Experimental generation of non-uniform surface temperature distributions in high-speed flow

Experimental generation of non-uniform surface temperature distributions in high-speed flow | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental generation of non-uniform surface temperature distributions in high-speed flow Kazuki Ozawa, Paul Bruce This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7581926/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents prediction and experimental measurement of non-uniform surface temperature distributions on a flat plate test article for a flow control method. The test article features strips of materials (copper and MACOR) with dissimilar thermal properties interacting with a developing boundary layer to establish a passively controlled, non-uniform temperature profile. Experiments with a pre-heated model are conducted within the Imperial College supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.75. Infrared thermography is used for surface temperature measurements. Results from the experiments confirm the passive surface temperature control, demonstrating temperature variations between the strips. Furthermore, the physics-informed thermal model, with boundary conditions derived from actual wind tunnel conditions, predicts non-uniform surface temperature distributions that quantitatively align with the experimental results. Higher temperature differences between the strips of dissimilar materials can be achieved by increasing the difference between the recovery temperature and the initial temperature. These results highlight the potential of this approach for generating controlled surface temperature variations, contributing to the development of flow control for delaying boundary layer transition. High-speed Surface temperature variations Infrared thermography Thermal modeling Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7581926","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":523891332,"identity":"b1cb3ed0-caa2-4013-b053-3f01b7db8995","order_by":0,"name":"Kazuki Ozawa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCSgtx8be2ABi8DCwQ0QMCGkx5uM5CNXCTKSWxHkSCVAmIS2SDcyHP/xss2Nsk3zcurmg4p4MfzMD44cfDIeNcWmRZmBLMOxtS2Zmk05suz3jTDGPxGEGZskehsNmuLTIMfAYJPBuY2YDa+FtS+BhOAwyiOGwDT4tB/9uq+dhkzwI1PIvgUceaMtvfFqkGXgMm3m3HZZgk2AEamlI4DE4zMAGsgWnwySb2ZKZZf8dN2DjAfnlWAKP4WHGNsseg3Sc3pc43nz445sz1fXz248/u11Qk2AvBxS58aPC2rABlx5mTDZjA55YwaN9FIyCUTAKRgEcAADnTUvGulLtXwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Imperial College London","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kazuki","middleName":"","lastName":"Ozawa","suffix":""},{"id":523891333,"identity":"f6f26bb4-f82f-4697-9daf-9273652fef68","order_by":1,"name":"Paul Bruce","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Imperial College London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paul","middleName":"","lastName":"Bruce","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-10 10:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7581926/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7581926/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-026-04177-3","type":"published","date":"2026-02-03T15:58:01+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92752079,"identity":"a236668a-7ec7-409f-8eb5-e4f8f88d6bbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 23:18:44","extension":"json","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"515dea7f6cb34dca8cacdbfceb387185.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7581926/v1/e93c77c0644409500d259485.json"},{"id":102234025,"identity":"cf5790ea-f75f-4b1d-a1f3-4df191737865","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 16:04:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":14415998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ExperimentalnonuniformsurfacetemperaturedistributionsSpringerNature.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7581926/v1_covered_31e4c572-d8f8-4e0f-9485-6c40c41a3890.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental generation of non-uniform surface temperature distributions in high-speed flow","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"exif","sideBox":"Learn more about [Experiments in Fluids](http://link.springer.com/journal/348)","snPcode":"348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/348/3","title":"Experiments in Fluids","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"High-speed, Surface temperature variations, Infrared thermography, Thermal modeling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7581926/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7581926/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This study presents prediction and experimental measurement of non-uniform surface temperature distributions on a flat plate test article for a flow control method. 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