late winter after a WW event) to 58.1% (eastern site in the early winter). While the soil water 15 N pool varied markedly over the winter and between sites (0.1–10% recovery), the aboveground vegetation 15 N recovery was relatively stable ranging from 3% (northern site and eastern site), 5% (southeastern site) to 8% (southern site) (Fig. 3 ). 3.2 Root biomass and 15 N uptake Coarse root biomass varied from 343 ± 130 g dry weight m − 2 in the northern site in late winter to 1681 ± 951 g dry weight m − 2 in the Southeastern site in late winter. Coarse root biomass was generally larger than fine root biomass (p < 0.001), which varied between 21 ± 3 g dry weight m − 2 in the southern site in late winter to a maximum of 335 ± 73 g dry weight m − 2 in the northern site in early winter. The southern and northern site root biomasses were the smallest overall, averaged over fine and coarse fractions (p 1 mm, fine roots < 1 mm. Biomass differences between sites on the climate gradient and root winter N uptake (averaged over fraction and winter stage) was tested as individual comparisons between the estimated marginal means in the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), and significant differences (p < 0.05) are indicated by different letters (a, b). The output is on the response scale (g excess 15 N m -2 ). Mean ± SE; n = 8 mesocosms per site (northern site n = 10) at each sampling time; except that late winter was n = 4 and n = 5, respectively. Site Early winter (g m − 2 ) Midwinter I (g m − 2 ) Midwinter II (g m − 2 ) Late winter C (g m − 2 ) Late winter WW (g m − 2 ) Biomass differences between sites on gradient Root winter 15 N uptake, winter average (g/m 2 ) Northern site Coarse roots 449.5 ± 44 770.3 ± 120 386.5 ± 69 347.6 ± 99 342.9 ± 130 a 0.04 ± 0.009 a Fine roots 335.2 ± 73 81.8 ± 16 57.9 ± 9 66.1 ± 14 46.6 ± 13 Ratio Coarse/Fine 1.34 9.39 6.67 5.27 7.28 Eastern site Coarse roots 663.6 ± 92 1643.0 ± 428 877.4 ± 250 1094.7 ± 234 263.4 ± 97 b 0.17 ± 0.03 a Fine roots 331.0 ± 36 126.1 ± 30 104.4 ± 12 125.7 ± 32 108.2 ± 11 Ratio Coarse/Fine 2.00 13.04 8.43 8.69 2.44 Southeastern site Coarse roots 1138.2 ± 618 1510.8 ± 619 1240.6 ± 367 1680.8 ± 951 1142.6 ± 680 b 0.17 ± 0.05 a Fine roots 330.3 ± 86 255.1 ± 52 107.5 ± 24 65.4 ± 21 123.3 ± 63 Ratio Coarse/Fine 3.45 5.93 11.49 25.86 9.29 Southern site Coarse roots 504.8 ± 179 1124.3 ± 282 710.5 ± 279 633.5 ± 153 671.0 ± 178 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a Fine roots 79.6 ± 19 53.7 ± 15 48.7 ± 11 20.9 ± 3 77.8 ± 25 Ratio Coarse/Fine 6.30 20.81 14.49 30.19 8.60 Within the sites, the largest fine root biomass was observed in the early winter, generally with increasing coarse/fine root ratios as winter progressed (Table 3 and full model Scode1) (p < 0.05), except for the late winter WW (p 1 mm diameter) (p < 0.001, Fig. 3 and Figure S2 ). Apart from root fraction (coarse/fine), site was a significant explanatory factor influencing 15 N recovery in roots at the northern site, with lower 15 N recovery (fine and coarse roots averaged) than the eastern site (Table 3 and Figure S2 ) (p < 0.05). 15 N uptake per g dry weight root biomass was, however, often the same or higher in fine roots, and in mesocosms from the site with most root N uptake (eastern), it increased as winter progressed (Fig. 4 ). The GLMM showed 53% higher 15 N uptake in fine roots per g dry root (unit biomass) compared to coarse roots (p < 0.001), averaged over site and winter stage. There was no significant differences between site overall root 15 N concentrations (averaged over fraction and winter stage), but only the fine roots of the Low arctic eastern site continued to increase their root 15 N concentration and hence take up N also later during midwinter (Fig. 4 , p < 0.01). See the full model outputs in supplementary information Scode1. 3.3 Microbial N uptake Microbial C/N ratios varied from 3.2 ± 0.9 to 17.4 ± 2, with most sites in the range of 10–20, and N content in microbial biomass varied between 3.8 and 288 µg per g dry soil (Table S7 ). There was no systematic difference between winter stages, but the eastern site had overall highest microbial N recovery compared to the other sites over the winter (Fig. 3 , Figure S3 , p < 0.001). Recovery of 15 N in the microbial biomass was largest in the early winter, right before and during freeze-in (eastern site, p < 0.05), and at the midwinter I sampling, 1–2 months after initiation of freeze-in (northern (p < 0.05), southeastern (p < 0.1) and southern (p < 0.01) sites) (Fig. 3 and S3). The rest of the winter, microbial tracer 15 N retention was lower and similar across sites, with 6–15% 15 N recovery for the eastern site, but with apparently declining microbial content in southern and southeastern site in Late winter, to c. 7%. In the southern, southeastern and northern site, the late winter was the winter stage with lowest 15 N recovery in microbes (p < 0.05), however, this was not the case in the northern site in late winter for the mesocosms that had been subject to a WW event (p < 0.01). 3.4 Soil solution 15 N concentration The recovery of 15 N in the soil solution varied over the winter in a pattern resembling the microbial 15 N recovery (Fig. 3 and S4). However, at no site was soil water 15 N recovery higher than the others (p > 0.12), see supplementary Scode2 for full model output). 3.5 Aboveground plant N uptake 3.5.1 Plant community composition along the gradient Along the gradient, the target species were present at most sites – all sites had grasses, bryophytes, lichens and similar amounts of Salix arctica - but there were a few variations caused by the larger scale distribution patterns at the sites (see total biomass per m 2 Table 4 ). There was less Vaccinum uliginosum in the Subarctic southern site than northern, eastern and southeastern sites, and Cassiope tetragona was only found in the High arctic northern site, while Betula nana was only found in the northern and southern sites. Low arctic eastern and southeastern, and Subarctic southern sites were dominated by Empetrum nigrum , while the High arctic northern site had most Dryas integrifolia . Table 4 Total aboveground biomass (g dry weight/m 2 ) of each plant species, split in stem and leaf, cumulated from mesocosms (n = 8, except northern:n = 10) and scaled to g per m 2 . Species Plant fraction Northern Eastern Southeastern Southern Betula nana Leaf 4.9 1.9 Stem 60.1 182 Cassiope tetragona Leaf 48.8 Stem 71.4 Dryas integrifolia Leaf 29.3 1.6 0.1 Stem 1.2 Empetrum nigrum Leaf 71.6 133.0 131.4 Stem 117.0 162.4 182.1 Graminoids Leaf 7.0 12.1 25 15.4 Rhodondendrum groenlandicum Leaf Stem Lichen Leaf 1.3 0.3 11.5 14.8 Harrimanella hypnoides Leaf Bryophytes Leaf 26.9 38. 8 11.4 20.2 Polygonum viviparum Leaf 1.3 0.2 Salix arctica Leaf 2.5 2.8 3.2 2.4 Stem 51.5 31.0 49.2 19.0 Salix herbacea Leaf 0.2 0.8 1.9 Stem 0.2 Vaccinum uliginosum Leaf 10.4 8.3 13.2 3.6 Stem 68.0 44.7 85.3 29.5 Total dry weight aboveground biomass m − 2 Both 328.7 383.2 496.3 604.2 Below-to-aboveground biomass ratio (average, dry) Both 1.5 3.2 3.1 1.3 Aboveground total biomass was generally smaller than belowground biomass at all sites (Tables 2 and 3). Total aboveground biomass increased southward along the climate gradient. The belowground-to-aboveground ratio at the northern site spanned 2.1 in early winter to 1 in late winter, at the eastern site 5.4 in the midwinter I to 1.1 in late winter, at the southeastern site from 3.6 in midwinter I to 2.6 in late winter, and southern site 1.9 in midwinter I to 1 and 1.1 in early winter and late winter, respectively. 3.5.2 Plant functional type-specific 15 N recovery over the winter More 15 N was found in aboveground biomass in southern and southeastern compared to northern and eastern sites (p < 0.01 in the GLMM), with the largest 15 N recovery in the southern site compared to all other sites (p all other sites, p northern (p southern (p northern (0.05). Within sites, the post-hoc test revealed no differences between winter stages in PFT-specific N uptake. The plant functional types differed in their winter N uptake (p < 0.001), with evergreen shrubs having an overall higher winter 15 N recovery than deciduous shrubs and bryophytes in all sites (p < 0.001) (Fig. 5 ). Table 5 Summary of statistical effects of fraction (stem or leaf), position on climate gradient (northern, eastern, southeastern, southern) and plant functional type (Evergreen, Deciduous or bryophyte) on winter N uptake in aboveground biomass. Plant Functional Type (PFT) Effect of fraction (stem or leaf) on winter N uptake Effect of position on climate gradient on winter N uptake Effect of plant functional type on winter N uptake Evergreen shrub Leaf > stem (p Southern (p Northern (p < 0.05) Higher than both bryophyte and deciduous (p leaf (p all other sites (p < 0.01) Lower than evergreen (p Northern (p < 0.05) Lower than evergreen (p < 0.001) No effect compared to deciduous Within the evergreen shrubs, 15 N was allocated to both stem and leaf (Fig. 5 ), but with most in leaves (p < 0.001). Within the deciduous shrubs, however, most 15 N was found in the stems over winter across all sites (p < 0.001). Bryophytes took up N in the same order of magnitude as found for the leaf fraction of deciduous shrubs (Fig. 5 ). While root 15 N recovery changed over winter in some sites, aboveground 15 N recovery did not in any PFT group, and the WW event did not impact PFT-specific 15 N recovery at any of the sites. 3.5.3 Species-specific N recovery over the winter The plant community composition differed between sites (Table 4 ), with dominant species naturally having larger influence on the aboveground 15 N uptake m − 2 (Figure S5 -8). The shrubs Empetrum nigrum and Betula nana were well represented across sites, which meant that per unit ground area (m 2 ) they took up twice as much 15 N as their closest competitors (Figure S9 ). When considering 15 N concentration in biomass across the winter, however, Salix arctica was the most efficient at taking up winter-released N (p < 0.001, see full model and output in Scode3). Most species behaved very similarly across a climatic gradient (Figures S10-13), and the main effects of the GLMM (Site, Stage, Species and Fraction (leaf or stem)) explained most of the variation (Scode3). Across all species, the 15 N concentration increased in the stages after early winter (p < 0.01) except for midwinter II (p = 0.16). Across the climate gradient and winter stage, Salix arctica took up more N per g dry weight than any other species (p < 0.001 for all), mainly allocated in leaves, followed by Salix herbacea (Fig. 6 B) and Betula nana , mainly in stems (Fig. 6 C). Empetrum nigrum was per unit mass inferior in winter 15 N uptake overall compared to the other shrubs ( Salix (p < 0.001), Betula nana (p < 0.001), Cassiope tetragona (p < 0.01) and Vaccinum uliginosum (p < 0.001) (Fig. 6 A, pair-wise comparison of all species output in Table S8 ). This was driven especially by low stem 15 N content in Empetrum , which also only outcompeted bryophytes in leaf N uptake (p < 0.001) while grasses accessed more winter-released 15 N per g dry weight biomass than Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinum uliginosum (both p < 0.001). While deciduous shrubs had most 15 N in their stems both per unit area and per unit mass (p < 0.001, Fig. 6 C), the evergreens contained the most winter N in leaves per m 2 (Fig. 5 ) but had lower leaf N concentrations than the deciduous shrubs, which allocated a larger share of tracer N to their few remaining leaves (Fig. 6 B). 15 N atomic percent excess N for each species at each site at each winter stage can be seen in Supplementary Table S9 . The winter warming event imposed in the late winter did not affect tracer N concentrations in above-ground biomass. 4. Discussion 4.1 Seasonal patterns of N uptake: Does tundra vegetation take up N throughout winter? We found that plants took up N during freeze-in and winter in an order of magnitude similar to spring, summer and autumn uptake observed in other Arctic tundra sites (Larsen et al. 2012 ). Our results also suggest differences in winter N uptake along the Arctic climate gradient (Fig. 7 vertical) throughout a winter season (Fig. 7 horizontal), and differences between plant functional types on the tundra, conceptually illustrated in Fig. 7 . During autumn in the Arctic, day length gets shorter, deciduous shrubs shed their leaves, and microbial activity decreases because of the lower temperature. However, some microbial activity persists even into the colder phases of winter, where organically bound soil N is mineralized (Clein and Schimel, 1995 ; Buckeridge and Grogan, 2010 ; Rasmussen et al. 2020 ; Rixen et al. 2022 ). We found that microbes accessed the pulse of labile N released during freeze-in, and across the Arctic climate zones, microbes took up most tracer N among all ecosystem compartments, in consistence with earlier studies (Grogan & Jonasson 1993; Ravn et al. 2017 ). In soils from the Low arctic eastern site, microbial 15 N recovery peaked in early winter (October), as temperatures dropped below 0°C and the soil started freezing (Fig. 7 , Low arctic). Part of the N was then lost from the microbial pool during the winter. Contrastingly, at the High arctic northern, Low arctic southeastern and Subarctic southern sites, microbial N recovery peaked later, during the midwinter I phase (December), when the soil had frozen (Fig. 7 High- and Subarctic). Soil properties and interactions with the site-specific plant and microbial community could influence the timing of maximal 15 N recovery in the microbial biomass pool (Buckeridge et al. 2013 ; Koranda and Michelsen 2024 ). Efficient microbial N uptake during tundra shoulder and non-growing season is commonly observed (e.g. Buckeridge et al. 2013 ; Rasmussen et al. 2024 ; Wild et al. 2018 ), and indeed, while microbes accessed much of the available N in the first phases of winter, plants accessed less N (2–8% in aboveground and 1–6% in belowground biomass) in the early winter, and did not take up additional N over the course of winter. The 15 N concentration was highest in fine roots, but overall most belowground 15 N was stored in the coarse roots such as also seen in Grogan and Jonasson ( 2003 ) and Guo et al. ( 2008 ). Some 15 N was translocated to the aboveground biomass, mostly to the stems of deciduous shrubs and to leaves and stems in evergreen shrubs. This allocation of 15 N was relatively stable over winter, but we even measured a slight increase in fine root 15 N content in the Low arctic soils during winter, if a late WW event occurred. This indicated that tundra vegetation did not acquire a large share of their annual N throughout winter (as opposed to some sites in Riley et al. 2018 ), but rather that freeze-in, early winter and late winter-to-spring transition periods were potential ‘hot moments’ for N uptake within the non-growing season (Grogan and Jonasson 2003 ; Rasmussen et al 2021 ; 2022 ). 4.2 Climate gradient effects: Does the legacy of different climate impact the winter N uptake in microbes and vegetation? Warmer autumns and winters could mobilize more N due to increased soil organic matter decomposition (Blok et al. 2018 ) which could be transferred to the aboveground vegetation (Mack et al, 2004 ; Christiansen et al. 2018 ; Rasmussen et al. 2022 ). We observed evidence for this mechanism along our climate gradient from the High arctic to Subarctic, as vegetation adapted to milder winters did acquire more winter N, while adaptation to the coldest winter resulted in the smallest overall N recovery (Fig. 7 ). Plants from the High arctic ecosystem with a legacy of exposure to colder winters took up least N in plant biomass and left more 15 N in soil solution in early winter. Despite being the best competitors for N among the ecosystem compartments, also microbes from the High arctic had lower N uptake compared to Low- and Subarctic sites, as also seen by Ravn et al. ( 2017 ) in a High arctic and Subarctic mesocosm experiment. The generally small biomass (root and aboveground) in the High arctic northern site compared to other sites (Table 3, 4 ) likely reflects the impact of lower winter and summer temperatures on ecosystem activity (Clein and Schimel 1995 ) and may cause a generally smaller ability to utilize winter-released N, and impeded nitrification rates due to the colder winter (Oulehle et al. 2016 ). Contrastingly, plants from the Subarctic site allocated most 15 N in aboveground biomass along the gradient, and our results support the hypothesis that tundra plants adapted to milder winters are better able to utilize winter-released N, perhaps because they are able to transfer most 15 N to stems. In the Subarctic mesocosms, plants most efficiently depleted the soil water N while root 15 N was kept low (Fig. 7 Subarctic). The milder winters in the Subarctic could drive this capacity of plants for “tighter” N cycling with little N available in solution, despite relatively low root biomass (Hollesen et al. 2015; Christiansen et al. 2018 ; Dobbert et al. 2021 ). This implies that root, stem and leaf traits may impact winter N uptake rates in more ways than simple root density and it adds to effects of climate conditions on N cycling (Ravn et al. 2017 ; Spitzer et al. 2023 ; Koranda and Michelsen 2024 ). In contrast, root 15 N recovery and root biomass was generally higher in the Low arctic (Fig. 7 Low arctic). Nevertheless, while the legacy of different climatic conditions may impact N uptake, it is clear that some plant functional types and individual species may benefit more than others from increased N availability during freeze-in and winter. 4.3 Plant functional types: Do some tundra plants have advantages in winter N uptake? Different plant functional types will apply different nutrient acquisition strategies in summer and winter (Larsen et al. 2012 ; Oulehle et al. 2016 ; Mörsdorf et al. 2019 ; Pedersen et al. 2020 ; Rasmussen et al. 2021 ; 2022 ), with deciduous shrubs most efficient in late summer, and evergreens in the winter-spring transition and early summer (Larsen et al. 2012 , Rasmussen et al. 2021 ; 2022 ). Along the climate gradient, evergreens as a group generally acquired and retained more early winter-released N than deciduous shrubs by allocating N also to leaves during winter, while uptake and storage into stems was similar to deciduous shrubs (Fig. 7 ). Indeed, in the Subarctic mesocosms, deciduous shrub stems stored most N in stem biomass, and thus could be competitively positioned to utilize the N for leafing in early spring (Mekonnen et al. 2021 ; Riley et al. 2018 ). Grasses were poor competitors for winter N per unit area, however, per unit mass, grasses were more competitive than several shrubs (also seen by Oulehle et al. 2016 ), providing advantages for more N access in warmer early winters with more N release. 4.3.1 Species with advantage: Salix arctica Empetrum nigrum and Betula nana took up most early winter N because of their large biomass. Dobbert et al. ( 2021 ) found that Empetrum nigrum started growth earlier than Betula nana in most years, indicating a use for winter N uptake if available, and benefited from cold, long winters. In contrast, Betula nana was favored in milder, snowier years. These differential physiological strategies in winter manifested themselves in our gradient as similar winter N uptake (Fig. 6 and S10-14). In the Subarctic mesocosms, where both shrubs were present, Betula nana acquired and retained most N throughout the whole winter (Figure S14). Salix arctica , however, obtained the highest concentration of winter N in its tissue averaged over winter stage and position on climate gradient (Fig. 6 ), compared to the other deciduous shrubs. Salix species appear to allocate early winter released 15 N to their few remaining leaves during winter, in line with observations in a fertilization study by Prager et al. ( 2020 ) and could obtain competitive advantages by this. Warmer snow-covered winters have been reported to increase Salix arctica leaf N content (Leffler & Welker 2013 ) and Betula nana growth (Dobbert et al. 2021 ). Our results support that Salix arctica is likely a strong competitor for increased early winter-released N and could thus increase its extent on the tundra. 4.3.2 Can N uptake and retention be explained by belowground biomass traits along the gradient? At all sites, the belowground biomass was larger than aboveground biomass, as generally found in the Arctic (Iversen et al. ( 2015 ). Below-to-aboveground ratios can vary between species (Iversen et al. 2015 ). In our sites, ratios (reported in Table 4 ) fall in the middle of the reported ratios. With reported ratios of Vaccinum uliginosum (0.1–4.3 in Iversen et al. ( 2015 ), Cassiope tetragona (0.3–5.3), Empetrum nigrum (0.6–10.2), Dryas integrifolia (0.3–3.7) and Salix arctica (0.6–1.4), the larger below-to-aboveground biomass ratios of Empetrum nigrum can be a competitive advantage for taking up winter-released N in contrast to the smaller below-to-aboveground biomass ratio reported for Salix arctica . The strategy of Salix arctica seems to rather involve root efficiency and opportunism (Muller et al. 2017 ) and acquiring N from deeper layers in summer and autumn (Pedersen et al. 2020 ). Mesocosms from the Low arctic eastern site, which had the highest winter root N uptake, increased fine root 15 N concentration throughout winter, suggesting adaptation to continued plant N uptake during winter. Our below-ground observations support the idea that root density ( Empetrum ) and uptake efficiency ( Salix ) is key to understanding competitive advantage in accessing early winter-released N in the tundra, but that plant-specific traits such as ability to continue uptake throughout winter and allocate N to aboveground parts can be important additional controls on productivity and competition. 4.4 In changing autumns and winters, what does this mean for the ecosystem composition? Increase in shrub extent has been observed across the Arctic (Bjorkman et al. 2018 ), with the effect most pronounced in the Low arctic (Björkman et al. 2018; Mekkonen et al. 2021 and refs herein), and is likely to continue throughout the 21st century (Mekonnen et al. 2018 ). Our results suggest that the shrub expansion into otherwise graminoid-dominated areas (Chen et al. 2020 ) could also be due to competitive nutrient acquisition strategies, and indicate that we can expect shrubification to continue following an increase in winter N availability (Prager et al. 2020 ). Shrubification specifically with evergreen Empetrum has been linked to decreased microbial biomass due to higher N competition (Stark et al. 2023 ), and the outcome of competition between PFTs may as such also impact the microbial respiration rates and soil organic carbon stocks (Stark et al. 2023 ). Winter climate may, however, be more variable in the future, including more frequent winter warming events (Vikhamar-Schuler et al. 2016 ; Westergaard-Nielsen et al. 2018 ; Hanssen-Bauer 2019). Field studies of WW events indicate that they damage plant tissue (Bokhorst et al. 2011 ; Bjerke et al. 2014 ), decrease C uptake (Treharne et al. 2019 ; Parmentier et al. 2018 ) and cause microbial immobilization of N (Rasmussen et al. 2024 ), which may disadvantage Arctic vegetation (Myers-Smith et al. 2020 ; Treharne et al. 2020 ). In our study, the WW event in general did not increase plant 15 N uptake. Low plant access to WW-released N was observed also in Rasmussen et al. ( 2024 ) on a field scale, and Sanders-DeMott et al ( 2018 ) even observed a decrease of 42% in root 15 N uptake in response to increased winter freeze-thaw cycling. Qin et al. ( 2023 ) concluded that freeze-thaw cycling retarted root growth. Together, these observations indicate the disadvantages for tundra vegetation with increasing WW event frequency and provide evidence against the hypothesis (2) that Subarctic ecosystems should be better adapted to access N released during WW events. While evergreens were the overall most competitive for winter-released N, they also appear as the most sensitive to WW events (Bjerke et al. 2014 ; Rasmussen et al. 2024 ). Dobbert et al. ( 2021 ) concluded that Empetrum nigrum growth was advantaged by cold long winters as compared to Betula nana , and these findings taken together indicate that the type of winter changes an area encounters will impact the relative dominance of these shrubs. The site- and PFT-specific variation in N uptake ability and strategies during winter could suggest that the competition for N is not equally strong in different mesic tundra heaths, and that a variation in ecosystem response to winter N release could make the tundra as a whole more stable towards environmental changes (Sørensen et al. 2008; Stark et al. 2023 ). 5. Conclusions We conclude that tundra vegetation accessed a minor proportion of early winter N and retained this, with roots in some locations able to acquire N throughout the winter, while microbes generally also gained additional 15 N later in the winter. The uptake varied along the climate gradient, with the High arctic ecosystem taking up overall least 15 N, while the Subarctic vegetation had most 15 N in aboveground biomass, indicating an adaptive advantage. Low arctic ecosystems kept most N in the roots overall. We also conclude, however, that vegetation community composition could be affected by current and future changes in winter climate and N mineralization rates, because tundra plants differed in their access to N during the winter months. While evergreen shrubs appeared as the most successful at accessing winter N on unit area due to their large biomass, Betula nana at the unit area basis and Salix arctica at the unit mass basis competed better than most evergreens. Our results thus suggest that winter N access can be a competitive adaptation for some plant functional types and specific species, which may help explain shrubification of the Arctic, and that future higher N availability in the early winter can further impact future vegetation community composition. Finally, vegetation did not generally access N released during a late winter warming event, indicating that such events are not advantageous for tundra vegetation. Abbreviations N (Nitrogen), C (Carbon), WW event (Winter Warm event), GWC (Gravimetric Water Content), PFT (Plant Functional Type). Declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding This project is supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant agreement 1059-00003B) and by the Danish Data Science Academy (grant agreement 2023 − 1255), which is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF21SA0069429). AM was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF 2032-00064B). The data collection was made possible by the Leister Expedition Go East 2023, which was financed by the Leister Foundation. ArcticDEM terrain data DEM(s) were created from DigitalGlobe, Inc., imagery and funded under National Science Foundation awards 1043681, 1559691, and 1542736. Author contributions LHR, LR and AM conceived of the idea. LHR achieved funding, planned and conducted the field work. LHR conducted the lab work with instrumental assistance from LR and AM. LHR did the statistics and analyses with assistance and revisions from AM and LR. LHR wrote the initial manuscript draft. LHR, AM and LR all edited the manuscript. Acknowledgements This project is supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant agreement 1059-00003B) and by the Danish Data Science Academy (grant agreement 2023 − 1255), which is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF21SA0069429). AM was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF 2032-00064B). The data collection was not possible without the Leister Expedition Go East 2023, which was generously financed by the Leister Foundation, and we want to thank all personnel and participants on the expedition for making it possible. ArcticDEM terrain data DEM(s) were created from DigitalGlobe, Inc., imagery and funded under National Science Foundation awards 1043681, 1559691, and 1542736. Data availability All data is submitted together with the publication, and will also be made available at the Zenodo data archive after publication of the article. A dynamic .qmd document along with a rendered pdf is also uploaded along with the submission for reviewers to follow and reproduce the data analysis. References Andersen EAS, Lett S, Michelsen A, Dorrepaal E, Olofsson J (2025) Year-Round Variation in Bryophyte-Associated Nitrogen Fixation in the Arctic. 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J Clim 29:6223–6244 Westergaard-Nielsen A, Karami M, Hansen BU, Westermann S, Elberling B (2018) Contrasting temperature trends across the ice-free part of Greenland. Sci Rep 8:1–6 Wild B, Schnecker J, Bárta J, Čapek P, Guggenberger G, Hofhansl F, Kaiser C, Lashchinsky N, Mikutta R, Mooshammer M, Santručková H, Shibistova O, Urich T, Zimov SA, Richter A (2013) Nitrogen dynamics in turbic cryosols from Siberia and Greenland. Soil Biol Biochem 67:85–93 Wild B, Alves RJE, Bárta J, Čapek P, Gentsch N, Guggenberger G, Hugelius G, Knoltsch A, Kuhry P, Lashchinskiy N, Mikutta R, Palmtag J, Prommer J, Schnecker J, Shibistova O, Takriti M, Urich T, Richter A (2018) Amino acid production exceeds plant nitrogen demand in Siberian tundra. Environ Res Lett 13(3):034002 Weintraub M, Schimel J (2005) Nitrogen cycling and the spread of shrubs control changes in the carbon balance of Arctic tundra ecosystems. Bioscience 55:408–415 Xu W, Prieme A, Cooper EJ, Mörsdorf MA, Semenchuk P, Elberling B, Grogan P, Ambus PL (2021) Deepened snow enhances gross nitrogen cycling among Pan-Arctic tundra soils during both winter and summer. Soil Biol Biochem 160:108356 Zamin TJ, Bret-Harte MS, Grogan P, Aerts R (2014) Evergreen shrubs dominate responses to experimental summer warming and fertilization in Canadian mesic Low Arctic tundra. J Ecol 102(3):749–766 Zhu Q, Iversen CM, Riley WJ, Slette IJ, Vander S, Holly M (2016) Root traits explain observed tundra vegetation nitrogen uptake patterns: Implications for trait-based land models. J Geophys Research: Biogeosciences 121:3101–3112 Supplementary Files Supplementarydata.docx dfabovegroundeast.xlsx dfabovegroundnorth.xlsx dfabovegroundsouth.xlsx dfabovegroundsoutheast.xlsx dfmicrobes.xlsx dfroots.xlsx dfsoilwater.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 11 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 11 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9353987","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":627600633,"identity":"0cb86bc0-3221-47be-9222-1c73b57f1b94","order_by":0,"name":"Laura Helene Helene Rasmussen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAp0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPgkGxgdAOoGBB0jyHCBCC5sEA7MBA4MBaVqAiDQt0r3Pqm7U/Mlj4DljwPDmDDFaZI6b3c45ZlDMwNtjwDjnBlEOS2O7ncNmkNjAz2PAzPOBSC3FOf9I1cKc2wbUAnQYMw+RDmOWzu0zTmzjOVZwcA4x3ueXSGP8nPNNLrGfJ3njgzfHiNCCsA6ID5CiYRSMglEwCkYBHgAAIDAu9jPaBeAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-9780","institution":"University of Copenhagen","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laura","middleName":"Helene Helene","lastName":"Rasmussen","suffix":""},{"id":627600634,"identity":"4f635ca3-caa5-448f-ab4e-9fd8e9241bca","order_by":1,"name":"Louise Rütting","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Louise","middleName":"","lastName":"Rütting","suffix":""},{"id":627600635,"identity":"cfb40260-65b9-469a-9d2a-de6fe06409df","order_by":2,"name":"Anders Michelsen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anders","middleName":"","lastName":"Michelsen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-08 08:29:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9353987/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9353987/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108491285,"identity":"01ed9ce5-2671-4003-a2ce-faabfe6e67f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 09:53:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":932059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocations of mesocosm sampling in Greenland: the northern High arctic (A), eastern Low arctic (B), southeastern Low arctic (C) and southern Subarctic (D). Locations are detailed in Table 1. Photos: LH Rasmussen. Map created at the open Arctic DEM platform (https://livingatlas2.arcgis.com/arcticdemexplorer/).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/f513ae0e9585357d99365a23.jpg"},{"id":108804116,"identity":"0d1bf23c-99a7-4ec2-a5a9-0481ab939bc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:16:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144438,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverview over sampling program throughout the winter 2023-2024. In late autumn just before freezing, a tracer amount of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e was injected homogeneously throughout the mesocosms (n=34 in total). At four discrete times, samples of soil, microbes, roots, leaf and stem were analyzed for \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN recovery from all mesocosms. An extreme winter warming event was imposed on half the mesocosms during early April.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/d57b57988f12af19b84a055e.jpg"},{"id":108202636,"identity":"19f93d47-5fc5-43b1-9940-d1529fcc0df4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN recovery (%) of tracer N injection in each of the ecosystem pools: Aboveground biomass stem (blue), aboveground biomass leaf \u0026nbsp;(orange), microbial biomass (green), fine roots (red), coarse roots (purple) and soil solution (brown). A: northern site, B: eastern site, C: Southeastern site and D: southern site. Bars represent means of 8 mesocosms per site (northern site n=10) at each sampling time; except that late winter was n=4 and n=5, respectively.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/67681061fc3241d75d78ddcd.jpg"},{"id":108202639,"identity":"1315bd50-6bbc-470f-bf27-5ad4a42f7af5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot content of tracer \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN \u0026nbsp;(mg pr g dry weight root) in coarse and fine root biomass, respectively, for the northern, eastern, southeastern and southern sites. See locations in Figure 1. Linear trends over time with p\u0026lt;0.05 are indicated.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/2661e0018572f29b123bec90.jpg"},{"id":108202641,"identity":"d0aa2dc1-b6f6-496b-9091-f7a1d288a338","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":542812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecovery (%) of winter-released N in aboveground biomass/m\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in the leaves (A, B, C, D and E) and the stem (F, G, H, I and J) of evergreen shrub, deciduous shrub and bryophytes by sampling site. See locations of sites in Figure 1. Error bars are 1 standard error of the mean. For each site, n=8 or 10 (northern).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/a4e236346488185bb382ca42.jpg"},{"id":108491005,"identity":"09e4e312-1430-40e4-8195-e3ce02f64026","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 09:51:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":434852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinter-released N uptake per unit biomass for the dominating vegetation to the level of species (shrubs and common forbs) and plant functional type (Bryophytes, grasses, lichen). Pairwise comparisons were made with Tukey’s adjusted pairwise t-test, df=853,,significance level = 0.05). A: species N uptake with leaf and stem fractions combined, B: N-uptake allocated to the leaves, C: N-uptake allocated to the stem. Genus terms refer to: Empetrum nigrum, Betula nana, Cassiope tetragona, Dryas integrifolia, Vaccinum uliginosum, Salix arctica, Bistorta vivipara.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/d6b70c982809673bcaa22564.jpg"},{"id":109203525,"identity":"7e219511-7009-47d7-8aa5-bbaa8aa4c1b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 14:37:33","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptual figure illustrating the results of the winter N mesocosm experiments. Along the climate gradient from High arctic climate to Subarctic climate, and throughout the winter from early winter (October) to late winter (April), the size of the symbols (not to scale) represent the recovery of winter-released N in the biomass of roots, microbes, evergreen shrub stem, evergreen shrub leaf, deciduous shrub stem and deciduous shrub stem. \u003cbr\u003e\nThe High arctic ecosystem took up least N over winter across all ecosystem compartments (p\u0026lt;0.05). The Subarctic ecosystem took up most in aboveground biomass overall, and especially in deciduous stem (p\u0026lt;0.001), but contained least in roots together with the High arctic (p\u0026lt;0.01). The Low arctic sites varied, but contained largest microbial N uptake in early winter overall (p\u0026lt;0.05) and most N in roots (p\u0026lt;0.05). One site in the Low arctic reallocated N released into soil solution during a Winter Warming event (indicated by yellow triangle) in late winter (p\u0026lt;0.01). Map created at the open Arctic DEM platform (https://livingatlas2.arcgis.com/arcticdemexplorer/).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/28e5f2234c9efa9e570a7a1c.jpg"},{"id":109206458,"identity":"ec3547af-7b68-4db3-862c-e69db13cde31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 15:12:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3066931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/5bb37191-9c7c-4f0b-aef7-db2f92dba2fe.pdf"},{"id":108202633,"identity":"5ec59fa9-4b3b-4990-ba68-3ee7117bdfbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:01","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4992438,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarydata.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/53c7c0bfbcbd779e214c78a6.docx"},{"id":108491209,"identity":"2f74985e-1748-4305-b562-8aa201e69343","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 09:52:54","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfabovegroundeast.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/39e578938237cfbe0c14c769.xlsx"},{"id":109204098,"identity":"c00b631d-45f3-4f11-a80c-e694b3b2d0d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-13 14:52:55","extension":"xlsx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":45043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfabovegroundnorth.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/96b689563ffa3c7e37123695.xlsx"},{"id":108491280,"identity":"0ec1c255-d66b-4fae-a806-bd093f542ee8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 09:53:07","extension":"xlsx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfabovegroundsouth.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/395c8a7f586d4c1b5a6b3e23.xlsx"},{"id":108202643,"identity":"bda1d7f6-8c2c-43f1-9d25-fe3b65a80709","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:02","extension":"xlsx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfabovegroundsoutheast.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/26fac57efc76ea6d07c241ef.xlsx"},{"id":108803590,"identity":"5250ad62-b93c-4e8b-abfe-68de7d1a1d97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 14:59:50","extension":"xlsx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":68006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfmicrobes.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/39fd10620361a204de1bedce.xlsx"},{"id":108202646,"identity":"111887b9-8ac3-4b83-9bf2-a64a44158051","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:02","extension":"xlsx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":71207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfroots.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/e9c5178ca911ba63b0c49b8e.xlsx"},{"id":108202647,"identity":"b83a12de-39a7-471f-aa60-c12b252b50ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 12:16:02","extension":"xlsx","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":46420,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dfsoilwater.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9353987/v1/25932f921b30cb5367493f3b.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Winter climate or species-specific traits? Controls on tundra winter nitrogen uptake along an Arctic climate gradient in East Greenland","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNitrogen (N) is an often-limiting nutrient in Arctic ecosystems (Marion and Miller \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Wild et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and one of the most important, yet uncertain, constraints on future carbon (C) uptake by plants in terrestrial ecosystems (Weintraub and Schimel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Riley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, the size of the future Arctic C sink related to increased vegetation growth following climate warming (Meyerholt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and the future soil microbial community composition will depend on future labile N availability (Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerrestrial ecosystem N limitation, however, differs in time and space. In the short Arctic growing season, with above-zero temperatures and ample liquid soil water, organic N is rapidly turned over and used for e.g. plant growth or microbial metabolism (Weintraub and Schimel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Lopez-Blanco et al. 2020; Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In recent years, however, studies increasingly indicate that the many-month long non-growing season is also characterized by significant N cycling despite the below-zero air and soil temperatures, low amount of liquid water and light (Schimel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Larsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Buckeridge et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Andersen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring spring soil thaw, the release of a mineral N pulse is common in Arctic soils (e.g. Buckeridge and Grogan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Buckeridge et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), where N is rapidly acquired by microbes and important for vegetation growth (Semenchuck et al. 2015; Ravn et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The spring N pulse size depends on winter mineralization processes under the snow (Rixen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), which may be affected by winter warming events (5\u0026ndash;10 days of thaw temperatures featuring snowmelt, upper soil thaw and in some cases rain) (Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobes are able to assimilate as well as mineralize organic N during the Arctic winter (Buckeridge et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), and the rates of N turnover are regulated by e.g. snow depth, as a larger snowpack provides insulation against the cold air, and hence increases soil temperatures leading to higher N turnover rates (Schimel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Buckeridge and Grogan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; M\u0026ouml;sdorf et al. 2019; Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Whether vegetation (deciduous and evergreen plants, bryophytes) is able to compete with microbes for N during winter is less clear (but see Andresen \u0026amp; Michelsen 2005; Edwards et al. 2010; Larsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Continued allocation of resources to below-ground biomass during the non-growing season (Iversen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Blume-Werry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) indicates physiologically active plants with a potential for nutrient uptake, however, species-specific root traits impact nutrient acquisition strategies (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Further, warming and additional N in model studies cause increased plant N uptake in Arctic scenarios (Meyerholt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArctic vegetation is strongly exposed to impacts of climate warming, which causes shrub expansion (Myers-Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) but also decline in lichen and moss abundance (Elmendorf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Future changes in vegetation composition could be influenced by differences in ability to compete for plant-available N in deeper soil layers between plant functional types (e.g. Zhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Pedersen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), but perhaps also by differences in ability to compete for N during the warming winters (Grogan and Jonasson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Edwards et al. 2010; Larsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we test this hypothesis by quantifying species- and functional plant type-specific winter N uptake in mesocosms from a geographic transect representing a climate gradient spanning from High Arctic tundra in NE Greenland to the Subarctic tundra in the milder climate of S Greenland.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf indeed tundra plants are able to assimilate non-growing season N, and this uptake comprises a significant part of the annual vegetation N budget, our models for Arctic tundra N dynamics need some adjustment (Riley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). If adaptation to different winter temperatures impacts the rates of plant winter N uptake, our predictions of tundra C dynamics in a warmer Arctic should be revised, because tundra plant N limitation could decrease during the cold season, and, together with N uptake from deeper soil layers, give future vegetation access to more N than previously expected (Riley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). If plant functional types differ in benefit from winter N uptake (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), e.g. because they have different root density (Spitzer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), this could impact future plant community composition (Zamin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we quantified N uptake in microbes and vegetation throughout the non-growing season in mesocosms from an Arctic climatic gradient over four sites ranging from the High Arctic over Low Arctic to the Subarctic in Greenland. We sampled soil water, microbes, roots and above-ground biomass from mesocosms four times throughout the winter, simulating conditions at the four field sites. We used \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN tracer to follow the partitioning of N between the pools, and the plant species-specific allocation of N to leaves and stems during winter. We further subjected a subset of the mesocosms to one extreme winter warming (WW) event throughout 6 days during winter to reveal the interaction between Arctic climate type and impact of WW events on N fluxes. This enabled us to reveal the early-to-late winter N uptake at microbe and plant functional type-specific level along a mild-to-cold climate transect. We hypothesize that 1) vegetation adapted to milder winters is more ready to take up N in winter, and that 2) vegetation at sites further south are better at competing for N during extreme WW events than sites further north, because WW events are more common in the Subarctic (Tao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Field locations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mesocosms were sampled at four different mesic tundra heath locations in East Greenland during the summer of 2023 (Leister Foundation, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows a map of the sampling locations, and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e gives basic information about the sites. The sampling locations were chosen on a North-South climate gradient with different Arctic subtypes, where a representation of similar plant functional types was expected, but where deciduous shrubs (e.g. \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e) or evergreen shrubs (e.g. \u003cem\u003eCassiope tetragona\u003c/em\u003e) would experience different summer and winter conditions between sites. All sites were located on gently sloping terrain with drainage of meltwater. Each location was associated with a weather station (Jensen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which gave background climate normals for the winter simulation experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant species targeted in the selection of heath ecosystem sampling at each site were the deciduous shrubs \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica, Dryas integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e, and the evergreen shrubs \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCassiope tetragona\u003c/em\u003e. Together with bryophytes, lichen, forbs and grasses, these species are widespread in mesic tundra heaths (e.g. Zamin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Karami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pedersen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Location of mesocosm sampling with its type of Arctic climate.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"724\" height=\"543\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each of the four sampling sites, 8 tundra heath mesocosms were acquired (10 at northern), using a shovel and plastic containers for storage and transport. A sampled mesocosm consisted of the intact vegetation, the crust organisms and the intact soil below the 25\u0026times;25 cm area, down to 20 cm depth. Care was taken to not cut large roots of the shrubs. The mesocosms were kept moist and under ambient light in outdoor conditions and were transported to the lab at University of Copenhagen at the end of the expedition. Here they were immediately transferred to controlled growth chambers with light and temperature cycle pre-programmed to site conditions as summer turned to fall and to winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the following winter 2023\u0026ndash;2024, we simulated Arctic winter in controlled climate chambers, with light cycles and temperatures following the timing in the natural conditions at the sites as approximated from the measured climate normals (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e-2). Because we did not have temperature data below the snow from each site, and snow functions as an insulator, we kept temperatures after snowfall relatively similar across sites and as such observe the legacy effect of vegetation adaptation to winter N uptake.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinter simulation temperatures imposed on the mesocosms during the experiment from autumn (September, no snow assumed) and Early to Late winter (October-April, snow insulation assumed). The temperatures were adjusted/checked weekly and are based on mean monthly air temperatures (\u0026deg;C) and snow depth (mm) for the four meteorological stations closest to the mesocosm sampling sites (See table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). Data was retrieved from Danish Meteorological Institute (Jensen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (g-e-m.dk) as available in Rasmussen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The corresponding light cycle in September can be seen inTable \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoutheastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeptember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;5\u0026rarr;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;6\u0026rarr;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;7\u0026rarr;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;8\u0026rarr;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctober\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;2\u0026rarr;\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;2\u0026rarr;\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;2\u0026rarr;\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;2\u0026rarr;\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecember\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u0026rarr;-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u0026rarr;-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJanuary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFebruary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApril C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u0026rarr;-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u0026rarr;-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u0026rarr;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApril WW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u0026rarr;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3\u0026rarr;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u0026rarr;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u0026rarr;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe then consecutively measured the winter plant and microbial N uptake throughout the simulated winter by sampling from all parts of the ecosystem at four time points throughout the early, mid- and late winter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Lab sampling and analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter sampling plant tissue and soil for natural abundance values and just before simulation of winter onset, when soil temperature was 2\u0026deg;C, we added a solution containing a small, but highly enriched (99.9% \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN) amount of \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (adding 0.1% N to the natural mineral N content, corresponding to 0.42 g \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN /m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, in the form of (\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). We added the solution homogeneously at 36 grid points throughout each of the 34 entire mesocosms by inserting a long needle into the soil to a depth of 10 cm at the intersects of a grid, and injecting tracer solution as we pulled out the needle again. We assume the tracer mixed with the natural pools of dissolved N in the mesocosms and this allowed us to trace N uptake in ecosystem compartments during the subsequent winter. On day 6 after tracer injection, in late October, we started winter simulation with temperatures at 0\u0026deg;C or below. Temperature was then kept below the freezing point according to the scheme in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, with mid-November at -2\u0026deg;C for all mesocosms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt four discrete times corresponding to \u0026ldquo;early winter\u0026rdquo; (mid-October), \u0026ldquo;midwinter I\u0026rdquo; (mid-December), \u0026ldquo;midwinter II\u0026rdquo; (mid-February) and \u0026ldquo;late winter\u0026rdquo; (mid-April), we took small samples of aboveground biomass (leaves and stem) from each species identified in the mesocosm, and of soil from the entire depth of the mesocosm using a soil corer with 2.5 cm diameter. From this sample, we sorted out the plant roots and measured gravimetric water content (GWC%). After root sorting, a subsample of soil was used for measurement of δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in microbial biomass using the chloroform-fumigation method (Brookes et al. 1985), where soil samples are kept in an atmosphere of high chloroform content for 24 h prior to extraction. Extracted N and δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was analyzed using an elemental analyser Eurovector EA 3000 (Eurovector, Pavia, Italy) coupled to Isoprime isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Elementar, Cheadle Hulme, UK), and the fumigated extracts were compared to unfumigated extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots were split into fine (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 mm) and coarse (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 mm) roots, dried, and crushed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves and stems were separated into species before analysis for δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) (Thermo Delta V Advantage IRMS, Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany) to obtain the δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in the fine and coarse roots and plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn extreme winter warming (WW) event was imposed on half the mesocosms from each location during early April before late winter sampling, when temperature was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C for all mesocosms, by moving these mesocosms to a 4\u0026deg;C climate chamber for 6 full days. The late winter sampling was then conducted at the end of the WW event and at the same time parallel in the mesocosms not exposed to WW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Statistics and calculations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN value was calculated as the ratio of the stable isotopes \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN/\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003eN compared to the reference \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN/\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003eN ratio in Air-N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e :\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\delta\\:}{}^{15}\\text{N}\\left(\\text{\u0026permil;}\\right)\\:=\\frac{{{}^{15}\\text{N}}_{sample}/{{}^{14}N}_{sample}-{{}^{15}\\text{N}}_{reference}/{{}^{14}N}_{reference}}{{{}^{15}\\text{N}}_{reference}/{{}^{14}N}_{reference}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u0026times;1000 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery of tracer δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN pr unit area was then calculated by first subtracting the background δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN value, as atomic percentage of \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN per g N, from the experiment sample values, to achieve atomic percentage excess (APE%); then scaling to m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e using the profile depth and dry bulk density of the mesocosm soil, the microbial g N in dry soil\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, the g root N m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and the species-specific g above-ground N m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e measured in the mesocosms. This excess amount of \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was then compared to the amount of tracer \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN added to achieve \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in % of added tracer per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (see also Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of 1) position along climate gradient (site), 2) winter stage, 3) plant functional type (for aboveground biomass) and 4) fraction (fine or coarse roots, plant leaf or stem) on \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN excess m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e was tested using a generalized linear mixed model (library GLMMTB in R 4.3 (R core team \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)) with \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN excess m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e as response, Site (north, east, southeast or south) and winter stage (early, mid I, mid II, late C or late WW) as fixed effects, as well as plant functional type (PFT) and fraction (stem, leaf) and their interaction in the analysis of aboveground biomass. In the analysis of root recovery, root fraction (fine, coarse) instead of PFT and plant fraction was added as fixed effect in the GLMM. As winter stage was not independent from samples within site, the interaction between site and winter stage was used as a random effect in both models. For each site and winter stage combination, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 replicates, but n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 at the northern site. A post-hoc Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test of differences between all winter stage within each site was performed on the resulting model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore fitting the model, the best transformation for achieving normally distributed residual was performed (library bestNormalize (Peterson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)) and the best transformation was applied to approach normality. After analyses, the outputs were back-transformed to the response scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses of 1) root biomass differences over time and among sites as well as 2) the difference among aboveground plant \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in individual plant species per g dry weight biomass was further tested in two separate GLMM models with i) root biomass m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e as the response, site and winter stage as fixed effects and interaction, and root fraction and its interaction with winter stage as fixed effects, and ii) \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN excess per g dry weight biomass as response, site, winter stage, species and fraction (leaf or stem) as a fixed effects, including interactions with winter stage, site and fraction. In order to investigate species \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery between sites, we calculated the estimated marginal means of the effect of Species in GLMM (ii) and compared them pairwise with Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD adjustment (emmeans library in R (Lenth \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), see also the full code in Supplementary code 1\u0026ndash;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Ecosystem \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in plants, microorganisms and dissolved N was highest at the eastern site at freeze-in (early winter, October), with the highest ecosystem N recovery (total \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery) observed in the entire experiment (68%). In all other sites the \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery peaked later, during the phase after freeze-in (midwinter I, December), where we found 20\u0026ndash;50% of the added tracer N in plants, microbes and dissolved N (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Supplementary Tables S3-6 with SE).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross all sites the \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery was controlled by microbial N uptake, as the microbial fraction dominated the \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), but varied from 4.7% (southern site late winter after a WW event) to 58.1% (eastern site in the early winter).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the soil water \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN pool varied markedly over the winter and between sites (0.1\u0026ndash;10% recovery), the aboveground vegetation \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery was relatively stable ranging from 3% (northern site and eastern site), 5% (southeastern site) to 8% (southern site) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Root biomass and \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse root biomass varied from 343\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;130 g dry weight m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e in the northern site in late winter to 1681\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;951 g dry weight m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e in the Southeastern site in late winter. Coarse root biomass was generally larger than fine root biomass (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), which varied between 21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 g dry weight m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e in the southern site in late winter to a maximum of 335\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73 g dry weight m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e in the northern site in early winter. The southern and northern site root biomasses were the smallest overall, averaged over fine and coarse fractions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3: Dry root biomass (g m\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cb\u003e-2\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e) for the northern, eastern, southeastern and southern sites and the ratio between coarse and fine root biomass. Coarse roots have a diameter\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 mm, fine roots\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 mm. Biomass differences between sites on the climate gradient and root winter N uptake (averaged over fraction and winter stage) was tested as individual comparisons between the estimated marginal means in the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), and significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) are indicated by different letters (a, b). The output is on the response scale (g excess\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eN m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e). Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 mesocosms per site (northern site n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) at each sampling time; except that late winter was n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4 and n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, respectively.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly winter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidwinter I\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidwinter II\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLate winter C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLate winter WW\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass differences between sites on gradient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot winter \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake, winter average (g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e449.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e770.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio Coarse/Fine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e663.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1643.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e877.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1094.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio Coarse/Fine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoutheastern site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1138.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1510.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1240.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1680.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1142.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio Coarse/Fine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e504.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1124.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e710.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e633.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e671.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine roots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio Coarse/Fine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the sites, the largest fine root biomass was observed in the early winter, generally with increasing coarse/fine root ratios as winter progressed (Table\u0026nbsp;3 and full model Scode1) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), except for the late winter WW (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe largest observed \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery per unit area was in the coarse roots (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 mm diameter) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS2\u003c/span\u003e). Apart from root fraction (coarse/fine), site was a significant explanatory factor influencing \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in roots at the northern site, with lower \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery (fine and coarse roots averaged) than the eastern site (Table\u0026nbsp;3 and Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS2\u003c/span\u003e) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake per g dry weight root biomass was, however, often the same or higher in fine roots, and in mesocosms from the site with most root N uptake (eastern), it increased as winter progressed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GLMM showed 53% higher \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake in fine roots per g dry root (unit biomass) compared to coarse roots (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), averaged over site and winter stage. There was no significant differences between site overall root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentrations (averaged over fraction and winter stage), but only the fine roots of the Low arctic eastern site continued to increase their root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentration and hence take up N also later during midwinter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSee the full model outputs in supplementary information Scode1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Microbial N uptake\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial C/N ratios varied from 3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9 to 17.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2, with most sites in the range of 10\u0026ndash;20, and N content in microbial biomass varied between 3.8 and 288 \u0026micro;g per g dry soil (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS7\u003c/span\u003e). There was no systematic difference between winter stages, but the eastern site had overall highest microbial N recovery compared to the other sites over the winter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS3\u003c/span\u003e, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery of \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in the microbial biomass was largest in the early winter, right before and during freeze-in (eastern site, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and at the midwinter I sampling, 1\u0026ndash;2 months after initiation of freeze-in (northern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), southeastern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1) and southern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) sites) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and S3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rest of the winter, microbial tracer \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN retention was lower and similar across sites, with 6\u0026ndash;15% \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery for the eastern site, but with apparently declining microbial content in southern and southeastern site in Late winter, to c. 7%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the southern, southeastern and northern site, the late winter was the winter stage with lowest \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in microbes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), however, this was not the case in the northern site in late winter for the mesocosms that had been subject to a WW event (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Soil solution \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recovery of \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in the soil solution varied over the winter in a pattern resembling the microbial \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and S4). However, at no site was soil water \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery higher than the others (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.12), see supplementary Scode2 for full model output).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Aboveground plant N uptake\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5.1 Plant community composition along the gradient\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlong the gradient, the target species were present at most sites \u0026ndash; all sites had grasses, bryophytes, lichens and similar amounts of \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica -\u003c/em\u003e but there were a few variations caused by the larger scale distribution patterns at the sites (see total biomass per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). There was less \u003cem\u003eVaccinum uliginosum\u003c/em\u003e in the Subarctic southern site than northern, eastern and southeastern sites, and \u003cem\u003eCassiope tetragona\u003c/em\u003e was only found in the High arctic northern site, while \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e was only found in the northern and southern sites. Low arctic eastern and southeastern, and Subarctic southern sites were dominated by \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e, while the High arctic northern site had most \u003cem\u003eDryas integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal aboveground biomass (g dry weight/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of each plant species, split in stem and leaf, cumulated from mesocosms (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8, except northern:n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) and scaled to g per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant fraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoutheastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetula nana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCassiope tetragona\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDryas integrifolia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraminoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhodondendrum groenlandicum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLichen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarrimanella hypnoides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBryophytes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38. 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygonum viviparum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalix herbacea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccinum uliginosum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal dry weight aboveground biomass m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e496.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e604.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow-to-aboveground biomass ratio (average, dry)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAboveground total biomass was generally smaller than belowground biomass at all sites (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and 3). Total aboveground biomass increased southward along the climate gradient. The belowground-to-aboveground ratio at the northern site spanned 2.1 in early winter to 1 in late winter, at the eastern site 5.4 in the midwinter I to 1.1 in late winter, at the southeastern site from 3.6 in midwinter I to 2.6 in late winter, and southern site 1.9 in midwinter I to 1 and 1.1 in early winter and late winter, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5.2 Plant functional type-specific \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery over the winter\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was found in aboveground biomass in southern and southeastern compared to northern and eastern sites (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 in the GLMM), with the largest \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in the southern site compared to all other sites (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). This was driven mainly by the deciduous shrubs (southern\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;all other sites, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and bryophytes (southern\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;northern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01)), whereas for evergreen shrubs, the highest \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery was at the eastern site\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;southern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) \u0026gt; northern (0.05). Within sites, the post-hoc test revealed no differences between winter stages in PFT-specific N uptake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant functional types differed in their winter N uptake (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with evergreen shrubs having an overall higher winter \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery than deciduous shrubs and bryophytes in all sites (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of statistical effects of fraction (stem or leaf), position on climate gradient (northern, eastern, southeastern, southern) and plant functional type (Evergreen, Deciduous or bryophyte) on winter N uptake in aboveground biomass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Functional Type (PFT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of fraction (stem or leaf) on winter N uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of position on climate gradient on winter N uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of plant functional type on winter N uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvergreen shrub\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Southern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher than both bryophyte and deciduous (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeciduous shrub\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;leaf (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;all other sites (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower than evergreen (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBryophytes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern \u0026gt; Northern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower than evergreen (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo effect compared to deciduous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the evergreen shrubs, \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was allocated to both stem and leaf (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), but with most in leaves (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Within the deciduous shrubs, however, most \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was found in the stems over winter across all sites (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBryophytes took up N in the same order of magnitude as found for the leaf fraction of deciduous shrubs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery changed over winter in some sites, aboveground \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery did not in any PFT group, and the WW event did not impact PFT-specific \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery at any of the sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5.3 Species-specific N recovery over the winter\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant community composition differed between sites (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), with dominant species naturally having larger influence on the aboveground \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS5\u003c/span\u003e-8). The shrubs \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e were well represented across sites, which meant that per unit ground area (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) they took up twice as much \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN as their closest competitors (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS9\u003c/span\u003e). When considering \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentration in biomass across the winter, however, \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e was the most efficient at taking up winter-released N (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, see full model and output in Scode3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost species behaved very similarly across a climatic gradient (Figures S10-13), and the main effects of the GLMM (Site, Stage, Species and Fraction (leaf or stem)) explained most of the variation (Scode3). Across all species, the \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentration increased in the stages after early winter (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) except for midwinter II (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16). Across the climate gradient and winter stage, \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e took up more N per g dry weight than any other species (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for all), mainly allocated in leaves, followed by \u003cem\u003eSalix herbacea\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB) and \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e, mainly in stems (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e was per unit mass inferior in winter \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake overall compared to the other shrubs (\u003cem\u003eSalix\u003c/em\u003e (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), \u003cem\u003eCassiope tetragona\u003c/em\u003e (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and \u003cem\u003eVaccinum uliginosum\u003c/em\u003e (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA, pair-wise comparison of all species output in Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS8\u003c/span\u003e). This was driven especially by low stem \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN content in \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum\u003c/em\u003e, which also only outcompeted bryophytes in leaf N uptake (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) while grasses accessed more winter-released \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN per g dry weight biomass than \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eVaccinum uliginosum\u003c/em\u003e (both p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile deciduous shrubs had most \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in their stems both per unit area and per unit mass (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eC), the evergreens contained the most winter N in leaves per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) but had lower leaf N concentrations than the deciduous shrubs, which allocated a larger share of tracer N to their few remaining leaves (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB). \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN atomic percent excess N for each species at each site at each winter stage can be seen in Supplementary Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe winter warming event imposed in the late winter did not affect tracer N concentrations in above-ground biomass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Seasonal patterns of N uptake: Does tundra vegetation take up N throughout winter?\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that plants took up N during freeze-in and winter in an order of magnitude similar to spring, summer and autumn uptake observed in other Arctic tundra sites (Larsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Our results also suggest differences in winter N uptake along the Arctic climate gradient (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e vertical) throughout a winter season (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e horizontal), and differences between plant functional types on the tundra, conceptually illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring autumn in the Arctic, day length gets shorter, deciduous shrubs shed their leaves, and microbial activity decreases because of the lower temperature. However, some microbial activity persists even into the colder phases of winter, where organically bound soil N is mineralized (Clein and Schimel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Buckeridge and Grogan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rixen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). We found that microbes accessed the pulse of labile N released during freeze-in, and across the Arctic climate zones, microbes took up most tracer N among all ecosystem compartments, in consistence with earlier studies (Grogan \u0026amp; Jonasson 1993; Ravn et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn soils from the Low arctic eastern site, microbial \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery peaked in early winter (October), as temperatures dropped below 0\u0026deg;C and the soil started freezing (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Low arctic). Part of the N was then lost from the microbial pool during the winter. Contrastingly, at the High arctic northern, Low arctic southeastern and Subarctic southern sites, microbial N recovery peaked later, during the midwinter I phase (December), when the soil had frozen (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e High- and Subarctic). Soil properties and interactions with the site-specific plant and microbial community could influence the timing of maximal \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery in the microbial biomass pool (Buckeridge et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Koranda and Michelsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfficient microbial N uptake during tundra shoulder and non-growing season is commonly observed (e.g. Buckeridge et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Wild et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and indeed, while microbes accessed much of the available N in the first phases of winter, plants accessed less N (2\u0026ndash;8% in aboveground and 1\u0026ndash;6% in belowground biomass) in the early winter, and did not take up additional N over the course of winter. The \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentration was highest in fine roots, but overall most belowground \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was stored in the coarse roots such as also seen in Grogan and Jonasson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) and Guo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Some \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was translocated to the aboveground biomass, mostly to the stems of deciduous shrubs and to leaves and stems in evergreen shrubs. This allocation of \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was relatively stable over winter, but we even measured a slight increase in fine root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN content in the Low arctic soils during winter, if a late WW event occurred. This indicated that tundra vegetation did not acquire a large share of their annual N throughout winter (as opposed to some sites in Riley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), but rather that freeze-in, early winter and late winter-to-spring transition periods were potential \u0026lsquo;hot moments\u0026rsquo; for N uptake within the non-growing season (Grogan and Jonasson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e4.2 Climate gradient effects: Does the legacy of different climate impact the winter N uptake in microbes and vegetation?\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWarmer autumns and winters could mobilize more N due to increased soil organic matter decomposition (Blok et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) which could be transferred to the aboveground vegetation (Mack et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Christiansen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). We observed evidence for this mechanism along our climate gradient from the High arctic to Subarctic, as vegetation adapted to milder winters did acquire more winter N, while adaptation to the coldest winter resulted in the smallest overall N recovery (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants from the High arctic ecosystem with a legacy of exposure to colder winters took up least N in plant biomass and left more \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in soil solution in early winter. Despite being the best competitors for N among the ecosystem compartments, also microbes from the High arctic had lower N uptake compared to Low- and Subarctic sites, as also seen by Ravn et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) in a High arctic and Subarctic mesocosm experiment. The generally small biomass (root and aboveground) in the High arctic northern site compared to other sites (Table\u0026nbsp;3, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) likely reflects the impact of lower winter and summer temperatures on ecosystem activity (Clein and Schimel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) and may cause a generally smaller ability to utilize winter-released N, and impeded nitrification rates due to the colder winter (Oulehle et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrastingly, plants from the Subarctic site allocated most \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in aboveground biomass along the gradient, and our results support the hypothesis that tundra plants adapted to milder winters are better able to utilize winter-released N, perhaps because they are able to transfer most \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN to stems. In the Subarctic mesocosms, plants most efficiently depleted the soil water N while root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was kept low (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e Subarctic). The milder winters in the Subarctic could drive this capacity of plants for \u0026ldquo;tighter\u0026rdquo; N cycling with little N available in solution, despite relatively low root biomass (Hollesen et al. 2015; Christiansen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dobbert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This implies that root, stem and leaf traits may impact winter N uptake rates in more ways than simple root density and it adds to effects of climate conditions on N cycling (Ravn et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Spitzer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Koranda and Michelsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery and root biomass was generally higher in the Low arctic (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e Low arctic). Nevertheless, while the legacy of different climatic conditions may impact N uptake, it is clear that some plant functional types and individual species may benefit more than others from increased N availability during freeze-in and winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Plant functional types: Do some tundra plants have advantages in winter N uptake?\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent plant functional types will apply different nutrient acquisition strategies in summer and winter (Larsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Oulehle et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; M\u0026ouml;rsdorf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pedersen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), with deciduous shrubs most efficient in late summer, and evergreens in the winter-spring transition and early summer (Larsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlong the climate gradient, evergreens as a group generally acquired and retained more early winter-released N than deciduous shrubs by allocating N also to leaves during winter, while uptake and storage into stems was similar to deciduous shrubs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, in the Subarctic mesocosms, deciduous shrub stems stored most N in stem biomass, and thus could be competitively positioned to utilize the N for leafing in early spring (Mekonnen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Riley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrasses were poor competitors for winter N per unit area, however, per unit mass, grasses were more competitive than several shrubs (also seen by Oulehle et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), providing advantages for more N access in warmer early winters with more N release.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.1 Species with advantage: Salix arctica\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e took up most early winter N because of their large biomass. Dobbert et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found that \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e started growth earlier than \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e in most years, indicating a use for winter N uptake if available, and benefited from cold, long winters. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e was favored in milder, snowier years. These differential physiological strategies in winter manifested themselves in our gradient as similar winter N uptake (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and S10-14). In the Subarctic mesocosms, where both shrubs were present, \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e acquired and retained most N throughout the whole winter (Figure S14).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e, however, obtained the highest concentration of winter N in its tissue averaged over winter stage and position on climate gradient (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), compared to the other deciduous shrubs. \u003cem\u003eSalix\u003c/em\u003e species appear to allocate early winter released \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN to their few remaining leaves during winter, in line with observations in a fertilization study by Prager et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and could obtain competitive advantages by this. Warmer snow-covered winters have been reported to increase \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e leaf N content (Leffler \u0026amp; Welker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e growth (Dobbert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Our results support that \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e is likely a strong competitor for increased early winter-released N and could thus increase its extent on the tundra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.2 Can N uptake and retention be explained by belowground biomass traits along the gradient?\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt all sites, the belowground biomass was larger than aboveground biomass, as generally found in the Arctic (Iversen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Below-to-aboveground ratios can vary between species (Iversen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In our sites, ratios (reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) fall in the middle of the reported ratios. With reported ratios of \u003cem\u003eVaccinum uliginosum\u003c/em\u003e (0.1\u0026ndash;4.3 in Iversen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eCassiope tetragona\u003c/em\u003e (0.3\u0026ndash;5.3), \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e (0.6\u0026ndash;10.2), \u003cem\u003eDryas integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e (0.3\u0026ndash;3.7) and \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e (0.6\u0026ndash;1.4), the larger below-to-aboveground biomass ratios of \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e can be a competitive advantage for taking up winter-released N in contrast to the smaller below-to-aboveground biomass ratio reported for \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e. The strategy of \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e seems to rather involve root efficiency and opportunism (Muller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and acquiring N from deeper layers in summer and autumn (Pedersen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMesocosms from the Low arctic eastern site, which had the highest winter root N uptake, increased fine root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN concentration throughout winter, suggesting adaptation to continued plant N uptake during winter. Our below-ground observations support the idea that root density (\u003cem\u003eEmpetrum\u003c/em\u003e) and uptake efficiency (\u003cem\u003eSalix\u003c/em\u003e) is key to understanding competitive advantage in accessing early winter-released N in the tundra, but that plant-specific traits such as ability to continue uptake throughout winter and allocate N to aboveground parts can be important additional controls on productivity and competition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 In changing autumns and winters, what does this mean for the ecosystem composition?\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in shrub extent has been observed across the Arctic (Bjorkman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), with the effect most pronounced in the Low arctic (Bj\u0026ouml;rkman et al. 2018; Mekkonen et al. 2021 and refs herein), and is likely to continue throughout the 21st century (Mekonnen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Our results suggest that the shrub expansion into otherwise graminoid-dominated areas (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) could also be due to competitive nutrient acquisition strategies, and indicate that we can expect shrubification to continue following an increase in winter N availability (Prager et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Shrubification specifically with evergreen \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum\u003c/em\u003e has been linked to decreased microbial biomass due to higher N competition (Stark et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and the outcome of competition between PFTs may as such also impact the microbial respiration rates and soil organic carbon stocks (Stark et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinter climate may, however, be more variable in the future, including more frequent winter warming events (Vikhamar-Schuler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Westergaard-Nielsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hanssen-Bauer 2019). Field studies of WW events indicate that they damage plant tissue (Bokhorst et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Bjerke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), decrease C uptake (Treharne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Parmentier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and cause microbial immobilization of N (Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which may disadvantage Arctic vegetation (Myers-Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Treharne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the WW event in general did not increase plant \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow plant access to WW-released N was observed also in Rasmussen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) on a field scale, and Sanders-DeMott et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) even observed a decrease of 42% in root \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN uptake in response to increased winter freeze-thaw cycling. Qin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) concluded that freeze-thaw cycling retarted root growth. Together, these observations indicate the disadvantages for tundra vegetation with increasing WW event frequency and provide evidence against the hypothesis (2) that Subarctic ecosystems should be better adapted to access N released during WW events.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile evergreens were the overall most competitive for winter-released N, they also appear as the most sensitive to WW events (Bjerke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Rasmussen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Dobbert et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) concluded that \u003cem\u003eEmpetrum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e growth was advantaged by cold long winters as compared to \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e, and these findings taken together indicate that the type of winter changes an area encounters will impact the relative dominance of these shrubs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe site- and PFT-specific variation in N uptake ability and strategies during winter could suggest that the competition for N is not equally strong in different mesic tundra heaths, and that a variation in ecosystem response to winter N release could make the tundra as a whole more stable towards environmental changes (S\u0026oslash;rensen et al. 2008; Stark et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conclude that tundra vegetation accessed a minor proportion of early winter N and retained this, with roots in some locations able to acquire N throughout the winter, while microbes generally also gained additional \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN later in the winter. The uptake varied along the climate gradient, with the High arctic ecosystem taking up overall least \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN, while the Subarctic vegetation had most \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN in aboveground biomass, indicating an adaptive advantage. Low arctic ecosystems kept most N in the roots overall.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also conclude, however, that vegetation community composition could be affected by current and future changes in winter climate and N mineralization rates, because tundra plants differed in their access to N during the winter months. While evergreen shrubs appeared as the most successful at accessing winter N on unit area due to their large biomass, \u003cem\u003eBetula nana\u003c/em\u003e at the unit area basis and \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e at the unit mass basis competed better than most evergreens. Our results thus suggest that winter N access can be a competitive adaptation for some plant functional types and specific species, which may help explain shrubification of the Arctic, and that future higher N availability in the early winter can further impact future vegetation community composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, vegetation did not generally access N released during a late winter warming event, indicating that such events are not advantageous for tundra vegetation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eN (Nitrogen), C (Carbon), WW event (Winter Warm event), GWC (Gravimetric Water Content), PFT (Plant Functional Type).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis project is supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant agreement 1059-00003B) and by the Danish Data Science Academy (grant agreement 2023\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1255), which is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF21SA0069429). AM was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF 2032-00064B).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collection was made possible by the Leister Expedition Go East 2023, which was financed by the Leister Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArcticDEM terrain data DEM(s) were created from DigitalGlobe, Inc., imagery and funded under National Science Foundation awards 1043681, 1559691, and 1542736.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLHR, LR and AM conceived of the idea. LHR achieved funding, planned and conducted the field work. LHR conducted the lab work with instrumental assistance from LR and AM. LHR did the statistics and analyses with assistance and revisions from AM and LR. LHR wrote the initial manuscript draft. LHR, AM and LR all edited the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis project is supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant agreement 1059-00003B) and by the Danish Data Science Academy (grant agreement 2023\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1255), which is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF21SA0069429). AM was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF 2032-00064B).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collection was not possible without the Leister Expedition Go East 2023, which was generously financed by the Leister Foundation, and we want to thank all personnel and participants on the expedition for making it possible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArcticDEM terrain data DEM(s) were created from DigitalGlobe, Inc., imagery and funded under National Science Foundation awards 1043681, 1559691, and 1542736.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data is submitted together with the publication, and will also be made available at the Zenodo data archive after publication of the article. 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J Ecol 102(3):749\u0026ndash;766\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu Q, Iversen CM, Riley WJ, Slette IJ, Vander S, Holly M (2016) Root traits explain observed tundra vegetation nitrogen uptake patterns: Implications for trait-based land models. J Geophys Research: Biogeosciences 121:3101\u0026ndash;3112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-and-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plso","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant and Soil](https://www.springer.com/journal/11104)","snPcode":"11104","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11104/3","title":"Plant and Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Arctic tundra, Nitrogen, winter, plant functional type, stable isotope tracer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9353987/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9353987/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground and Aims:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen (N) availability is a point of competition in the warming Arctic tundra, where shrubs are spreading. Soil microbial N mobilization can happen year-round, and plants that access more N during winter may compete better during warmer winters. We therefore explored how plant access to and retention of N during freeze-in to late winter in tundra heaths may be linked to root biomass and plant functional type-specific traits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN tracer at freeze-in in mesocosms collected along an East Greenlandic climate gradient from High- to Subarctic climates and analyzed N uptake and retention species-specifically in stems and leaves, roots, microbes and soil solution at four different winter stages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots and aboveground biomass took up and retained 3\u0026ndash;8% of the winter-released N, but early microbial N recovery of up to 50% dominated ecosystem N retention. Roots took up most N in Low arctic tundra, with continuous uptake indicated. Least total winter-released \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN was recovered in the High arctic ecosystem, whereas Subarctic plants had highest \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN recovery, particularly in deciduous shrub stems. While evergreen shrubs were overall most successful at accessing winter-released N, the deciduous \u003cem\u003eSalix arctica\u003c/em\u003e stood out as most effective per unit biomass.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conclude that soil microbial biomass retains the largest N reservoir through winter in the tundra, and that plant-specific traits, as well as climate, control tundra plant N access and retention during winter. Plants from the Subarctic could be best adapted to access increased winter N. Across climates, we conclude that species-specific traits must be considered when explaining expansion of shrubs in the Arctic tundra.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Winter climate or species-specific traits? Controls on tundra winter nitrogen uptake along an Arctic climate gradient in East Greenland","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-30 12:15:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9353987/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-04-25T12:02:58+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-22T08:20:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Plant and Soil","date":"2026-04-12T02:09:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-12T01:42:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant and Soil","date":"2026-04-09T08:20:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-and-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plso","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant and Soil](https://www.springer.com/journal/11104)","snPcode":"11104","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11104/3","title":"Plant and Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f3e6e2e-9087-4fd3-a86b-7262b363ac92","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 30th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-30T12:15:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-30 12:15:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9353987","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9353987","identity":"rs-9353987","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}