Role of Leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis

Role of Leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Role of Leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis Jenifer Turyatemba Tumushabe, Fredrick Kayusi, Benson Turyasingura This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923361/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study investigated the role of leadership in soil and water resources management because of its increasing significance in the domain. This study investigated the current state, wide-range global research trends, and different concerns on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management. This study reviewed a total of 1,055 published articles mainly from 2008–2022. The review was performed using scientifically cited and indexed databases namely Dimensions, Web Science, Elsevier Scopus, and Google Scholar. The information and scientific knowledge were displayed using the scientometric program VOSviewer. The study revealed the present state of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management. Furthermore, the study responded to some important gaps by bibliometric analysis of data obtained from diverse research sources to shed light on the importance of leadership in soil and water resources management. In addition, the study identified more research gaps and proposed future scientific research paths. The study also showed that a complete understanding of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management can help to pinpoint important areas of overlap or underlap in leadership, soil and soil related topics such as community natural resource management. More broadly, this review can enhance the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Life on Earth (SDG 15). Taken together, this research can significantly enhance the understanding and implementation of overarching themes of the UN global agenda 2030 in terms of its five Ps: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships. Enhanced collaboration and partnerships between various stakeholders therefore may lead to effective leadership in soil and water resources management, aligning with the spirit of Goal 17 (SDG 17). Leadership Soil Water resource management VOSviewer Bibliometric analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Leadership is critical to the success of soil and water resources management (SWRM) in the global context of climate change mitigation (Peng et al., 2022). The lack of precise, collaborative and unified national, regional and international leadership in SWRM is one of the main issues that needs to be addressed (Mao et al., 2022). Although many efforts and organizations are working on SWRM, there is often a lack of coordination and collaboration among them (Marineau and Findley, 2020). Governments, NGOs and members of the corporate sector must work together in a strong global governance framework to sustainably manage land and water resources (Peng et al., 2022). To mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on these resources, this leadership should also promote the importance of SWRM adaptation techniques (Al-Swidi et al., 2021). However, there is a lack of global leadership in both research and innovation (Lisak et al., 2016). To solve this problem, policymakers should prioritize funding and support for universities and research organizations to develop cutting-edge techniques and technologies for sustainable SWRM in the face of climate change. Promoting national, regional and international collaboration and the exchange of research results can provide the community with the information and resources it needs to adapt to changing climatic conditions. Leadership in SWRM is essential in Africa because of how susceptible the region is to the effects of climate change (Reij et al., 2013). The lack of participation by local communities and indigenous leadership in SWRM decision-making processes is a deficit that needs to be filled right away (Solomon et al., 2023). The traditional knowledge of rural communities, many of which rely heavily on agriculture for their subsistence, can be a vital resource in sustainable SWRM (Jenkins et al., 2017). African leaders should place a high priority on inclusive and participatory strategies that enable local authorities and communities to own SWRM programs (Tantoh et al., 2021). In addition to addressing climate change adaptation, this would encourage a sense of ownership and responsibility among people who are most directly touched by problems with managing soil and water resources (Mbah et al., 2022). Africa's leadership has to address the lack of funding for climate-smart infrastructure for SWRM. The infrastructure required to collect and store water during times of abundant rainfall and deliver it during dry spells is lacking in many African nations. Infrastructure projects like dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems that can withstand the effects of climate change should be given top priority by African authorities. This would boost African communities' overall resistance to climate-related difficulties in addition to improving food security. East Africa has particular SWRM issues because of its vulnerability to droughts and floods brought on by climate change (Haile et al., 2020). Improved water management and climate-resilient agriculture must be the main priorities of the region's leadership. The absence of funding for research and development of region-specific solutions is a serious issue. Leaders in East Africa should support research institutions and promote teamwork to create cutting-edge technologies and procedures that are specific to the demands of the region (Gebre, 2021). Additionally, leadership has to support forums for information exchange so that best practices can be shared among the region's nations (Payne et al., 2019). The East African countries’ land and water resources are being affected by climate change, as are those of many other African nations (Stringer et al., 2021). The gap between the implementation and enforcement of policies should be strongly addressed by national leadership. Despite the East African community's development of SWRM policies and initiatives, effective implementation is frequently lacking due to several problems, including a lack of resources and capacity. To ensure that SWRM projects are climate-responsive, strong regional leadership should place a high priority on resource allocation, capacity building, and ongoing monitoring and assessment. The success of these programs can also be increased by including local authorities and communities in the creation and application of policies. In light of the issues associated with managing soil and water resources in the face of climate change, leadership is essential both worldwide and at the regional level, such as in Africa, and East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania). For soil and water resources to be resilient and sustainable in the face of climate change, leadership approach deficiencies must be found and filled. To address these issues on several fronts, effective leadership should give top priority to inclusive, research-based, and collaborative initiatives. The main objective of the study was the assessment of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management in East African nations from the period 2008–2022. The outcomes from this study may enhance several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Life on Earth (SDG 15). Taken together, this research can significantly enhance the overarching themes of the UN global agenda 2030 in terms of its five Ps: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships leading to the achievement of effective leadership in soil and water resources management, which likely involves collaboration and partnerships between various stakeholders , aligning with the spirit of Goal 17 (SDG 17). The study answered the following research questions; What is the top citation and documents retrieved from different countries, institutions, and journals on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management? Are there current top ten authors and citations from international research collaboration on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management? What are the most influential research articles and authors in the field of leadership in soil and water resources management? Literature Review There is a large research gap on leadership in soil and water resources management (SWRM) in the context of global climate change (Turyasingura et al., 2023). Although there has been much research on the impacts of climate change and techniques to mitigate climate change, there have not been many in-depth studies that explicitly focus on the leadership element in SWRM. The integration of leadership theories and practices into SWRM techniques is generally limited in the current literature due to its fragmented nature. Future studies should examine how different leadership philosophies and methods impact SWRM efforts around the world to address this research gap. This study may provide insightful information about the most effective SWRM leadership strategies worldwide. The literature review identifies a research gap regarding the role of traditional and indigenous leadership in SWRM under climate change in the African context. Traditional leadership structures dominate many African communities, and these leaders often play an important role in resource management (Fabricius, 2013). However, Vogel et al. (2021) reported that there is lack of bibliometric studies that examine how traditional leadership could be used to improve climate-resilient SWRM. In the African literature on SWRM leadership, there is a glaring gap in studies of the functioning of civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These groups often play a critical role in promoting sustainable resource management techniques. However, there is a lack of empirical research examining the leadership role that CSOs and NGOs play in SWRM in the context of climate change (Tal & Gordon, 2016). Future studies should examine how these groups influence policy and practice in African SWRM through their tactics, partnerships and impacts. Namany et al. (2023) suggests a research scarcity in East Africa regarding the leading position in transboundary SWRM in the context of climate change. Water disputes are widespread, and the region's shared water supplies are susceptible to changes brought on by the climate (Wolf, 2023). The leadership techniques and diplomatic efforts necessary to encourage cooperation and settle disputes over shared resources (Hart & Siniver, 2020), however, have received scant scholarly attention. To close this gap, an in-depth investigation is needed on the leadership dynamics that can encourage international cooperation and reduce climate-related tensions in East Africa's SWRM. There is a study gap in East Africa about the leadership strategies required for SWRM in urban and peri-urban settings during times of climate change. The region's rapid development poses special problems for managing soil and water resources. Studies that focus explicitly on leadership tactics for sustained SWRM in urban contexts are, however, scarce. The role of municipal officials, urban planners, and community leaders in addressing the intricate linkages between urbanization and climate change consequences on SWRM should be the subject of future research. Theoretical Framework The "Transformational Leadership Theory" is one theory that can best direct the study of leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management (SWRM) developed by (Burns, 2004). This theory presents a compelling future vision, transformational leaders compel and inspire their followers (Homrig, 2001). This means that in the framework of SWRM, leaders should present a compelling vision for sustainable resource management, particularly in light of climate change. They should convey to stakeholders a feeling of purpose and emphasize the value of protecting soil and water resources for future generations (Vasanthakumari and Belisa, 2019). Transformational leaders inspire their people to think critically, creatively, and innovatively. This translates to encouraging study, invention, and the creation of climate-resilient plans in SWRM. To handle the shifting environmental problems, leaders should encourage and support a culture of ongoing learning (Burns, 2012). This entails acknowledging the multiplicity of stakeholders, including as local communities, indigenous groups, and policymakers, and adapting leadership styles to suit their particular requirements in the context of SWRM (Eaton et al., 2023). Leaders should listen to stakeholders' concerns, actively engage with them, and include them in decision-making. The theory also establishes a high bar for morality and ethics by leading by example. Through their sincerity and dedication to the common goal, they gain the respect and trust of their followers. Leaders in SWRM should show a strong commitment to ethical resource management, sustainable methods, and climate resilience. Their words and deeds should be consistent to increase their credibility. This theory is relevant to this study because it enhances Stakeholder involvement (Abdulrazaq et al., 2020). For example, in the pursuit of sustainable SWRM objectives, transformational leaders can encourage deeper involvement and collaboration among a variety of stakeholders, including government organizations, NGOs, local communities, and scientists. It also supports SWRM activities by promoting innovation and adaptation, which will help them remain responsive to the changing climate and altering environmental conditions. In addition, even amid insurmountable obstacles, transformational leadership may motivate groups and individuals to dedicate themselves fervently to the cause of SWRM. Thus, transformational leaders are more likely to advocate for SWRM from a long-term perspective, placing a strong emphasis on the need to protect soil and water resources for future generations (Ladkin and Patrick, 2022). A strong foundation for directing the study of leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management is provided by the Transformational Leadership Theory. This theory can assist SWRM leaders in navigating the complex and dynamic difficulties caused by climate change while fostering sustainable resource management practices by emphasizing vision, motivation, customized consideration, and ethical influence (Kassim, 2019). Materials and Methods Data Base Used A powerful software program designed exclusively for creating and displaying maps utilizing network data is called VOSviewer. Its main uses include scientometric investigations, bibliometric analysis, and the visualization of scientific collaborative networks. VOSviewer has become well-known due to its efficiency and adaptability in visualizing complex relationships and patterns within sizable datasets. It was created and is continuously updated by researchers associated with the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) at Leiden University in the Netherlands (Van Eck and Waltman, 2010). Due to its characteristics, it has become a priceless tool for researchers and institutions trying to investigate and comprehend the organization of scientific networks and the transfer of knowledge across different sectors. 3.1. Literature selection, screening, and Extraction This review is based on a literature review of 1,055 published articles mainly from 2008–2022 using Scientifically cited and indexed databases namely Dimensions, Web Science, Elsevier Scopus, and Google Scholar. To obtain this, an updated perspective on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management. Search terms included “role”, “leadership”, “soil”, and “water resources management”, with a filter of mainly year of publication (i.e. from 2008–2022) to cover at least 15 years which can justify leadership roles in natural resources management. Additional search terms were included to identify relevant papers that did not directly use the above terms. Selected documents were mainly peer-reviewed journal articles, a limited number of books, reports, and online resources, including company and organization reports and bulletins. From the retrieved papers summaries new graphics and tabulations were made to make the discussions and uncover gaps that need to be addressed. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Documents produced starting from 2008 to 2022, independent of the language of publication, were the initial criterion for inclusion in the study. The analysis may not have benefited significantly from considering the few records that were published before 2008. Books and book chapters were not included under the second inclusion criterion, this paper focused on documents published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Documents that did not describe the role of leadership in soil and water resources management in this context were eliminated because the study's primary goal was to analyse the interaction between leadership in soil and water resources management. Results Research and Publication Trends After defining the search criteria, 1055 research articles were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection. The findings as presented in Fig. 1 show that 670 out of the total (1055) extracted documents from the SWRM domain dimensions had country of research organization affiliation information. Therefore 385 articles were excluded from the analysis of publications trends by country. The results show that most of the published articles (124) were from the United States, 91 articles originated from China, 59 were from Australia, 40 were from Canada, 34 were from Italy, and 28 were from Germany. [Figure 1 near here] The research in soil and water resources management (SWRM) has been increasingly gaining attention among leaders, researchers, and key stakeholders in the past few years. This is visualized and supported by Fig. 2 , which shows an increasing trend of publications from (17) 1.58% in 2008 and 2009, up to the most recent works as it is empirically evidenced with (105) 9.74% in 2018, (107) 9.93% in 2019, (153) 14.19% in 2020, (200) 18.55% in 2021, and (2022) 20.41% in 2022, articles linked SWRM Domain have been published. [Figure 2 near here] Research Areas/Sources An analysis of the major research sources or areas from which the SWRM documents/articles were extracted and analysed to ascertain the role of leadership in sustainable soil and water management. Figure 3 depicts that the authors dominantly focus on Sustainability (71.37%), Journal of Environmental Management (12.51%), Environmental Management (9.57%), GeoJournal (4.36%), and Leadership and Management in Engineering (0.95%). The least investigated research areas are the Water Resource Research (0.76%), Natural Resources Research (0.28%), and Soil Science (0.19%). [Figure 3 near here] Other Sources/Topics/Themes which count by 1 record or 0.09% include, Journal of Environmental Quality, Environmental Technology, Environmental Earth Sciences, Geography and Natural Resources, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, Natural Resource Management and Policy, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change, Human Services Organizations Management Leadership and Governance or Governance, Sustainability, Ethics and Governance, Journal of Management and Governance, Journal of Governance and Regulation, Environmental Policy and Governance, Developments in Corporate Governance and Responsibility and Journal of Leadership and Governance. Co-authorship by Countries Nexus Figure 4 presents the map nexus of the co-authored published documents/articles by country/region or authors affiliations and country of research organizations. There are three clusters of the co-authorship networks by country. Figure 4 and Table 1 show the links, total link strength and number of documents co-authored by country of research organizations. Table 1 Clusters Showing Co-Authorship by Countries from SWRM Domain Cluster 1: – China Cluster 2: – United Kingdom Cluster 3: –United States Country LNKS TLS DOCs Country LNKS TLS DOCs Country LNKS TLS DOCs China 37 90 107 United Kingdom 61 143 83 United States 58 157 206 Australia 37 82 59 South Africa 33 67 43 Spain 31 57 47 Germany 35 66 46 Netherlands 29 55 36 Italy 29 48 43 Malaysia 15 24 19 France 23 32 19 Canada 38 72 50 South Korea 11 15 19 Greece 15 19 9 Brazil 17 29 27 Chile 20 32 14 Kenya 14 27 14 Switzerland 23 33 15 Czechia 23 26 14 Ghana 5 7 13 India 13 17 19 Austria 15 21 14 Zimbabwe 7 9 7 Japan 15 22 23 Nigeria 6 6 11 Ethiopia 18 19 12 Bangladesh 10 17 14 Egypt 14 17 7 Tanzania 10 14 7 Russia 14 17 12 Denmark 12 12 7 Malawi 11 14 7 Mexico 5 5 10 Uganda 7 9 5 Rwanda 6 6 1 Seychelles 1 1 1 Key: Lnks = Links; TLS = Total Link Strength; DOCs = Document(s) [Figure 4 near here] Cluster 1: – China Cluster 1 comprises “china” as the minor co-authorship network in the cluster, with 37 links, 90 total link strengths; with a nexus of 107 documents. Cluster 1 accounts for 43.30% of all co-authorship synergies and China accounts for 10.14% of total link strengths in the thematic research organizations networks by the affiliate countries. Other notable countries with feasible networks in the cluster are “Australia”, “Germany”, “Malaysia” and “South Korea” with 37, 35, 14, and 11 total links; 82, 66, 24 and 15 total link strengths; and with 59, 46, 19 and 19 nexus documents respectively. Cluster 2: – United Kingdom Cluster 2 is the second cluster with 28 which share a rich co-authorship network and represents “United Kingdom” as its lead in this category. “United Kingdom,” has the most prominent co-authorship nexus in this cluster, with 61 total links, total link strengths of 143 and with 83 documents co-authored. This cluster has 28.87% representation from all the co-authorship network in the dimensions and United Kingdom has 16.10% of total link strengths. Fundamental co-authorship by country from this cluster include “South Africa”, “Netherlands”, “France”, and “Greece” with total links of 61, 33, 29, 23, and 15; combined with total link strengths of 67, 55, 32, and 19; and with 43, 36, 19 and 9 co-authored documents respectively. Cluster 3: – United States “United States” is the first country with the highest number of documents (206) co-authored in cluster 3 network of authors and the entire nexus of the three co-authorship clusters that the researchers analysed, with total links of 58; total link strengths of 157, and with 206 documents co-authored. “United Kingdom” is the country with the largest total link strengths in the SWRM domain. Cluster 3 accounts for 27.84% of total co-authorship networks while United Kingdom accounts 17.68% of total link strengths from the dimensions analysed. The second country with most co-authorship network in cluster 3 is “Spain” with total links of 31; total link strengths of 57; with a network of 47 documents co-authored pertaining SWRM. Other feasible co-authorship networks by country include “Italy”, “Canada”, “Brazil”, and “Switzerland” with total links of 29, 38, 17, and 23; total link strengths of 48, 72, 29, and 33; and combined with 43, 50, 27 and 15 co-authored documents respectively. [Table 1 near here] Co-citations by Documents/Articles Figure 5 shows the analysis more specific investigations on the co-citations of the author documents. Three clusters were identified in the co-citations by author document analysis: Cluster 1 counts 6 items, including: Sarabi et al. (2020) of title- “Uptake and implementation of nature-based solutions: An analysis of barriers using interpretive structural modelling.” which has highest number of citations (87); Lupp et al. (2021) of title- “Living labs: A concept for co-designing nature-based solutions.” with 43 citations; Medeiros and van der Zwet (2020) of title- “Sustainable and integrated urban planning and governance in metropolitan and medium sized cities.” with 33 citation networks; Alsip et al. (2021) of title- “Evolving institutional arrangements for use of an ecosystem approach in restoring great lake areas of concern.” with 11 citations; Ferreira et al. (2022) of title- “Stakeholders perceptions of appropriate nature-based solutions in the urban context.” with 9 citations. Also, Aguilar-Luzón et al. (2023) with 5 citations. Cluster 2 counts 6 items, including: Dhakal and Chevalier (2017) of title- “Managing urban stormwater for urban sustainability, barriers and policy solutions for green infrastructure applications.” which has highest number of citations (195); Salvia et al. (2021) of title- “climate mitigation in Mediterranean Europe: Assessment of regional and city level plans.” with 25 citations; Beceiro et al. (2020) of title- “The contribution of nbs to urban resilience in stormwater management and control: A framework with stakeholders validation.” with 15 citation networks. Also, in the list other includes, Wijesinghe and Thorn (2021), Huerto H et al. (2021) and Jiao et al. (2022) with citations 11, 11 and 3 respectively. Cluster 3 counts 4 items, including: Roy et al. (2008) of title- “Impediments and solutions to sustainable watershed-scale urban stormwater management: Lessons from Australia and United States.” which has highest number of citations (452); Dhakal and Chevalier, (2016)of title- “Urban stormwater governance: The need of paradigm shift.” with 114 citations.; Also, in the list other includes, Xing et al. (2022), and Esmail et al., (2023) with citations 111 and 31 respectively. [Figure 5 near here] Citations of Documents by Country of Research Organization Further, the total citations of documents from SWRM domain were examined, an analysis was conducted in the software VOSviewer for 1055 articles, as shown in Fig. 6 . Three clusters with 50 items and total link strength of 302 were identified: Cluster 1 contains 24 items, including the documents citations in SWRM domain from: United States (206), United Kingdom (83), Canada (50) and South Africa (43). Others in this list includes Kenya, France, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Malaysia, Pakistan and Taiwan. Cluster 2 contains 16 items, including the documents citations in SWRM domain from: China (107), Germany (46), Japan (23), India (19) and Ethiopia (12). Cluster 3 contains 10 items, including the documents citations in SWRM domain from: Australia (59), Spain (47), Indonesia (14), and New Zealand (9). [Figure 6 near here] Co-citations by Cited Sources/ Research Areas An analysis was conducted in the software VOSviewer for 1055 articles to investigate the co-citations of documents by the research area source from SWRM domain as mapped in Fig. 7 . Four clusters with 403 items with 46,209 links and total link strength of 694,265 were delineated: Cluster 1 comprises Ecology and Society in SWRM domain leading with 760 citations, 398 links and 30,759 total links strength. Cluster 2 comprises Journal of Environmental Management in SWRM domain leading with 687 citations, 398 links and 31,835 total links strength. Cluster 3 comprises Sustainability in SWRM domain leading with 1,938 citations, 402 links and 73,250 total links strength. Cluster 4 comprises Journal of Cleaner Production in SWRM domain leading with 1,747 citations, 398 links and 75,196 total links strength. [Figure 7 near here] Discussion Keyword Co-occurrence Network of Role of Leadership SWRM Domain Cluster 1: – company Cluster 1 comprises “company” as the major word in the cluster, with 227 total occurrences and 1159 link strengths. Cluster 1 accounts for 36.73% of all keywords and 63.31% of total link strength in the thematic network. Other important keywords in the cluster are “organisation” “innovation” “agriculture” and “sustainable development” with 181, 164, 140, and 138 total occurrences and with 1105, 927, 912 and 822 total link strength respectively Fig. 8. [Figure 8 near here] [Table 2 near here] Table 2 Clusters/Themes Showing Keywords Co-occurrence from SWRM Domain Cluster 1: – company Cluster 2: – program Cluster 3: –community Cluster 4: –governance Keyword TO TLS Keyword TO TLS Keyword TO TLS Keyword TO TLS Company 227 1159 Program 153 1030 Community 342 2745 Governance 149 1156 Organization 181 1105 Land 126 1078 Climate Change 203 1725 Infrastructure 93 631 Innovation 164 927 Conservation 101 876 Climate Change Adaptation 114 1111 Adoption 89 526 Agriculture 140 912 Ecosystem 100 876 Vulnerability 93 865 Agency 72 492 Sustainable development 138 822 Soil 90 547 Mitigation 60 665 Transformation 70 443 Solution 148 848 Natural Resource 84 667 Climate 49 405 Engagement 67 620 Waste 122 704 Collaboration 71 516 Water Resources 27 190 Local Government 35 250 Manager 107 796 Landscape 70 589 Risk 165 1069 Adaptive Governance 25 200 Emission 105 701 Restoration 64 505 Capacity 157 1188 Rural Community 36 354 Key: TO = Total Occurrence; TLS = Total Link Strength. Cluster 2: – program Cluster 2 is the second-largest cluster with 29 unique keywords and represents “program” as its central theme. The most prominent keyword in this cluster is “program,” with 153 total occurrences and total link strength of 1030. This cluster has 29.59% representation from all the keywords in the dimensions and 61.92% of total link strengths. Fundamental key words from this cluster include “land”, “conservation”, “ecosystem”, “soil”, “natural resource”, “collaboration”, “landscape”, and “restoration” with total occurrences of 126, 101, 100, 90, 84, 71, 70 and 64; combined with total link strength of 1078, 876, 844, 547, 667, 516, 589 and 503 respectively. Cluster 3: –community Cluster 3 is also characterized by the representation of 18.37% of total keywords and 50.20% of total link strength. However, a central theme that is represented by cluster 3 is “community,” which is the most significant indicator or foundation of role of leadership in SWRM. Every community concentrate towards SWRM and focuses in the restoration, conservation and sustainable management of soil and water through better structure leadership framework and regulations available at different levels starting from locally, regionally, nationally and even internationally. The most prominent keyword in the cluster is “community” with 342 total occurrences and 2745 total link strengths, followed by “climate change” which has 203 total occurrences and 1725 total link strengths. Thus, cluster 3 marks a fundamental theme of role of leadership services which is at the core of SWRM. “United States,” “China”, “Australia” “Canada”, and “Italy” are leading SWRM as the “role” of “leadership quality services” they provide are some of the bests in the world. Other significant keywords from this cluster are “climate change”, “climate change adaptation”, “vulnerability”, “mitigation”, “climate”, and “water resource” with total occurrences of 203, 114, 93, 60, 49, and 27; combined with total link strength of 1725, 1111, 865, 665, 405, and 190. Cluster 4: –governance The main theme depicted in cluster 4 is “governance,” the domain of this study. Cluster 4 has a representation of 15.31% of total keywords and 22.35% of total link strength from the dimensions of the SWRM domain. Cluster 4 is dominated by the keyword “governance,” which has 149 total occurrences and 1156 total link strength. This is evident from the topic under study i.e. role of leadership and governance. The other vital keywords from this cluster are “infrastructure”, “adoption”, “agency”, “transformation”, “engagement”, “local government” and “adaptive governance” with total occurrences of 93, 89, 72, 70, 67, 35, and 25; combined with total link strength of 631, 526, 492, 443, 620, 250, and 200. Bibliographic Coupling by Research Sources The role of leadership in SWRM domain is intensive, and studies are increasing swiftly in this field. To recognize the contemporary tendencies in the role of leadership in SWRM field, the bibliographic coupling was utilized in the publications on the SWRM field from the last fifteen years i.e. from 2008 to 2022. Bibliographic coupling identified 5 major research clusters or themes that are forthwith in focus and distending as in the results section Fig. 9 . The 5 major research sources in SWRM domain include: Cluster 1 - Sustainability with 753 publications, 13,757 citations and total link strength of 4,546. Cluster 2 - Journal of Environmental Management with 132 publications, 6,008 citations and total link strength of 3,145. Cluster 3 - Geojournal with 46 publications, 567 citations and total link strength of 635. Cluster 4 - Water Resource Research with 8 publications, 910 citations and total link strength of 16. Cluster 5 - Leadership and Management in Engineering with 10 publications, 58 citations and total link strength of 11. [Figure 9 near here] [Table 3 near here] Table 3 Clusters Showing Co-Authorship by Countries From SWRM Domain Source/Research Areas Documents Citations Total Link Strength Sustainability 753 13757 4546 Journal of Environmental Management 132 6008 3145 Geojournal 46 567 635 Water Resource Research 8 910 16 Leadership and Management in Engineering 10 58 11 Natural Resource Research 3 278 4 Soil Science 2 21 2 Bibliographic Coupling by Publications/Articles Finally, an analysis was done to examine the Bibliographic coupling by documents published in SWRM domain and data was mapped as shown in Fig. 10 . The total number of items met the threshold set for classification was 231 with 943 links making total link strength 1,469. Additionally, three clusters were recognized as presented in: Cluster 1 contains: Finkbeiner et al. (2010), Passarelli et al. (2018), Jenkins et al. (2016), Wiens et al. (2019), Thornton et al. (2019), Haile et al. (2020), Jonathan (2020), Alizadeh et al. (2022), Lasco et al. (2014), Sharifi (2021), Nyong et al. (2007) with 578, 574, 234, 240, 201, 234, 174, 153 and 137 citations respectively. Cluster 2 contains: Wang and Zhang (2011), Neubert et al. (2011), Biazin and Sterk (2013), Gitz et al. (2016), Mukherjee et al. (2019), Rosenstock et al. (2019), Wimalasiri et al. (2022), Mwanake et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Singh (2022) with 648, 452, 257, 244, 193, 142, 195, 93 and 74 citations respectively. Cluster 3 contains: Gitz et al. ( 2016 ) , Zougmoré et al. (2018), Ogilvie et al. (2019), Yimam et al. (2020), Zingraff-Hamed et al. (2021), Lubembe et al. (2022), Turyasingura et al. (2023), Garau et al. (2023), Chavula (2022) with 192, 152, 73, 48, 196, 153, 30, 48 and 76 citations respectively. [Table 4 near here] Table 4 Clusters Showing Bibliographic Coupling by Publications Networks Of SWRM Domain Cluster 1: – Finkbeiner et al. (2010) Author TITLE Links TLS Cites Finkbeiner et al. (2010) “Towards life cycle sustainability assessment” 9 13 578 Passarelli et al. (2018) “Evaluating the pathways from small-scale irrigation to dietary diversity: evidence from Ethiopia and Tanzania” 2 2 574 Jenkins et al. (2016) “The 2030 Water Resources Group: Collaboration and Country Leadership to Strengthen Water Security” 40 58 234 Wiens et al. (2019) “Rapid niche shifts in introduced species can be a million times faster than changes among native species and ten times faster than climate change” 1 1 240 Haile et al. (2020) “Projected impacts of climate change on drought patterns over East Africa” 6 26 201 Jonathan (2020) “Overview of Climate Variability and Change in Africa: Perspectives and Experiences” 2 2 203 Alizadeh et al. (2022) “Integrated assessment of localized SSP–RCP narratives for climate change adaptation in coupled human-water systems” 1 1 234 Lasco et al. (2014) “Climate risk adaptation by smallholder farmers: The roles of trees and agroforestry” 1 1 174 S Sharifi (2021) “Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review” 3 10 153 Nyong et al. (2007) “The value of indigenous knowledge in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the African Sahel” 13 24 137 Cluster 2: – Wang and Zhang (2011) Author TITLE LNKS TLS CITS Wang and Zhang (2011) “Effects of climate change on water resources in China” 4 4 648 Neubert et al. (2011), “Climate variability and change” 6 12 452 Biazin and Sterk (2013) “Drought vulnerability drives land-use and land cover changes in the Rift Valley dry lands of Ethiopia” 19 34 257 Mukherjee et al. (2019) “Climate change and livelihood vulnerability of the local population on Sagar Island, India” 25 38 244 Rosenstock et al. (2019 “Measurement, reporting and verification of climate-smart agriculture: Change of perspective, change of possibilities?” 15 23 193 Wimalasiri et al. (2022) “Impact of climate change adaptation on paddy yield in dry zone Sri Lanka: A case study using agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM) model” 11 29 142 Mwanake et al. (2023) “Agricultural Practices and Soil and Water Conservation in the Transboundary Region of Kenya and Uganda: Farmers’ Perspectives of Current Soil Erosion” 4 19 195 Wang et al. (2020) “Monsoons climate change assessment” 11 12 93 Singh (2022) “Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation” 13 19 74 Cluster 3: – Gitz et al. (2016) Author TITLE LNKS TLS CITS Gitz et al. ( 2016 ) “Climate change and food security: risks and responses” 6 8 192 Zougmoré et al. (2018) “Developing climate-smart agriculture to face climate variability in West Africa: Challenges and lessons learnt” 8 11 152 Ogilvie et al. (2019) “Service crop management to maximize crop water supply and improve agroecosystem resilience: A review” 31 43 73 Yimam et al. (2020) “Impact of climate change on the staple food crops yield in Ethiopia: implications for food security” 1 1 48 Zingraff-Hamed et al. (2021) “Governance models for nature-based solutions: Seventeen cases from Germany” 2 2 196 Lubembe et al. (2022) “Reflection on Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Sub-Sahara Africa” 7 8 153 Turyasingura et al. (2023) “A Review of the effects of climate change on water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa” 7 7 30 Garau et al. (2023) “A Theoretical Framework for Climate Change Adaptation Participatory Planning in Vulnerable Coastal Zones” 8 8 48 Chavula (2022) “An Overview of Challenges that Negatively Affect Agriculture Performance in Sub-Sahara Africa: Synthesis Study” 15 23 76 Key: Lnks = Links; TLS = Total Link Strength; Cits = Citations Conclusion and Recommendations This study has assessed the role of leadership in soil and water resources management from the period 2008–2022 across the globe. The study on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management is increasingly seen to have notable research interest over the past decade, indicating its significance in the domain. However, assessment of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management remain scanty. Our study responds to important gap by undertaking bibliometric analysis using diverse research sources to shed lights on the extent of leadership in soil and water resources management. The analysis highlights key research institutions and universities actively contributing to soil and water resources management studies, indicating potential collaborations and research networks. The study also shows that specific authors emerge as influential figures in the field of soil and water resources, showcasing their expertise and thought leadership. While the field has grown, there remain certain gaps in the literature, such as the lack of research on the integration of leadership in soil and water resources management to ease conservation. More broadly, this study contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Life on Earth (SDG 15). Taken together, this research can significantly enhance the overarching themes of the UN global agenda 2030 in terms of its five Ps: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships leading to the achievement of effective leadership in soil and water resources management, which likely involves collaboration and partnerships between various stakeholders , aligning with the spirit of Goal 17 (SDG 17). Declarations Conflict of Interest No competing interests in the publication of this research. Conflict of Interest Not applicable. Source of Funding No source of funding. Clinical trial: Not applicable Consent to Publish declaration Not applicable Consent to Participate declaration Tot applicable Ethics declaration Not applicable Author Contribution All authors contributed equally. Acknowledgement Each author has provided permission for the results of this research study to be published. References Abdulrazaq, A. A., Mohammed, Z. M. M., & Farea, M. M. (2020). 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Trends in SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/c95f30a3d51cb535da651306.jpg"},{"id":88416258,"identity":"8b147100-4835-4a44-8372-5e9c60a0a1aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 08:58:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePublication Trends per Year in the SWRM Domain\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/7b19fab86ea0cefe61e96d9c.png"},{"id":88416261,"identity":"d3fd9898-7497-4bdd-946d-6d08e6fbf6c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 08:58:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource/Research areas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/42c4bc26a8cf238140ddbf32.png"},{"id":88416257,"identity":"6c2bc9db-7f16-43be-85a8-2063089dc3bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 08:58:42","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCo-authorship by Countries network of SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/8e05a9c0b4f79271af08c83a.png"},{"id":88418816,"identity":"939be6bd-72ca-4a52-9b0a-120979275d4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 09:14:42","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitations by Publications’ network of SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/2ee74020ae4880769a95a662.png"},{"id":88416259,"identity":"23f50107-93d3-4baa-8203-c844750f1ca6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 08:58:42","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitations by Country Affiliation network of SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/ed9717534f756b4581626419.png"},{"id":88417036,"identity":"c56bd488-731b-4d4c-8be4-b95870eecee1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 09:06:42","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":293203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCo-citations by Cited Source networks of SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/749ee462ed1ab1b16eb184a2.png"},{"id":88418815,"identity":"c5e3186f-e361-41b8-b352-76906056ab66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 09:14:42","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":272199,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKeyword Co-occurrence Network of Role of Leadership SWRM Domain.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/f6720f6288cf0ea452ce2d92.png"},{"id":88416270,"identity":"75aa2a1e-649c-4c4c-99c2-2db5d119855d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 08:58:42","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBibliographic Coupling by Research Source networks of SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/7213c7e794f4c321fd6a0186.png"},{"id":88416264,"identity":"33de6147-ef3b-4003-acec-2fea3e628860","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 08:58:42","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBibliographic Coupling by Publications/Articles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"placeholderimage.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/3fbe447c173964da60e2eaf2.png"},{"id":93049016,"identity":"df45d341-d6a1-4a12-8aec-10bff541b29f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 13:53:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2331298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923361/v1/a5bc370e-9bfc-4b6d-993d-d3dc6abf507a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Role of Leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLeadership is critical to the success of soil and water resources management (SWRM) in the global context of climate change mitigation (Peng et al., 2022). The lack of precise, collaborative and unified national, regional and international leadership in SWRM is one of the main issues that needs to be addressed (Mao et al., 2022). Although many efforts and organizations are working on SWRM, there is often a lack of coordination and collaboration among them (Marineau and Findley, 2020). Governments, NGOs and members of the corporate sector must work together in a strong global governance framework to sustainably manage land and water resources (Peng et al., 2022). To mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on these resources, this leadership should also promote the importance of SWRM adaptation techniques (Al-Swidi et al., 2021). However, there is a lack of global leadership in both research and innovation (Lisak et al., 2016). To solve this problem, policymakers should prioritize funding and support for universities and research organizations to develop cutting-edge techniques and technologies for sustainable SWRM in the face of climate change. Promoting national, regional and international collaboration and the exchange of research results can provide the community with the information and resources it needs to adapt to changing climatic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeadership in SWRM is essential in Africa because of how susceptible the region is to the effects of climate change (Reij et al., 2013). The lack of participation by local communities and indigenous leadership in SWRM decision-making processes is a deficit that needs to be filled right away (Solomon et al., 2023). The traditional knowledge of rural communities, many of which rely heavily on agriculture for their subsistence, can be a vital resource in sustainable SWRM (Jenkins et al., 2017). African leaders should place a high priority on inclusive and participatory strategies that enable local authorities and communities to own SWRM programs (Tantoh et al., 2021). In addition to addressing climate change adaptation, this would encourage a sense of ownership and responsibility among people who are most directly touched by problems with managing soil and water resources (Mbah et al., 2022). Africa's leadership has to address the lack of funding for climate-smart infrastructure for SWRM. The infrastructure required to collect and store water during times of abundant rainfall and deliver it during dry spells is lacking in many African nations. Infrastructure projects like dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems that can withstand the effects of climate change should be given top priority by African authorities. This would boost African communities' overall resistance to climate-related difficulties in addition to improving food security.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Africa has particular SWRM issues because of its vulnerability to droughts and floods brought on by climate change (Haile et al., 2020). Improved water management and climate-resilient agriculture must be the main priorities of the region's leadership. The absence of funding for research and development of region-specific solutions is a serious issue. Leaders in East Africa should support research institutions and promote teamwork to create cutting-edge technologies and procedures that are specific to the demands of the region (Gebre, 2021). Additionally, leadership has to support forums for information exchange so that best practices can be shared among the region's nations (Payne et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe East African countries\u0026rsquo; land and water resources are being affected by climate change, as are those of many other African nations (Stringer et al., 2021). The gap between the implementation and enforcement of policies should be strongly addressed by national leadership. Despite the East African community's development of SWRM policies and initiatives, effective implementation is frequently lacking due to several problems, including a lack of resources and capacity. To ensure that SWRM projects are climate-responsive, strong regional leadership should place a high priority on resource allocation, capacity building, and ongoing monitoring and assessment. The success of these programs can also be increased by including local authorities and communities in the creation and application of policies. In light of the issues associated with managing soil and water resources in the face of climate change, leadership is essential both worldwide and at the regional level, such as in Africa, and East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania). For soil and water resources to be resilient and sustainable in the face of climate change, leadership approach deficiencies must be found and filled. To address these issues on several fronts, effective leadership should give top priority to inclusive, research-based, and collaborative initiatives. The main objective of the study was the assessment of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management in East African nations from the period 2008\u0026ndash;2022. The outcomes from this study may enhance several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of \u003cem\u003eZero Hunger\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 2), \u003cem\u003eClean Water and Sanitation\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 6), \u003cem\u003eSustainable Cities and Communities\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 11), \u003cem\u003eClimate Action\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 13), and \u003cem\u003eLife on Earth\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 15). Taken together, this research can significantly enhance the overarching themes of the UN global agenda 2030 in terms of its five Ps: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships leading to the achievement of effective leadership in soil and water resources management, which likely involves collaboration and \u003cem\u003epartnerships between various stakeholders\u003c/em\u003e, aligning with the spirit of Goal 17 (SDG 17).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study answered the following research questions;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is the top citation and documents retrieved from different countries, institutions, and journals on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre there current top ten authors and citations from international research collaboration on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the most influential research articles and authors in the field of leadership in soil and water resources management?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is a large research gap on leadership in soil and water resources management (SWRM) in the context of global climate change (Turyasingura et al., 2023). Although there has been much research on the impacts of climate change and techniques to mitigate climate change, there have not been many in-depth studies that explicitly focus on the leadership element in SWRM. The integration of leadership theories and practices into SWRM techniques is generally limited in the current literature due to its fragmented nature. Future studies should examine how different leadership philosophies and methods impact SWRM efforts around the world to address this research gap. This study may provide insightful information about the most effective SWRM leadership strategies worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe literature review identifies a research gap regarding the role of traditional and indigenous leadership in SWRM under climate change in the African context. Traditional leadership structures dominate many African communities, and these leaders often play an important role in resource management (Fabricius, 2013). However, Vogel et al. (2021) reported that there is lack of bibliometric studies that examine how traditional leadership could be used to improve climate-resilient SWRM. In the African literature on SWRM leadership, there is a glaring gap in studies of the functioning of civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These groups often play a critical role in promoting sustainable resource management techniques. However, there is a lack of empirical research examining the leadership role that CSOs and NGOs play in SWRM in the context of climate change (Tal \u0026amp; Gordon, 2016). Future studies should examine how these groups influence policy and practice in African SWRM through their tactics, partnerships and impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNamany et al. (2023) suggests a research scarcity in East Africa regarding the leading position in transboundary SWRM in the context of climate change. Water disputes are widespread, and the region's shared water supplies are susceptible to changes brought on by the climate (Wolf, 2023). The leadership techniques and diplomatic efforts necessary to encourage cooperation and settle disputes over shared resources (Hart \u0026amp; Siniver, 2020), however, have received scant scholarly attention. To close this gap, an in-depth investigation is needed on the leadership dynamics that can encourage international cooperation and reduce climate-related tensions in East Africa's SWRM. There is a study gap in East Africa about the leadership strategies required for SWRM in urban and peri-urban settings during times of climate change. The region's rapid development poses special problems for managing soil and water resources. Studies that focus explicitly on leadership tactics for sustained SWRM in urban contexts are, however, scarce. The role of municipal officials, urban planners, and community leaders in addressing the intricate linkages between urbanization and climate change consequences on SWRM should be the subject of future research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTheoretical Framework\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \"Transformational Leadership Theory\" is one theory that can best direct the study of leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management (SWRM) developed by (Burns, 2004). This theory presents a compelling future vision, transformational leaders compel and inspire their followers (Homrig, 2001). This means that in the framework of SWRM, leaders should present a compelling vision for sustainable resource management, particularly in light of climate change. They should convey to stakeholders a feeling of purpose and emphasize the value of protecting soil and water resources for future generations (Vasanthakumari and Belisa, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransformational leaders inspire their people to think critically, creatively, and innovatively. This translates to encouraging study, invention, and the creation of climate-resilient plans in SWRM. To handle the shifting environmental problems, leaders should encourage and support a culture of ongoing learning (Burns, 2012). This entails acknowledging the multiplicity of stakeholders, including as local communities, indigenous groups, and policymakers, and adapting leadership styles to suit their particular requirements in the context of SWRM (Eaton et al., 2023). Leaders should listen to stakeholders' concerns, actively engage with them, and include them in decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe theory also establishes a high bar for morality and ethics by leading by example. Through their sincerity and dedication to the common goal, they gain the respect and trust of their followers. Leaders in SWRM should show a strong commitment to ethical resource management, sustainable methods, and climate resilience. Their words and deeds should be consistent to increase their credibility. This theory is relevant to this study because it enhances Stakeholder involvement (Abdulrazaq et al., 2020). For example, in the pursuit of sustainable SWRM objectives, transformational leaders can encourage deeper involvement and collaboration among a variety of stakeholders, including government organizations, NGOs, local communities, and scientists. It also supports SWRM activities by promoting innovation and adaptation, which will help them remain responsive to the changing climate and altering environmental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, even amid insurmountable obstacles, transformational leadership may motivate groups and individuals to dedicate themselves fervently to the cause of SWRM. Thus, transformational leaders are more likely to advocate for SWRM from a long-term perspective, placing a strong emphasis on the need to protect soil and water resources for future generations (Ladkin and Patrick, 2022). A strong foundation for directing the study of leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management is provided by the Transformational Leadership Theory. This theory can assist SWRM leaders in navigating the complex and dynamic difficulties caused by climate change while fostering sustainable resource management practices by emphasizing vision, motivation, customized consideration, and ethical influence (Kassim, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Base Used\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA powerful software program designed exclusively for creating and displaying maps utilizing network data is called VOSviewer. Its main uses include scientometric investigations, bibliometric analysis, and the visualization of scientific collaborative networks. VOSviewer has become well-known due to its efficiency and adaptability in visualizing complex relationships and patterns within sizable datasets. It was created and is continuously updated by researchers associated with the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) at Leiden University in the Netherlands (Van Eck and Waltman, 2010). Due to its characteristics, it has become a priceless tool for researchers and institutions trying to investigate and comprehend the organization of scientific networks and the transfer of knowledge across different sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.1. Literature selection, screening, and Extraction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis review is based on a literature review of 1,055 published articles mainly from 2008\u0026ndash;2022 using Scientifically cited and indexed databases namely Dimensions, Web Science, Elsevier Scopus, and Google Scholar. To obtain this, an updated perspective on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management. Search terms included \u0026ldquo;role\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;leadership\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;soil\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;water resources management\u0026rdquo;, with a filter of mainly year of publication (i.e. from 2008\u0026ndash;2022) to cover at least 15 years which can justify leadership roles in natural resources management. Additional search terms were included to identify relevant papers that did not directly use the above terms. Selected documents were mainly peer-reviewed journal articles, a limited number of books, reports, and online resources, including company and organization reports and bulletins. From the retrieved papers summaries new graphics and tabulations were made to make the discussions and uncover gaps that need to be addressed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDocuments produced starting from 2008 to 2022, independent of the language of publication, were the initial criterion for inclusion in the study. The analysis may not have benefited significantly from considering the few records that were published before 2008. Books and book chapters were not included under the second inclusion criterion, this paper focused on documents published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Documents that did not describe the role of leadership in soil and water resources management in this context were eliminated because the study's primary goal was to analyse the interaction between leadership in soil and water resources management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch and Publication Trends\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter defining the search criteria, 1055 research articles were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection. The findings as presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e show that 670 out of the total (1055) extracted documents from the SWRM domain dimensions had country of research organization affiliation information. Therefore 385 articles were excluded from the analysis of publications trends by country. The results show that most of the published articles (124) were from the United States, 91 articles originated from China, 59 were from Australia, 40 were from Canada, 34 were from Italy, and 28 were from Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research in soil and water resources management (SWRM) has been increasingly gaining attention among leaders, researchers, and key stakeholders in the past few years. This is visualized and supported by Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, which shows an increasing trend of publications from (17) 1.58% in 2008 and 2009, up to the most recent works as it is empirically evidenced with (105) 9.74% in 2018, (107) 9.93% in 2019, (153) 14.19% in 2020, (200) 18.55% in 2021, and (2022) 20.41% in 2022, articles linked SWRM Domain have been published.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Areas/Sources\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of the major research sources or areas from which the SWRM documents/articles were extracted and analysed to ascertain the role of leadership in sustainable soil and water management. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts that the authors dominantly focus on Sustainability (71.37%), Journal of Environmental Management (12.51%), Environmental Management (9.57%), GeoJournal (4.36%), and Leadership and Management in Engineering (0.95%). The least investigated research areas are the Water Resource Research (0.76%), Natural Resources Research (0.28%), and Soil Science (0.19%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther Sources/Topics/Themes which count by 1 record or 0.09% include, Journal of Environmental Quality, Environmental Technology, Environmental Earth Sciences, Geography and Natural Resources, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, Natural Resource Management and Policy, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change, Human Services Organizations Management Leadership and Governance or Governance, Sustainability, Ethics and Governance, Journal of Management and Governance, Journal of Governance and Regulation, Environmental Policy and Governance, Developments in Corporate Governance and Responsibility and Journal of Leadership and Governance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCo-authorship by Countries Nexus\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the map nexus of the co-authored published documents/articles by country/region or authors affiliations and country of research organizations. There are three clusters of the co-authorship networks by country. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e show the links, total link strength and number of documents co-authored by country of research organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClusters Showing Co-Authorship by Countries from SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1: \u0026ndash; China\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2: \u0026ndash; United Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3: \u0026ndash;United States\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLNKS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDOCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLNKS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDOCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLNKS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDOCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited States\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreece\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChile\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCzechia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGhana\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAustria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZimbabwe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBangladesh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTanzania\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRussia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDenmark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalawi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMexico\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRwanda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeychelles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eKey: \u003cb\u003eLnks\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Links; \u003cb\u003eTLS\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total Link Strength; \u003cb\u003eDOCs\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Document(s)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 1: \u0026ndash; China\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 comprises \u0026ldquo;china\u0026rdquo; as the minor co-authorship network in the cluster, with 37 links, 90 total link strengths; with a nexus of 107 documents. Cluster 1 accounts for 43.30% of all co-authorship synergies and China accounts for 10.14% of total link strengths in the thematic research organizations networks by the affiliate countries. Other notable countries with feasible networks in the cluster are \u0026ldquo;Australia\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Germany\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Malaysia\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;South Korea\u0026rdquo; with 37, 35, 14, and 11 total links; 82, 66, 24 and 15 total link strengths; and with 59, 46, 19 and 19 nexus documents respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 2: \u0026ndash; United Kingdom\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 is the second cluster with 28 which share a rich co-authorship network and represents \u0026ldquo;United Kingdom\u0026rdquo; as its lead in this category. \u0026ldquo;United Kingdom,\u0026rdquo; has the most prominent co-authorship nexus in this cluster, with 61 total links, total link strengths of 143 and with 83 documents co-authored. This cluster has 28.87% representation from all the co-authorship network in the dimensions and United Kingdom has 16.10% of total link strengths. Fundamental co-authorship by country from this cluster include \u0026ldquo;South Africa\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Netherlands\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;France\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Greece\u0026rdquo; with total links of 61, 33, 29, 23, and 15; combined with total link strengths of 67, 55, 32, and 19; and with 43, 36, 19 and 9 co-authored documents respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 3: \u0026ndash; United States\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;United States\u0026rdquo; is the first country with the highest number of documents (206) co-authored in cluster 3 network of authors and the entire nexus of the three co-authorship clusters that the researchers analysed, with total links of 58; total link strengths of 157, and with 206 documents co-authored. \u0026ldquo;United Kingdom\u0026rdquo; is the country with the largest total link strengths in the SWRM domain. Cluster 3 accounts for 27.84% of total co-authorship networks while United Kingdom accounts 17.68% of total link strengths from the dimensions analysed. The second country with most co-authorship network in cluster 3 is \u0026ldquo;Spain\u0026rdquo; with total links of 31; total link strengths of 57; with a network of 47 documents co-authored pertaining SWRM. Other feasible co-authorship networks by country include \u0026ldquo;Italy\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Canada\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Brazil\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Switzerland\u0026rdquo; with total links of 29, 38, 17, and 23; total link strengths of 48, 72, 29, and 33; and combined with 43, 50, 27 and 15 co-authored documents respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCo-citations by Documents/Articles\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the analysis more specific investigations on the co-citations of the author documents. Three clusters were identified in the co-citations by author document analysis:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 1\u003c/b\u003e counts 6 items, including: Sarabi et al. (2020) of title- \u0026ldquo;Uptake and implementation of nature-based solutions: An analysis of barriers using interpretive structural modelling.\u0026rdquo; which has highest number of citations (87); Lupp et al. (2021) of title- \u0026ldquo;Living labs: A concept for co-designing nature-based solutions.\u0026rdquo; with 43 citations; Medeiros and van der Zwet (2020) of title- \u0026ldquo;Sustainable and integrated urban planning and governance in metropolitan and medium sized cities.\u0026rdquo; with 33 citation networks; Alsip et al. (2021) of title- \u0026ldquo;Evolving institutional arrangements for use of an ecosystem approach in restoring great lake areas of concern.\u0026rdquo; with 11 citations; Ferreira et al. (2022) of title- \u0026ldquo;Stakeholders perceptions of appropriate nature-based solutions in the urban context.\u0026rdquo; with 9 citations. Also, Aguilar-Luz\u0026oacute;n et al. (2023) with 5 citations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 2\u003c/b\u003e counts 6 items, including: Dhakal and Chevalier (2017) of title- \u0026ldquo;Managing urban stormwater for urban sustainability, barriers and policy solutions for green infrastructure applications.\u0026rdquo; which has highest number of citations (195); Salvia et al. (2021) of title- \u0026ldquo;climate mitigation in Mediterranean Europe: Assessment of regional and city level plans.\u0026rdquo; with 25 citations; Beceiro et al. (2020) of title- \u0026ldquo;The contribution of nbs to urban resilience in stormwater management and control: A framework with stakeholders validation.\u0026rdquo; with 15 citation networks. Also, in the list other includes, Wijesinghe and Thorn (2021), Huerto H et al. (2021) and Jiao et al. (2022) with citations 11, 11 and 3 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 3\u003c/b\u003e counts 4 items, including: Roy et al. (2008) of title- \u0026ldquo;Impediments and solutions to sustainable watershed-scale urban stormwater management: Lessons from Australia and United States.\u0026rdquo; which has highest number of citations (452); Dhakal and Chevalier, (2016)of title- \u0026ldquo;Urban stormwater governance: The need of paradigm shift.\u0026rdquo; with 114 citations.; Also, in the list other includes, Xing et al. (2022), and Esmail et al., (2023) with citations 111 and 31 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCitations of Documents by Country of Research Organization\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther, the total citations of documents from SWRM domain were examined, an analysis was conducted in the software VOSviewer for 1055 articles, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Three clusters with 50 items and total link strength of 302 were identified:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 contains 24 items, including the documents citations in SWRM domain from: United States (206), United Kingdom (83), Canada (50) and South Africa (43). Others in this list includes Kenya, France, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Malaysia, Pakistan and Taiwan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 contains 16 items, including the documents citations in SWRM domain from: China (107), Germany (46), Japan (23), India (19) and Ethiopia (12).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3 contains 10 items, including the documents citations in SWRM domain from: Australia (59), Spain (47), Indonesia (14), and New Zealand (9).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCo-citations by Cited Sources/ Research Areas\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn analysis was conducted in the software VOSviewer for 1055 articles to investigate the co-citations of documents by the research area source from SWRM domain as mapped in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Four clusters with 403 items with 46,209 links and total link strength of 694,265 were delineated:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 comprises Ecology and Society in SWRM domain leading with 760 citations, 398 links and 30,759 total links strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 comprises Journal of Environmental Management in SWRM domain leading with 687 citations, 398 links and 31,835 total links strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3 comprises Sustainability in SWRM domain leading with 1,938 citations, 402 links and 73,250 total links strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 4 comprises Journal of Cleaner Production in SWRM domain leading with 1,747 citations, 398 links and 75,196 total links strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKeyword Co-occurrence Network of Role of Leadership SWRM Domain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 1: \u0026ndash; company\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 comprises \u0026ldquo;company\u0026rdquo; as the major word in the cluster, with 227 total occurrences and 1159 link strengths. Cluster 1 accounts for 36.73% of all keywords and 63.31% of total link strength in the thematic network. Other important keywords in the cluster are \u0026ldquo;organisation\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;innovation\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;agriculture\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;sustainable development\u0026rdquo; with 181, 164, 140, and 138 total occurrences and with 1105, 927, 912 and 822 total link strength respectively Fig.\u0026nbsp;8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure 8 near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClusters/Themes Showing Keywords Co-occurrence from SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1: \u0026ndash; company\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2: \u0026ndash; program\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3: \u0026ndash;community\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 4: \u0026ndash;governance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompany\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProgram\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2745\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate Change\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInnovation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate Change Adaptation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdoption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcosystem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVulnerability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainable development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e822\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitigation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e665\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransformation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e848\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural Resource\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngagement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaste\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e704\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollaboration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater Resources\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Government\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManager\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLandscape\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdaptive Governance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmission\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e701\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRestoration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCapacity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural Community\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eKey: \u003cb\u003eTO\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total Occurrence; \u003cb\u003eTLS\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total Link Strength.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 2: \u0026ndash; program\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 is the second-largest cluster with 29 unique keywords and represents \u0026ldquo;program\u0026rdquo; as its central theme. The most prominent keyword in this cluster is \u0026ldquo;program,\u0026rdquo; with 153 total occurrences and total link strength of 1030. This cluster has 29.59% representation from all the keywords in the dimensions and 61.92% of total link strengths. Fundamental key words from this cluster include \u0026ldquo;land\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;conservation\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ecosystem\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;soil\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;natural resource\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;collaboration\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;landscape\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;restoration\u0026rdquo; with total occurrences of 126, 101, 100, 90, 84, 71, 70 and 64; combined with total link strength of 1078, 876, 844, 547, 667, 516, 589 and 503 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 3: \u0026ndash;community\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3 is also characterized by the representation of 18.37% of total keywords and 50.20% of total link strength. However, a central theme that is represented by cluster 3 is \u0026ldquo;community,\u0026rdquo; which is the most significant indicator or foundation of role of leadership in SWRM. Every community concentrate towards SWRM and focuses in the restoration, conservation and sustainable management of soil and water through better structure leadership framework and regulations available at different levels starting from locally, regionally, nationally and even internationally. The most prominent keyword in the cluster is \u0026ldquo;community\u0026rdquo; with 342 total occurrences and 2745 total link strengths, followed by \u0026ldquo;climate change\u0026rdquo; which has 203 total occurrences and 1725 total link strengths. Thus, cluster 3 marks a fundamental theme of role of leadership services which is at the core of SWRM. \u0026ldquo;United States,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;China\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Australia\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Canada\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Italy\u0026rdquo; are leading SWRM as the \u0026ldquo;role\u0026rdquo; of \u0026ldquo;leadership quality services\u0026rdquo; they provide are some of the bests in the world. Other significant keywords from this cluster are \u0026ldquo;climate change\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;climate change adaptation\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;vulnerability\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;mitigation\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;climate\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;water resource\u0026rdquo; with total occurrences of 203, 114, 93, 60, 49, and 27; combined with total link strength of 1725, 1111, 865, 665, 405, and 190.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCluster 4: \u0026ndash;governance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main theme depicted in cluster 4 is \u0026ldquo;governance,\u0026rdquo; the domain of this study. Cluster 4 has a representation of 15.31% of total keywords and 22.35% of total link strength from the dimensions of the SWRM domain. Cluster 4 is dominated by the keyword \u0026ldquo;governance,\u0026rdquo; which has 149 total occurrences and 1156 total link strength. This is evident from the topic under study i.e. role of leadership and governance. The other vital keywords from this cluster are \u0026ldquo;infrastructure\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;adoption\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;agency\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;transformation\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;engagement\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;local government\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;adaptive governance\u0026rdquo; with total occurrences of 93, 89, 72, 70, 67, 35, and 25; combined with total link strength of 631, 526, 492, 443, 620, 250, and 200.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBibliographic Coupling by Research Sources\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe role of leadership in SWRM domain is intensive, and studies are increasing swiftly in this field. To recognize the contemporary tendencies in the role of leadership in SWRM field, the bibliographic coupling was utilized in the publications on the SWRM field from the last fifteen years \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e from 2008 to 2022. Bibliographic coupling identified 5 major research clusters or themes that are forthwith in focus and distending as in the results section Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. The 5 major research sources in SWRM domain include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 1\u003c/b\u003e- Sustainability with 753 publications, 13,757 citations and total link strength of 4,546.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Environmental Management with 132 publications, 6,008 citations and total link strength of 3,145.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 3\u003c/b\u003e- Geojournal with 46 publications, 567 citations and total link strength of 635.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e Water Resource Research with 8 publications, 910 citations and total link strength of 16.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCluster 5\u003c/b\u003e- Leadership and Management in Engineering with 10 publications, 58 citations and total link strength of 11.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClusters Showing Co-Authorship by Countries From SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource/Research Areas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Link Strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4546\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of Environmental Management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeojournal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater Resource Research\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeadership and Management in Engineering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural Resource Research\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil Science\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBibliographic Coupling by Publications/Articles\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, an analysis was done to examine the Bibliographic coupling by documents published in SWRM domain and data was mapped as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. The total number of items met the threshold set for classification was 231 with 943 links making total link strength 1,469. Additionally, three clusters were recognized as presented in:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 contains: Finkbeiner et al. (2010), Passarelli et al. (2018), Jenkins et al. (2016), Wiens et al. (2019), Thornton et al. (2019), Haile et al. (2020), Jonathan (2020), Alizadeh et al. (2022), Lasco et al. (2014), Sharifi (2021), Nyong et al. (2007) with 578, 574, 234, 240, 201, 234, 174, 153 and 137 citations respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 contains: Wang and Zhang (2011), Neubert et al. (2011), Biazin and Sterk (2013), Gitz et al. (2016), Mukherjee et al. (2019), Rosenstock et al. (2019), Wimalasiri et al. (2022), Mwanake et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Singh (2022) with 648, 452, 257, 244, 193, 142, 195, 93 and 74 citations respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3 contains: Gitz et al. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e2016\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, Zougmor\u0026eacute; et al. (2018), Ogilvie et al. (2019), Yimam et al. (2020), Zingraff-Hamed et al. (2021), Lubembe et al. (2022), Turyasingura et al. (2023), Garau et al. (2023), Chavula (2022) with 192, 152, 73, 48, 196, 153, 30, 48 and 76 citations respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e near here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClusters Showing Bibliographic Coupling by Publications Networks Of SWRM Domain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1: \u0026ndash; Finkbeiner et al. (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTITLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinkbeiner et al. (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Towards life cycle sustainability assessment\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePassarelli et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Evaluating the pathways from small-scale irrigation to dietary diversity: evidence from Ethiopia and Tanzania\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJenkins et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The 2030 Water Resources Group: Collaboration and Country Leadership to Strengthen Water Security\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWiens et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Rapid niche shifts in introduced species can be a million times faster than changes among native species and ten times faster than climate change\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaile et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Projected impacts of climate change on drought patterns over East Africa\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJonathan (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Overview of Climate Variability and Change in Africa: Perspectives and Experiences\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlizadeh et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Integrated assessment of localized SSP\u0026ndash;RCP narratives for climate change adaptation in coupled human-water systems\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLasco et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Climate risk adaptation by smallholder farmers: The roles of trees and agroforestry\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS Sharifi (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNyong et al. 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The study on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management is increasingly seen to have notable research interest over the past decade, indicating its significance in the domain. However, assessment of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management remain scanty. Our study responds to important gap by undertaking bibliometric analysis using diverse research sources to shed lights on the extent of leadership in soil and water resources management. The analysis highlights key research institutions and universities actively contributing to soil and water resources management studies, indicating potential collaborations and research networks. The study also shows that specific authors emerge as influential figures in the field of soil and water resources, showcasing their expertise and thought leadership. While the field has grown, there remain certain gaps in the literature, such as the lack of research on the integration of leadership in soil and water resources management to ease conservation. More broadly, this study contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of \u003cem\u003eZero Hunger\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 2), \u003cem\u003eClean Water and Sanitation\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 6), \u003cem\u003eSustainable Cities and Communities\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 11), \u003cem\u003eClimate Action\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 13), and \u003cem\u003eLife on Earth\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 15). Taken together, this research can significantly enhance the overarching themes of the UN global agenda 2030 in terms of its five Ps: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships leading to the achievement of effective leadership in soil and water resources management, which likely involves collaboration and \u003cem\u003epartnerships between various stakeholders\u003c/em\u003e, aligning with the spirit of Goal 17 (SDG 17).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests in the publication of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo source of funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed equally.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach author has provided permission for the results of this research study to be published.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdulrazaq, A. 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Facing climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of climate-smart agriculture opportunities to manage climate-related risks. \u003cem\u003eCahiers Agricultures (TSI)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Leadership, Soil, Water, resource management, VOSviewer, Bibliometric analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923361/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923361/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study investigated the role of leadership in soil and water resources management because of its increasing significance in the domain. This study investigated the current state, wide-range global research trends, and different concerns on the role of leadership in soil and water resources management. This study reviewed a total of 1,055 published articles mainly from 2008\u0026ndash;2022. The review was performed using scientifically cited and indexed databases namely Dimensions, Web Science, Elsevier Scopus, and Google Scholar. The information and scientific knowledge were displayed using the scientometric program VOSviewer. The study revealed the present state of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management. Furthermore, the study responded to some important gaps by bibliometric analysis of data obtained from diverse research sources to shed light on the importance of leadership in soil and water resources management. In addition, the study identified more research gaps and proposed future scientific research paths. The study also showed that a complete understanding of the role of leadership in soil and water resources management can help to pinpoint important areas of overlap or underlap in leadership, soil and soil related topics such as community natural resource management. More broadly, this review can enhance the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of \u003cem\u003eZero Hunger\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 2), \u003cem\u003eClean Water and Sanitation\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 6), \u003cem\u003eSustainable Cities and Communities\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 11), \u003cem\u003eClimate Action\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 13), and \u003cem\u003eLife on Earth\u003c/em\u003e (SDG 15). Taken together, this research can significantly enhance the understanding and implementation of overarching themes of the UN global agenda 2030 in terms of its five Ps: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships. Enhanced collaboration and partnerships between various stakeholders therefore may lead to effective leadership in soil and water resources management, aligning with the spirit of Goal 17 (SDG 17).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Role of Leadership in Soil and Water Resources Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-06 08:58:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923361/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2fc6a242-1b7b-45e6-8748-e19c8dfd1f0f","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-08T13:53:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-06 08:58:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6923361","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6923361","identity":"rs-6923361","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}