Design and Implementation of Collaborative Energy Efficient IoT-Based LoRa WAN

Design and Implementation of Collaborative Energy Efficient IoT-Based LoRa WAN | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design and Implementation of Collaborative Energy Efficient IoT-Based LoRa WAN Ravi Kumar M G, Mrinal Sarvagya, S N Prasad, B S Kavya This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4363253/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSN) architectures involve multiple sensor nodes that cover large areas. It is difficult to deploy such nodes efficiently. However, based on clustering and collaboration, WSNs can organize efficiently and prolong system lifetime. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a collaborative LoRa WAN using ultra-low-energy hardware and smart utilization of battery power. We have chosen the robust LoRa modulation technique and clustering method to design the end nodes. The sensor data from each of the end nodes are transmitted using low-power, long distance, and noise-resilient LoRa radio channels to their corresponding Cluster Heads(CHs), where it is first stored and then processed before transmitting further to the Gateways. The storing and then transmitting technique reduces the bandwidth requirement significantly. Also, the stored sensor data can be analyzed for system optimization. Immediately after transmission, the microcontroller goes to hibernation mode, whereas, the sensor system and the LoRa module are powered off until the next cycle. In this way, the power consumption by the end node is kept at its minimum and the battery life is extended to 35 years. Several challenges related to hardware design and network parameters optimization to achieve energy-efficient IoT-based LoRa WAN are presented and discussed. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4363253","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":301526471,"identity":"95b1a214-497d-45e1-8921-164f5beacc48","order_by":0,"name":"Ravi Kumar M G","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ravi","middleName":"Kumar M","lastName":"G","suffix":""},{"id":301526472,"identity":"7d727686-6127-4052-b418-87f36a177767","order_by":1,"name":"Mrinal Sarvagya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"REVA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mrinal","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarvagya","suffix":""},{"id":301526473,"identity":"53f86b49-5933-42e8-a2f9-da14900cc9c4","order_by":2,"name":"S N Prasad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIie3PMQuCQBTA8RfCaylbjQa/QhJEEdFX8XB2bwhRgmurtagPIQjRaAi12K7oIkFLDU1RS3TVEg2XY8P94XjL/bh3ACLRX7e1AXQ2ZXaUfCT03wTzk0h/z59Endu47w8sVY6P5JytUhVBWiclDqmnflELN4E2S0xPIeFBo4BGh0sUHas2+gU3MV2F0KBAodSs8Yg6fZK71XPjnXdlpEehcuES9musOlQiblRePl8h7BXkknpERpozDoxZaC5bhB4MKmGjveAuZmwy+2J1x9udF99o2p0Uh1l04i0G7L8f+QAS9/or/CIikUgk+uoBwVdRQTsVV6EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"S","middleName":"N","lastName":"Prasad","suffix":""},{"id":301526474,"identity":"8c240163-593c-4a2a-867a-4a737cd1713f","order_by":3,"name":"B S Kavya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B","middleName":"S","lastName":"Kavya","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-03 09:44:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4363253/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4363253/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56687084,"identity":"e75ec495-e57d-49a0-883c-523f9276c332","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-17 21:31:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":973448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"JournalarticleWPC.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4363253/v1_covered_710631e9-6a5a-4374-833f-a3e66bea8755.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design and Implementation of Collaborative Energy Efficient IoT-Based LoRa WAN","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4363253/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4363253/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Wireless sensor network (WSN) architectures involve multiple sensor nodes that cover large areas. It is difficult to deploy such nodes efficiently. However, based on clustering and collaboration, WSNs can organize efficiently and prolong system lifetime. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a collaborative LoRa WAN using ultra-low-energy hardware and smart utilization of battery power. We have chosen the robust LoRa modulation technique and clustering method to design the end nodes. The sensor data from each of the end nodes are transmitted using low-power, long distance, and noise-resilient LoRa radio channels to their corresponding Cluster Heads(CHs), where it is first stored and then processed before transmitting further to the Gateways. The storing and then transmitting technique reduces the bandwidth requirement significantly. Also, the stored sensor data can be analyzed for system optimization. Immediately after transmission, the microcontroller goes to hibernation mode, whereas, the sensor system and the LoRa module are powered off until the next cycle. In this way, the power consumption by the end node is kept at its minimum and the battery life is extended to 35 years. 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