Evidence of a predator-prey co-evolutionary arms race within a nematode microhabitat

Abstract Predator-prey interactions are key drivers of behavioural and life-history evolution, yet their mechanisms remain difficult to study in natural contexts. The nematode Pristionchus pacificus is a model predator, but most studies exploring its behaviours use Caenorhabditis elegans as prey, a species that it likely only rarely encountered in nature. Here, we examine predation within nematode communities associated with beetle carcasses, the native necromenic habitat of P. pacificus. We identify Oscheius myriophilus as a cohabiting species, likely representing natural prey. Using predatory assays, automated tracking, and machine-learning-based behavioural analysis, we show that P. pacificus actively kills and consumes O. myriophilus. Strikingly, predation rates are lower than those observed for C. elegans, suggesting partial resistance or reciprocal adaptation in O. myriophilus. Consistent with this, O. myriophilus exhibits a mixed reproductive strategy, with early oviposition followed by ovoviviparity and matricide. As later developmental stages are more resistant to predation, internal hatching may protect offspring while providing maternal resources for development. These findings establish these nematodes as a tractable model for investigating predator-prey interactions and their evolutionary consequences, highlighting how behavioural strategies and life-history traits can co-evolve in natural communities. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.