Method for Approximating the Flow Stress Curves of Upsetting Test under Sticking Condition

Method for Approximating the Flow Stress Curves of Upsetting Test under Sticking Condition | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Method for Approximating the Flow Stress Curves of Upsetting Test under Sticking Condition Nara Nakeenopakun, Sutee Olarnrithinun, Yingyot Aue-u-lan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7592562/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Finite Element Modeling (FEM) is widely used in forging process for designing forming sequences, predicting material flow, and approximating the forming load. Accurate stress-strain with large strain is required. The uniaxial upsetting test with well lubricated is utilized to minimize the frictional effect. However, this condition cannot be achieved at evaluated temperature due to the temperature limitation of lubricants. The upsetting dies with a grooved pattern was proposed to overcome this problem. The measured load-stroke curve was converted to the average stress-strain by calibration curves determined by the simulation with Power’s law hardening model ( , where K =strength coefficient and n = strain-hardening coefficient) and sticking condition (m = 1). The effect of the stress-strain curve is significantly dominant to these calibration curves and needs to be considered. Therefore, this research aims to propose new calibration curves for approximation of the average stress-strain obtained by the simulation together with the statistical analysis. The effects of Power’s law model coefficients and specimen height-to-diameter ratios on the calibration curves were investigated. AISI 1045 steel and AA5052 aluminum alloys were experimentally tested to validate the approach by comparing average flow stress with results from standard frictionless tests at room temperature. The findings show that calibration curves are strongly dependent on specimen geometry, with a height-to-diameter ratio of 2 recommended for accurate determination of the average stress–strain curve. Upsetting test flow stress average flow stress calibration curves sticking friction condition FEM simulation Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 05 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7592562","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":526705718,"identity":"c4a4a863-a214-469c-96d7-f36afd55dc58","order_by":0,"name":"Nara Nakeenopakun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nara","middleName":"","lastName":"Nakeenopakun","suffix":""},{"id":526705719,"identity":"2c7ff936-f652-4ba0-8ad4-bf48e9bc3200","order_by":1,"name":"Sutee 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Condition","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Upsetting test, flow stress, average flow stress, calibration curves, sticking friction condition, FEM simulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7592562/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7592562/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFinite Element Modeling (FEM) is widely used in forging process for designing forming sequences, predicting material flow, and approximating the forming load. Accurate stress-strain with large strain is required. The uniaxial upsetting test with well lubricated is utilized to minimize the frictional effect. However, this condition cannot be achieved at evaluated temperature due to the temperature limitation of lubricants. The upsetting dies with a grooved pattern was proposed to overcome this problem. The measured load-stroke curve was converted to the average stress-strain by calibration curves determined by the simulation with Power’s law hardening model ( \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;, where K =strength coefficient and n = strain-hardening coefficient) and sticking condition (m = 1). The effect of the stress-strain curve is significantly dominant to these calibration curves and needs to be considered. Therefore, this research aims to propose new calibration curves for approximation of the average stress-strain obtained by the simulation together with the statistical analysis. The effects of Power’s law model coefficients and specimen height-to-diameter ratios on the calibration curves were investigated. AISI 1045 steel and AA5052 aluminum alloys were experimentally tested to validate the approach by comparing average flow stress with results from standard frictionless tests at room temperature. The findings show that calibration curves are strongly dependent on specimen geometry, with a height-to-diameter ratio of 2 recommended for accurate determination of the average stress–strain curve.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Method for Approximating the Flow Stress Curves of Upsetting Test under Sticking Condition","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-21 17:09:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7592562/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2025-11-05T16:54:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T11:59:15+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T19:28:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T22:19:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2025-09-17T23:02:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0c489c77-d2d8-4a09-af5d-8064ae568791","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:12:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7592562","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-17512-z","journal":{"identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-19 15:59:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 19th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-21 17:09:08","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00170-026-17512-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-17512-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7592562","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7592562","identity":"rs-7592562","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}