An Observational Study of Renewable Energy Supply Chain and Sustainability Challenges

An Observational Study of Renewable Energy Supply Chain and Sustainability Challenges | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Observational Study of Renewable Energy Supply Chain and Sustainability Challenges Muhamad Jameel Labaran, Tariq Masood This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5282828/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the sustainability and supply chain challenges in the African renewable energy sector, offering solutions rooted in green supply chain management principles and Industry 4.0 technologies. Employing an interpretive research strategy, the study gathers insights from mini-grid companies, regulatory authorities, and a global financial institution that fund renewable energy projects across Africa. The findings reveal various SC issues related to importation, economic policies, regulations, logistics, skill gaps, and corruption. Sustainability related challenges such as lack of environmental awareness and poor end-of-life management practices were also obtained. Proposed solutions include GSCM practices like recycling, responsible sourcing, and carbon footprint assessment, and leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies such as Internet of things, blockchain, and big data analytics for smart metering and energy management. The study highlights practical implications, advocating for robust approaches to resolving supply chain and sustainability issues, policy enactment favourable to the renewable energy sector, and synergy among government departments and law enforcement agencies. Industry 4.0 Green Supply Chain Management Renewable energy Sustainability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1.0 Introduction Despite the importance of renewable energy (RE) technologies in the transition towards carbon neutrality, it is argued that ramping up the deployment of RE technologies is problematic [33] [27] [20] . As suggested by Ali , et al. [5] and Watari , et al. [47], huge amounts of metal feedstock among other minerals will eventually be needed to build green energy infrastructure and the imminent challenge is on how to get the unprecedented quantities of raw materials needed to close this infrastructure gap to decarbonize the global energy systems in a sustainable way. This therefore poses a noticeable challenge in the RES. Numerous scholars [5] [16] [17] [45] [15] have highlighted a number of issues within RES that are related to sustainability and supply chain management (SCM). These issues cut across the entire RES SCs from upstream to downstream segments. For instance, Rachidi , et al. [40] highlighted labour issues (Child labour) in upstream mining activities arguing that cobalt mining rely greatly on child labour. Furthermore, in the downstream segment of RE SC, Winkler , et al. [48] highlighted that by 2030, it is estimated that about 1800 off-shore wind turbines (OWTs) will reach their end of life, and that means decommissioning around 225 OWTs from 2020 to 2023 and 1310 OWTs between 2029 to 2030 where the cost of decommissioning amounts to between 1 to 2 million euros which is staggering 60-70% of initial cost of installation. Moreover, to proffer solutions to the RES issues identified by researchers, scholars have researched on ways to curb these challenges. For instance, Almutairi , et al. [6] suggested that Industry 4.0 technologies could tackle a lot of these challenges adding that blockchain technology is beneficial to the RES by providing real-time facilitation of transparency that brings about trust among partners, seamless payment processes, lead time reduction, improvement in demand forecasts, enhancing sustainable practices in business. Industry 4.0 technologies comprise of intelligent, innovative and disruptive technologies [8] [39] [43] [29] like the blockchain, IoT, cloud computing and BDA among others which collectively enhance seamless connectivity, automation and communication [7]. BDA for instance, was found to help firms make informed decisions on green operations across their SCs [44] [30]. While some researchers [13] [24] [12] suggested digital technologies to tackle these issues, others proposed GSCM principles like recycling and green product design or eco-design [22] [1]. Also, resource loops in the RES could be closed through the enhancement of effective disassembly, material recovery and recycling at the end-of-life stage of RE infrastructure [35] [50]. GSCM is a management paradigm which embeds “green” philosophy in procurement, logistics, distribution and manufacturing [9] [23] [51] through which competitive advantage is arguably achieved through its implementation [37]. GSCM buttresses the incorporation of environmental aspects into various facets of SCM [3]. This study aims to fill the existing theoretical gaps by examining SC and sustainability issues within the RES based on interpretive research strategy involving professionals in the African RES. In the same way, the study examines GSCM and Industry 4.0 solutions proffered by researchers and industry players to tackle these issues. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a background to this study, section 3 covers the methodology used, section 4 covers the presentation of results and findings, section 5 covers Discussion and section 6 covers conclusions. 2.0 Background By the end of 2050, the International Renewable Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme have projected that the global Photovoltaic (PV) modules waste will reach to about 78 million metric tonnes, with the annual quantities equalling the total quantity of new installations [18]. The RES has a network of complex SCs that involve thousands of suppliers, traceability of minerals therefore poses a great challenge and a complex exercise that limits firms from identifying where unsustainable mining practices are involved [16] [38]. According to Deberdt and Billon [16], analysis of 1300 companies found that 80% of them couldn’t determine countries of origin of their minerals, only one percent regard their minerals as conflict free. There are numerous challenges in the RES that are related to SCM and sustainability. 2.1 SCM issues in the RES According to Mastrocinque , et al. [34], some of the RE businesses like PV business are both technology and capital intensive posing high entry barrier where operations and construction are often not feasible without appropriate industrial policies by governments. Xiong , et al. [49] believes that RES is heavily impacted by these government regulations and policies which could lead to artificially bloated demands and bottlenecks. A study by Mason-Jones, Davies and Thomas [33] found that manufacturing and engineering companies in the United Kingdom are hesitant to enter the RE market at the rate required, therefore, RE SCs are lacking in the ability to respond to surging demand due to a lack of willingness by businesses to move into the RES because of (among other reasons) the barrier to entrance as opined by Mastrocinque, Ramírez, Honrubia-Escribano and Pham [34]. In the solar RES, the component of solar panels that makes up the majority of PV modules’ mass is the PV glass which has a problematic SC due to its characterisation as a high-quality material that is highly sensitive to impurities during manufacturing [36]. Furthermore, in the RE SCs, there are unique issues with regards to raw materials procurement such that SCs are reliant upon globally sourced raw materials from specific concentrated geographical locations, many of which are prone to disruptions and shortages [49] [31]. Some scholars have reported insufficiency of information exchange among actors of the solar industry value chain [11], while Keivanpour , et al. [28] have found the wind turbine subsector of the RES to be capital intensive with limited number of turbine manufacturers and value chain activities often requiring complex installations. 2.2 Sustainability issues in the RES In the upstream segment of the RES, there are sustainability issues with mining (of conflict minerals: Tantalum, Tin, Tungsten & Gold) whose current conditions are linked to human rights violation [40] and violent conflicts financing [22]. Also, the mining of raw materials needed for Lithium-ion battery manufacturing bring about significant environmental impacts like depletion of local water sources in lithium mining locations [31] and there are concerns about raw materials depletion especially cobalt, lithium and graphite [42] [41]. Also, in the construction of wind turbines, large amounts of cement are required, and large quantities of water and sand are needed in cement production. This represents major greenhouse gas emission [31]. Additionally, there are technical challenges regarding recycling of minerals including low collection rates often due to lack of incentives, lack of infrastructure and inconvenience of systems of collection. In 2018, only about 29% of consumed cobalt was recycled and only 22% (11,000 tonnes) of tin’s consumption was recycled from scrap [22]. Furthermore, with regards to components of wind turbines, electrical and electronic materials are recycled at 50% rate, whereas, materials like fibreglass, polyvinyl chloride, lubricants, paints and adhesives commonly find their ways to the landfills [35]. It is pertinent to say that failure to adopt circular economy principles through the consideration of entire life cycle of RE components will result in a darker future for RES [18]. 2.3 GSCM solutions to SCM and sustainability issues To tackle sustainability issues within the RES resource and raw material security, there is need for enhancement of RE component durability and lifetime extension, for example, in the wind energy subsector, better coating of blades and/or producing lighter materials to reduce structural loads could help in reducing material needs for cement [46]. Maquera , et al. [32] propose GSCM practices to tackle some of the RES sustainability and SCM issues by leveraging design for durability to prolong technologies and infrastructure lifetimes, reuse, refurbishment, retrofitting, remanufacturing and repurposing. They added that, resource loops could also be closed through the enhancement of effective disassembly, material recovery and recycling at the end-of-life stage of RE infrastructure. Diversification of RE SCs to include recycling in upstream activities like mining alongside midstream processing is very necessary [5] [19]. In the PV supply chains, to reduce short- and long-term supply risks, prolongation of PV lifetime from 25 to 30 years could result in 6.7-24% cumulative metal conservation [41]. Duran, Atasu and Van Wassenhove [18] suggested that there is need for a regulatory action with regards to the recycling of projected quantities of PV waste and huge investments in logistics infrastructure and innovation are also needed in the handling and recycling of retired panels. This is particularly important because closed-loop recycling diverts waste from landfills and could reduce virgin materials demand significantly [36]. 2.4 Industry 4.0 solutions to SCM and sustainability issues In RES energy markets, blockchain provides decentralised trading platforms while Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps with the optimal operational control of power systems and the prediction of system uncertainties in smart grids [21]. To tackle upstream irregularities in the RES, Rufino, Sanseverino, Gallo, Koch, Schweiger and Zanin [42] asserted that through blockchain, lithium-ion batteries’ raw materials tracking helps in preventing their respective ores from being harnessed through unsustainable means. In other words, blockchain makes it possible to create immutable contracts that explicitly enumerate business rules to ensure transparency and security throughout the SC. Also, the juxtaposition of blockchain and geolocation technologies potentially brings about significant enhancements to global minerals SCs in terms of transparency and sustainability. Blockchain technology can be used in the RES in various ways that include smart metering/billing, decentralized energy trading, cryptocurrency powered energy tokens, carbon trading and green certificates, smart grid management, among others [25]. Also, to achieve recyclability of RES components, emerging (Industry 4.0) technologies could be utilized in designing for circularity prior to commercialisation [36]. With the help of Industry 4.0, blockchain enhances data sharing, for example, environmental data like greenhouse gas emission statistics to be more transparent to stakeholders across the value chain [4]. BDA is useful in terms of tackling challenges within the RES like demand-side management, power generation management and smart-grid optimization. BDA tools enhance effective optimisation, traceability, forecasting, classification and clustering [26]. This study therefore aims to investigate the following overarching research question: How can GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies be leveraged to address both sustainability and SCM challenges within the RES? To answer the above research questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants being high-ranking officials from different organisations within the African RES. These informants/respondents were from mini-grid development companies, regulatory authorities, solar home installation companies and an international development organisation (global bank). Through these interviews, experts provided insights into a number of sustainability and SCM issues they face in their organisations and discussions around measures and solutions to these issues were raised. The findings of this study provide a novel perspective on sustainability and SCM issues within RES with a plethora of innovative solutions proffered. The findings of the study also help managers and policymakers within RES on divergent innovative ways to tackling their business challenges. To explore more about various sustainability and SCM challenges within the RES and to examine how can GSCM principles as well as industry 4.0 technologies could be leveraged in terms of addressing those challenges, primary/empirical data was collected. The next section contains in-depth discussion around the method of data collection adopted in this study. 3.0 Methodology: Interpretive research (thematic analysis) This research aimed to examine the RES in Nigeria primarily to uncover sustainability and SCM challenges within the sector. Additionally, the other objective of this study is to examine GSCM and Industry 4.0 solutions that are in practice or proffered by professionals. Interpretive research strategy proposed by Darby , et al. [14] was used for data analysis. To sufficiently understand observable relationships between variables, interpretive strategy is adopted to expand understanding of relationships beyond surface level understanding [2]. Through the interpretive research strategy, we aim to construct meaning and raise comprehension. According to Darby, Fugate and Murray [14], to investigate unique events in unique settings and to generate in-depth descriptions connected to their contexts, the interpretive research strategy excels. Figure 1 is the hermeneutic cycle depicting the process of qualitative content analysis based on interpretive research strategy. The cycle starts with the orienting frame of reference which demonstrates relevance of the context in question [14]. Through this approach, a more in-depth understanding of sustainability and SCM challenges within RES is provided alongside solutions based on GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies. This study found the key elements in the orienting frame of reference in this research to be: sustainability related issues in the RES, SCM related issues in the RES and the role of Industry 4.0 and GSCM Practices towards tackling the issues identified. 3.1 Sample selection According to Darby, Fugate and Murray [14], the ideal number of informants (respondents) selected in the interpretive research approach falls between three and twenty informants, and this is due to the fact that interpretive research method emphasizes the acquisition of a holistic understanding of the environment. Also, context selection in this approach is driven by understanding instead of generalisation [2]. Therefore, the context selected for this study is sustainability and SCM issues within RES alongside solutions proffered to tackle these issues. Since this research approach is grounded upon a judgement sample technique, eight organisations operating within the RES in Nigeria from mini-grid development companies, RES regulatory authorities, solar home systems installation companies and a global banking organisation were selected. These firms were selected after deliberations with a professional with more than a decade long experience in the Nigerian RES so that a true representation of firms operating within the Nigerian RES is achieved. The Informants belonging to senior cadre in their respective organisations with background in SCM, strategic and operations management were notified that utmost anonymity would be maintained of their identities and those of their organisations. Table 1 shows number of interviewees, their roles, the type of organisations they are part of and the size of each respective organisation. Table 1: Research participants information Organisation Category Role Size (People) 1 Mini-grid Founder/CEO 10-50 2 Mini-grid Founder/CEO 10-50 3 Solar Home systems provider Senior Manager 100-200 4 Solar home systems provider Senior Manager 100-200 5 Global bank Project/Operations Manager 5000-10000 6 Regulatory authority 1 Director 400-500 7 Regulatory agency Manager 1300-1500 8 Regulatory authority 2 Managing Director 300-400 3.2 Data collection To collect primary data based on the interpretive research method, the eight informants participated in semi-structured interviews with discussions focused around the research questions. Questions weren’t strictly structured, rather, a conversational two-way exchange of information to understand the challenges faced within their SCs with regards to sustainability and SCM [10]. To explore how informants connect between their cognitive processes, experiences and lives, questions were made concise and open-ended so that these connections are established [2]. Interview audios were carefully transcribed and secondary data (industry reports and articles) was gathered to strengthen the primary data. 3.3 Data analysis Transcripts of the interviews were thoroughly examined specifically to extract major themes that centre around sustainability and SCM issues in RES and their corresponding solutions found to be in practice or proffered by informants. This intra-textual exercise involved several reading and re-reading of transcripts to adequately understand the context. Each transcript was thoroughly examined and summaries of key themes were made to visualise key findings and trends. Intertextual cross-examination was carried out for entire transcripts for the identification of recurring themes. Coding of data was performed manually to determine the emergence of themes and patterns after which the codes were imported into Atlas.ti software for qualitative data analysis so that a relationship could be established between themes and codes. Appendix 1 contains codes for sustainability and SCM issues within RES and solutions based on Industry 4.0 and GSCM among others. Files were uploaded onto Atlas.ti software and these were arranged in project folders and memos to keep the data structured to prepare for a seamless conduct of the next step. The data was carefully and thoroughly reviewed for a further understanding of context and content. Themes, patterns and concepts were identified and were manually annotated or highlighted in-text. On Atlas.ti , nodes were created corresponding to the manually generated codes where each node represented a theme. Relevant text sections were added under each corresponding node manually on the Atlas.ti platform after which the features of the software were leveraged to determine the relationships between codes. This was followed by creating queries, networks and visualisations while the “Code Document Table” was used to visualise how often code re-occurred in different documents. Codes and code combinations were searched across the dataset using Atlas.ti ’s querry tools, the relationship between codes that appeared together frequently were identified using the “Code Co-occurrence” query. To capture reflections, thoughts and insights, memos were written on the software in the course of this analytical process after which these memos were linked to specific documents and codes to uphold a record of analytical thinking. Conclusions and insights were drawn from identified patterns and relationships which were both synthesized through the continuous interpretation of themes and concepts while reviewing the coded data. Visual representation of findings and reports were generated for effective communication of findings, then these were exported to help in improving research presentation and reports. One of the most important steps in this data analysis was “data conceptualisation” that has to do with turning data groups into abstract concepts. This iterative process of analysing themes continued until the orientation frame of reference was properly defined. 4.0 Results of thematic analysis The section presents discussions around SCM and sustainability issue in the RES, and solutions to these issues based on GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies alongside other solutions proffered by experts and scholars. We examined the challenges and issues faced by experts in the RES as well as solutions to these issues. Results and remarks that were obtained from the analysis are focused on in the next stage. 4.1 Supply chain management issues in RES Informants have mentioned a plethora of SCM related issues in the RES and these generally fall under six categories, namely; importation, knowledge and skill gap, logistics, regulation, economy and corruption related issues. Figure 2 depicts the network perspectives of the SCM issues and their respective categories. Importation related issues The entirety of our interviewees mentioned that the Nigerian RES is faced by issues that impact their businesses negatively due to some impediments that are related to importation and border clearance. Respondent 1 said: “most of this hardware equipment, we only have assembly plants here, most of them are imported. And then you have all this hassle of importation, FX, and then down to even when it gets to our Nigerian borders, there are multitudes of bottlenecks.” Respondent 4 commented on how lead times are affected negatively due to customs and clearance delays: “…customs, the clearing and all that. So, most times we end up spending even far above the cost of the purchase of those items in trying to clear and it takes a long time there. I think there are situations where it takes between three to six months to clear goods...”. Knowledge & skills gaps related issues Knowledge & skills gap is another area in which the Nigerian RES is suffering from as alluded by respondents. Respondent 7 stated the lack of manpower capacity and expertise in terms of effective technology deployment: “There is currently no certified training scheme curriculum for building such in our institutions. I think that along the value chain, we need to have institutions that train people… most of the people that are going to deploy are not trained, they are just people that get to learn on the job”. Respondent 1 raised another organisational knowledge gap which is the issue of the lack of knowledge and capability of tracking the activities of a company’s own supply chain, “I think one of the problems is, as a global institution, we have the ability, we have tracking tools that we can actually track some of this. So, if there are any issues we can actually tell right…, as part of our responsibility working with the client is to also improve on their systems, right. I am not aware of any tracking tool that speaks to how to even quantify some of these challenges, and then how to actually even address them. I don't think Nigeria is actually at that level, unfortunately.” Respondent 6 added: “In terms of sourcing materials from local vendors, we don't really look at their own environmental standards.” Logistics related issues Some of the SCM issues include expensive in country logistics as well as infrastructure deficit that stifles smooth logistical operations. Respondent 2 touched on that saying: “…in-country logistical requirements that are there, the cost of that… Someone will tell you that the cost of transporting an equipment from Europe to Lagos is cheaper than transporting that same equipment from Lagos to Kano… Then the infrastructure requirements also moving this equipment from one place to another is also something of a concern”. Talking about damages that happen to goods on transit, Respondent 4 said: “…when they (goods) finally arrive, you will see a lot of damages, you see sometimes a lot are missing, some will be missing from the ports,” Regulation related issues Lack of effective government policies on RE development, lack of regulation/policy implementation, lack of clarity of synergy among regulatory authorities were all mentioned by respondents. Respondent 1 stressed that “…having all these things properly spelled out in our regulations is not the issue, the issue is the inability of the regulatory bodies to implement… We are not is short of all these regulatory bodies.” Respondent 2 also stated: “At times, there’s lack of clarity also in terms of… okay for this category of equipment, this has this kind of tariff, levy or… this is it! so there's a lot of mismatch… there is lack of clarity in policy implementation”. Respondent 6 spoke on the lack of enforcement of regulations related to sustainable disposal of batteries “…the gap is there because also since companies are not held accountable, or forced to do this waste management, they don't see any reason to pay anybody to dispose of this…”. Respondent 7 commented on lack of effective RE development policies: “there has not been policies that are in place that push for them to be formed normal, there was a policy of government on renewable energy but they are not effective”. Economy related issues High taxes and tariffs were among the issues raised by respondents, Respondent 8 who works for a government department stated that: “the RE has an abridged process because it is an intervention project and is considered environment friendly project. However, the timelines and cost implications sometimes affect the promoters of the projects and it can also affect the financial angle especially for investors that are not used to the process. The other charges, the tax and the rest of them in the country as well as some socio-cultural issues”. Respondent 5 talked about exchange rate volatility affecting businesses negatively in terms of their SCM: “because of the exchange rates, sometimes you cannot predict how much you're going to spend, and in that process, because of that, usually it affects the project implementation because you may have budgeted to spend, let's say, 100 million Naira (£50,000) in the mini-grid project, but due to the volatility in the exchange rates, at the end of the day before you conclude you might see that your cost is running to 120 or 130 million Naira” Corruption related issues Corruption is another issue that affects the Nigerian RES, Respondent 7 who works for a regulatory authority in the Nigerian government talked about the issue of corruption and infidelity by Environmental Impact Assessment consultants of renewable energy projects: “…they have some consultants who are accredited as consultants on ESIA who you must go to, pay them that amount, they write a report for you, sometimes they don’t even visit the place. The mini-grid projects are going on around the country, each of them is supposed to get SIA report, but you get somebody apply for mini grid project today, by tomorrow he gets an EIA report, when was the study done!” Respondent 4 who works for a mini-grid company added that there is corruption among customs and security agents on the roads stating: “but like the security agencies, they stop at every checkpoint… especially those transporting to the southern part of the country, they have lots of checkpoints on the road and most times you need to be settling… In a nutshell, corruption is a big challenge.” Energy theft is one of the issues stated by respondents, Respondent 5 said: “so one of the problems we have in the mini grid space is issues that have to do with energy thefts, energy through bypass and a lot of commercial losses”. Respondent 4, a mini grid company representative, added: “we have scenarios where you give a customer your products, and then they destroy, they open up the pack and then throw away the containers”. 4.2 Sustainability issues in RES Lack of environmental consciousness is a major sustainability related issue that the Nigerian RES suffers. Respondent 4 said: “I think there is a huge gap… I don't think we have this consciousness of the environment.”. Respondent 7 talked about the absence of plans with regards to end-of-life management of RE modules saying: “…project involving rural areas, now they are deploying solar panels in villages, but what would happen to them at their end-of-life? So, is there a program to bring them back? Whether for recycling or disposal or remanufacturing, currently there is no plan!”. Respondent 4 added another issue of unsustainable disposal of batteries by customers: “they dispose those batteries and sometimes our staff they go and say, i saw part of our product in the waste bin…”. Lack of enforcement of regulations related to sustainable disposal of batteries is the reason why businesses as well as customers dispose of batteries unsustainably, and this is alluded to by Respondent 6: “the gap is there because also since companies are not held accountable, or forced to do this waste management”. Apart from the latter, there is also an issue with regards to lack of firms that recycle and sustainably dispose of batteries in Nigeria. This was also raised by Respondent 7: “…and it’s even only one battery company that has the capability to actually dispose of lead acid batteries properly in Nigeria… lithium-ion batteries to dispose of them properly, they have to fly out to the UK and crush. So, there is a gap in terms of waste management”. Figure 3 depicts the sustainability issues in RES. To further confirm the SCM and sustainability issues obtained in this study and to ascertain how experts perceive these to be pressing, in other words, how important are individual issues to be tackled. Each respondent was provided with the highlights of categories of SCM and sustainability issues. They were asked to assess each issue on a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being least important and 10 being most important to be addressed. The scores assigned to individual categories of issues were compiled to ascertain the weightage scores of each issue by taking the average of entire scores assigned to each issue category. Assigning these scores to issues helps stakeholders and firms to prioritize their efforts and allocate resources where due at the right time. This approach is adopted from Akram et al., (2024). Table 2 depicts the issue categories and their corresponding weightage scores. Table 2: SCM and sustainability issues weightage scores. SCM issues Sustainability issues Category Weightage score Issue Weightage score Importation related issues in the sector (customs & border clearance issues, high levies & taxes, substandard goods flooded into renewable energy market) 8.4 Logistics are fossil based and there is absence of any plans to green the logistics. 6.8 Economy related issues in the sector (Foreign exchange issues, access to finance, high interest rates) 9 Lack of environmental consciousness among vendors as well as customers within the sector. 6.6 Regulatory issues in the sector (Lack of clarity on policy implementation & synergy among regulatory agencies, lack of effective policies, lack of enforcement of policies) 5.2 Unsustainable disposal of solar modules like batteries by customers. 6 Corruption related issues in the sector (Goods missing & damaged at port, corruption among customs agents, security operatives at checkpoints & EIA consultants, energy theft) 6.8 Lack of firms that recycle and sustainably dispose of batteries in Nigeria. 6.6 Logistics related issues in the sector (Expensive in-country logistics, long lead times due to border clearance & high cost of border clearance) 7.4 Lack of enforcement of regulations related to sustainable disposal of batteries. 6.2 Knowledge & skill gap related issues in the sector (Lack of knowledge & capability of tracking supply chains, lack of manpower in effective technology deployment) 6.2 There are often no plans for end-of-life management of renewable energy modules. 7.4 4.3 Solutions to SCM and sustainability issues In the course of this empirical study, we have gathered a number of solutions proffered by respondents to tackle some of these SCM and sustainability issues in the RES. These solutions were categorized as being related to GSCM and Industry 4.0, other solutions were also mentioned. Figure 4 depicts the solutions proffered based on GSCM and Industry 4.0 among other solutions. 4.4 GSCM solutions Keeping approved Vendor List of responsible suppliers is one of the GSCM solutions mentioned by Respondent 1 saying: “we have identified companies that are credible, that also through their backend supply chains, there is predictability in terms of how they source their raw materials, how they interact with people and they interact with environments and all that. So, we have a database that speaks to companies that we’ve vetted”. According to Respondent 3, carbon footprint assessment and development of pathway to mitigation that considers sustainable material sourcing is instrumental to tackling sustainability issues in the RES supply chains, he added that: “assess where we are and then also have a pathway to reducing our carbon emission and I think that is not just internally as companies, but also you know the components and factors of production that are coming into your business, especially from your vendors.” Embedding decommissioning cost in renewable energy projects’ cost analysis could help in mitigating end-of-life issues of RE components as suggested by Respondent 7: “We have what we call decommissioning cost, which is built in the budget, so that as you are collecting your money, you can also keep that amount. So, if you have a project, solar project that is 50 Naira PkwH (£0.26), make the 50 Naira point 5 kobo (£0.27), so that over the ten years, that 5 kobo accumulate enough that this would be used… so account will be there in the bank where that money goes… let that decommissioning cost goes to that account. So, overtime that money that has accumulated, and is grown, it can be used to tackle that issue.” Another way of tackling sustainability issues in RES supply chains could be through greening of the supply chains and this can be achieved through ISO 9001 certification as put by Respondent 3: “we are actually trying to get the ISO certification. I believe is ISO 9001, environmental management system… so, we are definitely very curious about making sure that we have the right structures in place to sustain very high environmental standards as well as quality standards. Partnerships with sustainable waste disposal firms for sustainable end-of-life management of RE components is another solution adopted by Respondent 3’s company which is a mini grid company, Respondent 3 added: “renewable energy wastes in the environment and we have partnerships with some waste disposal firms who are focused in the sector for ensuring that whenever we have batteries that have reached end of life, we can actually hand them over to them for appropriate recycling.” The company that Respondent 4 works with resorted to refurbishing used modules to avoid importation adding that: “but in the last in the last six months to, I don't think we have imported any items from outside. So, most times what we've been doing for this period, is mostly refurbish.” Respondent 1 buttressed on the importance of recycling/retrofitting RE modules like solar components and panels. He said: “And that is why I said as part of the ESMP for the projects, there is a need to ensure that there is full recycling or full retrofitting, and most of these assembly plants that we have, we’re encouraging them to see how they can also retrofit.” Respondent 5 also made a similar assertion stressing on the importance of reusing or repurposing solar modules: “I mean this has been one of the challenging aspects that at the end of the lifetime of your equipment what are you going to do with them? So, starting with the solar panels, because probably most of the solar panels haven’t reached their lifetime yet, because they usually have 25 years lifetime but even at 25 years they can still provide some energy, it’s not that they are not giving anything at all, after 25 years the performance of the panels will reduce but they will still serve you. So now they are being reused… which also increases the sustainability, that re-usage”. Respondent 1 proffered logistics incentivization and importation waivers saying: “So in terms of logistics challenges, and then importation and then getting them down to individual project sites, you know, I did mention something about waiver, that's our own way of providing a solution to that challenge” Discussing on the absence of environmental mindset and consciousness, Respondent 6 said: “we've tried our best and since we mandate our customers already, staff in the warehouse have been trained. So, in terms of the organization, yes, the mindset of sustainability is there, because even the business model has that in mind. In terms of customers, yes, the education around renewable energy generally is low, so the education around sustainability in Nigeria is low… Government has to force people and government has to train the population. If you don't do that, it’s not going to happen.” 4.5 Industry 4.0 solutions The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in the Nigerian RES is very limited to a certain aspect of energy management. Majority of respondents highlighted the use of IoT for smart metering as the major area they adopt Industry 4.0 technologies in. Respondent 2 said: “Yeah, so the IoT thing, smart metering is a key thing that we definitely do um because that, we used to say that installing a meter is just a technical exercise, but ensuring that that meter communicates with a bigger body is what ensures sustainability of our projects, because that is what shows that revenue comes from it”. He added also the use of Data Analytics in project site identification and examination, he said: “Village Intelligence Data Analytics that we use a lot it helps in identification of sites and creating some socio-economic data of the site, which shows whether that site has the viability for a particular capacity of a mini grid to be developed. It's a huge thing that helps us also in our planning purposes yeah.” Respondent 4 also commented on his company’s use IoT in smart metering and energy management, he said: “what we use is Internet of Things. So, because it helps you… the remote control of the device itself. So that is basically the particular area where we use this for us to be able to know where the unit is at every point to be able to control the unit, switch on switch off, you know, tests to see the power, how well the unit is working. And then predicts one or two things, generalize and help you to make business decisions”. Respondent 5 also added to that use case stating: “…a British company came up with a technology, it’s a metering technology that uses internet that communicates, the meters communicate with each other, which makes it very difficult for users to bypass or to steal power. And from your office You can remotely disconnect customers, you can view what the customers are consuming”. 4.6 Other solutions According to Respondent 1 who works for a global bank, his institution is working with the Nigerian government to develop curriculums on human capital development in the RES as one of the ways to curtail the issues obtained by this study of a gap in terms of skills and knowledge, he said: “so we're working with NAPTIM, we're also working with NEMSA, the technical regulatory body, we're also working with them coming up with different curriculums to see how to also engage people in installation, certification, operation, O and M.” Respondent 2, asserted that de-risking the RES through incentivization in Nigeria will go a long way in tackling some of the SCM issues found in this research. He added that his organisation is already doing that managing a joint fund amounting to 550 million dollars set aside by African Development Bank and the World Bank, he said: “we de-risk the sector so that we get more private sector to come and participate in the renewable energy sector and one of it is now provided this um, this Nigeria Electrification Project where we provide um the subsidy grants to private sector just purposely to incentivize them in um harnessing the opportunities in the sector.” Respondent 5 talked about RE supply chain financing to tackle some of the RES SCM issues, he said: “…companies who are enablers of renewable energy, …so what they did recently, they just launched a renewable energy supply chain or procurement kind of enabling process where if you have a project you want to embark on, you can engage them you can agree on price, You can just pay 10% Or let's say 10 to 30% of that amount.” The same respondent also talked about information sharing among actors of RE projects through digital technology platforms, he added: “all the project now come in through odyssey platform. So you go on odyssey, create your own account register that project and for what purpose, and with that, you are not only entering, you're also entering all the relevant databases, the number of customers, the location, what you have so that it’s built gradually the database in which now when you're looking for information on renewable energy projects in Africa, or in Nigeria you can go to odyssey, all the projects that have been completed or under construction, or ongoing or planned projects that are yet to come.” 5.0 Discussion The primary objective of this research was to explore how GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies can be harnessed to address the challenges related to sustainability and SCM within the RES. The study took an empirical approach to investigate the specific SCM and sustainability challenges faced by the Nigerian RES, while also assessing the potential of GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies to mitigate these challenges effectively. The research identified a range of SCM issues within the Nigerian RES, systematically categorizing them into various domains including importation, economic constraints, logistical hurdles, corruption, knowledge and skill gaps, and regulatory challenges. Among the prominent issues uncovered were high taxes and tariffs, prolonged lead times resulting from customs clearance procedures, exchange rate volatility, and a heavy reliance on imports. These factors collectively contribute to a complex and challenging operational environment for stakeholders in the Nigerian RES. The study also uncovered a wide array of potential solutions aimed at addressing these SCM issues, with a particular emphasis on the role of GSCM and Industry 4.0 technologies. Within the framework of GSCM, practices such as recycling, reuse, and retrofitting emerged as critical strategies for enhancing sustainability. Concurrently, the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies, such as the IoT and data analytics, showed significant promise in areas like smart metering and energy management, offering innovative ways to optimize resource utilization and operational efficiency. Participants in the study included a diverse group of stakeholders from various organisations, such as government and regulatory bodies, mini-grid companies, and a global financial institution. These respondents provided valuable insights based on their extensive experience within the Nigerian RES, shedding light on the systemic issues that impede the sector's growth and sustainability. A recurrent theme in the findings was the inefficiency of government operations, particularly concerning economic policies and the organizational cultures within certain government departments. The study highlighted the import-dependent nature of the Nigerian economy, exacerbated by highly volatile exchange rates, as a significant challenge. Additionally, the lack of coordination among government departments was identified as a key issue, leading to problems such as multiple taxation, difficulty in accessing finance, and unnecessary delays that inflate lead times and project costs. Respondents emphasized the urgent need for regulatory interventions, including the incentivization of sustainable practices, improved synergy among government departments, and concerted efforts to combat corruption. These measures are seen as crucial for fostering a more enabling environment for the RES in Nigeria. The literature reviewed in this study encompassed the upstream, midstream, and downstream segments of the RES value chain. However, the empirical findings were more concentrated on the downstream segment, likely reflecting the relatively nascent state of the Nigerian RES compared to more mature markets where the reviewed studies were conducted. This focus on the downstream could also be attributed to the sector's significant reliance on imports, which is a distinctive characteristic of the Nigerian RES. In summary, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and potential solutions within the Nigerian RES, highlighting the critical role of GSCM and Industry 4.0 technologies in addressing both sustainability and SCM challenges. The findings underscore the importance of regulatory reform, capacity building, and technological adoption in advancing the Nigerian RES toward greater efficiency and sustainability. Figure 5 illustrates the dual approach of literature review and semi-structured interviews used in the study. The literature review revealed that most prior research focused on upstream and downstream segments of the RES, particularly on material sourcing, mining, and end-of-life management, with GSCM practices such as recycling, reuse, and remanufacturing being emphasized. It also highlighted the dominance of blockchain and Industry 4.0 technologies in energy trading and SC optimization. Conversely, the result of semi-structured interviews focused primarily on the downstream challenges of the Nigerian RES, identifying key issues such as import dependency, regulatory inefficiencies, economic challenges, and corruption. The interviews also underscored the limited adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies like IoT and BDA in the Nigerian context, indicating a gap between global best practices and the current state of the Nigerian RES. 5.1 Practical implications Numerous practical implications can be synthesized from the examination of SCM and sustainability issues as well as solutions to these issues in the RES. Governments, firms and stakeholders in the RES should, as a matter of necessity, embrace robust approach in terms of solving SCM and sustainability issues in the RES. Leveraging on multifaceted approach that involves adopting digital or industry 4.0 technologies and robust management paradigms like the GSCM to tackle these sustainability and SCM issues. This approach includes Information sharing among actors of RE projects through digital technology driven platforms, leveraging IoT and blockchain in smart metering and energy management, carbon footprint assessment and development of pathway to mitigation that considers sustainable material sourcing, keeping approved vendor list of responsible suppliers, adopting recycling techniques of end-of-life management of RE components and modules among others. The role of government can never be overemphasized in implementing many of the solutions to the SCM and sustainability issues obtained by this study. These include the enactment of policies that are favourable to the RES, providing incentives and tax rebates for RE projects and mini grid developers, bringing synergy among government departments and law enforcement agencies. 5.2 Theoretical implications The research contributes to the RES, GSCM and Industry 4.0 literature specifically in terms of outlining a set of SCM and sustainability issues in the sector, GSCM practices and industry 4.0 technologies that are instrumental in tackling the challenges uncovered. Additionally, this study offers an understanding of how GSCM practices and industry 4.0 technologies could be used in terms of tackling SCM and sustainability issues in the RES. This contributes to discussions around how SCM and sustainability issues could be tackled through leveraging sustainable management paradigms, digital technologies and the role of regulatory and government intervention in solving some of these issues. This study also depicts the potential of industry 4.0 technologies in the RES SCs. The multidisciplinary approach presented in this study prompts further theoretical examination of the role and applicability of the combination of industry 4.0 technologies and GSCM practices in different constructs. This research uncovered SCM and sustainability issues in the RES while emphasizing how crucial managing RES SCs with environmental consciousness and the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies is. Studies around RES supply chains could benefit from how GSCM and industry 4.0 approach could influence the achievement of sustainable and resilient SCs. 5.3 Limitations and Future Research Direction This study despite its findings is limited in some ways and that presents gaps that future research works could focus on. This study examines SCM and sustainability issues in the RES and solutions proffered based on GSCM principles and industry 4.0 technologies. This obviously does not include other issues in the RES as well as the same issues in other sectors, so also the solutions. This therefore limits the generalizability of the findings of this study and presents a need for future research in the RES to examine other challenges and their solutions that fall beyond the scope of this study. Since a lot of the issues uncovered have to do with government policies and regulations and such policies and regulations change rapidly when regimes change, it will be pertinent to re-examine the RES in Nigeria when that happens. Another limitation of this study could be the sample size, the study involved eight firms within the Nigerian RES based on specific selection criteria with the aim of gaining a holistic understanding. The sample size cannot afford generalizability of findings since the eight firms may not be representative of RES companies in Nigeria. This study might be missing on some variables that are peculiar to companies that have not been sampled. We therefore suggest that future researchers sample more RES companies in Nigeria from various market sizes and areas. The thematic analysis conducted in this study was based on manual coding although the analysis was detailed, this present some subjectivity that may skew the identification of themes and patterns. Other researchers and analysts could interpret the data in a different way there by affecting the findings of this study. It is suggested that future research could leverage machine learning tools and Natural Language Processing to make coding automatic so that interpretation is made more objective in terms of themes and patterns discovery. Finally, these research limitations and future directions could help in providing a roadmap towards tackling SCM and sustainability issues using GSCM principles and industry 4.0 technologies for a better management of SCs sustainably and efficiently. Conclusions The research has contributed to the existing body of knowledge in the following ways: (i) identification of the specific SCM and sustainability challenges in the Nigerian RES, (ii) proposed practical, context-specific solutions that leverage both GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies, and (iii) provision of a foundation for future research to explore other emerging challenges and innovative solutions as the sector evolves. This study has provided a comprehensive exploration of the SCM and sustainability challenges within Nigeria's RES, offering insights into how GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies can be strategically applied to address these issues. The research findings reveal that the Nigerian RES faces significant challenges, including import dependency, volatile economic conditions, logistical inefficiencies, corruption, regulatory inconsistencies, and a pronounced knowledge and skill gap. These issues, compounded by the nascent state of the sector, create a complex environment that hampers the sector's growth and sustainability efforts. The study has emphasized that while GSCM practices such as recycling, reuse, and retrofitting presented viable solutions for enhancing sustainability within the RES, the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies—especially IoT and data analytics—could significantly optimize resource utilization and operational efficiency. However, the adoption of these technologies within the Nigerian context remains limited, highlighting a critical gap between global best practices and the current capabilities of the Nigerian RES. Overall, this study has underscored the importance of a multifaceted approach that combines regulatory reform, capacity building, and technological innovation to advance the Nigerian RES towards greater efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. The insights gained from this research could guide policymakers, industry stakeholders, and scholars in their efforts to address the unique challenges facing the Nigerian RES and to harness its full potential for contributing to sustainable development. Abbreviations GSCM – Green supply chain management RES – Renewable energy sector IoT – Internet of things BDA – Big data analytics RE – Renewable energy SCM – Supply chain management SC – Supply chain PV – Photovoltaic AI – Artificial intelligence Declarations Ethical approval and informed consent to participate This study was conducted following the guidelines of the departmental ethics committee of University of Strathclyde’s department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management. Each participant provided written consent and was informed that their participation was optional, with the freedom to discontinue at any time. The data collected was anonymous and treated with confidentiality. The study's design prioritized participant protection, did not involve any patient clinical data, and was not conducted as a clinical trial. Funding This research is funded by the Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Nigeria. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests The authors have no competing interests to declare Data availability The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Code availability Not applicable Authors’ contributions All authors listed on this submission Made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, analysis and interpretation of data; Drafted the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content; Approved the version to be published; and Agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. References Aguiar, M.F.; Mesa, J.A.; Jugend, D.; Pinheiro, M.A.P.; Fiorini, P.D.C. Circular product design: strategies, challenges and relationships with new product development. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 2022 , 33 , 300-329, doi:10.1108/MEQ-06-2021-0125. Akram, M.W.; Akram, N.; Shahzad, F.; Rehman, K.U.; Andleeb, S. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 17 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 04 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Oct, 2024 First submitted to journal 17 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5282828","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":376329817,"identity":"4251774a-6e21-4194-81f2-64669d58ed15","order_by":0,"name":"Muhamad Jameel Labaran","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Strathclyde","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhamad","middleName":"Jameel","lastName":"Labaran","suffix":""},{"id":376329818,"identity":"a88e212d-3e3d-40f5-a97b-804089368130","order_by":1,"name":"Tariq Masood","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Strathclyde","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tariq","middleName":"","lastName":"Masood","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-17 12:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5282828/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5282828/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00909-3","type":"published","date":"2025-02-14T15:58:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68747130,"identity":"4887df18-81cb-45ba-9bc5-f47282021785","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 15:35:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":306324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProcess of qualitative content analysis (Hermeneutic circle)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5282828/v1/68d296c398f72429ac493057.png"},{"id":68746756,"identity":"6a3d30dc-db91-49c0-ad61-e0e0c538f9cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 15:27:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":415935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSCM issues in Nigerian RES based on empirical findings. Dotted lines between the top most cell and the first row beneath it symbolises a subset relationship while the undotted lines depict other types of relationships that are clearly marked.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5282828/v1/98ae1827da74e636ffb5eda4.png"},{"id":68746755,"identity":"3a167465-3a99-4349-abac-c2a8b5286ca1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 15:27:38","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSustainability issues in the Nigerian RES based on empirical findings.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5282828/v1/9994cf610f3ec42cedeab155.png"},{"id":68746757,"identity":"47023f99-dd7e-444a-85bc-ed0f826dcccf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 15:27:38","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":416749,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSolutions to SCM and sustainability issues in RES based on empirical findings.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5282828/v1/a50f23357e1fc760d9e4a83d.png"},{"id":68746758,"identity":"9910efa2-ee8f-45c3-a600-f9c740a53a8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 15:27:38","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison between literature and semi-structured interviews findings.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5282828/v1/463821a38cb1f8a55ab68404.png"},{"id":76488290,"identity":"945809a8-eb5b-4bac-8960-cae81db9cfb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 16:13:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2746278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5282828/v1/a4a37154-9bfe-495a-863c-e2a15daa3af4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Observational Study of Renewable Energy Supply Chain and Sustainability Challenges","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the importance of renewable energy (RE) technologies in the transition towards carbon neutrality, it is argued that ramping up the deployment of RE technologies is problematic\u0026nbsp;[33]\u0026nbsp;[27]\u0026nbsp;[20]\u0026nbsp;. As suggested by\u0026nbsp;Ali\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [5]\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Watari\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [47], huge amounts of metal feedstock among other minerals will eventually be needed to build green energy infrastructure and the imminent challenge is on how to get the unprecedented quantities of raw materials needed to close this infrastructure gap to decarbonize the global energy systems in a sustainable way. This therefore poses a noticeable challenge in the RES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous scholars\u0026nbsp;[5]\u0026nbsp;[16]\u0026nbsp;[17]\u0026nbsp;[45]\u0026nbsp;[15]\u0026nbsp;have highlighted a number of issues within RES that are related to sustainability and supply chain management (SCM). These issues cut across the entire RES SCs from upstream to downstream segments. For instance,\u0026nbsp;Rachidi\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [40]\u0026nbsp;highlighted labour issues (Child labour) in upstream mining activities arguing that cobalt mining rely greatly on child labour. Furthermore, in the downstream segment of RE SC,\u0026nbsp;Winkler\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [48]\u0026nbsp;highlighted that by 2030, it is estimated that about 1800 off-shore wind turbines (OWTs) will reach their end of life, and that means decommissioning around 225 OWTs from 2020 to 2023 and 1310 OWTs between 2029 to 2030 where the cost of decommissioning amounts to between 1 to 2 million euros which is staggering 60-70% of initial cost of installation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, to proffer solutions to the RES issues identified by researchers, scholars have researched on ways to curb these challenges. For instance,\u0026nbsp;Almutairi\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [6]\u0026nbsp;suggested that Industry 4.0 technologies could tackle a lot of these challenges adding that blockchain technology is beneficial to the RES by providing real-time facilitation of transparency that brings about trust among partners, seamless payment processes, lead time reduction, improvement in demand forecasts, enhancing sustainable practices in business. Industry 4.0 technologies comprise of intelligent, innovative and disruptive technologies\u0026nbsp;[8]\u0026nbsp;[39]\u0026nbsp;[43]\u0026nbsp;[29]\u0026nbsp;like the blockchain, IoT, cloud computing and BDA among others which collectively enhance seamless connectivity, automation and communication\u0026nbsp;[7]. BDA for instance, was found to help firms make informed decisions on green operations across their SCs\u0026nbsp;[44]\u0026nbsp;[30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile some researchers\u0026nbsp;[13]\u0026nbsp;[24]\u0026nbsp;[12]\u0026nbsp;suggested digital technologies to tackle these issues, others proposed GSCM principles like recycling and green product design or eco-design\u0026nbsp;[22]\u0026nbsp;[1]. Also, resource loops in the RES could be closed through the enhancement of effective disassembly, material recovery and recycling at the end-of-life stage of RE infrastructure\u0026nbsp;[35]\u0026nbsp;[50]. GSCM is a management paradigm which embeds \u0026ldquo;green\u0026rdquo; philosophy in procurement, logistics, distribution and manufacturing\u0026nbsp;[9]\u0026nbsp;[23]\u0026nbsp;[51]\u0026nbsp;through which competitive advantage is arguably achieved through its implementation\u0026nbsp;[37]. GSCM buttresses the incorporation of environmental aspects into various facets of SCM\u0026nbsp;[3]. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to fill the existing theoretical gaps by examining SC and sustainability issues within the RES based on interpretive research strategy involving professionals in the African RES. In the same way, the study examines GSCM and Industry 4.0 solutions proffered by researchers and industry players to tackle these issues.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a background to this study, section 3 covers the methodology used, section 4 covers the presentation of results and findings, section 5 covers Discussion and section 6 covers conclusions. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eBy the end of 2050, the International Renewable Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme have projected that the global Photovoltaic (PV) modules waste will reach to about 78 million metric tonnes, with the annual quantities equalling the total quantity of new installations\u0026nbsp;[18]. The RES has a network of complex SCs that involve thousands of suppliers, traceability of minerals therefore poses a great challenge and a complex exercise that limits firms from identifying where unsustainable mining practices are involved\u0026nbsp;[16]\u0026nbsp;[38]. According to\u0026nbsp;Deberdt and Billon [16], analysis of 1300 companies found that 80% of them couldn’t determine countries of origin of their minerals, only one percent regard their minerals as conflict free. There are numerous challenges in the RES that are related to SCM and sustainability.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.1 SCM issues in the RES\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to\u0026nbsp;Mastrocinque\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [34], some of the RE businesses like PV business are both technology and capital intensive posing high entry barrier where operations and construction are often not feasible without appropriate industrial policies by governments.\u0026nbsp;Xiong\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [49]\u0026nbsp;believes that RES is heavily impacted by these government regulations and policies which could lead to artificially bloated demands and bottlenecks. A study by\u0026nbsp;Mason-Jones, Davies and Thomas [33]\u0026nbsp;found that manufacturing and engineering companies in the United Kingdom are hesitant to enter the RE market at the rate required, therefore, RE SCs are lacking in the ability to respond to surging demand due to a lack of willingness by businesses to move into the RES because of (among other reasons) the barrier to entrance as opined by\u0026nbsp;Mastrocinque, Ramírez, Honrubia-Escribano and Pham [34].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the solar RES, the component of solar panels that makes up the majority of PV modules’ mass is the PV glass which has a problematic SC due to its characterisation as a high-quality material that is highly sensitive to impurities during manufacturing\u0026nbsp;[36]. Furthermore, in the RE SCs, there are unique issues with regards to raw materials procurement such that SCs are reliant upon globally sourced raw materials from specific concentrated geographical locations, many of which are prone to disruptions and shortages\u0026nbsp;[49]\u0026nbsp;[31]. Some scholars have reported insufficiency of information exchange among actors of the solar industry value chain\u0026nbsp;[11], while\u0026nbsp;Keivanpour\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [28]\u0026nbsp;have found the wind turbine subsector of the RES to be capital intensive with limited number of turbine manufacturers and value chain activities often requiring complex installations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.2 Sustainability issues in the RES\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the upstream segment of the RES, there are sustainability issues with mining (of conflict minerals: Tantalum, Tin, Tungsten \u0026amp; Gold) whose current conditions are linked to human rights violation\u0026nbsp;[40]\u0026nbsp;and violent conflicts financing\u0026nbsp;[22]. Also, the mining of raw materials needed for Lithium-ion battery manufacturing bring about significant environmental impacts like depletion of local water sources in lithium mining locations\u0026nbsp;[31]\u0026nbsp;and there are concerns about raw materials depletion especially cobalt, lithium and graphite\u0026nbsp;[42]\u0026nbsp;[41]. Also, in the construction of wind turbines, large amounts of cement are required, and large quantities of water and sand are needed in cement production. This represents major greenhouse gas emission\u0026nbsp;[31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, there are technical challenges regarding recycling of minerals including low collection rates often due to lack of incentives, lack of infrastructure and inconvenience of systems of collection. In 2018, only about 29% of consumed cobalt was recycled and only 22% (11,000 tonnes) of tin’s consumption was recycled from scrap\u0026nbsp;[22]. Furthermore, with regards to components of wind turbines, electrical and electronic materials are recycled at 50% rate, whereas, materials like fibreglass, polyvinyl chloride, lubricants, paints and adhesives commonly find their ways to the landfills\u0026nbsp;[35]. It is pertinent to say that failure to adopt circular economy principles through the consideration of entire life cycle of RE components will result in a darker future for RES\u0026nbsp;[18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3 GSCM solutions to SCM and sustainability issues\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo tackle sustainability issues within the RES resource and raw material security, there is need for enhancement of RE component durability and lifetime extension, for example, in the wind energy subsector, better coating of blades and/or producing lighter materials to reduce structural loads could help in reducing material needs for cement\u0026nbsp;[46].\u0026nbsp;Maquera\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [32]\u0026nbsp;propose GSCM practices to tackle some of the RES sustainability and SCM issues by leveraging design for durability to prolong technologies and infrastructure lifetimes, reuse, refurbishment, retrofitting, remanufacturing and repurposing. They added that, resource loops could also be closed through the enhancement of effective disassembly, material recovery and recycling at the end-of-life stage of RE infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiversification of RE SCs to include recycling in upstream activities like mining alongside midstream processing is very necessary\u0026nbsp;[5]\u0026nbsp;[19]. In the PV supply chains, to reduce short- and long-term supply risks, prolongation of PV lifetime from 25 to 30 years could result in 6.7-24% cumulative metal conservation\u0026nbsp;[41]. \u0026nbsp;Duran, Atasu and Van Wassenhove [18]\u0026nbsp;suggested that there is need for a regulatory action with regards to the recycling of projected quantities of PV waste and huge investments in logistics infrastructure and innovation are also needed in the handling and recycling of retired panels. This is particularly important because closed-loop recycling diverts waste from landfills and could reduce virgin materials demand significantly\u0026nbsp;[36].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Industry 4.0 solutions to SCM and sustainability issues\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn RES energy markets, blockchain provides decentralised trading platforms while Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps with the optimal operational control of power systems and the prediction of system uncertainties in smart grids\u0026nbsp;[21]. To tackle upstream irregularities in the RES,\u0026nbsp;Rufino, Sanseverino, Gallo, Koch, Schweiger and Zanin [42]\u0026nbsp;asserted that through blockchain, lithium-ion batteries’ raw materials tracking helps in preventing their respective ores from being harnessed through unsustainable means. In other words, blockchain makes it possible to create immutable contracts that explicitly enumerate business rules to ensure transparency and security throughout the SC. Also,\u0026nbsp;the juxtaposition of blockchain and geolocation technologies potentially brings about significant enhancements to global minerals SCs in terms of transparency and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlockchain technology can be used in the RES in various ways that include smart metering/billing, decentralized energy trading, cryptocurrency powered energy tokens, carbon trading and green certificates, smart grid management, among others\u0026nbsp;[25]. Also, to achieve recyclability of RES components, emerging (Industry 4.0) technologies could be utilized in designing for circularity prior to commercialisation\u0026nbsp;[36]. With the help of Industry 4.0, blockchain enhances data sharing, for example, environmental data like greenhouse gas emission statistics to be more transparent to stakeholders across the value chain\u0026nbsp;[4]. BDA is useful in terms of tackling challenges within the RES like demand-side management, power generation management and smart-grid optimization. BDA tools enhance effective optimisation, traceability, forecasting, classification and clustering\u0026nbsp;[26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study therefore aims to investigate the following overarching research question:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow can GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies be leveraged to address both sustainability and SCM challenges within the RES?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo answer the above research questions, semi-structured interviews\u0026nbsp;were conducted with participants being high-ranking officials from different organisations within the African RES. These informants/respondents were from mini-grid development companies, regulatory authorities, solar home installation companies and an international development organisation (global bank). Through these interviews, experts provided insights into a number of sustainability and SCM issues they face in their organisations and discussions around measures and solutions to these issues were raised. The findings of this study provide a novel perspective on sustainability and SCM issues within RES with a plethora of innovative solutions proffered. The findings of the study also help managers and policymakers within RES on divergent innovative ways to tackling their business challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo explore more about various sustainability and SCM challenges within the RES and to examine how can GSCM principles as well as industry 4.0 technologies could be leveraged in terms of addressing those challenges, primary/empirical data was collected. The next section contains in-depth discussion around the method of data collection adopted in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Methodology: Interpretive research (thematic analysis)","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research aimed to examine the RES in Nigeria primarily to uncover sustainability and SCM challenges within the sector. Additionally, the other objective of this study is to examine GSCM and Industry 4.0 solutions that are in practice or proffered by professionals. Interpretive research strategy proposed by\u0026nbsp;Darby\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e [14] was used for data analysis. To sufficiently understand observable relationships between variables, interpretive strategy is adopted to expand understanding of relationships beyond surface level understanding [2]. Through the interpretive research strategy, we aim to construct meaning and raise comprehension. According to Darby, Fugate and Murray [14], to investigate unique events in unique settings and to generate in-depth descriptions connected to their contexts, the interpretive research strategy excels. Figure 1 is the hermeneutic cycle depicting the process of qualitative content analysis based on interpretive research strategy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cycle starts with the orienting frame of reference which demonstrates relevance of the context in question\u0026nbsp;[14]. Through this approach, a more in-depth understanding of sustainability and SCM challenges within RES is provided alongside solutions based on GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies. This study found the key elements in the orienting frame of reference in this research to be: sustainability related issues in the RES, SCM related issues in the RES and the role of Industry 4.0 and GSCM Practices towards tackling the issues identified.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.1 Sample selection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Darby, Fugate and Murray [14], the ideal number of informants (respondents) selected in the interpretive research approach falls between three and twenty informants, and this is due to the fact that interpretive research method emphasizes the acquisition of a holistic understanding of the environment. Also, context selection in this approach is driven by understanding instead of generalisation [2]. Therefore, the context selected for this study is sustainability and SCM issues within RES alongside solutions proffered to tackle these issues. Since this research approach is grounded upon a judgement sample technique, eight organisations operating within the RES in Nigeria from mini-grid development companies, RES regulatory authorities, solar home systems installation companies and a global banking organisation were selected. These firms were selected after deliberations with a professional with more than a decade long experience in the Nigerian RES so that a true representation of firms operating within the Nigerian RES is achieved. The Informants belonging to senior cadre in their respective organisations with background in SCM, strategic and operations management were notified that utmost anonymity would be maintained of their identities and those of their organisations. Table 1 shows number of interviewees, their roles, the type of organisations they are part of and the size of each respective organisation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Research participants information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganisation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSize (People)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMini-grid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFounder/CEO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMini-grid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFounder/CEO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolar Home systems provider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior Manager\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100-200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolar home systems provider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior Manager\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100-200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlobal bank\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProject/Operations Manager\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5000-10000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegulatory authority 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400-500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegulatory agency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManager\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1300-1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3045%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7704%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegulatory authority 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.1248%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManaging Director\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8003%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300-400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.2 Data collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo collect primary data based on the interpretive research method, the eight informants participated in semi-structured interviews with discussions focused around the research questions. Questions weren\u0026rsquo;t strictly structured, rather, a conversational two-way exchange of information to understand the challenges faced within their SCs with regards to sustainability and SCM\u0026nbsp;[10]. To explore how informants connect between their cognitive processes, experiences and lives, questions were made concise and open-ended so that these connections are established\u0026nbsp;[2]. Interview audios were carefully transcribed and secondary data (industry reports and articles) was gathered to strengthen the primary data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.3 Data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTranscripts of the interviews were thoroughly examined specifically to extract major themes that centre around sustainability and SCM issues in RES and their corresponding solutions found to be in practice or proffered by informants. This intra-textual exercise involved several reading and re-reading of transcripts to adequately understand the context. Each transcript was thoroughly examined and summaries of key themes were made to visualise key findings and trends. Intertextual cross-examination was carried out for entire transcripts for the identification of recurring themes. Coding of data was performed manually to determine the emergence of themes and patterns after which the codes were imported into Atlas.ti software for qualitative data analysis so that a relationship could be established between themes and codes. Appendix 1 contains codes for sustainability and SCM issues within RES and solutions based on Industry 4.0 and GSCM among others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFiles were uploaded onto \u003cem\u003eAtlas.ti\u003c/em\u003e software and these were arranged in project folders and memos to keep the data structured to prepare for a seamless conduct of the next step. The data was carefully and thoroughly reviewed for a further understanding of context and content. Themes, patterns and concepts were identified and were manually annotated or highlighted in-text. On \u003cem\u003eAtlas.ti\u003c/em\u003e, nodes were created corresponding to the manually generated codes where each node represented a theme. Relevant text sections were added under each corresponding node manually on the Atlas.ti platform after which the features of the software were leveraged to determine the relationships between codes. This was followed by creating queries, networks and visualisations while the \u0026ldquo;Code Document Table\u0026rdquo; was used to visualise how often code re-occurred in different documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCodes and code combinations were searched across the dataset using \u003cem\u003eAtlas.ti\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo;s querry tools, the relationship between codes that appeared together frequently were identified using the \u0026ldquo;Code Co-occurrence\u0026rdquo; query. To capture reflections, thoughts and insights, memos were written on the software in the course of this analytical process after which these memos were linked to specific documents and codes to uphold a record of analytical thinking. Conclusions and insights were drawn from identified patterns and relationships which were both synthesized through the continuous interpretation of themes and concepts while reviewing the coded data. Visual representation of findings and reports were generated for effective communication of findings, then these were exported to help in improving research presentation and reports. One of the most important steps in this data analysis was \u0026ldquo;data conceptualisation\u0026rdquo; that has to do with turning data groups into abstract concepts. This iterative process of analysing themes continued until the orientation frame of reference was properly defined. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Results of thematic analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe section presents discussions around SCM and sustainability issue in the RES, and solutions to these issues based on GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies alongside other solutions proffered by experts and scholars. We examined the challenges and issues faced by experts in the RES as well as solutions to these issues. Results and remarks that were obtained from the analysis are focused on in the next stage. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.1 Supply chain management issues in RES\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformants have mentioned a plethora of SCM related issues in the RES and these generally fall under six categories, namely; importation, knowledge and skill gap, logistics, regulation, economy and corruption related issues. Figure 2 depicts the network perspectives of the SCM issues and their respective categories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eImportation related issues\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe entirety of our interviewees mentioned that the Nigerian RES is faced by issues that impact their businesses negatively due to some impediments that are related to importation and border clearance. Respondent 1 said: \u0026ldquo;most of this hardware equipment, we only have assembly plants here, most of them are imported. And then you have all this hassle of importation, FX, and then down to even when it gets to our Nigerian borders, there are multitudes of bottlenecks.\u0026rdquo; Respondent 4 commented on how lead times are affected negatively due to customs and clearance delays: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;customs, the clearing and all that. So, most times we end up spending even far above the cost of the purchase of those items in trying to clear and it takes a long time there. I think there are situations where it takes between three to six months to clear goods...\u0026rdquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eKnowledge \u0026amp; skills gaps related issues\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge \u0026amp; skills gap is another area in which the Nigerian RES is suffering from as alluded by respondents. Respondent 7 stated the lack of manpower capacity and expertise in terms of effective technology deployment: \u0026ldquo;There is currently no certified training scheme curriculum for building such in our institutions. I think that along the value chain, we need to have institutions that train people\u0026hellip; most of the people that are going to deploy are not trained, they are just people that get to learn on the job\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 1 raised another organisational knowledge gap which is the issue of the lack of knowledge and capability of tracking the activities of a company\u0026rsquo;s own supply chain, \u0026ldquo;I think one of the problems is, as a global institution, we have the ability, we have tracking tools that we can actually track some of this. So, if there are any issues we can actually tell right\u0026hellip;, as part of our responsibility working with the client is to also improve on their systems, right. \u0026nbsp;I am not aware of any tracking tool that speaks to how to even quantify some of these challenges, and then how to actually even address them. I don\u0026apos;t think Nigeria is actually at that level, unfortunately.\u0026rdquo; Respondent 6 added: \u0026ldquo;In terms of sourcing materials from local vendors, we don\u0026apos;t really look at their own environmental standards.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eLogistics related issues\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the SCM issues include expensive in country logistics as well as infrastructure deficit that stifles smooth logistical operations. Respondent 2 touched on that saying: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;in-country logistical requirements that are there, the cost of that\u0026hellip; Someone will tell you that the cost of transporting an equipment from Europe to Lagos is cheaper than transporting that same equipment from Lagos to Kano\u0026hellip; Then the infrastructure requirements also moving this equipment from one place to another is also something of a concern\u0026rdquo;. Talking about damages that happen to goods on transit, Respondent 4 said: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;when they (goods) finally arrive, you will see a lot of damages, you see sometimes a lot are missing, some will be missing from the ports,\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eRegulation related issues\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of effective government policies on RE development, lack of regulation/policy implementation, lack of clarity of synergy among regulatory authorities were all mentioned by respondents. Respondent 1 stressed that \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;having all these things properly spelled out in our regulations is not the issue, the issue is the inability of the regulatory bodies to implement\u0026hellip; We are not is short of all these regulatory bodies.\u0026rdquo; Respondent 2 also stated: \u0026ldquo;At times, there\u0026rsquo;s lack of clarity also in terms of\u0026hellip; okay for this category of equipment, this has this kind of tariff, levy or\u0026hellip; this is it! so there\u0026apos;s a lot of mismatch\u0026hellip; there is lack of clarity in policy implementation\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 6 spoke on the lack of enforcement of regulations related to sustainable disposal of batteries \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;the gap is there because also since companies are not held accountable, or forced to do this waste management, they don\u0026apos;t see any reason to pay anybody to dispose of this\u0026hellip;\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 7 commented on lack of effective RE development policies: \u0026ldquo;there has not been policies that are in place that push for them to be formed normal, there was a policy of government on renewable energy but they are not effective\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eEconomy related issues\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh taxes and tariffs were among the issues raised by respondents, Respondent 8 who works for a government department stated that: \u0026ldquo;the RE has an abridged process because it is an intervention project and is considered environment friendly project. However, the timelines and cost implications sometimes affect the promoters of the projects and it can also affect the financial angle especially for investors that are not used to the process. The other charges, the tax and the rest of them in the country as well as some socio-cultural issues\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 5 talked about exchange rate volatility affecting businesses negatively in terms of their SCM: \u0026ldquo;because of the exchange rates, sometimes you cannot predict how much you\u0026apos;re going to spend, and in that process, because of that, usually it affects the project implementation because you may have budgeted to spend, let\u0026apos;s say, 100 million Naira (\u0026pound;50,000) in the mini-grid project, but due to the volatility in the exchange rates, at the end of the day before you conclude you might see that your cost is running to 120 or 130 million Naira\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCorruption related issues\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorruption is another issue that affects the Nigerian RES, Respondent 7 who works for a regulatory authority in the Nigerian government talked about the issue of corruption and infidelity by Environmental Impact Assessment consultants of renewable energy projects: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;they have some consultants who are accredited as consultants on ESIA who you must go to, pay them that amount, they write a report for you, sometimes they don\u0026rsquo;t even visit the place. The mini-grid projects are going on around the country, each of them is supposed to get SIA report, but you get somebody apply for mini grid project today, by tomorrow he gets an EIA report, when was the study done!\u0026rdquo; Respondent 4 who works for a mini-grid company added that there is corruption among customs and security agents on the roads stating: \u0026ldquo;but like the security agencies, they stop at every checkpoint\u0026hellip; especially those transporting to the southern part of the country, they have lots of checkpoints on the road and most times you need to be settling\u0026hellip; In a nutshell, corruption is a big challenge.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnergy theft is one of the issues stated by respondents, Respondent 5 said: \u0026ldquo;so one of the problems we have in the mini grid space is issues that have to do with energy thefts, energy through bypass and a lot of commercial losses\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 4, a mini grid company representative, added: \u0026ldquo;we have scenarios where you give a customer your products, and then they destroy, they open up the pack and then throw away the containers\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.2 Sustainability issues in RES\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of environmental consciousness is a major sustainability related issue that the Nigerian RES suffers. Respondent 4 said: \u0026ldquo;I think there is a huge gap\u0026hellip; I don\u0026apos;t think we have this consciousness of the environment.\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 7 talked about the absence of plans with regards to end-of-life management of RE modules saying: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;project involving rural areas, now they are deploying solar panels in villages, but what would happen to them at their end-of-life? So, is there a program to bring them back? Whether for recycling or disposal or remanufacturing, currently there is no plan!\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 4 added another issue of unsustainable disposal of batteries by customers: \u0026ldquo;they dispose those batteries and sometimes our staff they go and say, i saw part of our product in the waste bin\u0026hellip;\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of enforcement of regulations related to sustainable disposal of batteries is the reason why businesses as well as customers dispose of batteries unsustainably, and this is alluded to by Respondent 6: \u0026ldquo;the gap is there because also since companies are not held accountable, or forced to do this waste management\u0026rdquo;. Apart from the latter, there is also an issue with regards to lack of firms that recycle and sustainably dispose of batteries in Nigeria. This was also raised by Respondent 7: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;and it\u0026rsquo;s even only one battery company that has the capability to actually dispose of lead acid batteries properly in Nigeria\u0026hellip; lithium-ion batteries to dispose of them properly, they have to fly out to the UK and crush. So, there is a gap in terms of waste management\u0026rdquo;. Figure 3 depicts the sustainability issues in RES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further confirm the SCM and sustainability issues obtained in this study and to ascertain how experts perceive these to be pressing, in other words, how important are individual issues to be tackled. Each respondent was provided with the highlights of categories of SCM and sustainability issues. They were asked to assess each issue on a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being least important and 10 being most important to be addressed. The scores assigned to individual categories of issues were compiled to ascertain the weightage scores of each issue by taking the average of entire scores assigned to each issue category. Assigning these scores to issues helps stakeholders and firms to prioritize their efforts and allocate resources where due at the right time. This approach is adopted from Akram et al., (2024). Table 2 depicts the issue categories and their corresponding weightage scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: SCM and sustainability issues weightage scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50.9151%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCM issues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.0849%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSustainability issues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeightage score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIssue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeightage score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportation related issues in the sector\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(customs \u0026amp; border clearance issues, high levies \u0026amp; taxes, substandard goods flooded into renewable energy market)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistics are fossil based and there is absence of any plans to green the logistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomy related issues in the sector\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Foreign exchange issues, access to finance, high interest rates)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of environmental consciousness among vendors as well as customers within the sector.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulatory issues in the sector\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Lack of clarity on policy implementation \u0026amp; synergy among regulatory agencies, lack of effective policies, lack of enforcement of policies)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsustainable disposal of solar modules like batteries by customers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorruption related issues in the sector\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Goods missing \u0026amp; damaged at port, corruption among customs agents, security operatives at checkpoints \u0026amp; EIA consultants, energy theft)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of firms that recycle and sustainably dispose of batteries in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLogistics related issues in the sector\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Expensive in-country logistics, long lead times due to border clearance \u0026amp; high cost of border clearance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of enforcement of regulations related to sustainable disposal of batteries.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39.7671%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge \u0026amp; skill gap related issues in the sector\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Lack of knowledge \u0026amp; capability of tracking supply chains, lack of manpower in effective technology deployment)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are often no plans for end-of-life management of renewable energy modules.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.4825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.3 Solutions to SCM and sustainability issues\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the course of this empirical study, we have gathered a number of solutions proffered by respondents to tackle some of these SCM and sustainability issues in the RES. These solutions were categorized as being related to GSCM and Industry 4.0, other solutions were also mentioned. Figure 4 depicts the solutions proffered based on GSCM and Industry 4.0 among other solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.4 GSCM solutions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeeping approved Vendor List of responsible suppliers is one of the GSCM solutions mentioned by Respondent 1 saying: \u0026ldquo;we have identified companies that are credible, that also through their backend supply chains, there is predictability in terms of how they source their raw materials, how they interact with people and they interact with environments and all that. So, we have a database that speaks to companies that we\u0026rsquo;ve vetted\u0026rdquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Respondent 3, carbon footprint assessment and development of pathway to mitigation that considers sustainable material sourcing is instrumental to tackling sustainability issues in the RES supply chains, he added that: \u0026ldquo;assess where we are and then also have a pathway to reducing our carbon emission and I think that is not just internally as companies, but also you know the components and factors of production that are coming into your business, especially from your vendors.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmbedding decommissioning cost in renewable energy projects\u0026rsquo; cost analysis could help in mitigating end-of-life issues of RE components as suggested by Respondent 7: \u0026ldquo;We have what we call decommissioning cost, which is built in the budget, so that as you are collecting your money, you can also keep that amount. So, if you have a project, solar project that is 50 Naira PkwH (\u0026pound;0.26), make the 50 Naira point 5 kobo (\u0026pound;0.27), so that over the ten years, that 5 kobo accumulate enough that this would be used\u0026hellip; so account will be there in the bank where that money goes\u0026hellip; let that decommissioning cost goes to that account. So, overtime that money that has accumulated, and is grown, it can be used to tackle that issue.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way of tackling sustainability issues in RES supply chains could be through greening of the supply chains and this can be achieved through ISO 9001 certification as put by Respondent 3: \u0026ldquo;we are actually trying to get the ISO certification. I believe is ISO 9001, environmental management system\u0026hellip; so, we are definitely very curious about making sure that we have the right structures in place to sustain very high environmental standards as well as quality standards.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartnerships with sustainable waste disposal firms for sustainable end-of-life management of RE components is another solution adopted by Respondent 3\u0026rsquo;s company which is a mini grid company, Respondent 3 added: \u0026ldquo;renewable energy wastes in the environment and we have partnerships with some waste disposal firms who are focused in the sector for ensuring that whenever we have batteries that have reached end of life, we can actually hand them over to them for appropriate recycling.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The company that Respondent 4 works with resorted to refurbishing used modules to avoid importation adding that: \u0026ldquo;but in the last in the last six months to, I don\u0026apos;t think we have imported any items from outside. So, most times what we\u0026apos;ve been doing for this period, is mostly refurbish.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent 1 buttressed on the importance of recycling/retrofitting RE modules like solar components and panels. He said: \u0026ldquo;And that is why I said as part of the ESMP for the projects, there is a need to ensure that there is full recycling or full retrofitting, and most of these assembly plants that we have, we\u0026rsquo;re encouraging them to see how they can also retrofit.\u0026rdquo; Respondent 5 also made a similar assertion stressing on the importance of reusing or repurposing solar modules: \u0026ldquo;I mean this has been one of the challenging aspects that at the end of the lifetime of your equipment what are you going to do with them? So, starting with the solar panels, because probably most of the solar panels haven\u0026rsquo;t reached their lifetime yet, because they usually have 25 years lifetime but even at 25 years they can still provide some energy, it\u0026rsquo;s not that they are not giving anything at all, after 25 years the performance of the panels will reduce but they will still serve you. So now they are being reused\u0026hellip; which also increases the sustainability, that re-usage\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent 1 proffered logistics incentivization and importation waivers saying: \u0026ldquo;So in terms of logistics challenges, and then importation and then getting them down to individual project sites, you know, I did mention something about waiver, that\u0026apos;s our own way of providing a solution to that challenge\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscussing on the absence of environmental mindset and consciousness, Respondent 6 said: \u0026ldquo;we\u0026apos;ve tried our best and since we mandate our customers already, staff in the warehouse have been trained. So, in terms of the organization, yes, the mindset of sustainability is there, because even the business model has that in mind. In terms of customers, yes, the education around renewable energy generally is low, so the education around sustainability in Nigeria is low\u0026hellip; Government has to force people and government has to train the population. If you don\u0026apos;t do that, it\u0026rsquo;s not going to happen.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.5 Industry 4.0 solutions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in the Nigerian RES is very limited to a certain aspect of energy management. Majority of respondents highlighted the use of IoT for smart metering as the major area they adopt Industry 4.0 technologies in. Respondent 2 said: \u0026ldquo;Yeah, so the IoT thing, smart metering is a key thing that we definitely do um because that, we used to say that installing a meter is just a technical exercise, but ensuring that that meter communicates with a bigger body is what ensures sustainability of our projects, because that is what shows that revenue comes from it\u0026rdquo;. He added also the use of Data Analytics in project site identification and examination, he said: \u0026ldquo;Village Intelligence Data Analytics that we use a lot it helps in identification of sites and creating some socio-economic data of the site, which shows whether that site has the viability for a particular capacity of a mini grid to be developed. It\u0026apos;s a huge thing that helps us also in our planning purposes yeah.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent 4 also commented on his company\u0026rsquo;s use IoT in smart metering and energy management, he said: \u0026ldquo;what we use is Internet of Things. So, because it helps you\u0026hellip; the remote control of the device itself. So that is basically the particular area where we use this for us to be able to know where the unit is at every point to be able to control the unit, switch on switch off, you know, tests to see the power, how well the unit is working. And then predicts one or two things, generalize and help you to make business decisions\u0026rdquo;. Respondent 5 also added to that use case stating: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;a British company came up with a technology, it\u0026rsquo;s a metering technology that uses internet that communicates, the meters communicate with each other, which makes it very difficult for users to bypass or to steal power. And from your office You can remotely disconnect customers, you can view what the customers are consuming\u0026rdquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.6 Other solutions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Respondent 1 who works for a global bank, his institution is working with the Nigerian government to develop curriculums on human capital development in the RES as one of the ways to curtail the issues obtained by this study of a gap in terms of skills and knowledge, he said: \u0026ldquo;so we\u0026apos;re working with NAPTIM, we\u0026apos;re also working with NEMSA, the technical regulatory body, we\u0026apos;re also working with them coming up with different curriculums to see how to also engage people in installation, certification, operation, O and M.\u0026rdquo; Respondent 2, asserted that de-risking the RES through incentivization in Nigeria will go a long way in tackling some of the SCM issues found in this research. He added that his organisation is already doing that managing a joint fund amounting to 550 million dollars set aside by African Development Bank and the World Bank, he said: \u0026ldquo;we de-risk the sector so that we get more private sector to come and participate in the renewable energy sector and one of it is now provided this um, this Nigeria Electrification Project where we provide um the subsidy grants to private sector just purposely to incentivize them in um harnessing the opportunities in the sector.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent 5 talked about RE supply chain financing to tackle some of the RES SCM issues, he said: \u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip;companies who are enablers of renewable energy, \u0026hellip;so what they did recently, they just launched a renewable energy supply chain or procurement kind of enabling process where if you have a project you want to embark on, you can engage them you can agree on price, You can just pay 10% Or let\u0026apos;s say 10 to 30% of that amount.\u0026rdquo; The same respondent also talked about information sharing among actors of RE projects through digital technology platforms, he added: \u0026ldquo;all the project now come in through odyssey platform. So you go on odyssey, create your own account register that project and for what purpose, and with that, you are not only entering, you\u0026apos;re also entering all the relevant databases, the number of customers, the location, what you have so that it\u0026rsquo;s built gradually the database in which now when you\u0026apos;re looking for information on renewable energy projects in Africa, or in Nigeria you can go to odyssey, all the projects that have been completed or under construction, or ongoing or planned projects that are yet to come.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.0 Discussion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe primary objective of this research was to explore how GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies can be harnessed to address the challenges related to sustainability and SCM within the RES. The study took an empirical approach to investigate the specific SCM and sustainability challenges faced by the Nigerian RES, while also assessing the potential of GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies to mitigate these challenges effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research identified a range of SCM issues within the Nigerian RES, systematically categorizing them into various domains including importation, economic constraints, logistical hurdles, corruption, knowledge and skill gaps, and regulatory challenges. Among the prominent issues uncovered were high taxes and tariffs, prolonged lead times resulting from customs clearance procedures, exchange rate volatility, and a heavy reliance on imports. These factors collectively contribute to a complex and challenging operational environment for stakeholders in the Nigerian RES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also uncovered a wide array of potential solutions aimed at addressing these SCM issues, with a particular emphasis on the role of GSCM and Industry 4.0 technologies. Within the framework of GSCM, practices such as recycling, reuse, and retrofitting emerged as critical strategies for enhancing sustainability. Concurrently, the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies, such as the IoT and data analytics, showed significant promise in areas like smart metering and energy management, offering innovative ways to optimize resource utilization and operational efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants in the study included a diverse group of stakeholders from various organisations, such as government and regulatory bodies, mini-grid companies, and a global financial institution. These respondents provided valuable insights based on their extensive experience within the Nigerian RES, shedding light on the systemic issues that impede the sector\u0026apos;s growth and sustainability. A recurrent theme in the findings was the inefficiency of government operations, particularly concerning economic policies and the organizational cultures within certain government departments. The study highlighted the import-dependent nature of the Nigerian economy, exacerbated by highly volatile exchange rates, as a significant challenge. Additionally, the lack of coordination among government departments was identified as a key issue, leading to problems such as multiple taxation, difficulty in accessing finance, and unnecessary delays that inflate lead times and project costs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondents emphasized the urgent need for regulatory interventions, including the incentivization of sustainable practices, improved synergy among government departments, and concerted efforts to combat corruption. These measures are seen as crucial for fostering a more enabling environment for the RES in Nigeria. The literature reviewed in this study encompassed the upstream, midstream, and downstream segments of the RES value chain. However, the empirical findings were more concentrated on the downstream segment, likely reflecting the relatively nascent state of the Nigerian RES compared to more mature markets where the reviewed studies were conducted. This focus on the downstream could also be attributed to the sector\u0026apos;s significant reliance on imports, which is a distinctive characteristic of the Nigerian RES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and potential solutions within the Nigerian RES, highlighting the critical role of GSCM and Industry 4.0 technologies in addressing both sustainability and SCM challenges. The findings underscore the importance of regulatory reform, capacity building, and technological adoption in advancing the Nigerian RES toward greater efficiency and sustainability. Figure 5 illustrates the dual approach of literature review and semi-structured interviews used in the study. The literature review revealed that most prior research focused on upstream and downstream segments of the RES, particularly on material sourcing, mining, and end-of-life management, with GSCM practices such as recycling, reuse, and remanufacturing being emphasized. It also highlighted the dominance of blockchain and Industry 4.0 technologies in energy trading and SC optimization. Conversely, the result of semi-structured interviews focused primarily on the downstream challenges of the Nigerian RES, identifying key issues such as import dependency, regulatory inefficiencies, economic challenges, and corruption. The interviews also underscored the limited adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies like IoT and BDA in the Nigerian context, indicating a gap between global best practices and the current state of the Nigerian RES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Practical implications\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous practical implications can be synthesized from the examination of SCM and sustainability issues as well as solutions to these issues in the RES. Governments, firms and stakeholders in the RES should, as a matter of necessity, embrace robust approach in terms of solving SCM and sustainability issues in the RES. Leveraging on multifaceted approach that involves adopting digital or industry 4.0 technologies and robust management paradigms like the GSCM to tackle these sustainability and SCM issues. This approach includes Information sharing among actors of RE projects through digital technology driven platforms, leveraging IoT and blockchain in smart metering and energy management, carbon footprint assessment and development of pathway to mitigation that considers sustainable material sourcing, keeping approved vendor list of responsible suppliers, adopting recycling techniques of end-of-life management of RE components and modules among others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe role of government can never be overemphasized in implementing many of the solutions to the SCM and sustainability issues obtained by this study. These include the enactment of policies that are favourable to the RES, providing incentives and tax rebates for RE projects and mini grid developers, bringing synergy among government departments and law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Theoretical implications\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research contributes to the RES, GSCM and Industry 4.0 literature specifically in terms of outlining a set of SCM and sustainability issues in the sector, GSCM practices and industry 4.0 technologies that are instrumental in tackling the challenges uncovered. Additionally, this study offers an understanding of how GSCM practices and industry 4.0 technologies could be used in terms of tackling SCM and sustainability issues in the RES. This contributes to discussions around how SCM and sustainability issues could be tackled through leveraging sustainable management paradigms, digital technologies and the role of regulatory and government intervention in solving some of these issues. This study also depicts the potential of industry 4.0 technologies in the RES SCs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe multidisciplinary approach presented in this study prompts further theoretical examination of the role and applicability of the combination of industry 4.0 technologies and GSCM practices in different constructs. This research uncovered SCM and sustainability issues in the RES while emphasizing how crucial managing RES SCs with environmental consciousness and the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies is. Studies around RES supply chains could benefit from how GSCM and industry 4.0 approach could influence the achievement of sustainable and resilient SCs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Limitations and Future Research Direction\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study despite its findings is limited in some ways and that presents gaps that future research works could focus on. This study examines SCM and sustainability issues in the RES and solutions proffered based on GSCM principles and industry 4.0 technologies. This obviously does not include other issues in the RES as well as the same issues in other sectors, so also the solutions. This therefore limits the generalizability of the findings of this study and presents a need for future research in the RES to examine other challenges and their solutions that fall beyond the scope of this study. Since a lot of the issues uncovered have to do with government policies and regulations and such policies and regulations change rapidly when regimes change, it will be pertinent to re-examine the RES in Nigeria when that happens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother limitation of this study could be the sample size, the study involved eight firms within the Nigerian RES based on specific selection criteria with the aim of gaining a holistic understanding. The sample size cannot afford generalizability of findings since the eight firms may not be representative of RES companies in Nigeria. This study might be missing on some variables that are peculiar to companies that have not been sampled. We therefore suggest that future researchers sample more RES companies in Nigeria from various market sizes and areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe thematic analysis conducted in this study was based on manual coding although the analysis was detailed, this present some subjectivity that may skew the identification of themes and patterns. Other researchers and analysts could interpret the data in a different way there by affecting the findings of this study. It is suggested that future research could leverage machine learning tools and Natural Language Processing to make coding automatic so that interpretation is made more objective in terms of themes and patterns discovery. Finally, these research limitations and future directions could help in providing a roadmap towards tackling SCM and sustainability issues using GSCM principles and industry 4.0 technologies for a better management of SCs sustainably and efficiently.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research has contributed to the existing body of knowledge in the following ways: (i) identification of the specific SCM and sustainability challenges in the Nigerian RES, (ii) proposed practical, context-specific solutions that leverage both GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies, and (iii) provision of a foundation for future research to explore other emerging challenges and innovative solutions as the sector evolves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has provided a comprehensive exploration of the SCM and sustainability challenges within Nigeria's RES, offering insights into how GSCM principles and Industry 4.0 technologies can be strategically applied to address these issues. The research findings reveal that the Nigerian RES faces significant challenges, including import dependency, volatile economic conditions, logistical inefficiencies, corruption, regulatory inconsistencies, and a pronounced knowledge and skill gap. These issues, compounded by the nascent state of the sector, create a complex environment that hampers the sector's growth and sustainability efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study has emphasized that while GSCM practices such as recycling, reuse, and retrofitting presented viable solutions for enhancing sustainability within the RES, the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies—especially IoT and data analytics—could significantly optimize resource utilization and operational efficiency. However, the adoption of these technologies within the Nigerian context remains limited, highlighting a critical gap between global best practices and the current capabilities of the Nigerian RES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, this study has underscored the importance of a multifaceted approach that combines regulatory reform, capacity building, and technological innovation to advance the Nigerian RES towards greater efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. The insights gained from this research could guide policymakers, industry stakeholders, and scholars in their efforts to address the unique challenges facing the Nigerian RES and to harness its full potential for contributing to sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eGSCM – Green supply chain management\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRES – Renewable energy sector\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIoT – Internet of things\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBDA – Big data analytics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRE – Renewable energy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSCM – Supply chain management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSC – Supply chain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePV – Photovoltaic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAI – Artificial intelligence\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and informed consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted following the guidelines of the departmental ethics committee of University of Strathclyde’s department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management. Each participant provided written consent and was informed that their participation was optional, with the freedom to discontinue at any time. The data collected was anonymous and treated with confidentiality. The study's design prioritized participant protection, did not involve any patient clinical data, and was not conducted as a clinical trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis research is funded by the Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Nigeria.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors listed on this submission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMade substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, analysis and interpretation of data;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDrafted the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eApproved the version to be published; and\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAguiar, M.F.; Mesa, J.A.; Jugend, D.; Pinheiro, M.A.P.; Fiorini, P.D.C. 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Are renewables as friendly to humans as to the environment?: A social life cycle assessment of renewable electricity. \u003cem\u003eSustainability (Switzerland) \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, doi:10.3390/su11051370.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVelenturf, A.P.M. A framework and baseline for the integration of a sustainable circular economy in offshore wind. \u003cem\u003eEnergies \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e, doi:10.3390/en14175540.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWatari, T.; Nansai, K.; Nakajima, K. Review of critical metal dynamics to 2050 for 48 elements. \u003cem\u003eResources Conservation and Recycling \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e155\u003c/em\u003e, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104669.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWinkler, L.; Kilic, O.A.; Veldman, J. Collaboration in the offshore wind farm decommissioning supply chain. \u003cem\u003eRenewable \u0026amp; Sustainable Energy Reviews \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e167\u003c/em\u003e, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112797.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiong, C.H.; Devlin, A.G.; Gupta, J.N.D.; Liu, X.R. Effect of price reduction on renewable energy technology supply chain performance and contract design. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Operational Research Society \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e73\u003c/em\u003e, 822-839, doi:10.1080/01605682.2021.1880292.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYildizbasi, A. Blockchain and renewable energy: Integration challenges in circular economy era. \u003cem\u003eRenewable Energy \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e176\u003c/em\u003e, 183-197, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.053.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYu, Y.; Zhu, W.; Tian, Y. Green supply chain management, environmental degradation, and energy: Evidence from Asian countries. \u003cem\u003eDiscrete Dynamics in Nature and Society \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2021\u003c/em\u003e, doi:10.1155/2021/5179964.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Appendix","content":"\u003cp\u003eAppendix 1 is not available with this version\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Industry 4.0, Green Supply Chain Management, Renewable energy, Sustainability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5282828/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5282828/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the sustainability and supply chain challenges in the African renewable energy sector, offering solutions rooted in green supply chain management principles and Industry 4.0 technologies. Employing an interpretive research strategy, the study gathers insights from mini-grid companies, regulatory authorities, and a global financial institution that fund renewable energy projects across Africa. The findings reveal various SC issues related to importation, economic policies, regulations, logistics, skill gaps, and corruption. Sustainability related challenges such as lack of environmental awareness and poor end-of-life management practices were also obtained. Proposed solutions include GSCM practices like recycling, responsible sourcing, and carbon footprint assessment, and leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies such as Internet of things, blockchain, and big data analytics for smart metering and energy management. The study highlights practical implications, advocating for robust approaches to resolving supply chain and sustainability issues, policy enactment favourable to the renewable energy sector, and synergy among government departments and law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Observational Study of Renewable Energy Supply Chain and Sustainability Challenges","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-11 15:27:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5282828/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-11-27T09:46:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-17T10:46:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-16T12:43:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95914129151322024767668156851064876173","date":"2024-11-12T19:13:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"285888264835986034419400244554898745577","date":"2024-11-10T08:28:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"267304541544594854857573516081997967500","date":"2024-11-08T15:30:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"309075571419651006605524458207133379878","date":"2024-11-08T08:22:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-08T07:12:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-04T09:40:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-10-30T04:46:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2024-10-17T12:24:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"710ae8b9-7cdf-40a7-b582-c4b50c9ab67b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T16:11:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5282828","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00909-3","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-14 15:58:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-11 15:27:34","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-00909-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00909-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5282828","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5282828","identity":"rs-5282828","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}