Use of Time-domain Terahertz (THz) Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Thickness, Optical, and Dielectric Parameters of Table and Fertile Eggshells

Use of Time-domain Terahertz (THz) Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Thickness, Optical, and Dielectric Parameters of Table and Fertile Eggshells | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Use of Time-domain Terahertz (THz) Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Thickness, Optical, and Dielectric Parameters of Table and Fertile Eggshells Juveria Iram, Naveen Kumar, Aleem Basha, A. K. Chaudhary, Kaleem Jaleeli, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5789303/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The paper reports the use of THz time domain spectroscopy for the measurements of thickness, refractive index and dielectric constants of chicken egg shells. Twelve numbers of table and fertile egg samples were selected. The experiment was performed in the reflection geomwtry using fiber-coupled Terahertz source between 0–4.0 THz range. The reflected time domain signal from the inner eggshell-membrane boundary and the outer eggshell interface was used, to determine shell thickness in the frequency domain. The results were verified with Field Emission Scanning Electron-Microscopy (FESEM). In the next step, the obtained Time/frequency domain spectra data were used to ascertain the R.I., absorption coefficients, and real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constants for the first time. It was noticed that values of R.I. of normal eggs at 0.8 THz were higher than 2.5 as compared to fertile eggs. Similarly, the absorption coefficient values for nonfertile eggs lie between 2–14 cm − 1 compared to fertile eggs, which lie between 2–10 cm − 1 range. The most important aspect of our study is related to measurements of real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants between 1.2 and 3.0 THz range the nonfertile eggs show a steep drop in values between 4 − 2.0 range while fertile eggs show an almost linear response of 4 .0 in the given frequency range. The imaginary parts show nonfertile egg values between 7.0 to 3.75 while fertile eggs show a consistent result of the order of 5.0. It further opens a new channel to enhance the poultry industries. The results were verified using field emission scanning electron microscopy results. This non-destructive technique can play a very important role in the poultry industry in minimizing waste and maximizing efficiency. Biological sciences/Biophysics Biological sciences/Molecular biology Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Jan, 2025 Editor invited by journal 10 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5789303","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":400774323,"identity":"9e896341-b419-4182-8830-9dcc91e4dcc9","order_by":0,"name":"Juveria Iram","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad National Urdu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juveria","middleName":"","lastName":"Iram","suffix":""},{"id":400774324,"identity":"cd51a52b-3542-4a35-bf1d-c1b1a2d3624e","order_by":1,"name":"Naveen Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Hyderabad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naveen","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":400774325,"identity":"f2dcc945-ab07-4229-91eb-656bf06f16a0","order_by":2,"name":"Aleem Basha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maulana Azad National Urdu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aleem","middleName":"","lastName":"Basha","suffix":""},{"id":400774326,"identity":"17085ffb-c46e-4bfa-9fac-91efd80368f0","order_by":3,"name":"A. 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Twelve numbers of table and fertile egg samples were selected. The experiment was performed in the reflection geomwtry using fiber-coupled Terahertz source between 0\u0026ndash;4.0 THz range. The reflected time domain signal from the inner eggshell-membrane boundary and the outer eggshell interface was used, to determine shell thickness in the frequency domain. The results were verified with Field Emission Scanning Electron-Microscopy (FESEM). In the next step, the obtained Time/frequency domain spectra data were used to ascertain the R.I., absorption coefficients, and real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constants for the first time. It was noticed that values of R.I. of normal eggs at 0.8 THz were higher than 2.5 as compared to fertile eggs. Similarly, the absorption coefficient values for nonfertile eggs lie between 2\u0026ndash;14 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e compared to fertile eggs, which lie between 2\u0026ndash;10 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e range. The most important aspect of our study is related to measurements of real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants between 1.2 and 3.0 THz range the nonfertile eggs show a steep drop in values between 4\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.0 range while fertile eggs show an almost linear response of 4 .0 in the given frequency range. The imaginary parts show nonfertile egg values between 7.0 to 3.75 while fertile eggs show a consistent result of the order of 5.0. It further opens a new channel to enhance the poultry industries. The results were verified using field emission scanning electron microscopy results. This non-destructive technique can play a very important role in the poultry industry in minimizing waste and maximizing efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Use of Time-domain Terahertz (THz) Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Thickness, Optical, and Dielectric Parameters of Table and Fertile Eggshells","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-13 02:28:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5789303/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-27T06:30:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-25T14:32:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"77396549201759626629258898503625100362","date":"2025-02-22T07:20:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-26T10:56:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"314342848603762765162070873715578673212","date":"2025-01-16T04:26:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21724714505493694562632511276372681522","date":"2025-01-16T03:23:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-16T02:18:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-11T08:17:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-10T18:38:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-09T13:42:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-01-08T12:49:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"abb13fba-eb98-416c-b8a2-0fc50cfa12c8","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":42717197,"name":"Biological sciences/Biophysics"},{"id":42717198,"name":"Biological sciences/Molecular biology"},{"id":42717199,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-13T16:08:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5789303","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08985-1","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-09 15:57:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 9th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-13 02:28:01","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-08985-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08985-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5789303","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5789303","identity":"rs-5789303","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}