The toughening mechanism of β nucleated isotactic polypropylene

The toughening mechanism of β nucleated isotactic polypropylene | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The toughening mechanism of β nucleated isotactic polypropylene Conglong Lin, Enci Zhu, Ruiheng He, Shenghu Zhou, Shicheng Zhao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7707765/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The incorporation of β nucleating agents has been demonstrated to improve the toughness of isotactic polypropylene (iPP), but the underlying mechanism remains ambiguous. This study presents a comprehensive investigation on the toughening mechanism in β nucleated iPP through systematic analysis of both macro-properties and micro-structures. The results show that with the addition of 0.1 wt%, three distinct β nucleating agents, BNA-01, zinc adipate (ZnAA) and zinc phthalate (ZnPA), significantly enhances the impact strength of iPP from 3.6 kJ/m² to 11.7 kJ/m², 6.1 kJ/m², and 8.7 kJ/m², respectively. To elucidate the toughening mechanism, the relative content of β form iPP (k β ) and crystallinity of nucleated iPP were characterized using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results reveal a strong correlation between the β form iPP content and toughness, with higher β form iPP content leading to enhanced toughness. However, the results also indicate that when the content of β form iPP is the same, the toughness of nucleated iPP also differs. To address it, the distribution of β form iPP and spherulite size were examined using polarized optical microscopy (POM). The results indicate that, as the content of β form iPP increases, a continuous distribution of β form iPP will be formed, which can significantly improve the toughness of nucleated iPP. Moreover, under the condition of both continuous distributions, smaller spherulite size contributes to a larger fracture surface, consequently demanding more energy for fracture propagation and ultimately enhancing the toughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the fracture sections of samples to confirm the toughening mechanism. This study provides new insights into the role of β form iPP content, distribution and spherulite size in the toughening of nucleated iPP, offering a deeper understanding of its structure-property relationships. Isotactic Polypropylene Toughening Nucleating Agent Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 05 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7707765","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":526224086,"identity":"19a68b3a-baea-4c76-9d61-eaf1e6b06fd1","order_by":0,"name":"Conglong Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Conglong","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":526224087,"identity":"2589d98e-ddcd-45f4-ac99-72b177facc4a","order_by":1,"name":"Enci 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polypropylene","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Isotactic Polypropylene, Toughening, Nucleating Agent","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7707765/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7707765/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe incorporation of β nucleating agents has been demonstrated to improve the toughness of isotactic polypropylene (iPP), but the underlying mechanism remains ambiguous. This study presents a comprehensive investigation on the toughening mechanism in β nucleated iPP through systematic analysis of both macro-properties and micro-structures. The results show that with the addition of 0.1 wt%, three distinct β nucleating agents, BNA-01, zinc adipate (ZnAA) and zinc phthalate (ZnPA), significantly enhances the impact strength of iPP from 3.6 kJ/m\u0026sup2; to 11.7 kJ/m\u0026sup2;, 6.1 kJ/m\u0026sup2;, and 8.7 kJ/m\u0026sup2;, respectively. To elucidate the toughening mechanism, the relative content of β form iPP (k\u003csub\u003eβ\u003c/sub\u003e) and crystallinity of nucleated iPP were characterized using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results reveal a strong correlation between the β form iPP content and toughness, with higher β form iPP content leading to enhanced toughness. However, the results also indicate that when the content of β form iPP is the same, the toughness of nucleated iPP also differs. To address it, the distribution of β form iPP and spherulite size were examined using polarized optical microscopy (POM). The results indicate that, as the content of β form iPP increases, a continuous distribution of β form iPP will be formed, which can significantly improve the toughness of nucleated iPP. Moreover, under the condition of both continuous distributions, smaller spherulite size contributes to a larger fracture surface, consequently demanding more energy for fracture propagation and ultimately enhancing the toughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the fracture sections of samples to confirm the toughening mechanism. This study provides new insights into the role of β form iPP content, distribution and spherulite size in the toughening of nucleated iPP, offering a deeper understanding of its structure-property relationships.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The toughening mechanism of β nucleated isotactic polypropylene","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-21 18:20:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7707765/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T04:07:56+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T01:28:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2025-10-05T18:43:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-27T08:42:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2025-09-26T06:14:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e27f6012-c323-4ba1-84c8-ebc0f3c35782","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T16:02:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7707765","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-025-04707-3","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Polymer Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-15 15:58:09","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 15th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-21 18:20:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04707-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-025-04707-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7707765","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7707765","identity":"rs-7707765","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}