Effect analysis of soil texture and water content on soil adhesive force based on the discrete element method

Effect analysis of soil texture and water content on soil adhesive force based on the discrete element method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Effect analysis of soil texture and water content on soil adhesive force based on the discrete element method Dae-Wi Jeong, Min-Seung Kim, Se-O Choi, Shin-Young Noh, Yeon-Soo Kim, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8246049/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding soil–metal adhesion under varying moisture and texture conditions is essential for predicting soil–tool interactions in agricultural machinery. However, despite its importance, research that directly quantifies soil adhesion and provides physically based parameters for modeling remains limited, particularly across the diverse conditions encountered in field operations. In this study, we experimentally measured soil–metal adhesion across multiple penetration speeds and integrated the results with discrete element method (DEM) simulations based on the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion (EEPA) model. Adhesion tests were conducted for three soil textures (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loam) and four water contents (10–25%) at penetration speeds of 50 and 500 mm·min⁻¹. Adhesive force increased with water content and peaked near the liquid limit (20–25%), while remaining nearly independent of penetration rate (< 5% variation). DEM calibration showed that surface energy (Δγ) is the dominant parameter governing compressive behavior, whereas the constant pull-off force (f₀) primarily controls adhesive strength. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that these mechanisms operate independently (p > 0.05). The calibrated model achieved R² ≥ 0.93 and RMSE ≤ 0.1 N across all textures, and validation at an intermediate speed of 250 mm·min⁻¹ demonstrated stable predictive performance (R² ≥ 0.93 for compression; R² ≥ 0.98 for adhesion). By linking multi-speed adhesion measurements with a physically based DEM contact model, this work establishes a robust and transferable Δγ–f₀ calibration framework for modeling soil adhesion in cohesive soils. Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences soil adhesion soil texture water content soil-tool interaction discrete element method Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 08 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8246049","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":559811963,"identity":"af8bd0e6-4e77-4b25-9d1e-8b57ccfd9809","order_by":0,"name":"Dae-Wi Jeong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pusan National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dae-Wi","middleName":"","lastName":"Jeong","suffix":""},{"id":559811964,"identity":"7baa07ff-6374-47ed-a10d-aed605e57a60","order_by":1,"name":"Min-Seung Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pusan National 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method","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"soil adhesion, soil texture, water content, soil-tool interaction, discrete element method","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8246049/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8246049/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding soil\u0026ndash;metal adhesion under varying moisture and texture conditions is essential for predicting soil\u0026ndash;tool interactions in agricultural machinery. However, despite its importance, research that directly quantifies soil adhesion and provides physically based parameters for modeling remains limited, particularly across the diverse conditions encountered in field operations. In this study, we experimentally measured soil\u0026ndash;metal adhesion across multiple penetration speeds and integrated the results with discrete element method (DEM) simulations based on the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion (EEPA) model. Adhesion tests were conducted for three soil textures (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loam) and four water contents (10\u0026ndash;25%) at penetration speeds of 50 and 500 mm\u0026middot;min⁻\u0026sup1;. Adhesive force increased with water content and peaked near the liquid limit (20\u0026ndash;25%), while remaining nearly independent of penetration rate (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% variation). DEM calibration showed that surface energy (Δγ) is the dominant parameter governing compressive behavior, whereas the constant pull-off force (f₀) primarily controls adhesive strength. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that these mechanisms operate independently (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The calibrated model achieved R\u0026sup2; \u0026ge; 0.93 and RMSE\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.1 N across all textures, and validation at an intermediate speed of 250 mm\u0026middot;min⁻\u0026sup1; demonstrated stable predictive performance (R\u0026sup2; \u0026ge; 0.93 for compression; R\u0026sup2; \u0026ge; 0.98 for adhesion). By linking multi-speed adhesion measurements with a physically based DEM contact model, this work establishes a robust and transferable Δγ\u0026ndash;f₀ calibration framework for modeling soil adhesion in cohesive soils.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect analysis of soil texture and water content on soil adhesive force based on the discrete element method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-16 20:00:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8246049/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-20T18:35:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T14:20:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-18T00:40:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-06T03:08:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"122787831903654511034665004925843563297","date":"2025-12-24T12:12:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"218579394719887317518067612719715280968","date":"2025-12-21T23:01:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"176120272803282365944389703700085035174","date":"2025-12-11T02:10:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-10T07:13:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T01:39:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T18:00:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T01:18:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-12-08T01:13:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5336b71b-6d47-4215-89d6-e755ec1b5100","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":59601658,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":59601659,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-24T07:13:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-16 20:00:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8246049","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8246049","identity":"rs-8246049","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}