A nature-is-enhancing mindset improves depressive emotions through a chain mediation model

A nature-is-enhancing mindset improves depressive emotions through a chain mediation model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A nature-is-enhancing mindset improves depressive emotions through a chain mediation model Yue Chen, Xiaoqi Zhang, Yidi Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5286113/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract It is widely acknowledged that nature benefits human well-being, both physically and psychologically. However, the role of mindsets in this relationship between humans and nature has not received sufficient attention. This study conducted two investigations to explore the role of mindsets in the context of nature and to reveal the underlying mediating mechanism between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. Study 1 introduced a reliable and valid four-item tool to measure the nature-is-enhancing mindset, which evaluates individuals' beliefs about nature as beneficial. Study 2 illustrated that a nature-is-enhancing mindset could significantly decrease depression. Furthermore, nature contact and perceived stress were identified as mediators in the association between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. Perceived stress had a significant mediating effect. This study proposes a strong antecedent variable that explains the beneficial effects of natural contact, providing new perspectives and directions for cognitive interventions aimed at promoting engagement with nature. Nature-is-enhancing mindset nature contact perceived stress depression Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction The benefits of nature for human well-being are undeniable and encompass both physical and psychological health. Numerous studies have illustrated the positive impacts of natural environments on humans, consistently showing that exposure to nature can improve health, well-being, and cognitive processes (Hartig et al., 2014 ; Kuo, 2015 ; Mintz et al., 2021 ; Russell et al., 2013 ; Yang et al., 2024 ). However, despite the many benefits that nature brings to humans, not everyone is aware of these benefits of nature to humans, which can be detrimental to benefiting from nature. A mindset can be described as a cognitive framework or perspective that selectively filters and interprets information. This mental lens shapes an individual's comprehension of experiences and directs subsequent actions and reactions (Dweck, 2008 ). This kind of mindset is rooted in the growth mindset, which champions continuous self-improvement and learning, in contrast to the fixed mindset belief in static abilities (Dweck & Yeager, 2019 ). It prompts individuals to see challenges as growth opportunities, effort as a route to expertise, and setbacks as learning feedback. This perspective encourages resilience and persistence in personal development, regardless of obstacles. Growth mindsets possess variants across different domains such as health, stress, and emotional mindsets. Each of these domain beliefs can help interpret their relationship with mental health (Schroder, 2021 ). Within the health domain, the direct impact of the growth mindset has also been found in physical well-being, and hotel room attendants who recognize their work as a form of exercise experience significant health benefits, such as reductions in weight and blood pressure (Crum & Langer, 2007 ). People who believe that stress can be beneficial report better health outcomes, including fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety and increased energy levels, compared to those who view stress as harmful (Crum et al., 2013 ). In contrast to a fixed emotional mindset, adolescents with a malleable emotional mindset, which views emotions as changeable, exhibit better emotion regulation skills. This mindset is associated with more voluntary engagement with emotions and less disengagement and dysregulation, resulting in fewer depressive symptoms (Skymba et al., 2022 ). Considering the significant influence of mindsets across the aforementioned areas, it is logical to deduce that mindsets may exert a comparable impact in the context of nature. A nature-is-enhancing mindset refers to the belief or perception that interacting with nature has beneficial effects on mental well-being. When an individual has a “nature-is-enhancing” mindset, they are more inclined to seek contact with nature. Based on the study of Crum et al. ( 2013 ), we anticipate that adopting a nature-is-enhancing mindset will yield positive health outcomes. Given the numerous benefits associated with nature contact, it is reasonable to infer that a nature-is-enhancing mindset could similarly contribute to salutary effects on mental health. Knowing nature’s utility can promote greater engagement with the environment, leading to improvements in physical and mental health (Bardhan et al., 2023 ). Moreover, being aware of the benefits that nature brings can also lead to more efforts in environmental protection (Jacobs & McConnell, 2024 ; Tam, 2022 ). From a necessity standpoint, our mindset regarding the merits of nature must be acknowledged and valued. This understanding can promote healthier interactions with the environment and promote more actions towards its preservation. The most important thing to do after nature-is-enhancing mindsets have been introduced is to quantify it in order to conduct subsequent studies. However, there is no existing scale for measuring nature-is-enhancing mindsets. Therefore, the development of such a scale is crucial. Therefore, we adapted the Stress Mindset Scale to introduce nature into the field of mindsets. Theoretically, it would allow us to quantify and evaluate people’s attitudes and beliefs about the benefits of nature, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the prevalent perceptions. Practically, it serves as a valuable tool for researchers, environmentalists, educators, and policymakers to examine the relationship between this mindset and various health, psychological, and environmental outcomes. Mindset theory, originated by Dweck ( 2013 ) and further expanded in collaboration with Leggett (1988) and Yeager ( 2021 ), emerges from two motivational research domains: attribution theory and achievement goal theory. Attribution theory suggests that individuals' explanations of the usefulness of nature affect how they respond to nature activities (Weiner & Kukla, 1970 ). Specifically, attributing physical and mental health to a lack of ability tends to result in less natural activity than attributing it to more modifiable factors such as effort and cognition (Weiner, 2012 ). From the perspective of achievement goal theory, attributions and goals are not standalone concepts but are influenced by broader, situation-independent mindsets (Molden & Dweck, 2006 ). A mindset that considers nature to be beneficial can improve mental health, including depression. Therefore, the first hypothesis is proposed for this research. H1. A nature-is-enhancing mindset has a significant effect on depression. According to the biophilia hypothesis (Wilson, 2017 ), the human innate affinity for nature is conducive to mental health, and evolutionary history has predisposed us to find solace and recovery in natural settings, which can have a positive impact on psychological well-being, including lowering symptoms of depression (Howell & Passmore, 2012 ; Seymour, 2016 ). Many researchers regard nature contact as a critical predictor of decreasing depression (Das & Gailey, 2022 ; Dong & Geng, 2023 ). Specifically, innate affinity with nature creates a sense of alignment with one's true self, which improves long-term psychological well-being, resulting in lower levels of depression (Yang et al., 2024 ). Additionally, numerous studies have shown that nature contact is highly effective in reducing symptoms of depression at different ages (Snell et al., 2020 ), in different seasons (Brooks et al., 2017 ), and in countries with different levels of economic development (Bressane et al., 2024 ; Bressane et al., 2022 ), and has even been used as an intervention (Balanzá-Martínez & Cervera-Martínez, 2022 ). Therefore, the second hypothesis is proposed for this research: H2. Nature contact acts as a mediator of the association between the nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression. A nature-is-enhancing mindset may promote perceived stress and decrease depression. The environmental self-regulation hypothesis (Korpela, 1992 ; Korpela et al., 2020 ) suggests that individuals would voluntarily participate in nature activities and interact with their physical environment in ways that extend beyond mere functionality or aesthetics (Ríos-Rodríguez et al., 2024 ). This implies that individuals can consciously or unconsciously choose environments that improve their mental health. Therefore, the physical environment can serve as an active tool to regulate stress and decrease depression, and the third hypothesis is proposed for this study: H3. Perceived stress acts as a mediator of the association between the nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression. Furthermore, nature contact may influence perceived stress. First, stress reduction theory (Ulrich, 2023 ) suggests that humans have a genetic predisposition to prefer certain natural environments, such as green and open landscapes, owing to evolution. This innate preference translates into stress reduction when individuals are exposed to natural conditions. Second, according to attention restoration theory (Kaplan, 1995 ), nature’s utility as a resource for work, when individuals are fascinated by nature, actively attracted to and engaged with environmental factors, directed attention would be facilitated, subsequently experiencing decreased levels of perceived stress (Thompson & Bruk-Lee, 2019 ). In other words, nature indirectly reduced individuals’ experiences of depressive symptoms through increased directed attention. Thus, we posit the following hypothesis: H4. A nature-is-enhancing mindset has a significant effect on depression through the chain-mediating effects of nature contact and perceived stress. 2. The present study We conducted two studies to test the proposition that a nature-is-enhancing mindset is a distinct and meaningful construct in determining health and performance outcomes. Study 1 sought to determine the reliability and validity of a four-item measure developed to assess nature-is-enhancing mindsets. Study 2 investigated the underlying mechanisms by which a nature-is-enhancing mindset affects depression. As mentioned previously, we propose that a nature-is-enhancing mindset decreases depression through nature contact and perceived stress. 2.1 Study 1 2.1.1 Method 2.1.1.1 Sample and data collection Sample 1 was conducted in a middle school in Shandong Province, targeting first-year junior high school students across four classes. Informed consent was obtained from both the homeroom teachers and students. The survey was administered and taught by the class teachers. A total of 188 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires for Sample 2 were distributed to Chinese college students through an online survey platform called Questionnaire Star. The first survey was conducted in January 2024 among 460 college students participant in the measurement. One month later, some of the students completed a second measurement. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Forestry University. 2.1.2 Material and procedure Nature-is-enhancing mindset (α = 0.71). Measurement of nature-is-enhancing mindset was performed adapting from Stress Mindset Measure (SSM; Crum, 2013). The part of the SMM that assesses the extent to which individuals believe stress has enhancing qualities consists of four items in each with four positively worded (e.g., “The effects of stress are positive and should be utilized”). Participants rated the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each item on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). All items were averaged, with a higher score reflecting a more stress-is-enhancing mindset. Intention and behavior towards green consumption (α = 0.89; α = 0.85). Green consumption was measured using the study of Mamun et al. (2018), which was divided into two separate dimensions, with the green consumption intention dimension containing seven question items. The Green Consumption Behavior Scale uses words that indicate what the subject has done or is doing and includes six items, such as use, intention to avoid, and intention to buy. Participants rated the degree to which each item conformed to their own behavioral habits on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (very inconsistent) to 7 (very consistent). Pro-environmental behavior (α = 0.83). The self-assessed pro-environmental behavior scale containing 11 items developed by Liu ( 2012 ) adapted from Gong ( 2008 ) was used to assess the level of pro-environmentalism. The scale consists of two dimensions: public and private domains. There were six items in the private domain (e.g., “reuse plastic bags”) and five items in the public domain (e.g., “actively participate in various forms of environmental publicity and education activities”). The questionnaire used a five-point Likert scale to assess how often participants engaged in the behaviors listed on the scale in the past week (1 = never, 5 = often). The scores of the questionnaire items were averaged to obtain a score for the participants’ pro-environmental behaviors, with higher scores indicating higher levels of pro-environmental behavior. Growth mindset (α = 0.90). The Growth Mindset Scale was created by Dweck et al. ( 1995 ). Three questions from the Growth Mindset Scale for intelligence were used. The following were used for the growth mindset manipulation test: “You have a certain amount of intelligence and you really can't do much to change it,” “Your intelligence is something about you that you can't change very much,” and “You can learn new things, but you can't really change your basic intelligence.” A six-point Likert scale was used to collect responses (1 = “disagree,” 6 = “strongly agree,” and 2, 3, 4, and 5 indicated varying degrees of agreement). The higher the score, the stronger the orientation of the dimension. Cronbach’s alpha for the six items in this study was 0.93. 2.1.2.1 Data analysis and results Study 1 data were analyzed utilizing SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0. SPSS 26.0 was used for descriptive statistics, item analysis, reliability analysis, calibration correlation validity, discriminant validity, and exploratory factor analysis. AMOS 24.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis in Study 1. 2.1.2.2 Item Analysis The data from Sample 1 were subjected to item analysis. The extreme group test was used to rank the total scores of the subjects on the Natural Favorable Thinking Scale; the 27% with the highest scores were classified as the high group, and the 27% with the lowest scores were classified as the low group. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the differences in scores between the two groups for all items, and the results are shown in Table 1 . The scores of the two groups on the four items were significantly different, with t-values ranging from − 22.72 to − 14.47, p < 0.001). Pearson's correlation method was used to calculate the degree of correlation between the items and the correlation coefficients of each item with the total scale scores. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the items, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.55 to 0.80, p < 0.001; the correlation coefficients between the total scores of the scale and the questions of each item ranged from 0.80 to 0.91, p < 0.001. Table 1 Item analysis of nature-is-enhancing mindset scale (N = 188) item t r 1 −21.91 *** 0.66 *** 2 −22.72 *** 0.75 *** 3 −14.47 *** 0.73 *** 4 −15.47 *** 0.78 *** Note: t is the result of an independent samples t-test for the high and low subgroups of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale score on each entry, r is the Pearson's correlation coefficient of each entry with the total score of the scale, and *** p < 0.001. 2.1.2.3 Validity Analysis Exploratory factor analysis To test the structural validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the data from Sample 1. The results showed that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.80, and the Bartlett's test value was χ 2 (6) = 418.54, p < 0.001. Therefore, the data for this sample were suitable for exploratory factor analysis. The analysis was performed by principal component analysis and variance-robust orthogonal rotation, combining the information of the characteristic root, gravel plot, and original structure of the scale. One factor was extracted, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 73.63%. Considering that the factor loadings of all entries were greater than 0.4, all entries were retained. The factor loadings for each entry are listed in Table 2 . Table 2 Exploratory factor analysis of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale (N = 188) items nature-is-enhancing mindset 1 Nature contact facilitates my learning and growth. 0.87 2 Nature contact enhances my performance and productivity. 0.91 3 Nature contact improves my health and vitality. 0.85 4 The effects of nature are positive and should be utilized. 0.80 Confirmatory Factor Analysis Using data from Sample 2, a validated factor analysis of the one-way structure of the Natural Favorable Thinking Scale was conducted to examine its structural validity. The results showed a good model fit: χ 2 = 6.91, df = 2, RMSEA = 0.076, CFI = 0.971, TLI = 0.914, GFI = 0.992, NFI = 0.961, SRMR = 0.013. Criterion Validity The Pro-Environmental Behavior Questionnaire was selected as the criterion for validity. The total score of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale was positively correlated with the level of pro-environmental behaviors at a medium level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.48 ( p < 0.001). Aggregation Validity Green consumption intention and green consumption behavior were selected to examine the aggregation validity. The total score of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale was moderately positively correlated with Green Consumption Intention and Green Consumption Behavior, with correlation coefficients of 0.47 ( p < 0.001) and 0.56 ( p < 0.001), respectively. The growth mindset was selected to examine aggregation validity. The total score of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale was positively correlated with growth mindset at a low level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.21 ( p < 0.001). Reliability Analysis Internal consistency reliability: In Sample 1, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.88. In Sample 2, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.73 at time T1 and 0.73 at time T2. Retest reliability: Based on the longitudinal data of Sample 2, the retest reliability of the scale total score after a one-month interval was 0.71 ( p < 0.001). 2.2 Study 2 2.2.1 Method 2.2.1.2 Sample and data collection In Study 2, questionnaires were distributed to Chinese college students via the online survey platform Questionnaire Star. Three rounds of follow-up surveys were conducted in December 2023, with a one-month interval between each. The first, second, and third rounds yielded 201, 195, and 173 valid participants, respectively. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Forestry University. 2.2.2 Material and procedure Nature-is-enhancing mindset. Same as in Study 1. Nature Contact (α = 0.86). Measurement of Nature Contact was performed using the Green Contact Index (GCI) questionnaire (Zou & Yang, 2018 ) to measure natural exposure levels in adolescents. The questionnaire consists of 18 items, all of which are scored on a five-point Likert scale. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with a total score of 18 to 90, where 1 means “never” and 5 means “always.” A mean score was calculated, with higher scores indicating greater naturalistic exposure. Perceived Stress (α = 0.93). This study used the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) developed by Cohen and Williamson (1988), a tool that has been validated in China (Chen et al., 2024 ; Wang et al., 2024 ). The PSS-10 consists of two dimensions: Perceived Distress and Perceived Coping. Perceived Distress was measured using six negatively worded items that evaluated the degree of distress and negative emotions in response to stressful events. The remaining four positively worded items gauged an individual's perceived efficacy in managing stress. Responses are indicated on a five-point Likert scale, with options ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The scoring involves reversing the scores for positively phrased items and aggregating all answers. Scores vary from 0 to 40, with higher values indicating greater perceived stress. Depression (α = 0.84). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 used in our study has been validated in China (Wang et al., 2014 ). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a diagnostic instrument for detecting and quantifying the intensity of depressive symptoms. This self-administered survey consists of nine questions aligned with the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) for evaluating depressive symptomatology (Williams, 2014 ). It asked about the extent to which each symptom troubled the respondent over the previous two-week period. The score for each of the PHQ-9 items ranged from 0 to 3, culminating in a total score that varied from 0 to 27 across the nine items. A composite score was calculated to evaluate the degree of depression. A score between 5 and 9 suggests mild depressive symptoms, between 10 and 14 indicates moderate depression, between 15 and 19 indicates moderately severe depression, and 20 or above indicates severe depression. 2.2.3.1 Data analysis and results Study 2: Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, and descriptive statistics and mediation effect analyses were conducted. Mediation models were established using Macro Model 6 of the PROCESS macro in SPSS, and 5000 bootstrap tests were conducted for mediation effects. Using a nature-is-enhancing mindset as the independent variable, nature contact and perceived stress as mediating variables, depression as the dependent variable, and gender, age, and education as covariates, 5000 samples were extracted using the bootstrapping method for 95% confidence interval (95% CI) estimations. To reduce multicollinearity (Hayes, 2017 ), in reference to previous studies (Liu et al., 2021 ; Zhou et al., 2022 ), all data were mean-centralized and the following results are presented as standardized coefficients: The predictive effect of nature-is-enhancing mindset on nature contact was significant (β = 0.41, SE = 0.12, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [0.18, 0.64]). The predictive effect of nature-is-enhancing mindset on perceived stress was significant (β = − 0.37, SE = 0.14, p = 0.008, 95% CI = [− 0.64, − 0.10]). The predictive effect of nature contact on perceived stress was significant (β = − 0.34, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [− 0.51, − 0.18]). The predictive effect of nature-is-enhancing mindset on depression was significant (β = − 0.34, SE = 0.10, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [− 0.53, − 0.14]). However, the predictive effect of nature contact on depression was not significant (β = 0.01, SE = 0.06, p = 0.83, 95% CI = [− 0.11, 0.13]). The predictive effect of perceived stress on depression was significant (β = 0.35, SE = 0.05, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [0.25, 0.45]). The results showed that the total indirect effect was significant, as the standardized effect value was − 0.51, SE = 0.11, 95% CI = [− 0.72, − 0.30]; indirect path 1 (simple mediation: nature-is-enhancing mindset→nature contact→depression) was not significant, as the standardized effect value was 0.00, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [− 0.03, 0.04]; indirect path 2 (chain mediation: nature-is-enhancing mindset→perceived stress→depression) was significant, as the standardized effect value was − 0.08, SE = 0.03, 95% CI = [− 0.15, − 0.02]; and indirect path 3 (simple mediation: nature-is-enhancing mindset→nature contact→perceived stress→depression) was not significant, as the standardized effect value was − 0.05, SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [− 0.12, 0.02]. The direct effect of the nature-is-enhancing mindset on depression was significant, with a standardized effect value of 0.03, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = [− 0.06, − 0.01]. The mediation model is presented in Table 3 and Fig. 1 . The comparison of the indirect effects of Path 1 and Path 2 was significant, as the standardized effect value was 0.08, SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.16]; the comparison of the indirect effects of Path 1 and Path 3 was not significant, as the standardized effect value was 0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [− 0.00, 0.08]; the comparison of the indirect effects of Path 2 and Path 3 was not significant, as the standardized effect value was − 0.05, SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [− 0.12, 0.02]. Table 3 Path analysis of mediation model. Effect Value SE 95% LLCI 95% ULCI Total effect − 0.51 0.11 − 0.72 − 0.30 Direct effect − 0.34 0.10 − 0.53 − 0.14 Total mediating effect − 0.11 0.03 − 0.18 − 0.05 Path 1 0.00 0.02 − 0.03 0.04 Path 2 − 0.08 0.03 − 0.15 − 0.02 Path 3 − 0.03 0.01 − 0.06 − 0.01 3. Discussion Study 1 described the development and validation of a four-item instrument used to measure nature-is-enhancing mindsets. Study 2 suggests that a nature-is-enhancing mindset directly affects depression, nature contact, and perceived stress. Nature contact directly affects perceived stress, and perceived stress directly affects depression. However, nature contact was not associated with depression. Nature contact and perceived stress collectively act as chain mediators between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. Furthermore, perceived stress could be a single mediator between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. 3.1 The instrument to evaluate nature-is-enhancing mindset The development of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale is significant as it introduces a novel variable that can explain why nature contact is beneficial. The stronger the belief in the benefits of nature, the more likely individuals are to engage in nature contact behaviors. This, in turn, can reduce depression by reducing perceived stress, as explained by stress reduction theory and attention restoration theory. Moreover, the nature-is-enhancing mindset served as a cognitive intervention. Similar interventions have been used in various areas such as stress management and emotional plasticity. In stress management, implementing a stress-enhancing mindset intervention leads to significant improvements in students’ abilities to manage negative moods and enhance their coping strategies (Wang & Farb, 2023 ). In terms of emotional plasticity, implicit belief in the malleability of emotions can increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions (Nalipay et al., 2021 ). In addition, the meta-analytic results indicate that beliefs about the malleability of emotions play a significant role in psychological distress, with individuals who believe emotions are changeable tending to employ more adaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, while less of the avoidance strategy, which is less helpful (Kim et al., 2024 ). Thus, this approach empowers individuals to view nature as a growth opportunity, which, in turn, positively influences their emotional well-being and stress management capabilities. Cognitive interventions are easy to implement as they operate at the cognitive level to change people’s beliefs, thereby triggering behavioral changes (Kendall & Hollon, 2013 ). The nature-is-enhancing mindset scale provides a theoretical basis for cognitive interventions to promote nature contact and ultimately improve mental health outcomes. By changing their mindset towards nature, it is possible to encourage more nature contact, reduce perceived stress, and ultimately alleviate symptoms of depression. 3.2 The positive impact of nature-is-enhancing mindset on improving depression One notable finding of our study is that a nature-is-enhancing mindset positively influences depression, thus aligning with H1. This result can be explained by the attribution theory (Leggett, 1988) and achievement-goal theory (Yeager, 2021 ). The nature-is-enhancing mindset, when viewed from the perspective of attribution and achievement goal theories, serves as a protective factor against depression. This mindset embodies the belief that one's belief is not static but capable of positive transformation, which is dynamic and evolving. From an attribution theory standpoint, individuals with a nature-is-enhancing mindset prefer to attribute their mental well-being to internal and controllable factors, such as personal effort and strategy use, rather than to unchangeable traits. This internal and controllable attributional style buffers against depression by fostering a sense of self-efficacy and optimism regarding one's ability to influence emotional outcomes (Reivich et al., 2023 ; Robinson, 2017 ). This counteracts the tendency to make stable and global attributions to negative events commonly associated with depressive symptoms (Sanderson, 2019 ; Weber et al., 2022 ). Achievement goal theory further amplifies this mindset's protective role, which encourages individuals to enjoy the benefits of nature and view them as opportunities for growth. This perspective nurtures a positive attitude towards nature and mental resilience to meet challenges, which are critical in preventing depressive tendencies (Rutten et al., 2013 ). The nature-is-enhancing mindset acts as a shield against depression by promoting healthy attributional patterns and mastery-oriented goal pursuit, thereby providing a robust defense mechanism against depressive influences. 3.3 The vital roles of nature contact and perceived stress A nature-is-enhancing mindset can indirectly affect depression through nature contact and perceived stress. Additionally, perceived stress was a single mediator of nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. However, the path of nature contact as a mediator was not statistically significant. The chain mediation of nature contact and perceived stress in the association between a nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression was a significant finding. As previously noted, a nature-is-enhancing mindset refers to the belief or perception that interacting with nature has beneficial effects on mental well-being. This increases exposure to the beneficial properties of nature and reduces their perceived stress. As perceived stress decreased, the likelihood of developing depression also decreased. Stress reduction theory (Ulrich, 2023 ) and attention restoration theory (Kaplan, 1995 ) provide a solid framework for understanding the mechanism by which a nature-is-enhancing mindset affects depression through nature contact and perceived stress. Stress reduction theory posits that natural environments promote recovery from stress. When an individual with a nature-is-enhancing mindset interacts with nature, their attention is involuntarily drawn to soothing elements of the environment, allowing for recuperation from cognitive and emotional stress. This type of interaction with nature helps reduce the level of perceived stress. Lower levels of perceived stress are associated with lower probabilities of depression (Lueke & Assar, 2024 ). Attention restoration theory further builds upon this. Nature, with its inherently fascinating stimuli, provides a respite from the demands of directed attention associated with modern life. A nature-is-enhancing mindset encourages individuals to engage with nature, and drained cognitive resources are replenished in the process, leading to the restoration of their attentional capabilities. This restorative process helps manage stress, thereby reducing the risk of depression (Koay & Dillon, 2020 ; Wang et al., 2016 ). Previous studies have found the separate effects of nature contact on depression and perceived stress (Shu et al., 2022 ). However, in this study, we explored a novel upstream variable, the nature-is-enhancing mindset, which determines the level of nature contact. In other words, a nature-is-enhancing mindset drives individuals to seek contact with nature, thereby acting as a critical determinant of nature contact. Moreover, our study uncovered the mechanisms through which nature affects depression, providing a comprehensive understanding of how nature enhances mental well-being. The findings of our study not only contribute to the existing body of knowledge on nature and mental health but also underscore the importance of fostering a nature-is-enhancing mindset for promoting mental health and preventing depression. The research findings indicated that a nature-is-enhancing mindset can decrease depression through the separate mediating role of perceived stress. The environmental self-regulation hypothesis (Korpela, 1992 ; Korpela et al., 2020 ) suggests that individuals actively regulate their interactions with their environment to support their psychological needs and well-being. Therefore, individuals with a nature-is-enhancing mindset are more likely to seek nature contact as a means of self-regulation to maintain mental health. Seeking and interacting with nature can reduce perceived stress levels (Johnsen, 2013 ). This sheds light on the role of one’s mindset and attitude towards nature in reducing perceived stress. However, contrary to our hypothesis, nature contact was not a significant mediator between the nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression. As mentioned previously, perceived stress acts as a significant mediator between nature contact and depression. Interventions aimed at mitigating depression often target stress management (Holman et al., 2018 ; Richardson & Rothstein, 2008 ; Yusufov et al., 2019 ), reinforcing the importance of perceived stress in this relationship. Our study showed that a nature-is-enhancing mindset can directly influence perceived stress, making it a significant factor in the pathway to depression. Conversely, if an individual does not recognize the benefits of nature, they or may not experience the stress-relieving effects of nature contact, despite being in a natural environment. Consequently, a nature-is-enhancing mindset is essential not only for prompting nature contact but also for promoting the effective management of stress. Its direct influence on perceived stress highlights its vital role in mitigating depression, making it a primary target of mental health interventions. 3.4 Theoretical and practical implications From a theoretical standpoint, this study makes a significant contribution by introducing the concept of the nature-is-enhancing mindset as a factor in mental health, specifically in relation to depression. The development of this tool extends the research in the field of thinking about nature for the first time (Dweck et al., 2008). The restorative effects of nature on mental health are well known; however, understanding that nature-favorable thinking can increase nature exposure to ameliorate depression provides an important perspective for subsequent research. This study proposes a new model of understanding in which nature contact and perceived stress serve as interconnected mediators between an individual’s mindset towards nature and mental health. This represents a shift from traditional models that may not consider the role of one’s attitude towards nature in overall well-being. Moreover, the study challenges previous understanding by suggesting that nature contact, despite not being a significant mediator in itself, still plays a crucial role when coupled with perceived stress. This nuanced understanding provides a rich theoretical basis for future studies in the field. From a practical standpoint, as mentioned earlier, the findings of this study can inform more effective and comprehensive strategies for managing and treating depression. By changing one's beliefs about nature, depression can be reduced by increasing nature exposure and thereby reducing perceived stress. This suggests that mental health can be improved by training the mind to increase awareness of the benefits of nature (Crum, 2013). 4. Limitations and further research Although the current investigation offers significant findings, it is crucial to recognize certain restrictions that deserve attention in subsequent research. First, the findings of this study may be biased owing to the data collection method. Although the present study’s participants primarily consisted of junior high school and college students, future research should enhance the representativeness of the sample by including a more diverse and comprehensive range of age groups and demographic backgrounds. Second, for the measurement of variables, this study relied on self-report methodologies to gather data that provided only subjective insights. Therefore, it is recommended to employ experimental methods to investigate causal relationships more rigorously and strengthen the conclusions drawn from the data. In addition, because existing research has identified a propensity for pro-environmental behaviors in preschool children (Hu & Wu, 2022 ), it is reasonable that nature-is-enhancing mindsets may emerge earlier in life. Consequently, future research should use longitudinal studies to examine the evolution of nature-is-enhancing mindsets and their associations with mental health over time. This approach will provide a deeper understanding of how early interaction with nature influences the development of mental well-being throughout the life course. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Forestry University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Clinical Trial Not applicable. Consent for publication All authors have consent for publication. Availability of data and material The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [figshare] at http://doi.org/[10.6084/m9.figshare.27265233]. Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interests. Funding Preparation of this work was funded by Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education under grant number 23YJC190002 and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under grant number 2023M740281. Authors' contributions Conceptualization: YC a , YC b ; Data curation: YC a , YC b ; Formal analysis: YC a ; Funding acquisition: YC b ; Investigation: XZ, YC b ; Methodology: YC a ; Project administration: YC b ; Resources: YC b ; Software: YC a ; Supervision: YC b ; Validation: YC b ; Visualization: YC a ; Writing – original draft: YC a , XZ, YC b ; Writing – review and editing: YC a , YC b . Note: YC a means Yue Chen; YC b means Yidi Chen. References Al Mamun, A., Mohamad, M. R., Yaacob, M. R. B., & Mohiuddin, M. (2018). 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Wang, W., Bian, Q., Zhao, Y., Li, X., Wang, W., Du, J., ... & Zhao, M. (2014). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. General hospital psychiatry , 36 (5), 539−544. Wang, Y., & Farb, N. A. (2023). Web-based training for post-secondary student well-being during the pandemic: a randomized trial. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 36 (1), 1−17. Wang, X., Rodiek, S., Wu, C., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2016). Stress recovery and restorative effects of viewing different urban park scenes in Shanghai, China. Urban forestry & urban greening, 15 , 112−122. Weber, S., Messingschlager, T., & Stein, J. P. (2022). This is an insta-vention! Exploring cognitive countermeasures to reduce negative consequences of social comparisons on Instagram. Media Psychology , 25 (3), 411−440. Weiner, B., & Kukla, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 15 (1), 1. Weiner, B. (2012). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion . Springer Science & Business Media. Williams, N. (2014). PHQ-9. Occupational medicine , 64 (2), 139−140. Wilson, Edward O. “Biophilia and the conservation ethic.” Evolutionary perspectives on environmental problems . Routledge, 2017. 250−258. Yang, Y., Sedikides, C., Wang, Y., & Cai, H. (2024). Nature nurtures authenticity: Mechanisms and consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 126 (1), 79−104. Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2020). What can be learned from growth mindset controversies?. American psychologist, 75 (9), 1269. Yeager, D. S. (2021). The National Study of Learning Mindsets,[United States], 2015−2016. Yusufov, M., Nicoloro-SantaBarbara, J., Grey, N. E., Moyer, A., & Lobel, M. (2019). Meta-analytic evaluation of stress reduction interventions for undergraduate and graduate students. International Journal of Stress Management, 26 (2), 132. Zhou, Z., Zheng, L., Qi, W., & Miao, M. (2022). Finding meaning from the present and future: The mediating role of meaning in life between temporal focus and mental health. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 16 , 18344909221138710. Zou, Y., & Yang, Z. (2018). Green Contact Index Questionnaire: Development, Reliability and Validity. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Science), 17 (2), 78−83. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5286113","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":369625898,"identity":"31d0e2d3-1523-4efc-aaa7-750ffcf23f12","order_by":0,"name":"Yue Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yue","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":369625899,"identity":"dc0db9d0-0257-4468-a104-cda686e34fbe","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaoqi Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoqi","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":369625900,"identity":"2fa91c38-80e6-45ae-ba01-207645170d24","order_by":2,"name":"Yidi Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBDYgYZPA2HwASLMRryUtgbEtgTQthxMY2IjVYnA8+dmDjzvO5zG38RgwfCg7zMA/u4GAljPPzA1nnrldzAjUwjjj3GEGiTsHCGi5kcMmzdt2O7Fxfo8BM2/bYQYDiQQitPxtO5fYCLSF+S/RWhjbDkC0MBKjRfLMMzPJ3rZkoF/YCg72nEvnkbhBQAsfMMQkfrbZ5Rm2MW988KPMWo5/BgEtCgegDMMGBgYQmwe/eiCQb4AxCCodBaNgFIyCEQsAVgRFu4DXgIcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yidi","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-18 03:38:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5286113/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5286113/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68165758,"identity":"27b35a80-025c-42ba-8132-d7874e440aca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-04 09:48:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChain mediation effect model in Study 2. Note: * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e0.05, *** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e0.001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5286113/v1/08f6f8097e345e36e2e17cc1.png"},{"id":80716517,"identity":"ce472d26-dffc-4b7d-b437-2a2eb2f9be45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-16 10:01:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":986632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5286113/v1/39589b3e-6673-4985-b5d5-bd4f9e5b2eda.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A nature-is-enhancing mindset improves depressive emotions through a chain mediation model","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe benefits of nature for human well-being are undeniable and encompass both physical and psychological health. Numerous studies have illustrated the positive impacts of natural environments on humans, consistently showing that exposure to nature can improve health, well-being, and cognitive processes (Hartig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kuo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mintz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Russell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, despite the many benefits that nature brings to humans, not everyone is aware of these benefits of nature to humans, which can be detrimental to benefiting from nature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA mindset can be described as a cognitive framework or perspective that selectively filters and interprets information. This mental lens shapes an individual's comprehension of experiences and directs subsequent actions and reactions (Dweck, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). This kind of mindset is rooted in the growth mindset, which champions continuous self-improvement and learning, in contrast to the fixed mindset belief in static abilities (Dweck \u0026amp; Yeager, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It prompts individuals to see challenges as growth opportunities, effort as a route to expertise, and setbacks as learning feedback. This perspective encourages resilience and persistence in personal development, regardless of obstacles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth mindsets possess variants across different domains such as health, stress, and emotional mindsets. Each of these domain beliefs can help interpret their relationship with mental health (Schroder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Within the health domain, the direct impact of the growth mindset has also been found in physical well-being, and hotel room attendants who recognize their work as a form of exercise experience significant health benefits, such as reductions in weight and blood pressure (Crum \u0026amp; Langer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). People who believe that stress can be beneficial report better health outcomes, including fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety and increased energy levels, compared to those who view stress as harmful (Crum et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast to a fixed emotional mindset, adolescents with a malleable emotional mindset, which views emotions as changeable, exhibit better emotion regulation skills. This mindset is associated with more voluntary engagement with emotions and less disengagement and dysregulation, resulting in fewer depressive symptoms (Skymba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the significant influence of mindsets across the aforementioned areas, it is logical to deduce that mindsets may exert a comparable impact in the context of nature. A nature-is-enhancing mindset refers to the belief or perception that interacting with nature has beneficial effects on mental well-being. When an individual has a \u0026ldquo;nature-is-enhancing\u0026rdquo; mindset, they are more inclined to seek contact with nature. Based on the study of Crum et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), we anticipate that adopting a nature-is-enhancing mindset will yield positive health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the numerous benefits associated with nature contact, it is reasonable to infer that a nature-is-enhancing mindset could similarly contribute to salutary effects on mental health. Knowing nature\u0026rsquo;s utility can promote greater engagement with the environment, leading to improvements in physical and mental health (Bardhan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, being aware of the benefits that nature brings can also lead to more efforts in environmental protection (Jacobs \u0026amp; McConnell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Tam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). From a necessity standpoint, our mindset regarding the merits of nature must be acknowledged and valued. This understanding can promote healthier interactions with the environment and promote more actions towards its preservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most important thing to do after nature-is-enhancing mindsets have been introduced is to quantify it in order to conduct subsequent studies. However, there is no existing scale for measuring nature-is-enhancing mindsets. Therefore, the development of such a scale is crucial. Therefore, we adapted the Stress Mindset Scale to introduce nature into the field of mindsets. Theoretically, it would allow us to quantify and evaluate people\u0026rsquo;s attitudes and beliefs about the benefits of nature, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the prevalent perceptions. Practically, it serves as a valuable tool for researchers, environmentalists, educators, and policymakers to examine the relationship between this mindset and various health, psychological, and environmental outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMindset theory, originated by Dweck (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and further expanded in collaboration with Leggett (1988) and Yeager (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), emerges from two motivational research domains: attribution theory and achievement goal theory. Attribution theory suggests that individuals' explanations of the usefulness of nature affect how they respond to nature activities (Weiner \u0026amp; Kukla, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, attributing physical and mental health to a lack of ability tends to result in less natural activity than attributing it to more modifiable factors such as effort and cognition (Weiner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). From the perspective of achievement goal theory, attributions and goals are not standalone concepts but are influenced by broader, situation-independent mindsets (Molden \u0026amp; Dweck, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). A mindset that considers nature to be beneficial can improve mental health, including depression. Therefore, the first hypothesis is proposed for this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH1. A nature-is-enhancing mindset has a significant effect on depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the biophilia hypothesis (Wilson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), the human innate affinity for nature is conducive to mental health, and evolutionary history has predisposed us to find solace and recovery in natural settings, which can have a positive impact on psychological well-being, including lowering symptoms of depression (Howell \u0026amp; Passmore, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Seymour, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Many researchers regard nature contact as a critical predictor of decreasing depression (Das \u0026amp; Gailey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Dong \u0026amp; Geng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, innate affinity with nature creates a sense of alignment with one's true self, which improves long-term psychological well-being, resulting in lower levels of depression (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, numerous studies have shown that nature contact is highly effective in reducing symptoms of depression at different ages (Snell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), in different seasons (Brooks et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), and in countries with different levels of economic development (Bressane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Bressane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and has even been used as an intervention (Balanz\u0026aacute;-Mart\u0026iacute;nez \u0026amp; Cervera-Mart\u0026iacute;nez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the second hypothesis is proposed for this research:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2. Nature contact acts as a mediator of the association between the nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA nature-is-enhancing mindset may promote perceived stress and decrease depression. The environmental self-regulation hypothesis (Korpela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Korpela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that individuals would voluntarily participate in nature activities and interact with their physical environment in ways that extend beyond mere functionality or aesthetics (R\u0026iacute;os-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This implies that individuals can consciously or unconsciously choose environments that improve their mental health. Therefore, the physical environment can serve as an active tool to regulate stress and decrease depression, and the third hypothesis is proposed for this study:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH3. Perceived stress acts as a mediator of the association between the nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, nature contact may influence perceived stress. First, stress reduction theory (Ulrich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that humans have a genetic predisposition to prefer certain natural environments, such as green and open landscapes, owing to evolution. This innate preference translates into stress reduction when individuals are exposed to natural conditions. Second, according to attention restoration theory (Kaplan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), nature\u0026rsquo;s utility as a resource for work, when individuals are fascinated by nature, actively attracted to and engaged with environmental factors, directed attention would be facilitated, subsequently experiencing decreased levels of perceived stress (Thompson \u0026amp; Bruk-Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In other words, nature indirectly reduced individuals\u0026rsquo; experiences of depressive symptoms through increased directed attention. Thus, we posit the following hypothesis:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH4. A nature-is-enhancing mindset has a significant effect on depression through the chain-mediating effects of nature contact and perceived stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. The present study","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conducted two studies to test the proposition that a nature-is-enhancing mindset is a distinct and meaningful construct in determining health and performance outcomes. Study 1 sought to determine the reliability and validity of a four-item measure developed to assess nature-is-enhancing mindsets. Study 2 investigated the underlying mechanisms by which a nature-is-enhancing mindset affects depression. As mentioned previously, we propose that a nature-is-enhancing mindset decreases depression through nature contact and perceived stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study 1\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1 Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1.1 Sample and data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample 1 was conducted in a middle school in Shandong Province, targeting first-year junior high school students across four classes. Informed consent was obtained from both the homeroom teachers and students. The survey was administered and taught by the class teachers. A total of 188 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires for Sample 2 were distributed to Chinese college students through an online survey platform called Questionnaire Star. The first survey was conducted in January 2024 among 460 college students participant in the measurement. One month later, some of the students completed a second measurement. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Forestry University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2 Material and procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNature-is-enhancing mindset (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.71).\u003c/b\u003e Measurement of nature-is-enhancing mindset was performed adapting from Stress Mindset Measure (SSM; Crum, 2013). The part of the SMM that assesses the extent to which individuals believe stress has enhancing qualities consists of four items in each with four positively worded (e.g., \u0026ldquo;The effects of stress are positive and should be utilized\u0026rdquo;). Participants rated the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each item on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). All items were averaged, with a higher score reflecting a more stress-is-enhancing mindset.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntention and behavior towards green consumption (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89; α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.85).\u003c/b\u003e Green consumption was measured using the study of Mamun et al. (2018), which was divided into two separate dimensions, with the green consumption intention dimension containing seven question items. The Green Consumption Behavior Scale uses words that indicate what the subject has done or is doing and includes six items, such as use, intention to avoid, and intention to buy. Participants rated the degree to which each item conformed to their own behavioral habits on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (very inconsistent) to 7 (very consistent).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePro-environmental behavior (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83).\u003c/b\u003e The self-assessed pro-environmental behavior scale containing 11 items developed by Liu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) adapted from Gong (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) was used to assess the level of pro-environmentalism. The scale consists of two dimensions: public and private domains. There were six items in the private domain (e.g., \u0026ldquo;reuse plastic bags\u0026rdquo;) and five items in the public domain (e.g., \u0026ldquo;actively participate in various forms of environmental publicity and education activities\u0026rdquo;). The questionnaire used a five-point Likert scale to assess how often participants engaged in the behaviors listed on the scale in the past week (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never, 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;often). The scores of the questionnaire items were averaged to obtain a score for the participants\u0026rsquo; pro-environmental behaviors, with higher scores indicating higher levels of pro-environmental behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGrowth mindset (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90).\u003c/b\u003e The Growth Mindset Scale was created by Dweck et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Three questions from the Growth Mindset Scale for intelligence were used. The following were used for the growth mindset manipulation test: \u0026ldquo;You have a certain amount of intelligence and you really can't do much to change it,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Your intelligence is something about you that you can't change very much,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;You can learn new things, but you can't really change your basic intelligence.\u0026rdquo; A six-point Likert scale was used to collect responses (1 = \u0026ldquo;disagree,\u0026rdquo; 6 = \u0026ldquo;strongly agree,\u0026rdquo; and 2, 3, 4, and 5 indicated varying degrees of agreement). The higher the score, the stronger the orientation of the dimension. Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha for the six items in this study was 0.93.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.1 Data analysis and results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy 1 data were analyzed utilizing SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0. SPSS 26.0 was used for descriptive statistics, item analysis, reliability analysis, calibration correlation validity, discriminant validity, and exploratory factor analysis. AMOS 24.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis in Study 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.2 Item Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data from Sample 1 were subjected to item analysis. The extreme group test was used to rank the total scores of the subjects on the Natural Favorable Thinking Scale; the 27% with the highest scores were classified as the high group, and the 27% with the lowest scores were classified as the low group. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the differences in scores between the two groups for all items, and the results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The scores of the two groups on the four items were significantly different, with t-values ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;22.72 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;14.47, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Pearson's correlation method was used to calculate the degree of correlation between the items and the correlation coefficients of each item with the total scale scores. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the items, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.55 to 0.80, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; the correlation coefficients between the total scores of the scale and the questions of each item ranged from 0.80 to 0.91, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem analysis of nature-is-enhancing mindset scale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eitem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;21.91\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;22.72\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;14.47\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;15.47\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eNote: t is the result of an independent samples t-test for the high and low subgroups of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale score on each entry, r is the Pearson's correlation coefficient of each entry with the total score of the scale, and \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.3 Validity Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExploratory factor analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo test the structural validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the data from Sample 1. The results showed that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.80, and the Bartlett's test value was χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(6)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;418.54, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. Therefore, the data for this sample were suitable for exploratory factor analysis. The analysis was performed by principal component analysis and variance-robust orthogonal rotation, combining the information of the characteristic root, gravel plot, and original structure of the scale. One factor was extracted, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 73.63%. Considering that the factor loadings of all entries were greater than 0.4, all entries were retained. The factor loadings for each entry are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploratory factor analysis of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eitems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enature-is-enhancing mindset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Nature contact facilitates my learning and growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Nature contact enhances my performance and productivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Nature contact improves my health and vitality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The effects of nature are positive and should be utilized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing data from Sample 2, a validated factor analysis of the one-way structure of the Natural Favorable Thinking Scale was conducted to examine its structural validity. The results showed a good model fit: χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.91, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.076, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.971, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.914, GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.992, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.961, SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCriterion Validity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pro-Environmental Behavior Questionnaire was selected as the criterion for validity. The total score of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale was positively correlated with the level of pro-environmental behaviors at a medium level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.48 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAggregation Validity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen consumption intention and green consumption behavior were selected to examine the aggregation validity. The total score of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale was moderately positively correlated with Green Consumption Intention and Green Consumption Behavior, with correlation coefficients of 0.47 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and 0.56 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth mindset was selected to examine aggregation validity. The total score of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale was positively correlated with growth mindset at a low level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.21 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eReliability Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal consistency reliability: In Sample 1, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.88. In Sample 2, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.73 at time T1 and 0.73 at time T2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetest reliability: Based on the longitudinal data of Sample 2, the retest reliability of the scale total score after a one-month interval was 0.71 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Study 2\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1.2 Sample and data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Study 2, questionnaires were distributed to Chinese college students via the online survey platform Questionnaire Star. Three rounds of follow-up surveys were conducted in December 2023, with a one-month interval between each. The first, second, and third rounds yielded 201, 195, and 173 valid participants, respectively. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Forestry University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Material and procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNature-is-enhancing mindset.\u003c/b\u003e Same as in Study 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNature Contact (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.86).\u003c/b\u003e Measurement of Nature Contact was performed using the Green Contact Index (GCI) questionnaire (Zou \u0026amp; Yang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) to measure natural exposure levels in adolescents. The questionnaire consists of 18 items, all of which are scored on a five-point Likert scale. Each item is scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with a total score of 18 to 90, where 1 means \u0026ldquo;never\u0026rdquo; and 5 means \u0026ldquo;always.\u0026rdquo; A mean score was calculated, with higher scores indicating greater naturalistic exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePerceived Stress (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93).\u003c/b\u003e This study used the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) developed by Cohen and Williamson (1988), a tool that has been validated in China (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The PSS-10 consists of two dimensions: Perceived Distress and Perceived Coping. Perceived Distress was measured using six negatively worded items that evaluated the degree of distress and negative emotions in response to stressful events. The remaining four positively worded items gauged an individual's perceived efficacy in managing stress. Responses are indicated on a five-point Likert scale, with options ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The scoring involves reversing the scores for positively phrased items and aggregating all answers. Scores vary from 0 to 40, with higher values indicating greater perceived stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDepression (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.84).\u003c/b\u003e The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 used in our study has been validated in China (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a diagnostic instrument for detecting and quantifying the intensity of depressive symptoms. This self-administered survey consists of nine questions aligned with the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) for evaluating depressive symptomatology (Williams, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). It asked about the extent to which each symptom troubled the respondent over the previous two-week period. The score for each of the PHQ-9 items ranged from 0 to 3, culminating in a total score that varied from 0 to 27 across the nine items. A composite score was calculated to evaluate the degree of depression. A score between 5 and 9 suggests mild depressive symptoms, between 10 and 14 indicates moderate depression, between 15 and 19 indicates moderately severe depression, and 20 or above indicates severe depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3.1 Data analysis and results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy 2: Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, and descriptive statistics and mediation effect analyses were conducted. Mediation models were established using Macro Model 6 of the PROCESS macro in SPSS, and 5000 bootstrap tests were conducted for mediation effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a nature-is-enhancing mindset as the independent variable, nature contact and perceived stress as mediating variables, depression as the dependent variable, and gender, age, and education as covariates, 5000 samples were extracted using the bootstrapping method for 95% confidence interval (95% CI) estimations. To reduce multicollinearity (Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), in reference to previous studies (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), all data were mean-centralized and the following results are presented as standardized coefficients: The predictive effect of nature-is-enhancing mindset on nature contact was significant (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.41, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, 95% CI = [0.18, 0.64]). The predictive effect of nature-is-enhancing mindset on perceived stress was significant (β = \u0026minus; 0.37, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.64, \u0026minus; 0.10]). The predictive effect of nature contact on perceived stress was significant (β = \u0026minus; 0.34, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.51, \u0026minus; 0.18]). The predictive effect of nature-is-enhancing mindset on depression was significant (β = \u0026minus; 0.34, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.53, \u0026minus; 0.14]). However, the predictive effect of nature contact on depression was not significant (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.11, 0.13]). The predictive effect of perceived stress on depression was significant (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, 95% CI = [0.25, 0.45]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the total indirect effect was significant, as the standardized effect value was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.51, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.72, \u0026minus; 0.30]; indirect path 1 (simple mediation: nature-is-enhancing mindset\u0026rarr;nature contact\u0026rarr;depression) was not significant, as the standardized effect value was 0.00, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.03, 0.04]; indirect path 2 (chain mediation: nature-is-enhancing mindset\u0026rarr;perceived stress\u0026rarr;depression) was significant, as the standardized effect value was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.08, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.15, \u0026minus; 0.02]; and indirect path 3 (simple mediation: nature-is-enhancing mindset\u0026rarr;nature contact\u0026rarr;perceived stress\u0026rarr;depression) was not significant, as the standardized effect value was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.05, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.12, 0.02]. The direct effect of the nature-is-enhancing mindset on depression was significant, with a standardized effect value of 0.03, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.06, \u0026minus; 0.01]. The mediation model is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparison of the indirect effects of Path 1 and Path 2 was significant, as the standardized effect value was 0.08, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.16]; the comparison of the indirect effects of Path 1 and Path 3 was not significant, as the standardized effect value was 0.03, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.00, 0.08]; the comparison of the indirect effects of Path 2 and Path 3 was not significant, as the standardized effect value was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.05, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04, 95% CI = [\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.12, 0.02].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath analysis of mediation model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% LLCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% ULCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal mediating effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy 1 described the development and validation of a four-item instrument used to measure nature-is-enhancing mindsets. Study 2 suggests that a nature-is-enhancing mindset directly affects depression, nature contact, and perceived stress. Nature contact directly affects perceived stress, and perceived stress directly affects depression. However, nature contact was not associated with depression. Nature contact and perceived stress collectively act as chain mediators between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. Furthermore, perceived stress could be a single mediator between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 The instrument to evaluate nature-is-enhancing mindset\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development of the nature-is-enhancing mindset scale is significant as it introduces a novel variable that can explain why nature contact is beneficial. The stronger the belief in the benefits of nature, the more likely individuals are to engage in nature contact behaviors. This, in turn, can reduce depression by reducing perceived stress, as explained by stress reduction theory and attention restoration theory. Moreover, the nature-is-enhancing mindset served as a cognitive intervention. Similar interventions have been used in various areas such as stress management and emotional plasticity. In stress management, implementing a stress-enhancing mindset intervention leads to significant improvements in students\u0026rsquo; abilities to manage negative moods and enhance their coping strategies (Wang \u0026amp; Farb, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In terms of emotional plasticity, implicit belief in the malleability of emotions can increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions (Nalipay et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the meta-analytic results indicate that beliefs about the malleability of emotions play a significant role in psychological distress, with individuals who believe emotions are changeable tending to employ more adaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, while less of the avoidance strategy, which is less helpful (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, this approach empowers individuals to view nature as a growth opportunity, which, in turn, positively influences their emotional well-being and stress management capabilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive interventions are easy to implement as they operate at the cognitive level to change people\u0026rsquo;s beliefs, thereby triggering behavioral changes (Kendall \u0026amp; Hollon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The nature-is-enhancing mindset scale provides a theoretical basis for cognitive interventions to promote nature contact and ultimately improve mental health outcomes. By changing their mindset towards nature, it is possible to encourage more nature contact, reduce perceived stress, and ultimately alleviate symptoms of depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 The positive impact of nature-is-enhancing mindset on improving depression\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne notable finding of our study is that a nature-is-enhancing mindset positively influences depression, thus aligning with H1. This result can be explained by the attribution theory (Leggett, 1988) and achievement-goal theory (Yeager, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The nature-is-enhancing mindset, when viewed from the perspective of attribution and achievement goal theories, serves as a protective factor against depression. This mindset embodies the belief that one's belief is not static but capable of positive transformation, which is dynamic and evolving. From an attribution theory standpoint, individuals with a nature-is-enhancing mindset prefer to attribute their mental well-being to internal and controllable factors, such as personal effort and strategy use, rather than to unchangeable traits. This internal and controllable attributional style buffers against depression by fostering a sense of self-efficacy and optimism regarding one's ability to influence emotional outcomes (Reivich et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Robinson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This counteracts the tendency to make stable and global attributions to negative events commonly associated with depressive symptoms (Sanderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Weber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Achievement goal theory further amplifies this mindset's protective role, which encourages individuals to enjoy the benefits of nature and view them as opportunities for growth. This perspective nurtures a positive attitude towards nature and mental resilience to meet challenges, which are critical in preventing depressive tendencies (Rutten et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The nature-is-enhancing mindset acts as a shield against depression by promoting healthy attributional patterns and mastery-oriented goal pursuit, thereby providing a robust defense mechanism against depressive influences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 The vital roles of nature contact and perceived stress\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA nature-is-enhancing mindset can indirectly affect depression through nature contact and perceived stress. Additionally, perceived stress was a single mediator of nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. However, the path of nature contact as a mediator was not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chain mediation of nature contact and perceived stress in the association between a nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression was a significant finding. As previously noted, a nature-is-enhancing mindset refers to the belief or perception that interacting with nature has beneficial effects on mental well-being. This increases exposure to the beneficial properties of nature and reduces their perceived stress. As perceived stress decreased, the likelihood of developing depression also decreased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress reduction theory (Ulrich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and attention restoration theory (Kaplan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) provide a solid framework for understanding the mechanism by which a nature-is-enhancing mindset affects depression through nature contact and perceived stress. Stress reduction theory posits that natural environments promote recovery from stress. When an individual with a nature-is-enhancing mindset interacts with nature, their attention is involuntarily drawn to soothing elements of the environment, allowing for recuperation from cognitive and emotional stress. This type of interaction with nature helps reduce the level of perceived stress. Lower levels of perceived stress are associated with lower probabilities of depression (Lueke \u0026amp; Assar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Attention restoration theory further builds upon this. Nature, with its inherently fascinating stimuli, provides a respite from the demands of directed attention associated with modern life. A nature-is-enhancing mindset encourages individuals to engage with nature, and drained cognitive resources are replenished in the process, leading to the restoration of their attentional capabilities. This restorative process helps manage stress, thereby reducing the risk of depression (Koay \u0026amp; Dillon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have found the separate effects of nature contact on depression and perceived stress (Shu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, in this study, we explored a novel upstream variable, the nature-is-enhancing mindset, which determines the level of nature contact. In other words, a nature-is-enhancing mindset drives individuals to seek contact with nature, thereby acting as a critical determinant of nature contact. Moreover, our study uncovered the mechanisms through which nature affects depression, providing a comprehensive understanding of how nature enhances mental well-being. The findings of our study not only contribute to the existing body of knowledge on nature and mental health but also underscore the importance of fostering a nature-is-enhancing mindset for promoting mental health and preventing depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research findings indicated that a nature-is-enhancing mindset can decrease depression through the separate mediating role of perceived stress. The environmental self-regulation hypothesis (Korpela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Korpela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that individuals actively regulate their interactions with their environment to support their psychological needs and well-being. Therefore, individuals with a nature-is-enhancing mindset are more likely to seek nature contact as a means of self-regulation to maintain mental health. Seeking and interacting with nature can reduce perceived stress levels (Johnsen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). This sheds light on the role of one\u0026rsquo;s mindset and attitude towards nature in reducing perceived stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, contrary to our hypothesis, nature contact was not a significant mediator between the nature-is-enhancing mindset and depression. As mentioned previously, perceived stress acts as a significant mediator between nature contact and depression. Interventions aimed at mitigating depression often target stress management (Holman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Richardson \u0026amp; Rothstein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Yusufov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), reinforcing the importance of perceived stress in this relationship. Our study showed that a nature-is-enhancing mindset can directly influence perceived stress, making it a significant factor in the pathway to depression. Conversely, if an individual does not recognize the benefits of nature, they or may not experience the stress-relieving effects of nature contact, despite being in a natural environment. Consequently, a nature-is-enhancing mindset is essential not only for prompting nature contact but also for promoting the effective management of stress. Its direct influence on perceived stress highlights its vital role in mitigating depression, making it a primary target of mental health interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Theoretical and practical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a theoretical standpoint, this study makes a significant contribution by introducing the concept of the nature-is-enhancing mindset as a factor in mental health, specifically in relation to depression. The development of this tool extends the research in the field of thinking about nature for the first time (Dweck et al., 2008). The restorative effects of nature on mental health are well known; however, understanding that nature-favorable thinking can increase nature exposure to ameliorate depression provides an important perspective for subsequent research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study proposes a new model of understanding in which nature contact and perceived stress serve as interconnected mediators between an individual\u0026rsquo;s mindset towards nature and mental health. This represents a shift from traditional models that may not consider the role of one\u0026rsquo;s attitude towards nature in overall well-being. Moreover, the study challenges previous understanding by suggesting that nature contact, despite not being a significant mediator in itself, still plays a crucial role when coupled with perceived stress. This nuanced understanding provides a rich theoretical basis for future studies in the field. From a practical standpoint, as mentioned earlier, the findings of this study can inform more effective and comprehensive strategies for managing and treating depression. By changing one's beliefs about nature, depression can be reduced by increasing nature exposure and thereby reducing perceived stress. This suggests that mental health can be improved by training the mind to increase awareness of the benefits of nature (Crum, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Limitations and further research","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough the current investigation offers significant findings, it is crucial to recognize certain restrictions that deserve attention in subsequent research. First, the findings of this study may be biased owing to the data collection method. Although the present study\u0026rsquo;s participants primarily consisted of junior high school and college students, future research should enhance the representativeness of the sample by including a more diverse and comprehensive range of age groups and demographic backgrounds. Second, for the measurement of variables, this study relied on self-report methodologies to gather data that provided only subjective insights. Therefore, it is recommended to employ experimental methods to investigate causal relationships more rigorously and strengthen the conclusions drawn from the data. In addition, because existing research has identified a propensity for pro-environmental behaviors in preschool children (Hu \u0026amp; Wu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), it is reasonable that nature-is-enhancing mindsets may emerge earlier in life. Consequently, future research should use longitudinal studies to examine the evolution of nature-is-enhancing mindsets and their associations with mental health over time. This approach will provide a deeper understanding of how early interaction with nature influences the development of mental well-being throughout the life course.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Forestry University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have consent for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [figshare] at http://doi.org/[10.6084/m9.figshare.27265233].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreparation of this work was funded by Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education under grant number 23YJC190002 and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under grant number 2023M740281.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Data curation: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Formal analysis: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e; Funding acquisition: YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Investigation: XZ, YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Methodology: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e; Project administration: YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Resources: YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Software: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e; Supervision: YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Validation: YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Visualization: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e; Writing – original draft: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, XZ, YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e; Writing – review and editing: YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote:\u0026nbsp;YC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e means Yue Chen;\u0026nbsp;YC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e means Yidi Chen.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl Mamun, A., Mohamad, M. 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Green Contact Index Questionnaire: Development, Reliability and Validity. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Science), 17\u003c/em\u003e(2), 78\u0026minus;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nature-is-enhancing mindset, nature contact, perceived stress, depression","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5286113/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5286113/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIt is widely acknowledged that nature benefits human well-being, both physically and psychologically. However, the role of mindsets in this relationship between humans and nature has not received sufficient attention. This study conducted two investigations to explore the role of mindsets in the context of nature and to reveal the underlying mediating mechanism between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. Study 1 introduced a reliable and valid four-item tool to measure the nature-is-enhancing mindset, which evaluates individuals' beliefs about nature as beneficial. Study 2 illustrated that a nature-is-enhancing mindset could significantly decrease depression. Furthermore, nature contact and perceived stress were identified as mediators in the association between nature-is-enhancing mindsets and depression. Perceived stress had a significant mediating effect. This study proposes a strong antecedent variable that explains the beneficial effects of natural contact, providing new perspectives and directions for cognitive interventions aimed at promoting engagement with nature.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A nature-is-enhancing mindset improves depressive emotions through a chain mediation model","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-04 09:48:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5286113/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"22556733-35c9-4601-a740-2fc7313fb8a8","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-16T09:53:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-04 09:48:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5286113","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5286113","identity":"rs-5286113","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}