Genetic Parameters and Breeding Values for Racing Performance in Egyptian Arabian Horses

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Abouserie, Adel Abdelkhalek, Naglaa. M. Hagag, Mohammed Y. Matoock, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9461584/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluated the relationship between morphometric body measurements and racing speed in Egyptian Arabian horses and assessed whether incorporating morphometric traits into genetic evaluations could improve selection accuracy. Racing records from 2025 to 2026 were obtained from the Egyptian Horse Racing Authority (EHRA) for purebred Egyptian Arabian horses competing in sanctioned races. Performance data included number of races, wins, winning ratio, race distance, finishing time, and speed. Morphometric measurements included head, neck, and body indices; topline and hindquarter dimensions; and limb and hoof characteristics. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models under BLUP/REML methodology, with descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and (MANOVA). Speed showed low heritability (h² = 0.04), indicating strong environmental influence on this trait. Speed exhibited strong negative phenotypic and genetic correlations with finishing time (rP = − 0.80; rG = − 0.71), while number of races was highly correlated with number of wins (rP = 0.90; rG = 0.83). Morphometric traits showed significant correlations reflecting coordinated body conformation: upper neck length with girth (r = 0.90, P < 0.01), topline with back length (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), croup length with croup height (r = 0.91, P < 0.01), and forearm length with cannon circumference (r = 0.73, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that morphometric traits have predictive value for racing performance and could enhance breeding programs when incorporated into selection indices for Arabian horses. Arabian horse Racing performance Morphometric traits Genetic parameters Heritability Selection index Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Arabian horse is one of the oldest and most influential horse breeds worldwide ( Ropka-Molik, Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Musiał, & Velie, 2019 ) , distinguished by unique physical and physiological characteristics that have been preserved through centuries of selective breeding ( Sharma et al., 2025 ) . The World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO) registers nearly one million purebred Arabians across 82 countries, establishing the breed as one of the most widespread globally ( Cosgrove et al., 2020 ). In Egypt (“ WAHO ” and the Egyptian Agricultural Organization “EAO”), more than 30,000 purebred Arabians are registered, with approximately 500–700 horses competing in sanctioned races annually, representing a valuable genetic resource for performance evaluation and breeding programs. Racing performance in horses is primarily assessed through finishing time and racing speed, with speed serving as a calculated measure that accounts for distance, track condition, weight carried, and environmental variables ( Takahashi, 2015 ; Wylie & Newton, 2018 ) . However, racing speed typically exhibits low heritability, meaning that environmental factors have a greater influence than genetics on this trait. Morphometric measurements provide quantifiable assessments of body conformation and structural characteristics that may influence athletic performance. In Arabian horses, which are characterized by distinctive proportions and refined skeletal structure, specific morphometric traits have been associated with racing capacity, affecting speed, stamina, and biomechanical efficiency ( Poškienė, Gruodytė, Autukaitė, Juozaitienė, & Antanaitis, 2021 ) . Body measurements reflecting neck length, body proportions, topline development, hindquarter angulation, and limb characteristics may serve as indirect selection criteria that are more heritable than racing speed itself. Furthermore, understanding the genetic and phenotypic correlations between morphometric traits and performance is essential for breeding strategies, as selection for correlated traits with higher heritability can produce favorable responses in traits with lower heritability ( Ropka-Molik et al., 2019 ). Morphometric traits that are genetically correlated with racing speed and exhibit higher heritability could serve as more effective selection criteria, enabling breeders to achieve greater genetic improvement in racing performance through indirect selection. This study estimated heritability and genetic correlations for racing speed and morphometric measurements in Egyptian Arabian horses. The goal was to determine whether body measurements could provide more effective indirect selection for racing performance. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Animals and morphometric measurements: This study was conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was granted by The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Vet-CU-IACUC, approval number [Vet CU110520251085]. Written informed consent was obtained from all farm owners prior to their participation in the study and before any data were collected from their premises. Fifty-two Egyptian Arabian horses were used in this study. All horses were registered at El Zahraa Stud, the primary registry for Arabian horses in Egypt and a member of the World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO) . Twenty-four body measurements were collected from each horse at private breeding farms Access to the private breeding farms was granted through formal permissions, and all measurements were performed with the presence and assistance of the farm staff. Measurements were taken from the left side of each horse while standing squarely on level, firm ground, restrained with a halter and lead rope. All measurements were recorded in centimeters using a tape measure calibrated by the National Institute of Standards (NIS). The morphometric traits measured are described in Table 1 (Brooks et al., 2010). Table 1 . Description of the measurements of racing Egyptian Arabian horse (Brooks et al., 2010) . Measurement Discerption Length of head Measured straight from the poll to the point between the top corners of the nostrils. Length of upper neck Measure from the poll to the withers when poll and withers are at the same level. Length of middle neck Measure from the midpoint of the cranial border of the neck to the midpoint of the shoulder blade. Length of lower neck Measure from the base of the neck (at the throat latch level) to the point of the shoulder. Height g Measure from the highest point of the withers to the ground. Keep the tape taut and straight. Girth Measure the circumference around the chest just behind the forelimbs, where the girth of the saddle fits. Length Measure from shoulder point (humeral bones project forward out of the chest) to buttocks point with a sloping line. Top line Measure the back from the withers to the point of the croup. The tape will not touch the back except at the two ends. Back Measure from the highest point of withers to the head of the last rib. Loin Measure from the head of the last rib to an imaginary line between 2 external angles of the ileum. Croup Measure from the croup point to the dock of the tail. Length of shoulder Measure from the top of the withers to the point of the shoulder (tuber humeri). Length of hip (hip - Buttocks) Measure the horizontal distance from the point of the hip (tuber coxae) to the point of the buttocks (tuber ischi). Length of hip (hip - Stifle) Measure from the point of the hip (tuber coxae) down to the center of the stifle joint. Length of hip (Stifle - Buttocks) Measure from the center of the stifle joint up to the point of the buttocks (tuber ischi). Croup points to ground Measured from the ground straight up to the highest point of the rump. Length of forearm Measured from the point of the elbow to the back of the kneecap. Length of front cannon Measured from the back of the kneecap to the ergot. Length of pastern Measured from the bottom of the fetlock joint to the top of the coronet. Circumference of cannon Measured around the cannon bone halfway between the knee and the ergot. Hoof circumference Measure the total distance around the widest part of the hoof wall at the ground level. Toe length Measure from the coronary band at the front of the hoof down to the tip of the toe at the ground. Heel length Measure from the coronary band at the back of the heel to the ground. Sole length Measure the distance from the tip of the toe to the back of the bulbs of the heel on the underside of the hoof. 2.2 . Racing Performance Parameters: To evaluate the competitive success of the study population, four key performance metrics were extracted from official racing records for the duration of the study period. 2.2.1. Total Career Starts : The total number of official races entered by each horse during the defined study period. 2.2.2. Race Wins : The cumulative number of first-place finishes achieved by the individual. 2.2.3. Cup Wins : The number of victories specifically secured in major stakes or championship-level races, used as a proxy for elite-level performance. 2.2.4. Winning Ratio (%) : A standardized efficiency metric calculated to account for varying numbers of starts among subjects. This was defined by the following formula: (calculated as: [number of wins ÷ number of races] × 100%) 2.3. Statistical model (Mixed Linear Model – BLUP/REML) (Team, 2025) : The genetic evaluation of racing horses in this study was conducted using a mixed linear model under the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) framework with variance components estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML). The general statistical model applied for each trait was: (y = Xβ + Zu + e) where: • y is the vector of phenotypic observations (speed, distance of race, number of races, number of wins, or finishing time), • β is the vector of fixed effects, • u is the vector of random additive genetic effects (horse/genotype), • e is the vector of residual errors, • X and Z are incidence matrices relating observations to fixed and random effects, respectively. Fixed effects included gender, colour, and height, while horse (genotype) was fitted as a random effect to account for additive genetic variation. 2.4. Distributional assumptions: The random effects and residuals were assumed to follow normal distributions as: u ~ N (0, Iσ²g) e ~ N (0, Iσ²e) where σ²g is the additive genetic variance, σ²e is the residual (environmental) variance, and I is an identity matrix. 2.5. Mathematical (genetic) models: Phenotypic variance: σ²p = σ²g + σ²e Heritability: h² = σ²g / σ²p Repeatability: R = σ²g / (σ²g + σ²e) Estimated Breeding Value (EBV): EBVᵢ = ûᵢ Genetic and phenotypic correlation models Genetic correlation: rG = CovG (X, Y) / √ (σ²gX × σ²gY) Phenotypic correlation: rP = CovP (X, Y) / √ (σ²pX × σ²pY) 2.6. Selection index model: I = b₁EBVspeed + b₂EBVwins + b₃EBVdistance This modeling framework is widely accepted for genetic evaluation of racing horses and provides unbiased estimation of genetic merit under limited and unbalanced datasets. 3. RESULTS Table 2 Descriptive statistics of some variables recorded (weight of jockey, finishing Time (s), distance of race (m), speed, No. of races, No. of race winners and winning ratio). Statistics Weight of jockey (Kg) Finishing time (s) Distance (m) Speed (m/s) No. of races No. of race winners Winning ratio % Mean ± SEM 55.982 ± 0.27 95.82± 1.97 1335.71± 15.61 14.063 ± 0.29 4.57 ± 0.25 2.93 ± 0.2 62.755 ± 2.09 Std. Deviation 1.475 10.467 82.616 1.58413 1.345 1.215 11.0675 Variance 2.176 109.56 6825.4 2.509 1.81 1.476 122.489 Minimum 52.5 64 1300 12.9032 3 2 50 Maximum 57 124 1600 21.875 7 5 80 Range 4.5 60 300 8.97177 4 3 30 Skewness -0.969 0.401 2.616 4.731 0.77 0.813 0.098 Kurtosis -0.681 5.235 6.429 24.031 -0.372 -1.046 -1.365 Table 3 Descriptive statistics of biometric measurement: Head, neck, and body indices. Head, neck, and body indices Mean Std. Error Minimum Maximum Range Std. Deviation Variance Length of head 54.25 0.59 51 56 5 1.669 2.786 Length of neck upper 78.63 2.405 68 86 18 6.802 46.268 Length of neck middle 56 0.866 53 60 7 2.449 6 Length of neck lower 54.88 2.039 48 66 18 5.768 33.268 Height 148.25 0.75 146 152 6 2.121 4.5 Girth 171.38 1.569 164 178 14 4.438 19.696 Length 139 1.524 131 142 11 4.309 18.571 Table 4 Descriptive statistics of biometric measurement: Topline and hindquarter biometrics. Topline and hindquarter biometrics Mean Std. Error Minimum Maximum Range Std. Deviation Variance Top line 110.25 2.085 103 118 15 5.898 34.786 Back 51.38 2.367 44 63 19 6.696 44.839 Loin 29.5 0.845 27 33 6 2.39 5.714 Croup 32.25 1.77 27 41 14 5.007 25.071 Length of shoulder 66.75 0.818 64 71 7 2.315 5.357 Length of hip (hip - buttocks) 47.5 1.239 44 54 10 3.505 12.286 Length of hip (hip - stiffle) 58.25 1.359 54 66 12 3.845 14.786 Length of hip (stiffle - buttocks) 49.75 1.424 44 55 11 4.027 16.214 Croup point – ground 147.63 1.375 143 154 11 3.889 15.125 Table 5 Descriptive statistics of biometric measurement: Fore limb and hoof. Fore limb and hoof biometric measurement Mean Std. Error Minimum Maximum Range Std. Deviation Variance Length of forearm 45.5 0.824 41 48 7 2.33 5.429 Length of front canon 28.13 0.398 27 30 3 1.126 1.268 Length of pastern 12.38 0.46 11 15 4 1.302 1.696 Circumference of canon 20.75 0.412 19 22 3 1.165 1.357 Hoof circumference 34.75 0.773 32 39 7 2.188 4.786 Toe length 10.13 0.35 8 11 3 0.991 0.982 Heel length 3.62 0.263 3 5 2 0.744 0.554 Sole length 10.5 0.189 10 11 1 0.535 0.286 Table 6 Pearson correlation coefficients among head, neck, and body biometric traits in racing Arabian horses. Head, neck and body biometric traits Length of head Length of neck upper Length of neck middle Length of neck lower Height Girth Length Length of head 1.00 -0.00 -0.42 -0.04 0.5 0.12 0.16 Length of neck upper -0.00 1.00 0.18 -0.36 -0.41 0.90 ** -0.4 Length of neck middle -0.42 0.18 1.00 0.38 -0.69 -0.07 0.24 Length of neck lower -0.04 -0.36 0.38 1.00 0.12 -0.45 0.23 Height 0.50 -0.41 -0.69 0.12 1.00 -0.42 0.13 Girth 0.12 0.90 ** -0.06 -0.45 -0.42 1.00 -0.49 Length 0.16 -0.40 0.24 0.23 0.13 -0.49 1.00 ** Correlation is significant at P < 0.01.*Correlation is significant at P < 0.05. Table 7 Pearson correlation coefficients among topline and hindquarter biometric traits in racing Arabian horses. Topline and hindquarter biometric traits Top line Back Loin Croup Length of shoulder Length of hip (hip -buttocks) Length of hip (hip - stiffle) Length of hip (stiffle - buttocks) Croup point - ground Top line 1.00 0.93 ** -0.42 0.83 ** -0.05 0.49 -0.26 -0.56 0.64 Back 0.93 ** 1.00 -0.32 0.84 ** 0.09 0.49 -0.25 -0.37 0.71 * Loin -0.42 -0.32 1.00 -0.27 0.69 0.00 0.56 0.29 -0.11 Croup 0.83 ** 0.84 ** -0.27 1.00 0.20 0.02 -0.22 -0.38 0.91 ** Length of shoulder -0.05 0.09 0.69 0.20 1.00 -0.05 0.50 -0.03 0.38 Length of hip (hip - buttocks) 0.49 0.49 0.00 0.02 -0.05 1.00 0.18 -0.30 -0.05 Length of hip (hip - stiffle) -0.26 -0.25 0.56 -0.22 0.50 0.18 1.00 0.06 0.11 Length of hip (stiffle - buttocks) -0.56 -0.37 0.29 -0.38 -0.03 -0.30 0.06 1.00 -0.20 Croup point – ground 0.64 0.71 * -0.11 0.91 ** 0.38 -0.05 0.11 -0.20 1.00 ** Correlation is significant at P < 0.01.*Correlation is significant at P < 0.05. Table 8 Pearson correlation coefficients among forelimb and hoof biometric traits in racing Arabian horses. Forelimb and hoof biometric traits Length of forearm Length of front canon Length of pastern Circumference of cannon Hoof circumference Toe length Heel length Sole length Length of forearm 1.00 -0.02 -0.11 0.73 * 0.64 0.27 0.45 0.22 Length of front canon -0.02 1.00 0.54 0.57 0.13 0.36 0.06 -0.35 Length of pastern -0.11 0.54 1.00 0.35 0.38 0.62 -0.12 -0.51 Circumference of cannon 0.73 * 0.57 0.35 1.00 0.58 0.65 0.37 -0.22 Hoof circumference 0.64 0.13 0.38 0.58 1.00 0.67 0.72 * 0.00 Toe length 0.27 0.36 0.62 0.65 0.67 1.00 0.46 -0.40 Heel length 0.45 0.06 -0.12 0.37 0.72 * 0.46 1.00 0.18 Sole length 0.22 -0.35 -0.51 -0.22 0.00 -0.40 0.18 1.00 ** Correlation is significant at P < 0.01.*Correlation is significant at P < 0.05. Table 9 Descriptive statistics (Mean ± SEM) of racing variables for different genotype (1–11). Genotype Weight of jockey (Kg) Finishing time (s) Distance (m) Speed (m/s) No. of races No. of race wins Winning ratio (%) 1- Youdom El-ezz 55.50 ± 1.50 91.50 ± 2.50 a 1300 ± 0.00 14.22 ± 0.39 a 3.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 66.67 ± 0.00 a 2- Imbabi Bandr 56.40 ± 0.60 106.20 ± 7.08 b 1420 ± 73.49 13.42 ± 0.20 a 7.00 ± 0.00 5.00 ± 0.00 71.43 ± 0.00 a 3- Farida Bandr 54.50 ± 1.00 95.33 ± 2.03 a 1300 ± 0.00 13.65 ± 0.29 a 5.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 60.00 ± 0.00 a 4- Makbol Ekhnaton 55.50 ± 1.50 90.50 ± 1.50 a 1300 ± 0.00 14.37 ± 0.24 a 4.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 50.00 ± 0.00 b 5- Dyman Amer 55.50 ± 1.50 101.50 ± 0.50 b 1400 ± 0.00 13.79 ± 0.07 a 4.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 50.00 ± 0.00 b 6- Mared Ekhnaton 57.00 ± 0.00 93.75 ± 0.48 a 1300 ± 0.00 13.87 ± 0.07 a 5.00 ± 0.00 4.00 ± 0.00 80.00 ± 0.00 c 7- Rawi 55.5 0 ± 1.50 93.50 ± 0.50 a 1300 ± 0.00 13.90 ± 0.07 a 3.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 66.67 ± 0.00 a 8- Ibn El-balad 55.50 ± 1.50 94.50 ± 0.50 a 1300 ± 0.00 13.76 ± 0.07 a 4.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 50.00 ± 0.00 b 9- Kanan Ekhnaton 57.00 ± 0.00 100.00 ± 8.00 b 1350 ± 50.00 13.55 ± 0.58 a 3.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 66.67 ± 0.00 a 10- Zaher El-badw 57.00 ± 0.00 94.50 ± 0.50 a 1300 ± 0.00 13.76 ± 0.07 a 4.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 50.00 ± 0.00 b 11- Raghed 55.50 ± 1.50 79.50 ± 15.50 c 1350 ± 50.00 17.78 ± 4.10 b 4.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 50.00 ± 0.00 b a, b,c Values within column with unlike superscripts differ significantly (p˂0.05), according to (MANOVA). Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. 3.1. Variance components and heritability Table 10 Genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance parameters in racing Arabian horse. Trait Genetic variance Genetic coefficient Environmental variance Environmental coefficient Phenotypic variance Phenotypic coefficient Speed 0.118 0.024 2.719 0.116 2.837 0.119 Distance of race (m) 222.40 0.011 4625.70 0.051 4848.10 0.052 Number of races 0.091 0.072 1.206 0.263 1.297 0.273 Number of wins 0.087 0.090 0.961 0.300 1.048 0.313 Finishing Time (s) 7.41 0.029 90.62 0.102 98.03 0.106 Genetic, environmental, and phenotypic coefficients were calculated as the square root of the corresponding variance divided by the trait mean. 3.2. Genetic parameters interpretation Table 11 Heritability estimates for racing performance traits in racing Arabian horses. Trait Heritability (h²) Heritability % Interpretation Speed 0.042 4.2 Very low Distance of race (m) 0.046 4.6 Very low Number of races 0.070 7.0 low Number of wins 0.083 8.3 low Finishing Time (s) 0.076 7.6 low 3.3. Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) Table 12 Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) for racing Arabian horse. Horse ID EBV Speed Rank Raghed + 0.115 1 Imbabi Bandr + 0.043 2 Rawi + 0.041 3 Dyman Amer + 0.032 4 Makbol Ekhnaton + 0.017 5 Youdom El ezz + 0.005 6 Farida Bandr 0.000 7 Ibn El-balad −0.032 8 Zaher El-badw −0.032 9 Mared Ekhnaton −0.073 10 Kanan Ekhnaton −0.115 11 3.4. Selection index results Table 13 selection index combining EBVs for speed, wins, and distance in racing Arabian horse . Horse Selection Index Rank Imbabi Bandr 0.612 1 Mared Ekhnaton 0.473 2 Raghed 0.140 3 Youdom El-ezz 0.082 4 Farida Bandr 0.000 5 Rawi −0.235 6 Ibn El-balad −0.164 7 Zaher El-badw −0.164 8 Makbol Ekhnaton −0.139 9 Dyman Amer −0.237 10 Kanan Ekhnaton −0.140 11 The selection index was calculated by combining standardized EBVs for speed, wins, and distance. 3.5. Phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations Table 14 Phenotypic (rP) and genetic (rG) correlations among racing performance traits in racing Arabian horses. Genetic correlation (rG) Speed Distance of race No. of races No. of race winners Finishing Time Phenotypic correlation (rP) Speed 1.00 0.12 -0.09 -0.15 -0.71 Distance of race 0.08 1.00 0.28 0.25 0.41 No. of Races -0.11 0.39 1.00 0.83 0.29 No. of race winners -0.19 0.34 0.90 1.00 0.32 Finishing Time -0.80 0.54 0.33 0.38 1.00 Values above the diagonal represent genetic correlations (rG), whereas values below the diagonal represent phenotypic correlations (rP) of speed, distance of race (meter), No. of races, No. of race winners and Finishing time. 4. DISCUSSION Jockey weight and race participation showed minimal variation, indicating uniform racing conditions, while performance traits including speed, finishing time, and winning ratio demonstrated considerable individual variation among horses (Table 2 ). Racing speed averaged 14.20 ± 1.76 m/s, demonstrating moderate phenotypic variation in this performance trait. Race distance averaged 1331.82 m with low variability, suggesting that horses competed under relatively standardized conditions. This uniformity in race distance is advantageous for genetic evaluation, as it minimizes confounding effects that arise when horses compete over varying distances ( Williamson & Beilharz, 1998 ) . On average, horses participated in 4.18 races and achieved 3.27 wins, representing moderate competitive activity within the study population. The number of race starts is an important factor affecting performance reliability, as horses with limited racing experience may not fully express their genetic potential ( Takahashi, 2015 ) . The relatively high winning ratio of approximately 63% observed in this study indicates that the study population comprises competitively successful horses, which is beneficial for identifying superior genetic merit. Finishing time showed higher coefficient of variation compared to other racing performance traits. This greater variability is consistent with findings in Thoroughbreds and other racing breeds, where finishing time reflects the combined influence of speed capacity, stamina, jockey skill, and race tactics ( Oki, Sasaki, & Willham, 1995 ; Thiruvenkadan, Kandasamy, & Panneerselvam, 2009 ) .The observed variability in racing speed aligns with previous research demonstrating that equine performance traits are influenced by complex interactions among genetic potential, training protocols, nutritional management, and environmental conditions ( Bartolomé, Milho, & Prazeres, 2019 ; Ricard et al., 2017 ). Descriptive statistics for head, neck, and body measurements are presented in (Table 3 ). Body height exhibited lower variation than neck measurements, indicating uniform conformation within the study population. This finding is consistent with previous studies in Arabian and other horse breeds, where height at withers is more stable than neck dimensions ( Brooks et al., 2010 ; Druml, Dobretsberger, & Brem, 2016 ; Komosa et al., 2013 ). Body height shows less variation because it has higher heritability and is less affected by environmental factors than soft tissue traits such as neck circumference. Neck measurements are more responsive to training, muscle development, and nutritional status, resulting in greater individual variation ( Cervantes et al., 2009 ; Saastamoinen & Barrey, 2000 ) .This pattern has been consistently observed across multiple horse breeds ( Gómez et al., 2020 ; McManus et al., 2005 ). The morphometric consistency in this Egyptian Arabian population reflects selective breeding for uniform conformation and standardized management practices, similar to patterns reported in other purebred Arabian populations ( de Oliveira Bussiman et al., 2018 ; Zechner et al., 2002 ). Topline and hindquarter measurements ( Table 4 ) showed moderate variation, reflecting differences in body balance and hindquarter development. Hindquarter conformation is critical for racing performance as these structures generate propulsive force during galloping and influence stride characteristics and acceleration ( Clayton & Harris, 2004 ; Holmström, Magnusson, & Philipsson, 1990 ) . In Arabian horses, hindquarter traits have been associated with competitive success ( de Siqueira & Cordeiro, 2024 ; Mawdsley, Kelly, Smith, & Brophy, 1996 ) . Topline length reflects body balance and locomotive efficiency ( Cabral et al., 2004 ; Kristjansson et al., 2016 ).These measurements show moderate heritability, indicating potential for genetic improvement ( Molina, Valera, Dos Santos, & Rodero, 1999 ; Nikolić, 2012 ). The variation observed provides opportunity for selecting horses with superior conformation for racing performance. Forelimb and hoof measurements ( Table 5 ) showed low variability, indicating consistent structural soundness. Proper limb alignment and hoof structure are critical for weight distribution, shock absorption, and injury prevention in racing horses ( Bardin, 2020 ; Lipreri, 2022 ) . Conformation deviations increase lameness risk and reduce racing longevity ( Holmström et al., 1990 ; Wallin, Strandberg, & Philipsson, 2001 ) . In Arabian horses, uniform hoof conformation has been linked to reduced lameness and improved endurance ( Holmström et al., 1990 ; Yıldırım & Erden, 2023 ) . Consistent limb conformation has been documented by ( Tuttle, 2018 ) . The uniform limb structure reflects intentional breeding for correct conformation. These traits are highly heritable ( Koenen, Van Veldhuizen, & Brascamp, 1995 ; Saastamoinen & Barrey, 2000 ) , allowing breeders to maintain sound conformation while improving racing ability. Correlations among head, neck, and body measurements ( Table 6 ) were mostly weak to moderate, except for upper neck length and girth (r = 0.90, P < 0.01), which showed strong correlation reflecting coordinated forequarter development. This pattern is consistent with Arabian horses, where body traits show moderate correlations due to genetic and environmental influences ( Cabral et al., 2004 ; McManus et al., 2005 ; Sadek, Al-Aboud, & Ashmawy, 2006 ). The weak correlations among most traits indicate independent genetic control, allowing selective breeding for specific conformational traits without affecting others ( Molina et al., 1999 ; Zechner et al., 2001 ). This flexibility supports optimizing racing conformation while maintaining breed characteristics. Topline and hindquarter measurements ( Table 7 ) showed strong correlations: topline with back length (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) and croup length with croup height (r = 0.91, P < 0.01), indicating coordinated skeletal development important for stability and propulsive force ( Anderson & McIlwraith, 2004 ) . Proportional hindquarter development has been linked to superior racing performance in Arabian horses ( Crook et al., 2008 ; Ropka-Molik et al., 2019 ). These strong correlations suggest common genetic regulation, where selection for one trait would produce correlated changes in related traits ( Cervantes et al., 2009 ; Zechner et al., 2001 ). The low variability reflects selective breeding for uniform conformation, consistent with other Arabian populations ( Saastamoinen & Barrey, 2000 ; Sadek et al., 2006 ). Forelimb and hoof measurements ( Table 8 ) showed significant correlations (r = 0.72–0.73, P < 0.05), indicating coordinated development essential for weight-bearing and locomotion ( Saastamoinen & Barrey, 2000 ) . The observed uniformity reflects both genetic selection and standardized management practices including nutrition, housing and hoof care ( Saastamoinen & Barrey, 2000 ; Thompson, 2008 ) . Consistent rearing conditions across breeding farms minimize environmental variation ( Stock, Hamann, & Distl, 2006 ) . Proper limb proportionality and balanced hoof conformation are associated with biomechanical efficiency and soundness ( Anderson & McIlwraith, 2004 ; Cervantes et al., 2009 ) . Racing performance varied among genotypes ( Table 9 ) , with some showing superior results, suggesting genetic influence on racing ability ( Bailey et al., 2022 ; Ricard and Touvais, 2007) . However, environmental factors such as training and management also contribute to performance variation (Barrey et al., 1999; Hill et al., 2019) . This variation among genotypes supports genetic evaluation and selection indices to identify superior horses for breeding ( Oki et al., 1995 ; Koenen et al., 2004; Goddard and Hayes, 2007 ) . Environmental variance dominated over genetic variance ( Table 10 ) , with training and nutrition being primary performance drivers ( Ricard et al., 2000 ; McGowan, 2008; Lawrence et al., 2012) . Low genetic variance requires genomic selection and multi-trait approaches (Meuwissen et al., 2001; Goddard and Hayes, 2007 ) . Combined genetic and management strategies are most effective (Wilson et al., 2010; Legg et al., 2022) . Heritability estimates for racing performance were low (0.04 to 0.08) ( Table 11 ) , consistent with other horse studies (0.05–0.20), confirming substantial environmental influence from training protocols, nutrition, jockey skill, track conditions, and management practices ( Langlois, 1980 ; Mactaggart & Phillips, 2023 ; Ricard et al., 2017 ; Ropka-Molik et al., 2019 ). These low values indicate that direct selection for speed alone would produce slow genetic progress ( Falconer, 1996 ) . Genetic improvement requires indirect selection through correlated traits with higher heritability, such as morphometric measurements, and multi-trait approaches ( Molina et al., 1999 ). Immediate gains come from optimized management rather than genetic selection ( Bailey, Petersen, & Kalbfleisch, 2022 ) . EBVs for speed ranged narrowly from − 0.115 to + 0.115, with Raghed highest and Kanan Ekhnaton lowest ( Table 12 ) . This narrow range reflects limited genetic differentiation, consistent with low heritability ( Falconer, 1996 ; Ytournel et al., 2012 ). Low heritability causes EBVs to compress toward the mean, making differentiation difficult ( Slater, Wilson, Cogan, Forster, & Hayes, 2014 ; Van Vleck, 1993 ) . Similar patterns have been reported in other racing populations ( Gaffney & Cunningham, 1988 ; Ricard, Bruns, & Cunningham, 2000 ) . Despite the limited range, EBVs remain useful for ranking animals and making breeding decisions when combined with performance and pedigree information ( Henderson, 1984 ; Koenen et al., 1995 ). The narrow range suggests slow genetic progress through traditional selection, supporting alternative approaches such as genomic selection or indirect selection through correlated traits with higher heritability ( Goddard & Hayes, 2007 ; Saastamoinen & Barrey, 2000 ) . A multi-trait index combining speed, wins, and race distance effectively ranked horses despite limited genetic variation ( Table 13 ) , with Imbabi Bandr showed the highest index value (0.612), indicating superior overall genetic merit ( Faria, Vicente, & Silva, 2023 ) . Multi-trait indices provide greater accuracy than single-trait selection by combining correlated traits and reducing environmental noise ( Falconer, 1996 ; Henderson, 1984 ) . Studies show multi-trait approaches improve selection accuracy and genetic gain in racing populations ( Bakhtiari & Heshmat, 2009 ; Koenen et al., 1995 ), supporting their adoption in Egyptian Arabian breeding programs ( Goddard & Hayes, 2007 ) . Speed correlated negatively with finishing time (rP = − 0.80; rG = − 0.71), while races correlated positively with wins (rP = 0.90; rG = 0.83), reflecting stable biological relationships ( Table 14 ) . These patterns are consistent with other racing populations ( Gaffney & Cunningham, 1988 ; Ricard et al., 2000 ).The alignment between genetic and phenotypic correlations benefits breeding programs ( Mrode, 2014 ) , supporting multi-trait selection strategies for improving racing performance ( Goddard & Hayes, 2007 ; Koenen et al., 1995 ). 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study estimated genetic parameters for racing performance and morphometric traits in Egyptian Arabian horses. Racing speed showed low heritability, indicating that environmental factors such as training, nutrition, and management have greater influence than genetics. This low heritability limits the effectiveness of direct selection for speed improvement. Strong correlations were found between speed and finishing time and between number of races and wins. Morphometric traits also showed strong correlations within body regions, including upper neck length with girth, topline with back length, croup length with croup height, and forearm length with cannon circumference, reflecting coordinated skeletal development. Breeding values for speed showed limited genetic variation among horses. However, a multi-trait selection index combining speed, wins, and race distance successfully identified horses with superior overall genetic merit, demonstrating that combining multiple traits improves selection accuracy. Although direct selection for racing speed is challenging due to low heritability, morphometric traits may serve as useful alternative selection criteria. Future research should determine the heritability of body measurements and their genetic relationships with performance. Incorporating morphometric data into multi-trait genetic evaluations may enhance breeding programs for racing performance while maintaining structural soundness in Egyptian Arabian horses. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the Egyptian Horse Racing Authority (EHRA) for providing access to purebred Arabian horse racing records and supporting this research. AUTHORS’ DECLARATIONS Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate This study utilized retrospective racing records and involved no animal experimentation. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional and national guidelines. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Cairo University (Vet-CU-IACUC), approval number Vet-CU-110520251085. Written informed consent was obtained from all farm owners prior to data collection. Consent for Publication All authors have read the final manuscript and provided their consent for publication. Availability of Data and Materials All datasets generated and analyzed during this study are included within the manuscript. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received no specific funding from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agency. Authors’ Contributions All authors have read and approved the final version for submission. Aly M. Abouserie : Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Resources, Writing – original draft. Adel Abdel-Khalek : Data collection, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review and editing. Naglaa. M. Hagag : Data collection, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review and editing. Mohammed Y. Matoock : Data collection, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review and editing. Heba S. 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(2000). Genetics of performance traits. In The genetics of the horse. (pp. 411-438): Cab international Wallingford UK. Ricard, A., Robert, C., Blouin, C., Baste, F., Torquet, G., Morgenthaler, C., . . . Schibler, L. (2017). Endurance exercise ability in the horse: a trait with complex polygenic determinism. Frontiers in genetics, 8 , 89. Ropka-Molik, K., Stefaniuk-Szmukier, M., Musiał, A. D., & Velie, B. D. (2019). The genetics of racing performance in Arabian horses. International journal of genomics, 2019 (1), 9013239. Saastamoinen, M. T., & Barrey, E. (2000). Genetics of conformation, locomotion and physiological traits. In The genetics of the horse. (pp. 439-472): CAB International Wallingford UK. Sadek, M. H., Al‐Aboud, A. Z., & Ashmawy, A. A. (2006). Factor analysis of body measurements in Arabian horses. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 123 (6), 369-377. Sharma, M., Singh, A., Kumar, V., Olla, N., Arora, R., Sharma, R., . . . Ahlawat, S. (2025). Advances in Equine Genomics: Decoding the Genetic Architecture of Morphology, Performance, Behavior, and Adaptation. Molecular Biotechnology , 1-16. Slater, A. T., Wilson, G. M., Cogan, N. O. I., Forster, J. W., & Hayes, B. J. (2014). Improving the analysis of low heritability complex traits for enhanced genetic gain in potato. Theoretical and applied genetics, 127 (4), 809-820. Stock, K. F., Hamann, H., & Distl, O. (2006). Factors associated with the prevalence of osseous fragments in the limb joints of Hanoverian Warmblood horses. The Veterinary Journal, 171 (1), 147-156. Takahashi, T. (2015). The effect of age on the racing speed of Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of equine science, 26 (2), 43-48. Team, R. C. (2025). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/ Thiruvenkadan, A. K., Kandasamy, N., & Panneerselvam, S. (2009). 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Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9461584","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634240337,"identity":"44961d28-7266-49a5-b45e-7f288cca4499","order_by":0,"name":"Aly M. Abouserie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Badr University in Cairo (BUC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aly","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abouserie","suffix":""},{"id":634240338,"identity":"e1c86b00-8670-4fdd-87db-2f79e236195e","order_by":1,"name":"Adel Abdelkhalek","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Badr University in Cairo (BUC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adel","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdelkhalek","suffix":""},{"id":634240339,"identity":"fafc68df-6d0f-4365-90a4-72b7eae9636c","order_by":2,"name":"Naglaa. M. Hagag","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Animal health research institute (AHRI), Agriculture research centre (ARC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naglaa.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Hagag","suffix":""},{"id":634240340,"identity":"b4151707-342d-4c8e-8325-39d905ce3350","order_by":3,"name":"Mohammed Y. 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El-lethey","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Cairo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heba","middleName":"S.","lastName":"El-lethey","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-19 11:23:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9461584/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9461584/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108875129,"identity":"89a4640d-049c-49c6-8ee3-df104c953927","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-09 14:34:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":219441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLength of head, 2. Length of upper neck, 3. Length of middle neck,4. Length of lower neck, 5. Height,6. Girth, 7. Length, 8. Topline, 9. Back, 10. Loin, 11. Croup, 12. Length of shoulder , 13. Length of hip \u0026nbsp;( hip-buttocks) , 14. Length of hip (hip – stifle ), 15. Length of hip ( stifle – buttocks ) , 16. Croup point to ground , 17. Length of forearm , 18. Length of front canon , 20. Circumference of cannon , 21. Hoof circumference , 22. Toe length , 23. Heel length .\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9461584/v1/db6c1b2a7c3052cefad0634a.png"},{"id":109081336,"identity":"66796c81-b05b-48ff-9609-0df3f6bcb6ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-12 12:17:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1104512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9461584/v1/b620cbae-a4e5-49cf-a634-a6ade6da8e36.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Genetic Parameters and Breeding Values for Racing Performance in Egyptian Arabian Horses","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arabian horse is one of the oldest and most influential horse breeds worldwide \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eRopka-Molik, Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Musiał, \u0026amp; Velie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, distinguished by unique physical and physiological characteristics that have been preserved through centuries of selective breeding \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO) registers nearly one million purebred Arabians across 82 countries, establishing the breed as one of the most widespread globally \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCosgrove et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Egypt (\u0026ldquo;\u003cb\u003eWAHO\u003c/b\u003e\u0026rdquo; and the Egyptian Agricultural Organization \u0026ldquo;EAO\u0026rdquo;), more than 30,000 purebred Arabians are registered, with approximately 500\u0026ndash;700 horses competing in sanctioned races annually, representing a valuable genetic resource for performance evaluation and breeding programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRacing performance in horses is primarily assessed through finishing time and racing speed, with speed serving as a calculated measure that accounts for distance, track condition, weight carried, and environmental variables \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTakahashi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Wylie \u0026amp; Newton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, racing speed typically exhibits low heritability, meaning that environmental factors have a greater influence than genetics on this trait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphometric measurements provide quantifiable assessments of body conformation and structural characteristics that may influence athletic performance. In Arabian horses, which are characterized by distinctive proportions and refined skeletal structure, specific morphometric traits have been associated with racing capacity, affecting speed, stamina, and biomechanical efficiency \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ePoškienė, Gruodytė, Autukaitė, Juozaitienė, \u0026amp; Antanaitis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody measurements reflecting neck length, body proportions, topline development, hindquarter angulation, and limb characteristics may serve as indirect selection criteria that are more heritable than racing speed itself.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, understanding the genetic and phenotypic correlations between morphometric traits and performance is essential for breeding strategies, as selection for correlated traits with higher heritability can produce favorable responses in traits with lower heritability \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eRopka-Molik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphometric traits that are genetically correlated with racing speed and exhibit higher heritability could serve as more effective selection criteria, enabling breeders to achieve greater genetic improvement in racing performance through indirect selection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study estimated heritability and genetic correlations for racing speed and morphometric measurements in Egyptian Arabian horses. The goal was to determine whether body measurements could provide more effective indirect selection for racing performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Animals and morphometric measurements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was granted by The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Vet-CU-IACUC, approval number [Vet CU110520251085]. Written informed consent was obtained from all farm owners prior to their participation in the study and before any data were collected from their premises.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFifty-two Egyptian Arabian horses were used in this study. All horses were registered at El Zahraa Stud, the primary registry for Arabian horses in Egypt and a member of the World Arabian Horse Organization \u003cstrong\u003e(WAHO)\u003c/strong\u003e. Twenty-four body measurements were collected from each horse at private breeding farms Access to the private breeding farms was granted through formal permissions, and all measurements were performed with the presence and assistance of the farm staff.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurements were taken from the left side of each horse while standing squarely on level, firm ground, restrained with a halter and lead rope. All measurements were recorded in centimeters using a tape measure calibrated by the National Institute of Standards (NIS). The morphometric traits measured are described in Table 1 (Brooks et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Description of the measurements of racing Egyptian Arabian horse\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(Brooks et al., 2010)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscerption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength of head\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured straight from the poll to the point between the top corners of the nostrils.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength of upper neck\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the poll to the withers when poll and withers are at the same level.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength of middle neck\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the midpoint of the cranial border of the neck to the midpoint of the shoulder blade.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength of lower neck\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the base of the neck (at the throat latch level) to the point of the shoulder.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeight g\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the highest point of the withers to the ground. Keep the tape taut and straight.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure the circumference around the chest just behind the forelimbs, where the girth of the saddle fits.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from shoulder point (humeral bones project forward out of the chest) to buttocks point with a sloping line.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop line\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure the back from the withers to the point of the croup. The tape will not touch the back except at the two ends.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBack\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the highest point of withers to the head of the last rib.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Loin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the head of the last rib to an imaginary line between 2 external angles of the ileum.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Croup\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the croup point to the dock of the tail.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of shoulder\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the top of the withers to the point of the shoulder (tuber humeri).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of hip (hip - Buttocks)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure the horizontal distance from the point of the hip (tuber coxae) to the point of the buttocks (tuber ischi).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of hip (hip - Stifle)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the point of the hip (tuber coxae) down to the center of the stifle joint.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"15\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of hip (Stifle - Buttocks)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the center of the stifle joint up to the point of the buttocks (tuber ischi).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"16\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Croup points to ground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured from the ground straight up to the highest point of the rump.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"17\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of forearm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured from the point of the elbow to the back of the kneecap.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"18\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of front cannon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured from the back of the kneecap to the ergot.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"19\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Length of pastern\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured from the bottom of the fetlock joint to the top of the coronet.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"20\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Circumference of cannon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasured around the cannon bone halfway between the knee and the ergot.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"21\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Hoof circumference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure the total distance around the widest part of the hoof wall at the ground level.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Toe length\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the coronary band at the front of the hoof down to the tip of the toe at the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"23\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Heel length\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure from the coronary band at the back of the heel to the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.3434%;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSole length\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65.6566%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure the distance from the tip of the toe to the back of the bulbs of the heel on the underside of the hoof.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRacing Performance Parameters:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the competitive success of the study population, four key performance metrics were extracted from official racing records for the duration of the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.1. Total Career Starts\u003c/strong\u003e: The total number of official races entered by each horse during the defined study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.2. Race Wins\u003c/strong\u003e: The cumulative number of first-place finishes achieved by the individual.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.3. Cup Wins\u003c/strong\u003e: The number of victories specifically secured in major stakes or championship-level races, used as a proxy for elite-level performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.4. Winning Ratio (%)\u003c/strong\u003e: A standardized efficiency metric calculated to account for varying numbers of starts among subjects. This was defined by the following formula:\u0026nbsp;(calculated as: [number of wins \u0026divide; number of races] \u0026times; 100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. Statistical model (Mixed Linear Model \u0026ndash; BLUP/REML)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Team, 2025)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e :\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe genetic evaluation of racing horses in this study was conducted using a mixed linear model under the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) framework with variance components estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML). The general statistical model applied for each trait was:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(y = X\u0026beta; + Zu + e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;y is the vector of phenotypic observations (speed, distance of race, number of races, number of wins, or finishing time),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026beta; is the vector of fixed effects,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; u is the vector of random additive genetic effects (horse/genotype),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; e is the vector of residual errors,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; X and Z are incidence matrices relating observations to fixed and random effects, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFixed effects included gender, colour, and height, while horse (genotype) was fitted as a random effect to account for additive genetic variation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Distributional assumptions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe random effects and residuals were assumed to follow normal distributions as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eu ~ N (0, I\u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ee ~ N (0, I\u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;g is the additive genetic variance, \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;e is the residual (environmental) variance, and I is an identity matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5. Mathematical (genetic) models:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenotypic variance: \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;p = \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;g + \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeritability: h\u0026sup2; = \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;g / \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;p\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepeatability: R = \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;g / (\u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;g + \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstimated Breeding Value (EBV): EBVᵢ = \u0026ucirc;ᵢ\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic and phenotypic correlation models\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic correlation: rG = CovG (X, Y) / \u0026radic; (\u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;gX \u0026times; \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;gY)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenotypic correlation: rP = CovP (X, Y) / \u0026radic; (\u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;pX \u0026times; \u0026sigma;\u0026sup2;pY)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6. Selection index model:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI = b₁EBVspeed + b₂EBVwins + b₃EBVdistance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis modeling framework is widely accepted for genetic evaluation of racing horses and provides unbiased estimation of genetic merit under limited and unbalanced datasets.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of some variables recorded (weight of jockey, finishing Time (s), distance of race (m), speed, No. of races, No. of race winners and winning ratio).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of jockey\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinishing time (s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed (m/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of races\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of race winners\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinning ratio %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.982\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.82\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1335.71\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.063\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.755\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58413\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVariance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6825.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinimum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaximum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.97177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSkewness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKurtosis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of biometric measurement: Head, neck, and body indices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead, neck, and body indices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of head\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of neck upper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of neck middle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of neck lower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGirth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of biometric measurement: Topline and hindquarter biometrics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopline and hindquarter biometrics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTop line\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCroup\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of shoulder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hip (hip - buttocks)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hip (hip - stiffle)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hip (stiffle - buttocks)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCroup point \u0026ndash; ground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of biometric measurement: Fore limb and hoof.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFore limb and hoof biometric measurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of forearm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of front canon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of pastern\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCircumference of canon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHoof circumference\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToe length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeel length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSole length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation coefficients among head, neck, and body biometric traits in racing Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead, neck and body biometric traits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of head\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of neck upper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of neck middle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of neck lower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of head\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of neck upper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of neck middle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of neck lower\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGirth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e** Correlation is significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.*Correlation is significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation coefficients among topline and hindquarter biometric traits in racing Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopline and hindquarter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebiometric traits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop line\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of shoulder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of hip (hip -buttocks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of hip (hip - stiffle)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of hip (stiffle - buttocks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroup point - ground\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTop line\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.93\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBack\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.93\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.84\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCroup\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.84\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of shoulder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hip (hip - buttocks)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hip (hip - stiffle)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of hip (stiffle - buttocks)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCroup point \u0026ndash; ground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e** Correlation is significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.*Correlation is significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation coefficients among forelimb and hoof biometric traits in racing Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForelimb and hoof\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebiometric traits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of forearm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of front canon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of pastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCircumference of cannon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHoof circumference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToe length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeel length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSole length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of forearm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of front canon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of pastern\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCircumference of cannon\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHoof circumference\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.72\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToe length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeel length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.72\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSole length\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e** Correlation is significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.*Correlation is significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM) of racing variables for different genotype (1\u0026ndash;11).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of jockey (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinishing time (s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed (m/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of races\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of race wins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWinning ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1- Youdom El-ezz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2- Imbabi Bandr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3- Farida Bandr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4- Makbol Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5- Dyman Amer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6- Mared Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7- Rawi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8- Ibn El-balad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9- Kanan Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10- Zaher El-badw\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11- Raghed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.50 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.10 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ea, b,c Values within column with unlike superscripts differ significantly (p˂0.05), according to (MANOVA). Values are expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Variance components and heritability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic, environmental and phenotypic variance parameters in racing Arabian horse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenotypic variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenotypic coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDistance of race (m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4625.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4848.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of races\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of wins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinishing Time (s)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eGenetic, environmental, and phenotypic coefficients were calculated as the square root of the corresponding variance divided by the trait mean.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Genetic parameters interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeritability estimates for racing performance traits in racing Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeritability (h\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeritability %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery low\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDistance of race (m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery low\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of races\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of wins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinishing Time (s)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated Breeding Values (EBVs) for racing Arabian horse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorse ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEBV Speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaghed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImbabi Bandr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRawi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDyman Amer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMakbol Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoudom El ezz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarida Bandr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIbn El-balad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZaher El-badw\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMared Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKanan Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Selection index results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eselection index combining EBVs for speed, wins, and distance in racing Arabian horse .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImbabi Bandr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMared Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaghed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoudom El-ezz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarida Bandr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRawi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIbn El-balad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZaher El-badw\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMakbol Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDyman Amer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKanan Ekhnaton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe selection index was calculated by combining standardized EBVs for speed, wins, and distance.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenotypic (rP) and genetic (rG) correlations among racing performance traits in racing Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic correlation (rG)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance of race\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of races\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of race winners\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinishing Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenotypic correlation (rP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDistance of race\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo. of Races\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo. of race winners\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinishing Time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eValues above the diagonal represent genetic correlations (rG), whereas values below the diagonal represent phenotypic correlations (rP) of speed, distance of race (meter), No. of races, No. of race winners and Finishing time.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eJockey weight and race participation showed minimal variation, indicating uniform racing conditions, while performance traits including speed, finishing time, and winning ratio demonstrated considerable individual variation among horses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Racing speed averaged 14.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76 m/s, demonstrating moderate phenotypic variation in this performance trait. Race distance averaged 1331.82 m with low variability, suggesting that horses competed under relatively standardized conditions. This uniformity in race distance is advantageous for genetic evaluation, as it minimizes confounding effects that arise when horses compete over varying distances \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eWilliamson \u0026amp; Beilharz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn average, horses participated in 4.18 races and achieved 3.27 wins, representing moderate competitive activity within the study population. The number of race starts is an important factor affecting performance reliability, as horses with limited racing experience may not fully express their genetic potential \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTakahashi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The relatively high winning ratio of approximately 63% observed in this study indicates that the study population comprises competitively successful horses, which is beneficial for identifying superior genetic merit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinishing time showed higher coefficient of variation compared to other racing performance traits. This greater variability is consistent with findings in Thoroughbreds and other racing breeds, where finishing time reflects the combined influence of speed capacity, stamina, jockey skill, and race tactics \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOki, Sasaki, \u0026amp; Willham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Thiruvenkadan, Kandasamy, \u0026amp; Panneerselvam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.The observed variability in racing speed aligns with previous research demonstrating that equine performance traits are influenced by complex interactions among genetic potential, training protocols, nutritional management, and environmental conditions \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBartolom\u0026eacute;, Milho, \u0026amp; Prazeres, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ricard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics for head, neck, and body measurements are presented in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Body height exhibited lower variation than neck measurements, indicating uniform conformation within the study population. This finding is consistent with previous studies in Arabian and other horse breeds, where height at withers is more stable than neck dimensions \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBrooks et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Druml, Dobretsberger, \u0026amp; Brem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Komosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody height shows less variation because it has higher heritability and is less affected by environmental factors than soft tissue traits such as neck circumference. Neck measurements are more responsive to training, muscle development, and nutritional status, resulting in greater individual variation \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCervantes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Saastamoinen \u0026amp; Barrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.This pattern has been consistently observed across multiple horse breeds \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eG\u0026oacute;mez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; McManus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphometric consistency in this Egyptian Arabian population reflects selective breeding for uniform conformation and standardized management practices, similar to patterns reported in other purebred Arabian populations \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ede Oliveira Bussiman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Zechner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopline and hindquarter measurements \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e showed moderate variation, reflecting differences in body balance and hindquarter development. Hindquarter conformation is critical for racing performance as these structures generate propulsive force during galloping and influence stride characteristics and acceleration \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eClayton \u0026amp; Harris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Holmstr\u0026ouml;m, Magnusson, \u0026amp; Philipsson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In Arabian horses, hindquarter traits have been associated with competitive success \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ede Siqueira \u0026amp; Cordeiro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Mawdsley, Kelly, Smith, \u0026amp; Brophy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopline length reflects body balance and locomotive efficiency \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCabral et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Kristjansson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).These measurements show moderate heritability, indicating potential for genetic improvement \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMolina, Valera, Dos Santos, \u0026amp; Rodero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003eThe variation observed provides opportunity for selecting horses with superior conformation for racing performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForelimb and hoof measurements \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e showed low variability, indicating consistent structural soundness. Proper limb alignment and hoof structure are critical for weight distribution, shock absorption, and injury prevention in racing horses \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBardin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lipreri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Conformation deviations increase lameness risk and reduce racing longevity \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eHolmstr\u0026ouml;m et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Wallin, Strandberg, \u0026amp; Philipsson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In Arabian horses, uniform hoof conformation has been linked to reduced lameness and improved endurance \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eHolmstr\u0026ouml;m et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırım \u0026amp; Erden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent limb conformation has been documented by \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTuttle, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The uniform limb structure reflects intentional breeding for correct conformation. These traits are highly heritable \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKoenen, Van Veldhuizen, \u0026amp; Brascamp, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Saastamoinen \u0026amp; Barrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, allowing breeders to maintain sound conformation while improving racing ability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelations among head, neck, and body measurements \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e were mostly weak to moderate, except for upper neck length and girth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), which showed strong correlation reflecting coordinated forequarter development. This pattern is consistent with Arabian horses, where body traits show moderate correlations due to genetic and environmental influences \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCabral et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; McManus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Sadek, Al-Aboud, \u0026amp; Ashmawy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weak correlations among most traits indicate independent genetic control, allowing selective breeding for specific conformational traits without affecting others \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMolina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Zechner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This flexibility supports optimizing racing conformation while maintaining breed characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopline and hindquarter measurements \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e showed strong correlations: topline with back length (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and croup length with croup height (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), indicating coordinated skeletal development important for stability and propulsive force \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAnderson \u0026amp; McIlwraith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Proportional hindquarter development has been linked to superior racing performance in Arabian horses \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCrook et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Ropka-Molik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese strong correlations suggest common genetic regulation, where selection for one trait would produce correlated changes in related traits \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCervantes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Zechner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The low variability reflects selective breeding for uniform conformation, consistent with other Arabian populations \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSaastamoinen \u0026amp; Barrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Sadek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForelimb and hoof measurements \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e showed significant correlations (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72\u0026ndash;0.73, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), indicating coordinated development essential for weight-bearing and locomotion \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSaastamoinen \u0026amp; Barrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The observed uniformity reflects both genetic selection and standardized management practices including nutrition, housing and hoof care \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSaastamoinen \u0026amp; Barrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Thompson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Consistent rearing conditions across breeding farms minimize environmental variation \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eStock, Hamann, \u0026amp; Distl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Proper limb proportionality and balanced hoof conformation are associated with biomechanical efficiency and soundness \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAnderson \u0026amp; McIlwraith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Cervantes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cb\u003e.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRacing performance varied among genotypes \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, with some showing superior results, suggesting genetic influence on racing ability \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBailey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cb\u003eRicard and Touvais, 2007)\u003c/b\u003e. However, environmental factors such as training and management also contribute to performance variation \u003cb\u003e(Barrey et al., 1999; Hill et al., 2019)\u003c/b\u003e. This variation among genotypes supports genetic evaluation and selection indices to identify superior horses for breeding \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cb\u003eKoenen et al., 2004;\u003c/b\u003e Goddard and Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental variance dominated over genetic variance \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, with training and nutrition being primary performance drivers \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eRicard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cb\u003eMcGowan, 2008; Lawrence et al., 2012)\u003c/b\u003e. Low genetic variance requires genomic selection and multi-trait approaches \u003cb\u003e(Meuwissen et al., 2001;\u003c/b\u003e Goddard and Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Combined genetic and management strategies are most effective \u003cb\u003e(Wilson et al., 2010; Legg et al., 2022)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeritability estimates for racing performance were low (0.04 to 0.08) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, consistent with other horse studies (0.05\u0026ndash;0.20), confirming substantial environmental influence from training protocols, nutrition, jockey skill, track conditions, and management practices \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLanglois, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Mactaggart \u0026amp; Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ricard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ropka-Molik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These low values indicate that direct selection for speed alone would produce slow genetic progress \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFalconer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Genetic improvement requires indirect selection through correlated traits with higher heritability, such as morphometric measurements, and multi-trait approaches \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMolina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Immediate gains come from optimized management rather than genetic selection \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBailey, Petersen, \u0026amp; Kalbfleisch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEBVs for speed ranged narrowly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.115 to +\u0026thinsp;0.115, with Raghed highest and Kanan Ekhnaton lowest \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. This narrow range reflects limited genetic differentiation, consistent with low heritability \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFalconer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Ytournel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Low heritability causes EBVs to compress toward the mean, making differentiation difficult \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSlater, Wilson, Cogan, Forster, \u0026amp; Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Van Vleck, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Similar patterns have been reported in other racing populations \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGaffney \u0026amp; Cunningham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Ricard, Bruns, \u0026amp; Cunningham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the limited range, EBVs remain useful for ranking animals and making breeding decisions when combined with performance and pedigree information \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eHenderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Koenen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). The narrow range suggests slow genetic progress through traditional selection, supporting alternative approaches such as genomic selection or indirect selection through correlated traits with higher heritability \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGoddard \u0026amp; Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Saastamoinen \u0026amp; Barrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multi-trait index combining speed, wins, and race distance effectively ranked horses despite limited genetic variation \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, with Imbabi Bandr showed the highest index value (0.612), indicating superior overall genetic merit \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFaria, Vicente, \u0026amp; Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Multi-trait indices provide greater accuracy than single-trait selection by combining correlated traits and reducing environmental noise \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFalconer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Henderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Studies show multi-trait approaches improve selection accuracy and genetic gain in racing populations \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBakhtiari \u0026amp; Heshmat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Koenen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), supporting their adoption in Egyptian Arabian breeding programs \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGoddard \u0026amp; Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed correlated negatively with finishing time (rP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.80; rG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.71), while races correlated positively with wins (rP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90; rG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83), reflecting stable biological relationships \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. These patterns are consistent with other racing populations \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGaffney \u0026amp; Cunningham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Ricard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).The alignment between genetic and phenotypic correlations benefits breeding programs \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMrode, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, supporting multi-trait selection strategies for improving racing performance \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGoddard \u0026amp; Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Koenen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study estimated genetic parameters for racing performance and morphometric traits in Egyptian Arabian horses. Racing speed showed low heritability, indicating that environmental factors such as training, nutrition, and management have greater influence than genetics. This low heritability limits the effectiveness of direct selection for speed improvement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong correlations were found between speed and finishing time and between number of races and wins. Morphometric traits also showed strong correlations within body regions, including upper neck length with girth, topline with back length, croup length with croup height, and forearm length with cannon circumference, reflecting coordinated skeletal development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreeding values for speed showed limited genetic variation among horses. However, a multi-trait selection index combining speed, wins, and race distance successfully identified horses with superior overall genetic merit, demonstrating that combining multiple traits improves selection accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough direct selection for racing speed is challenging due to low heritability, morphometric traits may serve as useful alternative selection criteria. Future research should determine the heritability of body measurements and their genetic relationships with performance. Incorporating morphometric data into multi-trait genetic evaluations may enhance breeding programs for racing performance while maintaining structural soundness in Egyptian Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the Egyptian Horse Racing Authority (EHRA) for providing access to purebred Arabian horse racing records and supporting this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHORS\u0026rsquo; DECLARATIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study utilized retrospective racing records and involved no animal experimentation. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional and national guidelines. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Cairo University (Vet-CU-IACUC), approval number Vet-CU-110520251085. Written informed consent was obtained from all farm owners prior to data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read the final manuscript and provided their consent for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll datasets generated and analyzed during this study are included within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific funding from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAly M. Abouserie\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdel Abdel-Khalek\u003c/strong\u003e: Data collection, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaglaa. M. Hagag\u003c/strong\u003e: Data collection, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMohammed Y. Matoock\u003c/strong\u003e: Data collection, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeba S. El-lethey\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Resources, Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson, T. M., \u0026amp; McIlwraith, C. W. (2004). Longitudinal development of equine conformation from weanling to age 3 years in the Thoroughbred. \u003cem\u003eEquine Veterinary Journal, 36\u003c/em\u003e(7), 563-570.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBailey, E., Petersen, J. L., \u0026amp; Kalbfleisch, T. S. (2022). Genetics of Thoroughbred racehorse performance. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Animal Biosciences, 10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 131-150.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBakhtiari, J., \u0026amp; Heshmat, G. (2009). Estimation of genetic parameters of conformation traits in Iranian Thoroughbred horses. \u003cem\u003eLivestock Science, 123\u003c/em\u003e(2-3), 116-120.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBardin, A. (2020). 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Morphological description of the Lipizzan horse population. \u003cem\u003eLivestock Production Science, 69\u003c/em\u003e(2), 163-177.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Arabian horse, Racing performance, Morphometric traits, Genetic parameters, Heritability, Selection index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9461584/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9461584/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the relationship between morphometric body measurements and racing speed in Egyptian Arabian horses and assessed whether incorporating morphometric traits into genetic evaluations could improve selection accuracy. Racing records from 2025 to 2026 were obtained from the Egyptian Horse Racing Authority (EHRA) for purebred Egyptian Arabian horses competing in sanctioned races. Performance data included number of races, wins, winning ratio, race distance, finishing time, and speed. Morphometric measurements included head, neck, and body indices; topline and hindquarter dimensions; and limb and hoof characteristics. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models under BLUP/REML methodology, with descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and (MANOVA). Speed showed low heritability (h\u0026sup2; = 0.04), indicating strong environmental influence on this trait. Speed exhibited strong negative phenotypic and genetic correlations with finishing time (rP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.80; rG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.71), while number of races was highly correlated with number of wins (rP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90; rG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83). Morphometric traits showed significant correlations reflecting coordinated body conformation: upper neck length with girth (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), topline with back length (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), croup length with croup height (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and forearm length with cannon circumference (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings suggest that morphometric traits have predictive value for racing performance and could enhance breeding programs when incorporated into selection indices for Arabian horses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Genetic Parameters and Breeding Values for Racing Performance in Egyptian Arabian Horses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-09 14:34:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9461584/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-16T09:17:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"305720230805624707527042508753837147679","date":"2026-05-04T07:10:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236236195035927992237677026799190291589","date":"2026-05-01T11:04:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104815458269958569804444594603828982790","date":"2026-04-30T17:03:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:50:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:41:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:20:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T13:20:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2026-04-29T12:02:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ea8fc198-6c30-444f-ba3d-a2fe318908bd","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-16T09:17:24+00:00","index":33,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"305720230805624707527042508753837147679","date":"2026-05-04T07:10:31+00:00","index":31,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236236195035927992237677026799190291589","date":"2026-05-01T11:04:27+00:00","index":30,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104815458269958569804444594603828982790","date":"2026-04-30T17:03:06+00:00","index":29,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"8","date":"2026-04-30T13:50:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:41:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T13:20:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T13:20:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2026-04-29T12:02:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-09T14:34:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-09 14:34:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9461584","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9461584","identity":"rs-9461584","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}