Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador

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The evaluation methodology used in Ecuador is the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method. It is the most complete method based on the analysis of the functional and structural damages that the pavement presents, the same ones that depend on its class, severity, and quantity. The PCI methodology uses data based on experiments made in the United States, so when evaluating pavements in Ecuador using the said methodology, it is not a correct adaptation to our reality because of the differences in deterioration of climatic factors and construction aspects. The PCI methodology has a study of values deduced from each of the damages present on the road, which are very strict in their qualification because the pavement service index in the United States looks for roads with high-quality standards compared to the Ecuadorian reality, where economic factors such as restrictions on usual road maintenance. The research proposes to generate changes in the abacus that generate the deduced values of the PCI methodology and adapt them to our country. Resulting in a 20% variability in the Ecuadorian Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI), which was applied to the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method, commonly used for pavement evaluation." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1", "name": "Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to..." } } ] } Home Browse Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article BRITO J, Andrade A, Edison V et al. Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171563.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] JESSICA BRITO https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-5688 1 , Alexis Andrade 1 , Villacrés Edison 1 , Carolina Merino 1 , Roberto Vallejo 2 JESSICA BRITO https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-5688 1 , Alexis Andrade 1 , [...] Villacrés Edison 1 , Carolina Merino 1 , Roberto Vallejo 2 PUBLISHED 18 Nov 2025 Author details Author details 1 Engineering, National University of Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060150, Ecuador 2 Territorial Planning, Goverment of Riobamba, Riobamba, Chimborazo, 060104, Ecuador JESSICA BRITO Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology Alexis Andrade Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology Villacrés Edison Roles: Supervision, Validation Carolina Merino Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation Roberto Vallejo Roles: Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Road maintenance is essential for preserving the useful life of the roads. The evaluation methodology used in Ecuador is the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method. It is the most complete method based on the analysis of the functional and structural damages that the pavement presents, the same ones that depend on its class, severity, and quantity. The PCI methodology uses data based on experiments made in the United States, so when evaluating pavements in Ecuador using the said methodology, it is not a correct adaptation to our reality because of the differences in deterioration of climatic factors and construction aspects. The PCI methodology has a study of values deduced from each of the damages present on the road, which are very strict in their qualification because the pavement service index in the United States looks for roads with high-quality standards compared to the Ecuadorian reality, where economic factors such as restrictions on usual road maintenance. The research proposes to generate changes in the abacus that generate the deduced values of the PCI methodology and adapt them to our country. Resulting in a 20% variability in the Ecuadorian Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI), which was applied to the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method, commonly used for pavement evaluation. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Pavement, method, condition, service, damage Corresponding Author(s) JESSICA BRITO ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: JESSICA BRITO Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 BRITO J et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: BRITO J, Andrade A, Edison V et al. Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171563.1 ) First published: 18 Nov 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171563.1 ) Latest published: 18 Nov 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171563.1 ) 1. Introduction One of the most complete pavement evaluation methods used worldwide is the PCI (Pavement Condition Index), a method developed by Shahin & Kohn (1979) originates in the technical report M - 268 published by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1968). This methodology allows us to assess the condition of road pavement, taking into account the deterioration that the road may have at the time of evaluation. The purpose of using the methodology is to ensure proper maintenance based on the level of deterioration. The type of maintenance chosen for a road must ensure that Fthe road meets its intended lifespan. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize that preventive maintenance may not reveal severe conditions of the road, potentially leading to increased costs to provide optimal road service, periodic conservation and maintenance actions, on the other hand, extend the road’s lifespan and keep it in acceptable operating conditions ( Obregón-Biosca et al., 2015 ). Nowadays, due to the functional and structural characteristics provided in roadways, asphalt pavements are the most widely used in the construction of road networks in the majority of countries. The quality and design of the asphalt mixtures used in these pavements largely depend on their performance during the operational or service phase ( Zhao et al., 2025 ). The PCI method utilizes values derived from charts by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Standard D6433 - 03, titled “Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys.” The values prescribed in the standard are associated with factors contributing to pavement deterioration, which manifests from the moment a road is constructed ( Choez Pibaque, 2022 ). Various methodologies exist for pavement evaluation, including Visual Inspection of Road Infrastructure (VIZIR), PCI, and Pavement Surface Evaluation and Rating (PASER). The choice of pavement evaluation method will depend on each country and its stakeholders, considering the specific needs of each region ( Vásquez Varela, 2002 ). For instance, in Ecuador, the PCI methodology is employed due to its ease of calculation and the fact that it does not necessitate specific tools or equipment for its application. However, this methodology bases its results on studies conducted in a country with a different context than the local one, rendering these results less suitable for accurate evaluation. Several models and methodologies are integral components of management systems, originating from the detailed analysis of the current state of roadways. The objective is to bring about a change in the interurban-urban landscape through the prediction of deterioration ( Guaita Luján, 2016 ). In Nevada and Louisiana, United States, an analysis of the road conditions has been conducted using a methodology tailored to the specific characteristics of the region. This has allowed the execution of practical and accurate studies to evaluate the roadways, employing computerized applications ASTM International (2003) . However, it has been identified that these analyses in Nevada and Louisiana do not lead to changes or variations in the deduction curves inherent to the method ( Loria et al., 2016 ). Similarly, in Iran and India, there has been an exploration of the possibility of using programs that automate calculations, such as Soft Computing and Information Solutions. These programs assess pavement conditions using historical data to predict the value of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). Although these software applications contribute to research, they do not exhibit similar characteristics ( Shahnazari et al., 2012 ). In South America, research on pavement conditions has been conducted in Chile, Venezuela, Peru, and Colombia. These studies are primarily based on the PCI method, and through manuals and software applications, they have facilitated the calculation of PCI. It is important to cite several investigations that have contributed to our research, such as the work of the Saba et al., (2006) , Rodriguez Velasquez (2009) , Nuñez Caiminagua & Salazar Avilés (2015) , Hurtado Arias (2016) and Ibragimov et al., (2024) . These researchers have conducted roadway studies using the PCI method without alterations, employing it solely to generate road maintenance plans. This research aims to establish values for determining the local pavement condition index based on the conditions and characteristics of Ecuadorian roadways, using the local Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI). 2. Methodology The deduction curves used by the PCI methodology are based on the Service Index Pavements, these two values being significantly related, so the curves will be the result of the factors that affect the Service Index Pavements ( Vásquez Varela, 2002 ). The deduction curves determined in this research will be evaluated by experts as part of the Validation process of the research results. The evaluation will also consider the Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI), related to climatic, geographical, and environmental factors associated with each roadway. The resulting PSI values will be analyzed using statistical methods, supported by graphs and tables. The simplicity of obtaining PSI makes it an easily accessible value, as it does not require a specific prior study to determine. To get the Pavement Serviceability Index, it suffices to have a well-maintained vehicle. The individual responsible for obtaining this value will remain inside the vehicle, focusing on perceiving and determining the PSI value. Additionally, the person inside the vehicle should assess the roadway based on the movement experienced while traveling. This approach serves as an effective means for users to determine the extent of damage, such as potholes or irregularities, allowing for the evaluation of whether the roadway is in good condition, facilitating reliable service, or if it is in poor condition. Upon analyzing all the data, new curves of deduced PCI values tailored to the Ecuadorian context will be generated. Through this methodology, maintenance plans will be formulated to align with our local reality, recognizing that the continuous assessment and upkeep of roads contribute to the proper formation of the road network, a necessity for both the social and economic development of Ecuador. An adequate road maintenance process seeks greater accuracy as much as possible since it would generate a lower government cost for roads currently the data obtained by the Ministry of Transportation and Public Works presents a value of 200 million dollars annually specifically for road maintenance using the PCI methodology. According to the characteristics of our areas and with values based on our road reality, the methodology will show us more real and accurate results. In Ecuador, for every road maintenance plan, studies are needed through methods such as Vizir (French auscultation methodology) and PCI. In Ecuador, through the Ministry of Transportation and Public Works, the evaluation of the condition of existing pavements in the territory has been carried out using the PCI Method, however, only the values of the method have been considered. It is necessary to investigate roads in the countries, as it is an important point for their emergence. 3. Results 3.1 Study area This study was conducted on the roads of the province of Chimborazo, using field data collected based on pavement failures. The data on pavement failures is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of the results obtained during processing, facilitating the development of maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for the roads. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) values, by the ASTM D6433-03, will be determined for each route and compared with the Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI) obtained through the AASHTO-93 standard ( American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials - Design of pavement structures; AASHTO, 1993 ). The scope of the study is limited to roads that are part of the Ecuadorian national network, specifically those related to Chimborazo. 3.2 Deduction curves based on the analysis of PCI vs PSI of road sections To get the percentage that the PCI in Ecuador is below the PCI in the United States, 15 samples of road sections in the province of Chimborazo were analyzed, to appreciate the variability that the Pavement Condition Index will have, this is obtained through the abacuses proposed by the original PCI methodology regarding the local Service Index. The roads in the United States undergo continuous maintenance, considering high-quality standards to be optimal, therefore, the penalty imposed by these abacuses is quite high, generating a low PCI compared to our local reality. Active 1: The deterioration factors that directly influence the generation of new deterioration curves will penalize the deduced values, thus obtaining a PCI for Ecuador that should be higher compared to the original methodology. To carry out the analysis of the Deduction curves, we started by looking for the best road sections, those that provide a “Very Good” PSI Ecuador index according to our assessment, and from 15 samples taken, the Pavement Service Index was determined, which is compared with the optimal PSI according to the ASSHTO, resulting in variability of 20% as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 because in our country the roads still provide ideal service conditions and according to the penalty of foreign regulations they are not found in such a way. Table 1. Sampling values and percentage of variation. Road section PSI optimal PSI ecuador optimal 1 5.00 4.1 2 5.00 3.8 3 5.00 4.2 4 5.00 4.2 5 5.00 4.0 6 5.00 3.9 7 5.00 4.0 8 5.00 4.2 9 5.00 3.8 10 5.00 3.8 11 5.00 3.9 12 5.00 3.8 13 5.00 4.1 14 5.00 4.1 15 5.00 4.1 Average 5.00 4.0 Road State Good Good % 100% 80% Variation Of Percentage 20% Figure 1. PSI (EEUU-Optimal) Vs. PSI (Ecuador). A. Road pavement condition index focused on ecuador, based on evaluation of pavement serviceability index The 20% variability in the Ecuadorian Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI) was considered and applied to the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method, commonly used for pavement evaluation. This choice was made because the values derived from the PCI method are the ones that penalize pavement conditions. This variability can be differentiated in Table 2 and Table 3 . Table 2. PSI ASSHTOO and PCI. PSI (AASHTO) Condition PCI 5 4 Good 100% 80% 4 3 Satisfactory 80% 60% 3 2 Fair 60% 40% 2 1 Poor 40% 20% 1 0 Very Poor 20% 0% Table 3. PSI Ecuador and PCI Ecuador. PSI (AASHTO) Condition PCI 5 4 Good 100% 80% 4 3 Satisfactory 100% 80% 3 2 Fair 80% 60% 2 1 Poor 60% 40% 1 0 Very Poor 40% 20% With the analysis performed previously and adapting the variations to the local reality, we obtain the deduction curves for each damage ( Figures 2 – 6 ) and the general curve to determine the corrected deduction value ( Figure 7 ). In this context, 19 deduction curves are proposed for each type of failure in the flexible pavement such as: Alligator Cracking, Bleeding, Block Cracking, Bumps and Sags, Corrugation, Depression, Edge Cracking, Joint Reflection Cracking, Lane/Shoulder Drop Off, Longitudinal & Transversal Cracking, Patching & Utility Patching, Polished Aggregates, Potholes, Railroad Crossing, Rutting, Shoving, Slippage Cracking, Swell, Weathering/Raveling. It should be noted that each type of failure has a high (H), medium (M) and low (L) severity level. The curves described above have been adapted from the failure types developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and are documented in the American standard ASTM D6433. Figure 2. Alligator cracking, bleeding, block cracking, bumps and sags. Figure 3. Corrugation, depression, edge cracking, join reflection cracking. Figure 4. Lane/Shoulder Drop/off, longitudinal and transverse cracking, patching, polishing aggregate. Figure 5. Potholes, railroad crossing, rutting, slippage cracking. Figure 6. Parabolic cracks, swelling, raveling. Figure 7. Corrected deduced value. 4. Conclusions and future work The variation of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) by 20% from the AASHTO, based on the service required by our road reality, allowed the determination of each point where the curves of original deduced values from the PCI methodology are defined. Polynomial equations governing each logarithmic curve could be generated, considering an 80% penalty relative to the 100% recommended by the standard for each of the 19 damages. Damage number 19, related to weathering, could be considered as aggregate polished aggregates, penalizing with values lower than the deduced ones. However, it exhibits similar deterioration characteristics, leading to the definition of the same deduction curves. Future research should aim to establish a database using the results obtained in this study and compare them with data obtained previously with no variation in the methodology. This comparison would help identify whether an appropriate budget for maintenance plans in Ecuador can be achieved based on these results. Ethical approval This research did not involve human participants, human data, or biological samples. Therefore, ethical approval from an institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee was not required. The study focused exclusively on engineering analysis and the evaluation of pavement condition data obtained from secondary, non-human sources. Data availability Repository: Zenodo — Dataset associated with the article “Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17342626 This project contains the following underlying data: DATA_DEDUCED_VALUES.xlsx (data supporting the deduction values obtained for Ecuador). ( Jéssica, B., Alexis, A., Edison, V., Carolina, M., & Roberto, V. (2025) .) Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials: AASHTO guide for design of pavement structures. AASHTO; 1993. ASTM International: Standard practice for roads and parking lots pavement condition index surveys (ASTM D6433-03). ASTM International; 2003. Publisher Full Text Choez Pibaque VI: Determination of the pavement condition index of Macará street in the Jipijapa canton using the methodology PCI.2022. [bachelorThesis,Jipijapa-Unesum]. Reference Source Guaita Luján B: Urban pavement maintenance management. proposal for the implementation of a pavement management system in the city of Valencia. Quantification of the benefits of implementing a pavement management system. Valencia, Spain: Polytechnic University of Valencia; 2016. Reference Source Hurtado Arias WM: Functional and structural evaluation to determine the deterioration of the pavement structure on Abdón Calderón Avenue, Conocoto parish, Quito canton, Pichincha province.2016. [bachelorThesis, Quito/UIDE/2016]. Reference Source Ibragimov E, Kim Y, Lee JH, et al. : Automated Pavement Condition Index Assessment with Deep Learning and Image Analysis: An End-to-End Approach. Sensors. 2024; 24 (7): Article 7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Jéssica B, Alexis A, Edison V, et al. : Dataset associated with the article “Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador”. [Data set]. Zenodo. 2025. Publisher Full Text Loria L, Hajj E, Navas A, et al. : Review and Improvement of Pavement Condition Prediction Models for Flexible Pavements Using Statistical Techniques (Bachelor’s Thesis). Pitra, Costa Rica: University of Costa Rica; 2016. Reference Source Nuñez J, Salazar N: Manual for the Acquisition of the Undergraduate Degree Title ‘Conservation and Maintenance Processes in Flexible Pavements for the Province of Chimborazo’. Chimborazo, Ecuador: National University of Chimborazo; 2015. (Bachelor’s Thesis). Reference Source Obregón-Biosca SA, Romero-Navarrete JA, Betanzo-Quezada E: Mobility in a Mexican metropolitan area, case study: Querétaro, Mexico. Transport and Territory Magazine. 2015; 12 : 167–197. Reference Source Rodriguez ED: Calculation of the Flexible Pavement Condition Index on Luis Montero Avenue, Castilla District. Piura, Peru: University of Piura; 2009. (Bachelor’s Thesis). Reference Source Saba RG, Huvstig A, Hildebrand G, et al. : Performance Prediction Models for Flexible Pavements: A State-of-the-art Report.2006; 54. Reference Source Shahnazari H, Tutunchian MA, Mashayekhi M, et al. : Application of Soft Computing for Prediction of Pavement Condition Index. J. Transp. Eng. 2012; 138 : 1495–1506. Publisher Full Text Shahin MY, Kohn SD: Development of a pavement condition rating procedure for roads, streets, and parking lots.1979; 2 . Reference Source Vásquez Varela LR: Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for asphalt and concrete pavements on roads. Ingepav. 2002; 1 : 2–45. Reference Source Zhao Q, Yao X, Deng A, et al. : Fatigue Performance of New and Recycled Asphalt Pavement with Interlayer Based on Ct Test (SSRN Scholarly Paper 5143812). Soc. Sci. Res. Netw. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Nov 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Engineering, National University of Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060150, Ecuador 2 Territorial Planning, Goverment of Riobamba, Riobamba, Chimborazo, 060104, Ecuador JESSICA BRITO Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology Alexis Andrade Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology Villacrés Edison Roles: Supervision, Validation Carolina Merino Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation Roberto Vallejo Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 18 Nov 2025, 14:1280 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171563.1 Copyright © 2025 BRITO J et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article BRITO J, Andrade A, Edison V et al. Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171563.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Nov 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Labi S. Reviewer Report For: Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r435139 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1#referee-response-435139 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Dec 2025 Samuel Labi , Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r435139 This is a short and simple study, yet serves as a valuable contribution in the specific context of pavement management in Equador. The article is ready for publication, in my opinion, after it has been proofread by a technical wrtiter ... Continue reading READ ALL This is a short and simple study, yet serves as a valuable contribution in the specific context of pavement management in Equador. The article is ready for publication, in my opinion, after it has been proofread by a technical wrtiter and editor to paraphrase some of the sentences and correct the typos. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Infrastructure management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Labi S. Reviewer Report For: Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r435139 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1#referee-response-435139 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ildefonso JS. Reviewer Report For: Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r436765 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1#referee-response-436765 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 13 Dec 2025 Jesner Sereni Ildefonso , Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r436765 REVIEWER REPORT Summary This article proposes an adaptation of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methodology for application in Ecuador by modifying the deduction curves based on an observed 20% variability in the Pavement Serviceability Index ... Continue reading READ ALL REVIEWER REPORT Summary This article proposes an adaptation of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methodology for application in Ecuador by modifying the deduction curves based on an observed 20% variability in the Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI) relative to the reference values traditionally associated with AASHTO and ASTM standards. Using 15 road sections in Chimborazo Province, the authors infer a local serviceability adjustment and apply this factor uniformly to the PCI abacuses, generating new deduction curves for 19 flexible pavement distress types. The objective is to better align pavement condition assessment and maintenance planning with Ecuadorian climatic, economic, and operational realities. The topic is relevant and potentially valuable for pavement management in developing contexts. However, in its current form, the manuscript presents fundamental methodological and conceptual weaknesses that prevent the results from being considered technically sound or reproducible. Major comments 1. Definition and measurement of PSI A critical issue concerns how the Pavement Serviceability Index is defined and obtained. The manuscript states that PSI is determined by a person inside a well-maintained vehicle, based on perceived motion and ride quality. This description does not correspond to the AASHTO PSI formulation and is much closer to a subjective ride rating or Present Serviceability Rating (PSR). Because the entire calibration strategy and the proposed 20% adjustment are based on this value, the lack of a clear and standard-consistent definition undermines the validity of the results. Required actions Clearly define whether the study uses PSI, PSR, or another subjective serviceability indicator. Provide a complete measurement protocol, including number of raters, training, vehicle characteristics, speed, repetition, and environmental conditions. Quantify reliability, at minimum inter-rater and test–retest agreement. 2. Justification and generalization of the 20% adjustment factor The 20% variability is derived from a limited sample of 15 road sections and then applied uniformly to all deduction curves, for all distress types and severity levels. No statistical justification or mechanistic explanation is provided to support the assumption that a single scaling factor is valid across fundamentally different distress mechanisms. Different distresses influence serviceability and user perception in distinct ways, and a global adjustment factor is a strong assumption that must be demonstrated, not asserted. Required actions Provide a transparent derivation of the 20% value, including dispersion measures and uncertainty. Assess whether the adjustment varies by distress type, severity, or density. Perform sensitivity or validation analyses using independent performance indicators or maintenance outcomes. 3. Insufficient methodological detail for replication The description of the PCI survey and curve adaptation process lacks essential details required for replication. Missing or unclear elements include: Criteria for road section selection and representativeness; Definition of sample units and survey units; Distress identification, quantification, and severity classification procedures; Numerical process used to modify the original deduction curves; Curve fitting procedures, including fitting method, data points, and goodness-of-fit metrics. Required actions Add a step-by-step, reproducible workflow describing the entire process from field survey to final PCI calculation. Provide numerical tables or equations defining each adapted deduction curve and their valid ranges. Include a worked example demonstrating the full PCI calculation using the proposed method. 4. Absence of formal statistical analysis Although the manuscript states that PSI values are analyzed statistically, the presented results are descriptive only. No statistical tests, uncertainty analysis, or reliability assessment is reported. Given the subjective component of the serviceability evaluation, this omission is significant. Required actions Include appropriate statistical analyses, such as reliability metrics for subjective ratings and uncertainty bounds for derived adjustments. Report calibration or fitting metrics if polynomial or logarithmic curves are generated. Justify sample size and analytical choices. 5. Data availability and reproducibility The availability of a Zenodo dataset is a positive aspect. However, the current description does not ensure full reproducibility. For complete transparency, the repository should include: Raw field survey data for PCI and serviceability evaluations; Intermediate calculation steps linking raw data to adapted curves; Scripts or fully documented spreadsheets used in curve generation. Required actions Expand the data repository to include raw observations and transformation steps. Provide documentation sufficient for an independent researcher to reproduce the results. Minor comments The literature review could be strengthened by discussing prior attempts to localize or calibrate PCI systems internationally and clearly positioning the novelty of this work. Several contextual statements regarding national practice and maintenance costs require stronger referencing. Terminology should be clarified and standardized throughout the manuscript. Figures presenting adapted curves should include explicit comparison with original ASTM curves, with quantitative differences highlighted. Overall recommendation In its current form, the manuscript does not meet the technical and methodological standards required for a calibration or adaptation study of the PCI methodology. The study has potential relevance, but major revisions are necessary. The authors must clarify the serviceability metric, justify the calibration strategy, provide full methodological transparency, and validate the proposed curves before the work can be considered scientifically sound. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: pavement management system; transportation infrastructure; materials I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ildefonso JS. Reviewer Report For: Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r436765 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1#referee-response-436765 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Nov 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 18 Nov 25 read read Jesner Sereni Ildefonso , Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil Samuel Labi , Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Labi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Samuel Labi , Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Labi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This is a short and simple study, yet serves as a valuable contribution in the specific context of pavement management in Equador. The article is ready for publication, in my opinion, after it has been proofread by a technical wrtiter and editor to paraphrase some of the sentences and correct the typos. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Infrastructure management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Labi S. Peer Review Report For: Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r435139) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1#referee-response-435139 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Ildefonso J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Jesner Sereni Ildefonso , Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil 0 Views copyright © 2025 Ildefonso J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions REVIEWER REPORT Summary This article proposes an adaptation of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methodology for application in Ecuador by modifying the deduction curves based on an observed 20% variability in the Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI) relative to the reference values traditionally associated with AASHTO and ASTM standards. Using 15 road sections in Chimborazo Province, the authors infer a local serviceability adjustment and apply this factor uniformly to the PCI abacuses, generating new deduction curves for 19 flexible pavement distress types. The objective is to better align pavement condition assessment and maintenance planning with Ecuadorian climatic, economic, and operational realities. The topic is relevant and potentially valuable for pavement management in developing contexts. However, in its current form, the manuscript presents fundamental methodological and conceptual weaknesses that prevent the results from being considered technically sound or reproducible. Major comments 1. Definition and measurement of PSI A critical issue concerns how the Pavement Serviceability Index is defined and obtained. The manuscript states that PSI is determined by a person inside a well-maintained vehicle, based on perceived motion and ride quality. This description does not correspond to the AASHTO PSI formulation and is much closer to a subjective ride rating or Present Serviceability Rating (PSR). Because the entire calibration strategy and the proposed 20% adjustment are based on this value, the lack of a clear and standard-consistent definition undermines the validity of the results. Required actions Clearly define whether the study uses PSI, PSR, or another subjective serviceability indicator. Provide a complete measurement protocol, including number of raters, training, vehicle characteristics, speed, repetition, and environmental conditions. Quantify reliability, at minimum inter-rater and test–retest agreement. 2. Justification and generalization of the 20% adjustment factor The 20% variability is derived from a limited sample of 15 road sections and then applied uniformly to all deduction curves, for all distress types and severity levels. No statistical justification or mechanistic explanation is provided to support the assumption that a single scaling factor is valid across fundamentally different distress mechanisms. Different distresses influence serviceability and user perception in distinct ways, and a global adjustment factor is a strong assumption that must be demonstrated, not asserted. Required actions Provide a transparent derivation of the 20% value, including dispersion measures and uncertainty. Assess whether the adjustment varies by distress type, severity, or density. Perform sensitivity or validation analyses using independent performance indicators or maintenance outcomes. 3. Insufficient methodological detail for replication The description of the PCI survey and curve adaptation process lacks essential details required for replication. Missing or unclear elements include: Criteria for road section selection and representativeness; Definition of sample units and survey units; Distress identification, quantification, and severity classification procedures; Numerical process used to modify the original deduction curves; Curve fitting procedures, including fitting method, data points, and goodness-of-fit metrics. Required actions Add a step-by-step, reproducible workflow describing the entire process from field survey to final PCI calculation. Provide numerical tables or equations defining each adapted deduction curve and their valid ranges. Include a worked example demonstrating the full PCI calculation using the proposed method. 4. Absence of formal statistical analysis Although the manuscript states that PSI values are analyzed statistically, the presented results are descriptive only. No statistical tests, uncertainty analysis, or reliability assessment is reported. Given the subjective component of the serviceability evaluation, this omission is significant. Required actions Include appropriate statistical analyses, such as reliability metrics for subjective ratings and uncertainty bounds for derived adjustments. Report calibration or fitting metrics if polynomial or logarithmic curves are generated. Justify sample size and analytical choices. 5. Data availability and reproducibility The availability of a Zenodo dataset is a positive aspect. However, the current description does not ensure full reproducibility. For complete transparency, the repository should include: Raw field survey data for PCI and serviceability evaluations; Intermediate calculation steps linking raw data to adapted curves; Scripts or fully documented spreadsheets used in curve generation. Required actions Expand the data repository to include raw observations and transformation steps. Provide documentation sufficient for an independent researcher to reproduce the results. Minor comments The literature review could be strengthened by discussing prior attempts to localize or calibrate PCI systems internationally and clearly positioning the novelty of this work. Several contextual statements regarding national practice and maintenance costs require stronger referencing. Terminology should be clarified and standardized throughout the manuscript. Figures presenting adapted curves should include explicit comparison with original ASTM curves, with quantitative differences highlighted. Overall recommendation In its current form, the manuscript does not meet the technical and methodological standards required for a calibration or adaptation study of the PCI methodology. The study has potential relevance, but major revisions are necessary. The authors must clarify the serviceability metric, justify the calibration strategy, provide full methodological transparency, and validate the proposed curves before the work can be considered scientifically sound. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise pavement management system; transportation infrastructure; materials I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Ildefonso JS. Peer Review Report For: Values Deduced to Apply the Pavement Condition Index Methodology to Ecuador [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1280 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189184.r436765) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1280/v1#referee-response-436765 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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