The mediating roles of self-compassion and growth mindset among the relationships between multifaceted factors with youth suicidality in Hong Kong

The mediating roles of self-compassion and growth mindset among the relationships between multifaceted factors with youth suicidality in Hong Kong | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The mediating roles of self-compassion and growth mindset among the relationships between multifaceted factors with youth suicidality in Hong Kong Tim LI, Shimin ZHU, Di QI, Paul WONG This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6240716/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Psychiatry → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Previous studies have found protective roles of self-compassion, and growth mindset in youth suicidality. This study aimed to understand the mediating roles between self-compassion and growth mindset and the impacts of intra-individual, behavioural, family, and school risk factors on youth suicidality. Methods A school-based survey was conducted in four primary schools and 11 secondary schools across Hong Kong. Binary logistic regression and path analysis were conducted to examine the mediation and moderation effects on multi-factors in youth suicidality. Results 4832 children and adolescents of whom 27.31% (Suicidal ideation, SI: n=1311), 16.92% (Suicidal plan, SP: n=786), 7.17% (Suicidal attempt, SA: n=333), and 11.93% (Non-suicidal self-injury, NSSI: n=555) reported experiencing suicidal ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI, respectively. Enjoying school lowered suicide risk by about 19% (SP: adjusted odds ratios (AOR)=0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.67-0.97, p =.02; SA: AOR=0.65, 95%CI=0.50-0.84, p =.001), while preferring online classes raised risk by 30% (SP: AOR=1.3, 95%CI=1.08-1.57, p =.005). Over 2 hours daily on TV, social media, and video games increased suicidal thoughts by 19-41% (from AOR=1.19, 95%CI=1.00-1.42, p =.046 to AOR=1.41, 95%CI=1.18-1.69, p <.001). Over 2 hours on social media raised suicide attempts by 61% (AOR=1.61, 95%CI=1.26-2.05, p <.001). Primary school students spending over 2 hours on social media had 3.26-times higher plans (AOR=3.26, 95%CI=1.50-7.04, p =.003) and 4.16-times higher attempts (AOR=4.16, 95%CI=1.65-10.46, p =.002). Self-compassion reduced risk by 42-64% (SA: AOR=0.58, 95%CI=0.45-0.76, p <.001; NSSI: AOR=0.36, 95%CI=0.29-0.45, p <.001), while fixed mindset increased risk by 3-4% (SI: AOR=1.03, 95%CI=1.02-1.04, p <0.001; SP: AOR=1.04, 95%CI=1.03-1.05, p <0.001). Conclusions Focus shall be on promoting self-control, self-compassion, openness to novelty, adaptive coping, social skills, and family involvement for youth suicide prevention. Suicide prevention youth suicidality depression self-compassion growth mindset Background Suicide is a leading cause of death during adolescence, with an increasing incidence of suicide attempts in recent years. Using the World Health Organisation mortality database, it was reported that among the studied 52 countries, the lowest suicide rates were in Southern Europe, with 3.1/100,000 persons in Italy and 3.5/100,000 persons in Spain (2021) among males, with some highest rates in Central-Eastern Europe, with 10.2/100,000 males in the Russian Federation (2019) and 10.0/100,000 males in Poland (2002). The highest age-standardized suicide rate was 15.5/100,000 males in the United States of America, with an annual increase of 3.8% among males in 2009–2020 and 6.7% among females in 2007–2017, followed by a levelling off ( 1 ). Suicidal behaviour is a significant indicator of poor mental health, and a robust risk factor for completed suicide which is the second most common cause of death in 15-to-24-year-olds worldwide ( 2 ). In 2022, the overall suicide rate in Hong Kong was 14.2 per 100,000, and the suicide rate of young people aged between 15–24 years was 12.2 and of children under the age of 15 years was 0.5 ( https://csrp.hku.hk/statistics/ ). The number of youth suicides was on an increase with 14 in 2018, 23 in 2019, 21 in 2020, 25 for 2021 and 2022 respectively; unfortunately, there were 33 suspected suicides in 2023. In comparisons with 52 countries youth suicide rates reported by Bertuccio and colleagues ( 1 ), Hong Kong youth suicide rate can be considered as one of the highest ones similar to Japan and Republic of Korea. The rising trend was suspected to be related to that the COVID-19 and their associated containment public health measures, such as social distancing, move restrictions, and the limitation of leisure and sports have particularly impacted the mental well-being of children and adolescents worldwide. The daily living and schooling routines of young people had been altered by the infection control measures; for example, reduced contact with peers due to school closures easily led to social stressors such as isolation and loneliness ( 3 ), and heightened demands for personal responsibility (e.g., self-directed learning and self-discipline for maintaining basic level of exercising) might lead to greater interdependence but also burnout and fatigue. A review of 69 studies with over 130,000 young people from 21 countries indicated a general trend of decreased psychological well-being and more mental health problems, such as heightened stress, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in the past few years ( 4 ), and the situations were similar in Hong Kong ( 5 – 7 ). To supplement the lack of official government data to provide timely information of suicide in Hong Kong, and to allow us to further understand the local changes of youth suicidal behaviour, we have conducted a school-based longitudinal study with 23 secondary and primary schools invited since the beginning of the COVID-19 ( 8 ). We found that the prevalence of suicidal ideation was 24% and 21% among the participants before and during the beginning of COVID-19, respectively. In particular, 148 (10.7%) newly reported being suicidal, and 143 (10.4%) remained suicidal. Respondents who remained suicidal were found to have significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, loneliness, and social anxiety; more fixed mindset; lower meaning of life and self-control; and lower parental support and supervision than the other groups ( 9 ). Youth Suicide Risk Factors in Hong Kong We found the common correlates for suicidal ideation were depression, bullying, loneliness, low self-compassion, and fixed mindset, while those for suicide attempt were depression and bullying. Secondary school respondents with higher life satisfaction reported less suicidal ideation, while primary school respondents with higher self-control reported fewer suicide attempts ( 10 ). Moreover, we examined the help-seeking intention patterns of psychological needs of young people. We found that out of 3,985 participants, only 368 students (9.23%, n = 368/3985) expressed an intention to seek help from school, the research team, or both. Students inclined towards seeking help from schools exhibited lower levels of loneliness and a less fixed mindset and demonstrated stronger school attachment compared to those preferring to approach the research team for help. However, the group not seeking help had consistently lower scores across all mental health indicators ( 11 ). In sum, their help-seeking intention for psychological issues is low, risk factors for youth suicidality (e.g., depression, bullying, and loneliness) are similar as those reported in the literature ( 12 ), and contextual and cultural factors (e.g. heightened academic pressure due to Confucian belief and low parental support due to long working hours) ( 13 ) have reinforced the suicidality among young people in Hong Kong which remained high in recent years. However, self-compassion and a growth mindset were protective factors in suicidal ideation for both children and adolescents age groups ( 10 ). Research Objectives To further examine the associations through moderation of age and mediation of self-compassion and growth mindset between intra-individual, behavioural, family, and school factors and suicidality, we conducted binary logistic regression and path analyses to better understand the complex nature of youth suicidality, i.e., ideation, plan, attempt, and non-suicidal self-injury separately. We also aimed to identify protective factors for brief self and/or guided interventions at family and school settings, which could be suggested for improvement of youth mental health based on the findings of our studies. Methods Data collection The data of this school-based survey were collected during the period of May to June 2022 in four primary schools and 11 secondary schools across Hong Kong that agreed to join the study. The higher grades (Grades 5–6) at the primary schools and all grades (Grades 7–11) at the secondary schools were invited to participate in the survey. Grade 12 was not invited as they had left school after the university admission exams. The lower grades in primary schools were not invited since they were deemed to possibly find it difficult for them to understand all the survey questions. The research information sheet and parental consent forms were sent to parents via school, conveying our research objectives and benefits and possible risks of participation. Written or digital consent was collected from parents and students before the study. Students were reassured that they could withdraw at any time as their participation was voluntary and that their responses would not be accessed by teachers. The surveys were conducted in classrooms, in pen-and-paper or digital format, under the administration of trained research assistants who introduced the survey with standard scripts, provided guidance and answered queries. Both Chinese and English versions of the questionnaire were provided. After the surveys were completed, questionnaires were all sealed and returned to the laboratory. All participants received stationery (worth approximately US $ 5) as study compensation. Measures Demographics. The sociodemographic information, including participants’ age, grade, school, and gender, was collected. Their depressive levels were also measured, by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) ( 14 , 15 ). Respondents were asked to rate the frequency they had experienced depressive symptoms in the past two weeks (e.g., “Little interest or pleasure in doing things”), with four options from 0 ( not at all ) to 3 ( nearly every day ). A higher total score represented more severe depressive symptoms. The Cronbach’s α of the scale was .87. Suicidality – dependent variables. Suicidal ideation (SI) was measured by the last item in the PHQ-9, i.e., “thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way”. Answers of 1 to 3 were coded as “yes” (having SI), while answer of 0 was coded as “no” SI in the past two weeks. Suicidal plan (SP) and suicidal attempt (SA) were measured by the two items of the Suicidality Scale ( 16 ). The items were as follows: “In the past 12 months, have you ever seriously considered suicide?” (SP) and “In the past 12 months, have you ever attempted suicide?” (SA). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviour, defined as self-injurious behaviour without intent for suicide, was measured by the question “Some youth intentionally injure themselves or induce pain. This act aims to alleviate psychological distress but not to kill themselves. In the past 12 months, did you have such experience?” ( 16 ). For SP, SA and NSSI items, respondents were asked to answer with dichotomous “yes” or “no” responses. Self/Intra-individual. Participants’ expectations for the future were measured by adapting the four items of the achievement dimension of the Adolescent Life Goal Profile Scale ( 17 ) in the form of “I will be …” such as “I will be very rich”, and adding one more item of “I will be successful and have great achievements”. Each item was rated on a ten-point scale from 0 (totally impossible) to 9 (highly possible). The mean of the five items was taken as a measure of possible life, with a higher score representing a higher expectation of the respondents to the future life. The scale’s Cronbach’s α was .95. Perceived changeability of socioeconomic status (SES) were measured by the three items which were adapted from the original sentences in the implicit theories scale by replacing the keywords with socioeconomic status ( 18 , 19 ). It assesses to what extent respondents think their SES can change, with each item rated on a six-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). A sample item is “Your socioeconomic status is something about you that you can't change very much”. A higher mean score of the three items indicated that it is less likely for respondents to believe that they can change their SES. The Cronbach’s α of the scale was .89. Activities/Behavioural. We asked students how many hours they spent on average per day on the following activities: homework from school, extra-curricular learning, reading, watching TV/movie/ video, using social media, and playing video games. Response selections are none, 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, and more. We recorded if respondents spent more than 2 hours on these activities or not. Family. We asked how many days in a week the respondents spend more than 15 minutes per day doing the following activities with their parents: chatting, handing out, studying, watching TV/movie/video, and playing video games. The response is the number of days per week, rating from 0 (none) to 7 (every day). Family relationship was measured by three items ( 20 ) on a four-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree), e.g., “I am very satisfied with the relationship between me and my parents”. A higher total score represented a better relationship with parents. The scale’s Cronbach’s α was .83. Family environment was measured using five items ( 21 ) on a four-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree), e.g., “It is pleasant living with my parents and family” and “I feel uncomfortable at home (reversed).” After recoding reversed items, the item scores were summed and a higher total score meant a better perceived home living environment. The Cronbach’s α of this scale was .81. At last, parental conflict was measured by a single item “My parents often have a quarrel”, also rated on a four-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). School. We used the three items of the Positive Affect Scale towards school ( 22 ) to measure students’ affective experience in school in general, that is, “I like being at school”, “Most of the time, being in school puts me in a good mood”, and “I am happier at school than when I am not at school”. Additionally, we added one more item (“I prefer to take the class online rather than go to school for class”) on online class as it is more prevalent due to the pandemic. The four items were rated on a five-point scale (1: strongly disagree, 2: disagree, 3: normal, 4: agree, 5: strongly agree) and a score larger than 3 on each item was recorded as endorsing the statement. Social anxiety related to classmates was measured by the Social Anxiety Scale for children ( 23 ). It contains 10 items, such as “I worry about doing something new in front of other classmates”. Respondents rated the items on a five-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher mean scores represented higher levels of social anxiety. The scale’s Cronbach’s α was .91. The academic possible self was measured by seven items ( 24 ) asking students how they will be in the following academic school year in positive sentences, such as “I will be excellent at school in the future”. Each item was rated on a ten-point scale from 0 (totally impossible) to 9 (highly possible). A higher mean score indicated a higher likelihood to fulfil the academic possible selves or the strategies in the future. The Cronbach’s α of the academic possible self subscale and the possible strategies subscale were .90 and .92, respectively. The protective elements. The protective factors include self-compassion and growth mindset. Self-compassion was measured by the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form ( 25 , 26 ). It contains 12 items, such as “When something painful happens, I try to take a balanced view of the situation” and “When I fail at something important to me I become consumed by feelings of inadequacy (reversed)”, rated on a five-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). After recoding the reversed items, the item scores were summed with higher scores representing higher levels of self-compassion. The scale’s Cronbach’s α was 0.81. Growth mindset was measured by the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale ( 27 ). It has 12 items, with four items on each of the three subscales: beliefs-in-change regarding depression, anxiety, and stress respectively. Items were rated on a six-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree. A sample item was “When you have a certain level of depression, you really cannot do much to change it.” A high total score indicated a lower belief-in-change on depression, anxiety, and stress. The scale’s Cronbach’s α was .96. Statistical analyses All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software R for Windows (R version 4.0.3). Descriptive statistics were reported as means and standard deviations for continuous variables, and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. The chi-square test and t-test were utilized to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively, between individuals with and without suicide risk. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Simple binary logistic regression was utilized to examine the relationships between participants’ school, activities, family, self, and protective elements (independent variables) and suicide risk, including ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI (dependent variables). The regression models were adjusted for age, grade, educational stage (primary vs. secondary), gender, and PHQ-9 score. An interaction term of the independent variable by educational stage was included to explore whether the associations between independent variables and dependent variables differed between primary and secondary school students. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated as a measure of the strength of association. Path analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between participants’ school, activities, family, and self (independent variables) and suicide risk, including ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI (dependent variables), through the mediation of protective elements. The indirect effects of independent variables on dependent variables via mediators were calculated using the product of the coefficients approach. Age, grade, school, gender, and PHQ-9 score were included to adjust the path models. The models were estimated using diagonal weighted least squares due to the involvement of categorical data. To evaluate the significance of indirect effects, 5000 bootstrap samples were utilized. A path model was considered to have a good fit to the data if the comparative fit index was ≥ 0.95, the root mean squared error of approximation was ≤ 0.05, and the standardized root mean squared residual was ≤ 0.08 ( 28 ). Results Sample characteristics The sample consisted of 4,832 children and adolescents (58.76% female, mean age = 15.22 ± 1.62 years), among whom 27.31% (SI: n = 1311), 16.92% (SP: n = 786), 7.17% (SA: n = 333), and 11.93% (NSSI: n = 555) reported experiencing suicidal ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI, respectively. Table 1 illustrates the participant demographics categorized by their suicide risk. Table 1 Participant demographics stratified by suicide risk Demographics Suicidal ideation Suicidal plan Suicidal attempt NSSI No Yes p No Yes p No Yes p No Yes p Age 15.22 (1.60) 15.17 (1.66) .30 15.19 (1.62) 15.23 (1.63) .51 15.21 (1.61) 15.04 (1.72) .09 15.22 (1.60) 15.02 (1.73) .01 Sex < .001 < .001 .002 < .001 Male 1545 ( 44 ) 437 ( 33 ) 1649 ( 43 ) 232 ( 30 ) 1774 ( 41 ) 107 ( 32 ) 1731 ( 42 ) 155 ( 28 ) Female 1945 (56) 874 (67) 2210 (57) 554 (70) 2537 (59) 226 (68) 2366 (58) 400 (72) Grade .06 .62 .31 .04 Primary 5 121 ( 3 ) 63 ( 5 ) 149 ( 4 ) 33 ( 4 ) 163 ( 4 ) 19 ( 6 ) 153 ( 4 ) 29 ( 5 ) Primary 6 129 ( 4 ) 37 ( 3 ) 139 ( 4 ) 25 ( 3 ) 149 ( 3 ) 15 ( 5 ) 140 ( 3 ) 26 ( 5 ) Secondary 1 113 ( 3 ) 60 ( 5 ) 136 ( 4 ) 37 ( 5 ) 159 ( 4 ) 14 ( 4 ) 146 ( 4 ) 27 ( 5 ) Secondary 2 899 ( 26 ) 340 ( 26 ) 1009 ( 26 ) 188 ( 24 ) 1106 ( 26 ) 91 ( 27 ) 1042 ( 25 ) 156 ( 28 ) Secondary 3 870 ( 25 ) 314 ( 24 ) 951 ( 25 ) 199 ( 25 ) 1069 ( 25 ) 81 ( 24 ) 1020 ( 25 ) 130 ( 23 ) Secondary 4 745 ( 21 ) 280 ( 21 ) 810 ( 21 ) 166 ( 21 ) 909 ( 21 ) 67 ( 20 ) 872 ( 21 ) 108 ( 19 ) Secondary 5 613 ( 18 ) 217 ( 17 ) 665 ( 17 ) 138 ( 18 ) 756 ( 18 ) 46 ( 14 ) 724 ( 18 ) 79 ( 14 ) Educational stage .62 .99 .06 .03 Primary 250 ( 7 ) 100 ( 8 ) 288 ( 7 ) 58 ( 7 ) 312 ( 7 ) 34 ( 10 ) 293 ( 7 ) 55 ( 10 ) Secondary 3240 (93) 1211 (92) 3571 (93) 728 (93) 3999 (93) 299 (90) 3804 (93) 500 (90) PHQ-9 5.28 (4.11) 12.99 (5.72) < .001 6.33 (4.90) 13.02 (6.44) < .001 7.01 (5.40) 13.32 (7.03) < .001 6.64 (5.12) 13.36 (6.72) < .001 Note : NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; PHQ-9: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 total score. Approximately 70% of individuals at risk for suicide were female, significantly outnumbering males (all p < .01). Those at risk for suicide exhibited depressive symptoms, as indicated by an average PHQ-9 score of over 13. Age and grade were found to be associated with NSSI, but not with suicidal ideation, and plan, attempt. (Insert Table 1 ) Associations of intra-individual, behavioural, family, school, and protective elements with suicidality Table 2 presents the associations of self, academic, daily activities, family, school, and self-compassion and growth mindset with suicidality. Students’ expectations for the future (AOR = 0.98–0.99, p < .01) and their perceived changeability of SES (AOR = 1.03–1.05, p < .01) were found to have slight associations with suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts, but not with NSSI. Table 2 Associations of participants’ school, activities, family, self, and protective elements with suicide risk Independent variable Suicidal ideation Suicidal plan Suicidal attempt NSSI No Yes AOR (95% CI) p No Yes AOR (95% CI) p No Yes AOR (95% CI) p No Yes AOR (95% CI) p Like being at school No 1801 ( 52 ) 869 (66) 1 2067 ( 54 ) 513 (65) 1 2344 ( 54 ) 235 (71) 1 2226 ( 54 ) 359 (65) 1 Yes 1686 ( 48 ) 442 ( 34 ) 0.70 (0.59, 0.83) *** < .001 1789 ( 46 ) 273 ( 35 ) 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) * .02 1964 ( 46 ) 98 ( 29 ) 0.65 (0.50, 0.84) ** .001 1868 ( 46 ) 196 ( 35 ) 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) .23 In a good mood at school No 1512 ( 43 ) 817 (62) 1 1778 ( 46 ) 475 (61) 1 2040 ( 47 ) 212 (64) 1 1915 ( 47 ) 342 (62) 1 Yes 1973 (57) 491 ( 38 ) 0.67 (0.56, 0.78) *** < .001 2076 ( 54 ) 309 ( 39 ) 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) * .03 2265 ( 53 ) 120 ( 36 ) 0.75 (0.58, 0.96) * .02 2175 ( 53 ) 213 ( 38 ) 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) * .045 Happier at school than not at school No 2529 (73) 970 (74) 1 2816 (73) 567 (72) 1 3146 (73) 236 (71) 1 2977 (73) 411 (74) 1 Yes 957 ( 27 ) 337 ( 26 ) 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) .27 1038 ( 27 ) 217 ( 28 ) 1.05 (0.86, 1.27) .62 1159 ( 27 ) 96 ( 29 ) 1.10 (0.84, 1.42) .49 1113 ( 27 ) 144 ( 26 ) 0.92 (0.73, 1.15) .46 Prefer taking classes online No 2503 (72) 871 (67) 1 2757 (72) 509 (65) 1 3051 (71) 214 (64) 1 2897 (71) 371 (67) 1 Yes 977 ( 28 ) 435 ( 33 ) 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) .09 1092 ( 28 ) 274 ( 35 ) 1.30 (1.08, 1.57) ** .005 1248 ( 29 ) 118 ( 36 ) 1.22 (0.95, 1.56) .12 1188 ( 29 ) 183 ( 33 ) 1.09 (0.88, 1.34) .44 Social anxiety related to classmates 29.38 (8.00) 33.58 (7.98) 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) .08 30.03 (8.11) 33.55 (8.13) 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) .17 30.41 (8.19) 33.41 (8.13) 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) .48 30.18 (8.10) 33.72 (8.53) 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) .10 The academic possible selves 6.05 (1.80) 5.35 (1.95) 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) ** .001 5.98 (1.82) 5.25 (1.99) 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) *** < .001 5.92 (1.84) 5.06 (2.06) 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) *** < .001 5.93 (1.82) 5.32 (2.11) 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) .09 The academic possible strategies 6.05 (1.81) 5.22 (1.92) 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) *** < .001 5.96 (1.82) 5.12 (1.98) 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) *** < .001 5.88 (1.84) 5.01 (2.11) 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) ** .005 5.91 (1.83) 5.13 (2.05) 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) * .03 Activities over 2 hours daily Homework from school No 2974 (85) 1058 (81) 1 3248 (84) 643 (82) 1 3612 (84) 279 (84) 1 3441 (84) 458 (83) 1 Yes 515 ( 15 ) 252 ( 19 ) 0.90 (0.72, 1.12) .36 609 ( 16 ) 143 ( 18 ) 0.83 (0.65, 1.04) .11 697 ( 16 ) 54 ( 16 ) 0.70 (0.50, 0.97) * .04 654 ( 16 ) 97 ( 17 ) 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) .07 Extra-curricular learning No 3193 (92) 1176 (90) 1 3521 (91) 703 (90) 1 3926 (91) 297 (89) 1 3745 (92) 487 (88) 1 Yes 292 ( 8 ) 133 ( 10 ) 1.03 (0.77, 1.36) .85 332 ( 9 ) 82 ( 10 ) 1.07 (0.79, 1.42) .67 379 ( 9 ) 35 ( 11 ) 1.08 (0.72, 1.57) .71 347 ( 8 ) 66 ( 12 ) 1.33 (0.96, 1.80) .08 Reading No 3264 (94) 1179 (90) 1 3600 (93) 696 (89) 1 4001 (93) 294 (88) 1 3790 (93) 512 (92) 1 Yes 221 ( 6 ) 128 ( 10 ) 1.26 (0.92, 1.70) .14 252 ( 7 ) 88 ( 11 ) 1.40 (1.03, 1.88) * .03 301 ( 7 ) 39 ( 12 ) 1.32 (0.88, 1.91) .16 299 ( 7 ) 42 ( 8 ) 0.68 (0.46, 0.99) * .049 Watching TV/movie/ video No 2442 (70) 841 (64) 1 2671 (69) 517 (66) 1 2978 (69) 209 (63) 1 2821 (69) 372 (67) 1 Yes 1044 ( 30 ) 466 ( 36 ) 1.19 (1.00, 1.42) * .046 1181 ( 31 ) 268 ( 34 ) 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) .74 1325 ( 31 ) 124 ( 37 ) 1.20 (0.94, 1.53) .14 1269 ( 31 ) 182 ( 33 ) 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) .61 Social media use No 2624 (75) 842 (64) 1 2838 (74) 515 (66) 1 3159 (73) 194 (58) 1 3000 (73) 359 (65) 1 Yes 861 ( 25 ) 465 ( 36 ) 1.41 (1.18, 1.69) *** < .001 1014 ( 26 ) 269 ( 34 ) 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) .17 1143 ( 27 ) 139 ( 42 ) 1.61 (1.26, 2.05) *** < .001 1089 ( 27 ) 195 ( 35 ) 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) .17 Playing video games No 2651 (76) 942 (72) 1 2903 (75) 583 (74) 1 3252 (75) 233 (70) 1 3080 (75) 409 (74) 1 Yes 837 ( 24 ) 369 ( 28 ) 1.32 (1.08, 1.60) ** .006 954 ( 25 ) 203 ( 26 ) 1.04 (0.84, 1.28) .70 1057 ( 25 ) 100 ( 30 ) 1.23 (0.94, 1.61) .13 1015 ( 25 ) 146 ( 26 ) 1.03 (0.81, 1.30) .80 Activities with parents Chatting 4.78 (2.65) 4.00 (2.87) 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) ** .002 4.72 (2.67) 3.86 (2.89) 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) *** < .001 4.65 (2.71) 3.73 (2.91) 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) ** .003 4.69 (2.69) 3.73 (2.92) 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) *** < .001 Outing 1.77 (1.65) 1.46 (1.54) 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) .14 1.74 (1.64) 1.36 (1.49) 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) ** .002 1.69 (1.62) 1.47 (1.65) 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) .51 1.71 (1.63) 1.39 (1.49) 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) * .03 Learning 0.66 (1.55) 0.51 (1.38) 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) .94 0.66 (1.55) 0.41 (1.27) 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) * .02 0.62 (1.51) 0.58 (1.51) 1.03 (0.94, 1.11) .54 0.64 (1.53) 0.45 (1.33) 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) .09 Watching TV/movie/video 2.85 (2.77) 2.16 (2.57) 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) *** < .001 2.79 (2.75) 2.04 (2.55) 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) *** < .001 2.72 (2.74) 1.92 (2.58) 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) ** .002 2.73 (2.75) 2.12 (2.55) 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) * .02 Playing video games 0.32 (1.11) 0.34 (1.18) 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) * .02 0.33 (1.14) 0.26 (1.04) 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) .18 0.32 (1.10) 0.38 (1.32) 1.05 (0.95, 1.15) .30 0.32 (1.11) 0.33 (1.22) 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) .63 Family relationship 8.82 (1.98) 7.54 (2.16) 0.87 (0.84, 0.91) *** < .001 8.71 (2.02) 7.24 (2.11) 0.81 (0.77, 0.84) *** < .001 8.56 (2.07) 7.19 (2.28) 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) *** < .001 8.62 (2.03) 7.25 (2.28) 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) *** < .001 Family environment 15.89 (2.57) 13.86 (3.00) 0.87 (0.85, 0.90) *** < .001 15.71 (2.65) 13.46 (3.04) 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) *** < .001 15.51 (2.72) 13.05 (3.38) 0.84 (0.80, 0.87) *** < .001 15.59 (2.70) 13.41 (3.16) 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) *** < .001 Parental conflict 1.73 (0.75) 2.08 (0.86) 1.29 (1.16, 1.43) *** < .001 1.77 (0.77) 2.11 (0.87) 1.29 (1.17, 1.44) *** < .001 1.81 (0.78) 2.15 (0.92) 1.31 (1.14, 1.50) *** < .001 1.79 (0.77) 2.11 (0.93) 1.26 (1.12, 1.42) *** < .001 Expectations for the future 26.61 (10.24) 23.37 (10.92) 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** .002 26.26 (10.32) 22.87 (11.11) 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) *** < .001 25.92 (10.42) 22.72 (11.55) 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) .07 26.01 (10.35) 23.42 (11.60) 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) .40 Perceived changeability of SES 8.23 (3.65) 9.88 (3.90) 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) *** < .001 8.45 (3.73) 9.83 (3.92) 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) ** .008 8.58 (3.75) 10.06 (4.14) 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) ** .008 8.55 (3.75) 9.66 (3.98) 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) .32 Self-compassion 3.16 (0.43) 2.78 (0.47) 0.43 (0.35, 0.53) *** < .001 3.11 (0.44) 2.75 (0.50) 0.48 (0.39, 0.59) *** < .001 3.07 (0.46) 2.74 (0.49) 0.58 (0.45, 0.76) *** < .001 3.10 (0.45) 2.69 (0.51) 0.36 (0.29, 0.45) *** < .001 Growth mindset 32.96 (12.27) 45.73 (12.18) 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) *** < .001 34.46 (12.67) 46.97 (12.66) 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) *** < .001 35.74 (13.15) 47.16 (13.52) 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) *** < .001 35.03 (12.87) 47.57 (12.95) 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) *** < .001 Note : AOR: adjusted odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; SES: socioeconomic status. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. Among students, spending over two hours on homework daily resulted in a 30% decreased risk of suicide attempts (AOR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.50–0.97, p = .04). Spending over two hours on reading daily reduced the risk of NSSI by 32% (AOR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.46–0.99, p = .049) but increased the likelihood of making suicide plans by 40% (AOR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.03–1.88, p = .03). Devoting more than two hours to activities such as watching TV, engaging in social media, and playing video games daily increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 19–41%. Furthermore, spending over two hours on social media daily raised the risk of suicide attempts by 61% (AOR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.26–2.05, p < .001). Engaging in activities such as talking, going out, learning, and watching movies with parents decreased the odds of suicide risk by 5–9%. However, playing video games with parents for over 15 minutes a day increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 9% (AOR = 1.09, 95%CI = 1.01–1.17, p = .02). A positive family relationship and supportive family environment were associated with a reduced suicide risk, while increased family conflict elevated suicide risk by 26–31%. Regarding school-related factors, higher academic possible selves and having more academic strategies were found to be slightly associated with a decreased risk of all types of suicide risk. Students who enjoyed attending school had a 18–35% lower risk of suicide, while those who preferred online classes were 30% more likely to have suicide plans (AOR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.08–1.57, p = .005). Higher self-compassion was linked to a 42–64% reduced suicide risk. Conversely, individuals with fixed mindset (i.e., believe their emotion cannot change) exhibited a 3–4% higher risk for suicide. (Insert Table 2 ) Moderation effect of educational stage Table 3 highlights the significant moderation effects of educational stage on the associations between participants’ intra-individual, behavioural, family, school, and protective elements with suicidality. For primary school students, higher levels of social anxiety related to classmates, spending over two hours on social media daily, and having fixed mindset were associated with a heightened risk for suicide, in comparison to secondary school students. Specifically, spending over two hours on social media daily increased the likelihood of making suicide plans and attempts by 3.26 (AOR = 3.26, 95%CI = 1.50–7.04, p = .003) and 4.16 times (AOR = 4.16, 95%CI = 1.65–10.46, p = .002), respectively, among primary school students. On the other hand, a positive family environment exhibited a stronger protective effect for secondary school students. Table 3 Significant moderating effects of educational stage on the associations of participants’ school, activities, family, self, and protective elements with suicide risk Dependent variable Independent variable Interaction term Primary school Secondary school AOR (95% CI) p AOR (95% CI) p AOR (95% CI) p Suicidal ideation Social anxiety related to classmates 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) * .01 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) ** .003 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) .36 Suicidal ideation Family environment 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) ** .007 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) .89 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) *** < .001 Suicidal plan Social media use 0.33 (0.15, 0.73) ** .006 3.26 (1.50, 7.04) ** .003 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) .49 Suicidal attempt Social media use 0.41 (0.17, 1.01) * .049 4.16 (1.65, 10.46) ** .002 1.51 (1.17, 1.94) ** .002 NSSI Growth mindset 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) * .01 1.07 (1.04, 1.11) *** < .001 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) *** < .001 Note : AOR: adjusted odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; social media use: activity of using social media over 2 hours daily. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. (Insert Table 3 ) Mediation effect of protective elements Table 4 demonstrates the significant mediation effects of self-compassion and a growth mindset. All the models had satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices. Both self-compassion and a growth mindset mediated the relationship between students' enjoyment of attending school and suicidal ideation. They also mediated the associations of family relationships and environment with suicidal ideation, suicide plan, and NSSI. Self-compassion further mediated the associations of students’ enjoyment of attending school, engaging in conversations with parents, family conflict, and students’ perceived changeability of SES with suicidal ideation. On the other hand, a growth mindset mediated the relationship between family environment and suicide attempt. Table 4 Significant mediation effects of protective elements in the relationships between school, activities, family, self, and suicide risk Dependent variable Independent variable Direct effect p Indirect effect self-compassion p Indirect effect growth mindset p Total effect p Suicidal ideation Like being at school -0.16 (-0.25, -0.06) *** < .001 -0.03 (-0.04, -0.01) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.02, 0.00) .06 -0.20 (-0.29, -0.10) *** < .001 Suicidal ideation In a good mood at school -0.20 (-0.30, -0.11) *** < .001 -0.03 (-0.05, -0.02) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.03, 0.00) * .04 -0.25 (-0.34, -0.15) *** < .001 Suicidal ideation Chatting with parents -0.02 (-0.04, -0.01) ** .008 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) *** < .001 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) .06 -0.03 (-0.05, -0.01) *** < .001 Suicidal ideation Family relationship -0.06 (-0.08, -0.03) *** < .001 -0.02 (-0.02, -0.01) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) *** < .001 -0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) *** < .001 Suicidal ideation Family environment -0.06 (-0.08, -0.04) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.01, -0.01) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) *** < .001 -0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) *** < .001 Suicidal ideation Parental conflict 0.11 (0.04, 0.18) ** .002 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) ** .006 0.02 (-0.03, 0.06) .38 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) *** < .001 Suicidal ideation Perceived changeability of SES 0.01 (-0.01, 0.03) .27 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) ** .001 0.01 (-0.01, 0.03) .35 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) *** < .001 Suicidal plan Family relationship -0.10 (-0.13, -0.07) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) ** .010 -0.01 (-0.02, -0.01) *** < .001 -0.12 (-0.14, -0.09) *** < .001 Suicidal plan Family environment -0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) ** .003 -0.01 (-0.01, -0.01) *** < .001 -0.10 (-0.12, -0.08) *** < .001 Suicidal attempt Family environment -0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) *** < .001 0.00 (-0.01, 0.00) .07 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) * .01 -0.09 (-0.11, -0.07) *** < .001 NSSI Family environment -0.06 (-0.08, -0.04) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.02, -0.01) *** < .001 -0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) *** < .001 -0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) *** < .001 Note : NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; SES: socioeconomic status. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. (Insert Table 4 ) Discussion The outbreak of COVID-19 in Hong Kong occurred amid the months-long socio-political unrest that have brought unprecedent impacts in young people in Hong Kong ( 29 ). From a prevention perspective, this study’s findings provided a more nuanced picture regarding the modifiable individual, school, and familial factors and two specific modifiable protective factors in the development of suicidality among local young people and have further significant research and intervention implications for mental health enhancement and suicide prevention and intervention. One of the lingering effects of the COVID-19 are the changes of individuals’ daily routine and activity patterns. More research studies have reported that COVID-19 had led to disorganized physical activity, increase in sedentariness, screen time, and consumption of caloric and sugary food with a consequent higher susceptibility to weight gain which may enhance the great problem of childhood obesity ( 30 ) and deterioration of mental health among young people ( 31 , 32 ). In addition, gender represents a predictor of mental health, since females seem to mentally adapt worse to confinement resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic ( 33 ). It is very interesting that we found that young people who spent over two hours on reading daily reduced the risk of NSSI but increased the likelihood of making suicide plans by 40%. One of our speculations for the difference is more about the means and the content of reading that we did not ask specifically in the study. We also found that the positive impacts of talking, going out, learning, and watching movies with parents decreased the odds of suicide risk by 5–9%. However, playing video games with parents for over 15 minutes a day increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 9%. To delineate further the complex relationships between educational stage and other examined factors, the moderation analyses showed specific findings that are worthwhile for discussion. First, it was found that spending over two hours on social media daily increased the likelihood of making suicide plans and attempts by 3.26 and 4.16 times, respectively, among primary school students. The impact of excessive social media use and gaming behaviours on youth mental health have raised concerns during the worldwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic isolation and it is now generally accepted that online behaviour through social media and gaming may be a “double-edged sword” for psychosocial well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its roles vary across age groups ( 34 ). A meta-analytic of 30 studies that examine the impact of social media use and youth mental health reported a positive association between ill-being and social media use ( r = 0.171, p = 0.011) and ill-being and media addiction ( r = 0.434, p = 0.024). However, not all types of digital media use had adverse consequences on adolescents' mental health, e.g., self-disclosure in the context of mutual online friendship, as well as positive and funny online experiences mitigated feelings of loneliness and stress ( 35 ). Hence, we also agreed that gaming can enhance one’s sense of autonomy, competence, and connectedness with others especially during physical and social isolation, and digital activities should not just be considered as harmful and addictive and more game developers can take steps to co-design more functional games with social scientists and young people that promote mental well-being and protect players’ health by including planned designs to minimize addictive gaming behaviour ( 9 ). Second, we found that a positive family environment was a stronger protective effect for secondary school students. Family cohesion has been defined as shared affection, support, commitment, and helpfulness that family members exhibit towards each other ( 36 ). The buffering effect of a positive family environment from suicidality of adolescents can be explained by that young people may model from their families in managing negative emotions adaptively from their family members ( 37 ), get social support when they seek help ( 38 ), and enhanced responsibility for family may restrain young people’s impulsive and reckless behaviours when they are distressed ( 39 ). Given these considerations among the two findings from the moderating analyses, it is advisable to explore suitable family activities that can foster family cohesion among children and adolescents to promote youth mental health and prevent suicide. Regarding the mediating roles of our previously found protective elements, i.e., self-compassion and a growth mindset, the path analyses showed that self-compassion was a significant mediator between several significant independent factors and suicidality. Self-compassion refers to showing compassion to oneself in instances of failure, inadequacies, or general suffering and comprised of three components: self-kindness (i.e. being kind and understanding toward oneself in the face of failure), common humanity (i.e. recognizing that mistakes, failures, or hardships are part of the overall human condition), and mindfulness (i.e. being mindfully aware of painful thoughts and feelings) ( 40 , 41 ). Several studies have identified the protective relationship between self-compassion, depression, and psychological distress ( 42 , 43 ), such a relationship has been less studied among younger children ( 44 ). Self-compassion may protect young people from acting on their suicidal behaviour through self-kindness that minimises negative self-evaluation, e.g., academic failure ( 45 ) and instil the beliefs of obtaining traumatic growth ( 46 ); common humanity that helps young people to feel connected with others ( 47 ), and be able to normalised their sufferings like many others ( 48 ); and mindfulness that helps them to temporarily psychologically distance themselves from negative thoughts/emotions and the over-rumination of the events ( 49 ) which also allows them to have spaces before reengagement with stressful life events and promote problem-focused coping strategies ( 50 ). It is very encouraged to know that emerging basic research studies on self-compassion among young people are happening in Hong Kong ( 51 – 53 ) and can inform empirical-driven and evidence based locally adapted self-compassion interventions for local young people. Growth mindset as another significant mediating factor, was found to mediate the relationship between students' enjoyment of attending school, family relationships, family environment and suicidality and NSSI, especially between family environment and suicide attempt. Our previous research has demonstrated the robust links between mindset and suicidal ideation across both primary and secondary school students and across time, and also revealed mindset’s mediating effects on the relationships between depressive symptoms and suicidality, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally ( 8 , 10 ). Beyond the previous findings, the results of the current study further illustrated the important roles of growth mindset in buffering the negative impacts of bad family relationship and environment on suicidal behaviours. A growth mindset was believed to ease worries about the psychological distress induced by risk factors, enhance positive coping strategy usage and improve the sense of control over own conditions especially one’s emotions ( 54 ). Thus, it might help students better cope with the distress brought by family issues and reduce the suicidal behaviours. The current findings also suggest the necessity of developing interventions to promote growth mindsets in children and adolescents to instil hope and reduce suicidality. Limitations There are limitations of this study. As this study is cross-sectional, it prevents us from making causal inferences. The associations of the studied factors are very complex and the relationship can be temporal ( 55 ), we should be cautious and avoid over interpretation of the findings. Longitudinal studies in the future are needed to consolidate the research findings of this study. Future studies will also benefit from multiple-method designs as the measures of the current study were based on self-reported data only. Conclusion Preventing youth suicide in Hong Kong and Asia poses a significant challenge due to the deeply ingrained social belief that academic success is the key determinant of future success and a fulfilling life. Changing this belief within a short period of time is difficult, but urgent action is required to prevent youth suicides and promote youth development. To this end, programs that equip young people with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed in the global digital world can be useful. Such interventions should focus on building individual resilience by promoting positive self-control and self-compassion, openness to novelty with adaptive coping mechanisms, and effective communication skills to expand social support and access to resources with the involvement of family members. These interventions should target both young people and their family members and it is believed that they will have more immediate impacts on young people and contribute to preventing mental illness and youth suicide. Abbreviations SI suicidal ideation SP suicidal attempt SA Suicidal attempt NSSI Non-suicidal self-injury AOR adjusted odds ratios CI confidence interval PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 SES socioeconomic status Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. Informed written or digital consent was collected from parents and students before the study. All procedures involving human subjects were approved by the Human Subjects Ethics Sub-Committee of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Ref: HSEARS20210414004-02). Consent for publication Not Applicable. All data used in this study analysis were de-identified. This study did not involve the collection of personal or clinical details from participants, nor does it present identifying images or data. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by General Research Funds from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council awarded to Dr Shimin Zhu (Ref: 15601621 and Ref: 15608322). Authors’ contributions TL: conceptualization, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing and revision. SZ: conceptualization, study design and supervision, funding acquisition, interpretation of data, manuscript review and revision. DQ: manuscript writing and revision. 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Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1996:433-41. Richmond MK, Stocker CM. Associations between family cohesion and adolescent siblings' externalizing behavior. Journal of family Psychology. 2006;20(4):663. Burton E, Stice E, Seeley JR. A prospective test of the stress-buffering model of depression in adolescent girls: no support once again. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2004;72(4):689. Harris TL, Molock SD. Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior. 2000;30(4):341-53. Neff KD. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity. 2003;2(2):85-101. Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity. 2003;2(3):223-50. Borsboom D, Cramer AO. Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual review of clinical psychology. 2013;9:91-121. Pullmer R, Chung J, Samson L, Balanji S, Zaitsoff S. A systematic review of the relation between self-compassion and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 2019;74:210-20. Stolow D, Zuroff DC, Young JF, Karlin RA, Abela JR. A prospective examination of self-compassion as a predictor of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2016;35(1):1-20. Neff KD, Hsieh Y-P, Dejitterat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and identity. 2005;4(3):263-87. Terry ML, Leary MR. Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self and identity. 2011;10(3):352-62. Neff KD, McGehee P. Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and identity. 2010;9(3):225-40. Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Batts Allen A, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2007;92(5):887. Williams JMG, Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Soulsby J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory in formerly depressed patients. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109(1):150. Curry JF, Miller Y, Waugh S, Anderson WB. Coping responses in depressed, socially maladjusted, and suicidal adolescents. Psychological Reports. 1992;71(1):80-2. Chong ES, Chan RC. The role of self-compassion in minority stress processes and life satisfaction among sexual minorities in Hong Kong. Mindfulness. 2023;14(4):784-96. Cheung H, Ho W, Habibi Asgarabad M, Chan S, Williams J. A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model of the Self-Compassion Scale Youth (SCS-Y) and investigation of differential item functioning in China, Hong Kong and UK adolescents. Mindfulness. 2023;14(8):1967-79. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6240716","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":453853152,"identity":"f902ea71-e0a8-4d66-ab5f-16a6e28fba02","order_by":0,"name":"Tim LI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tim","middleName":"","lastName":"LI","suffix":""},{"id":453853153,"identity":"4a950ae1-04fe-41e1-a081-857a3172712a","order_by":1,"name":"Shimin ZHU","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYgkQBiSTAwPmBgsGCAsBkOGBCjhdkArJiQFgSQYGCTIEoLc/vxpxse7rBhkJ/dY1ZdUCGRuOEA88HbPAx3jHE6rCfH7EbimTQGxjlnzG7POAPSwpZszcPwzAy3X3LYbiS2HWZglsgxu83bBtLCYybNw3DYBqeW/ufPgFr+Az2SY1YM0cL/Db+WGQlAh7UdYOABamGG2sIG0oLbYTPegLQk80hIpBVLA/1iPPMwm7HlHIPDOL1v2J/+7ObPNjs5+RnJGz8XVNjI9h1vfnjjTcVhwwZcWqASPCCCGYgdG0AkA56IlEfmgBTb41Y7CkbBKBgFIxUAAL3HVbxeoYUgAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shimin","middleName":"","lastName":"ZHU","suffix":""},{"id":453853154,"identity":"7f1378a6-97db-409a-9ae9-037c9b8eeb3a","order_by":2,"name":"Di QI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Di","middleName":"","lastName":"QI","suffix":""},{"id":453853155,"identity":"ee37ad87-b2e7-4945-b4f0-70b6fce384f6","order_by":3,"name":"Paul WONG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Hong Kong","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paul","middleName":"","lastName":"WONG","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-17 03:53:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6240716/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6240716/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-08064-3","type":"published","date":"2026-04-24T15:57:45+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107927719,"identity":"76e53ab1-a9df-470a-b4ae-d33c14eebba3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 16:02:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1004229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6240716/v1/20d910db-9948-4c82-8bd3-bbb8215292f8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The mediating roles of self-compassion and growth mindset among the relationships between multifaceted factors with youth suicidality in Hong Kong","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eSuicide is a leading cause of death during adolescence, with an increasing incidence of suicide attempts in recent years. Using the World Health Organisation mortality database, it was reported that among the studied 52 countries, the lowest suicide rates were in Southern Europe, with 3.1/100,000 persons in Italy and 3.5/100,000 persons in Spain (2021) among males, with some highest rates in Central-Eastern Europe, with 10.2/100,000 males in the Russian Federation (2019) and 10.0/100,000 males in Poland (2002). The highest age-standardized suicide rate was 15.5/100,000 males in the United States of America, with an annual increase of 3.8% among males in 2009\u0026ndash;2020 and 6.7% among females in 2007\u0026ndash;2017, followed by a levelling off (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Suicidal behaviour is a significant indicator of poor mental health, and a robust risk factor for completed suicide which is the second most common cause of death in 15-to-24-year-olds worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2022, the overall suicide rate in Hong Kong was 14.2 per 100,000, and the suicide rate of young people aged between 15\u0026ndash;24 years was 12.2 and of children under the age of 15 years was 0.5 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://csrp.hku.hk/statistics/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://csrp.hku.hk/statistics/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The number of youth suicides was on an increase with 14 in 2018, 23 in 2019, 21 in 2020, 25 for 2021 and 2022 respectively; unfortunately, there were 33 suspected suicides in 2023. In comparisons with 52 countries youth suicide rates reported by Bertuccio and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), Hong Kong youth suicide rate can be considered as one of the highest ones similar to Japan and Republic of Korea. The rising trend was suspected to be related to that the COVID-19 and their associated containment public health measures, such as social distancing, move restrictions, and the limitation of leisure and sports have particularly impacted the mental well-being of children and adolescents worldwide. The daily living and schooling routines of young people had been altered by the infection control measures; for example, reduced contact with peers due to school closures easily led to social stressors such as isolation and loneliness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and heightened demands for personal responsibility (e.g., self-directed learning and self-discipline for maintaining basic level of exercising) might lead to greater interdependence but also burnout and fatigue. A review of 69 studies with over 130,000 young people from 21 countries indicated a general trend of decreased psychological well-being and more mental health problems, such as heightened stress, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in the past few years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), and the situations were similar in Hong Kong (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo supplement the lack of official government data to provide timely information of suicide in Hong Kong, and to allow us to further understand the local changes of youth suicidal behaviour, we have conducted a school-based longitudinal study with 23 secondary and primary schools invited since the beginning of the COVID-19 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). We found that the prevalence of suicidal ideation was 24% and 21% among the participants before and during the beginning of COVID-19, respectively. In particular, 148 (10.7%) newly reported being suicidal, and 143 (10.4%) remained suicidal. Respondents who remained suicidal were found to have significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, loneliness, and social anxiety; more fixed mindset; lower meaning of life and self-control; and lower parental support and supervision than the other groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eYouth Suicide Risk Factors in Hong Kong\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found the common correlates for suicidal ideation were depression, bullying, loneliness, low self-compassion, and fixed mindset, while those for suicide attempt were depression and bullying. Secondary school respondents with higher life satisfaction reported less suicidal ideation, while primary school respondents with higher self-control reported fewer suicide attempts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, we examined the help-seeking intention patterns of psychological needs of young people. We found that out of 3,985 participants, only 368 students (9.23%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;368/3985) expressed an intention to seek help from school, the research team, or both. Students inclined towards seeking help from schools exhibited lower levels of loneliness and a less fixed mindset and demonstrated stronger school attachment compared to those preferring to approach the research team for help. However, the group not seeking help had consistently lower scores across all mental health indicators (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn sum, their help-seeking intention for psychological issues is low, risk factors for youth suicidality (e.g., depression, bullying, and loneliness) are similar as those reported in the literature (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), and contextual and cultural factors (e.g. heightened academic pressure due to Confucian belief and low parental support due to long working hours) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e) have reinforced the suicidality among young people in Hong Kong which remained high in recent years. However, self-compassion and a growth mindset were protective factors in suicidal ideation for both children and adolescents age groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Objectives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further examine the associations through moderation of age and mediation of self-compassion and growth mindset between intra-individual, behavioural, family, and school factors and suicidality, we conducted binary logistic regression and path analyses to better understand the complex nature of youth suicidality, i.e., ideation, plan, attempt, and non-suicidal self-injury separately. We also aimed to identify protective factors for brief self and/or guided interventions at family and school settings, which could be suggested for improvement of youth mental health based on the findings of our studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data of this school-based survey were collected during the period of May to June 2022 in four primary schools and 11 secondary schools across Hong Kong that agreed to join the study. The higher grades (Grades 5\u0026ndash;6) at the primary schools and all grades (Grades 7\u0026ndash;11) at the secondary schools were invited to participate in the survey. Grade 12 was not invited as they had left school after the university admission exams. The lower grades in primary schools were not invited since they were deemed to possibly find it difficult for them to understand all the survey questions. The research information sheet and parental consent forms were sent to parents via school, conveying our research objectives and benefits and possible risks of participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten or digital consent was collected from parents and students before the study. Students were reassured that they could withdraw at any time as their participation was voluntary and that their responses would not be accessed by teachers. The surveys were conducted in classrooms, in pen-and-paper or digital format, under the administration of trained research assistants who introduced the survey with standard scripts, provided guidance and answered queries. Both Chinese and English versions of the questionnaire were provided. After the surveys were completed, questionnaires were all sealed and returned to the laboratory. All participants received stationery (worth approximately US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 5) as study compensation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDemographics.\u003c/b\u003e The sociodemographic information, including participants\u0026rsquo; age, grade, school, and gender, was collected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheir depressive levels were also measured, by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Respondents were asked to rate the frequency they had experienced depressive symptoms in the past two weeks (e.g., \u0026ldquo;Little interest or pleasure in doing things\u0026rdquo;), with four options from 0 (\u003cem\u003enot at all\u003c/em\u003e) to 3 (\u003cem\u003enearly every day\u003c/em\u003e). A higher total score represented more severe depressive symptoms. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α of the scale was .87.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSuicidality \u0026ndash; dependent variables.\u003c/b\u003e Suicidal ideation (SI) was measured by the last item in the PHQ-9, i.e., \u0026ldquo;thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way\u0026rdquo;. Answers of 1 to 3 were coded as \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; (having SI), while answer of 0 was coded as \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; SI in the past two weeks. Suicidal plan (SP) and suicidal attempt (SA) were measured by the two items of the Suicidality Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The items were as follows: \u0026ldquo;In the past 12 months, have you ever seriously considered suicide?\u0026rdquo; (SP) and \u0026ldquo;In the past 12 months, have you ever attempted suicide?\u0026rdquo; (SA). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviour, defined as self-injurious behaviour without intent for suicide, was measured by the question \u0026ldquo;Some youth intentionally injure themselves or induce pain. This act aims to alleviate psychological distress but not to kill themselves. In the past 12 months, did you have such experience?\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). For SP, SA and NSSI items, respondents were asked to answer with dichotomous \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;no\u0026rdquo; responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSelf/Intra-individual.\u003c/b\u003e Participants\u0026rsquo; expectations for the future were measured by adapting the four items of the achievement dimension of the Adolescent Life Goal Profile Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) in the form of \u0026ldquo;I will be \u0026hellip;\u0026rdquo; such as \u0026ldquo;I will be very rich\u0026rdquo;, and adding one more item of \u0026ldquo;I will be successful and have great achievements\u0026rdquo;. Each item was rated on a ten-point scale from 0 (totally impossible) to 9 (highly possible). The mean of the five items was taken as a measure of possible life, with a higher score representing a higher expectation of the respondents to the future life. The scale\u0026rsquo;s Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α was .95. Perceived changeability of socioeconomic status (SES) were measured by the three items which were adapted from the original sentences in the implicit theories scale by replacing the keywords with socioeconomic status (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). It assesses to what extent respondents think their SES can change, with each item rated on a six-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). A sample item is \u0026ldquo;Your socioeconomic status is something about you that you can't change very much\u0026rdquo;. A higher mean score of the three items indicated that it is less likely for respondents to believe that they can change their SES. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α of the scale was .89.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eActivities/Behavioural.\u003c/b\u003e We asked students how many hours they spent on average per day on the following activities: homework from school, extra-curricular learning, reading, watching TV/movie/ video, using social media, and playing video games. Response selections are none, 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, and more. We recorded if respondents spent more than 2 hours on these activities or not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFamily.\u003c/b\u003e We asked how many days in a week the respondents spend more than 15 minutes per day doing the following activities with their parents: chatting, handing out, studying, watching TV/movie/video, and playing video games. The response is the number of days per week, rating from 0 (none) to 7 (every day). Family relationship was measured by three items (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) on a four-point scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree), e.g., \u0026ldquo;I am very satisfied with the relationship between me and my parents\u0026rdquo;. A higher total score represented a better relationship with parents. The scale\u0026rsquo;s Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α was .83. Family environment was measured using five items (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) on a four-point scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree), e.g., \u0026ldquo;It is pleasant living with my parents and family\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I feel uncomfortable at home (reversed).\u0026rdquo; After recoding reversed items, the item scores were summed and a higher total score meant a better perceived home living environment. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α of this scale was .81. At last, parental conflict was measured by a single item \u0026ldquo;My parents often have a quarrel\u0026rdquo;, also rated on a four-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSchool.\u003c/b\u003e We used the three items of the Positive Affect Scale towards school (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) to measure students\u0026rsquo; affective experience in school in general, that is, \u0026ldquo;I like being at school\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Most of the time, being in school puts me in a good mood\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;I am happier at school than when I am not at school\u0026rdquo;. Additionally, we added one more item (\u0026ldquo;I prefer to take the class online rather than go to school for class\u0026rdquo;) on online class as it is more prevalent due to the pandemic. The four items were rated on a five-point scale (1: strongly disagree, 2: disagree, 3: normal, 4: agree, 5: strongly agree) and a score larger than 3 on each item was recorded as endorsing the statement. Social anxiety related to classmates was measured by the Social Anxiety Scale for children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). It contains 10 items, such as \u0026ldquo;I worry about doing something new in front of other classmates\u0026rdquo;. Respondents rated the items on a five-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher mean scores represented higher levels of social anxiety. The scale\u0026rsquo;s Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α was .91. The academic possible self was measured by seven items (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) asking students how they will be in the following academic school year in positive sentences, such as \u0026ldquo;I will be excellent at school in the future\u0026rdquo;. Each item was rated on a ten-point scale from 0 (totally impossible) to 9 (highly possible). A higher mean score indicated a higher likelihood to fulfil the academic possible selves or the strategies in the future. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α of the academic possible self subscale and the possible strategies subscale were .90 and .92, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe protective elements.\u003c/b\u003e The protective factors include self-compassion and growth mindset. Self-compassion was measured by the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). It contains 12 items, such as \u0026ldquo;When something painful happens, I try to take a balanced view of the situation\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;When I fail at something important to me I become consumed by feelings of inadequacy (reversed)\u0026rdquo;, rated on a five-point scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree, 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree). After recoding the reversed items, the item scores were summed with higher scores representing higher levels of self-compassion. The scale\u0026rsquo;s Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α was 0.81.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth mindset was measured by the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). It has 12 items, with four items on each of the three subscales: beliefs-in-change regarding depression, anxiety, and stress respectively. Items were rated on a six-point scale from 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree to 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree. A sample item was \u0026ldquo;When you have a certain level of depression, you really cannot do much to change it.\u0026rdquo; A high total score indicated a lower belief-in-change on depression, anxiety, and stress. The scale\u0026rsquo;s Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α was .96.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software R for Windows (R version 4.0.3). Descriptive statistics were reported as means and standard deviations for continuous variables, and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. The chi-square test and t-test were utilized to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively, between individuals with and without suicide risk. A p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple binary logistic regression was utilized to examine the relationships between participants\u0026rsquo; school, activities, family, self, and protective elements (independent variables) and suicide risk, including ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI (dependent variables). The regression models were adjusted for age, grade, educational stage (primary vs. secondary), gender, and PHQ-9 score. An interaction term of the independent variable by educational stage was included to explore whether the associations between independent variables and dependent variables differed between primary and secondary school students. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated as a measure of the strength of association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between participants\u0026rsquo; school, activities, family, and self (independent variables) and suicide risk, including ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI (dependent variables), through the mediation of protective elements. The indirect effects of independent variables on dependent variables via mediators were calculated using the product of the coefficients approach. Age, grade, school, gender, and PHQ-9 score were included to adjust the path models. The models were estimated using diagonal weighted least squares due to the involvement of categorical data. To evaluate the significance of indirect effects, 5000 bootstrap samples were utilized. A path model was considered to have a good fit to the data if the comparative fit index was \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.95, the root mean squared error of approximation was \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and the standardized root mean squared residual was \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.08 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample consisted of 4,832 children and adolescents (58.76% female, mean age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62 years), among whom 27.31% (SI: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1311), 16.92% (SP: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;786), 7.17% (SA: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;333), and 11.93% (NSSI: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;555) reported experiencing suicidal ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI, respectively. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the participant demographics categorized by their suicide risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipant demographics stratified by suicide risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal plan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal attempt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.22 (1.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17 (1.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.19 (1.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.23 (1.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.21 (1.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.04 (1.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.22 (1.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.02 (1.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1545 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e437 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1649 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1774 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1731 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1945 (56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e874 (67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2210 (57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e554 (70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2537 (59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226 (68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2366 (58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400 (72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e899 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1009 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1106 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1042 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e870 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e951 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1069 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1020 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e745 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e810 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e909 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e872 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e613 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e665 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e756 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e724 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3240 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1211 (92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3571 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e728 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3999 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299 (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3804 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePHQ-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.28 (4.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.99 (5.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33 (4.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.02 (6.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.01 (5.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.32 (7.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64 (5.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.36 (6.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; PHQ-9: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 total score.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximately 70% of individuals at risk for suicide were female, significantly outnumbering males (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Those at risk for suicide exhibited depressive symptoms, as indicated by an average PHQ-9 score of over 13. Age and grade were found to be associated with NSSI, but not with suicidal ideation, and plan, attempt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Insert Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAssociations of intra-individual, behavioural, family, school, and protective elements with suicidality\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the associations of self, academic, daily activities, family, school, and self-compassion and growth mindset with suicidality. Students\u0026rsquo; expectations for the future (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98\u0026ndash;0.99, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) and their perceived changeability of SES (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.03\u0026ndash;1.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) were found to have slight associations with suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts, but not with NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations of participants\u0026rsquo; school, activities, family, self, and protective elements with suicide risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"17\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal plan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal attempt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike being at school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1801 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e869 (66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2067 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e513 (65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2344 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235 (71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2226 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359 (65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1686 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e442 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.59, 0.83) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1789 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.67, 0.97) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1964 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.50, 0.84) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1868 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.72, 1.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a good mood at school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1512 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e817 (62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1778 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e475 (61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2040 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1915 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342 (62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1973 (57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e491 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.56, 0.78) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2076 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.68, 0.98) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2265 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.58, 0.96) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2175 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" 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colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2529 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e970 (74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2816 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e567 (72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3146 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2977 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e411 (74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e957\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.75, 1.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1038 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.86, 1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1159 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.84, 1.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1113 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.73, 1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrefer taking classes online\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2503 (72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e871 (67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2757 (72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509 (65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3051 (71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2897 (71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371 (67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e977\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e435 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" 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colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial anxiety related to classmates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.38 (8.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.58 (7.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.00, 1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.03 (8.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.55 (8.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.00, 1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.41 (8.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.41 (8.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.99, 1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.18 (8.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.72 (8.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.00, 1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe academic possible selves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05 (1.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.35 (1.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.89, 0.97) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25 (1.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.87, 0.95) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.92 (1.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06 (2.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.83, 0.94) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32 (2.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.91, 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe academic possible strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05 (1.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22 (1.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.88, 0.96) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.96 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 (1.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.87, 0.96) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.88 (1.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01 (2.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.86, 0.97) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.91 (1.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 (2.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.89, 0.99) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivities over 2 hours daily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework from school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2974 (85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1058 (81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3248 (84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e643 (82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3612 (84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279 (84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3441 (84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458 (83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.72, 1.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e609 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.65, 1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e697 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.50, 0.97) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e654 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.60, 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtra-curricular learning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3193 (92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1176 (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3521 (91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e703 (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3926 (91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297 (89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3745 (92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487 (88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.77, 1.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.79, 1.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.72, 1.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.96, 1.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3264 (94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1179 (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3600 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e696 (89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4001 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294 (88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3790 (93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512 (92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.92, 1.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.03, 1.88) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.88, 1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.46, 0.99) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatching TV/movie/ video\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2442 (70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e841 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2671 (69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e517 (66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2978 (69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209 (63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2821 (69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372 (67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1044 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.00, 1.42) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1181 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.86, 1.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1325 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.94, 1.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1269 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.77, 1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2624 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e842 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2838 (74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e515 (66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3159 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3000 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359 (65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e861\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.18, 1.69) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1014 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.94, 1.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1143 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61 (1.26, 2.05) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1089 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.94, 1.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlaying video games\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2651 (76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e942 (72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2903 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e583 (74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3252 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233 (70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3080 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e409 (74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e837\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.08, 1.60) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e954 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" 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\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChatting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78 (2.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00 (2.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.92, 0.98) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72 (2.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86 (2.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.91, 0.97) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.65 (2.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73 (2.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.90, 0.98) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69 (2.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73 (2.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.90, 0.96) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77 (1.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46 (1.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.91, 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74 (1.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 (1.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.86, 0.97) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69 (1.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47 (1.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.90, 1.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71 (1.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.87, 0.99) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66 (1.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51 (1.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.94, 1.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66 (1.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41 (1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.86, 0.98) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62 (1.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 (1.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.94, 1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64 (1.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45 (1.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.87, 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatching TV/movie/video\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85 (2.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 (2.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.92, 0.98) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79 (2.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04 (2.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.90, 0.96) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72 (2.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92 (2.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.88, 0.97) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73 (2.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 (2.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.92, 0.99) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlaying video games\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32 (1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34 (1.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.01, 1.17) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33 (1.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26 (1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.86, 1.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32 (1.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38 (1.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.95, 1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32 (1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33 (1.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.93, 1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily relationship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.82 (1.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.54 (2.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.84, 0.91) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.71 (2.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.24 (2.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.77, 0.84) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.56 (2.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19 (2.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.80, 0.90) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.62 (2.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25 (2.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.80, 0.88) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.89 (2.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.86 (3.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.85, 0.90) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.71 (2.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.46 (3.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.81, 0.87) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.51 (2.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.05 (3.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.80, 0.87) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.59 (2.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.41 (3.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.83, 0.89) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73 (0.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08 (0.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.16, 1.43) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 (0.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.17, 1.44) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81 (0.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 (0.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.14, 1.50) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79 (0.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 (0.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.12, 1.42) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpectations for the future\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.61 (10.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.37 (10.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.98, 1.00) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.26 (10.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.87 (11.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.98, 0.99) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.92 (10.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.72 (11.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.98, 1.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.01 (10.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.42 (11.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.99, 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived changeability of SES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.23 (3.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88 (3.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.03, 1.07) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45 (3.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.83 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.01, 1.06) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.58 (3.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.06 (4.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.01, 1.08) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.55 (3.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.66 (3.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.99, 1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 (0.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78 (0.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.35, 0.53) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 (0.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75 (0.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.39, 0.59) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07 (0.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74 (0.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.45, 0.76) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 (0.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69 (0.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.29, 0.45) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth mindset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.96 (12.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.73 (12.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.02, 1.04) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.46 (12.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.97 (12.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.03, 1.05) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.74 (13.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.16 (13.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.02, 1.04) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.03 (12.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.57 (12.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.03, 1.05) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"17\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: AOR: adjusted odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; SES: socioeconomic status. * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, ***\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong students, spending over two hours on homework daily resulted in a 30% decreased risk of suicide attempts (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.50\u0026ndash;0.97, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04). Spending over two hours on reading daily reduced the risk of NSSI by 32% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.68, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.46\u0026ndash;0.99, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.049) but increased the likelihood of making suicide plans by 40% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.40, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.03\u0026ndash;1.88, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.03). Devoting more than two hours to activities such as watching TV, engaging in social media, and playing video games daily increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 19\u0026ndash;41%. Furthermore, spending over two hours on social media daily raised the risk of suicide attempts by 61% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.61, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.26\u0026ndash;2.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngaging in activities such as talking, going out, learning, and watching movies with parents decreased the odds of suicide risk by 5\u0026ndash;9%. However, playing video games with parents for over 15 minutes a day increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 9% (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.09, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.01\u0026ndash;1.17, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.02). A positive family relationship and supportive family environment were associated with a reduced suicide risk, while increased family conflict elevated suicide risk by 26\u0026ndash;31%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding school-related factors, higher academic possible selves and having more academic strategies were found to be slightly associated with a decreased risk of all types of suicide risk. Students who enjoyed attending school had a 18\u0026ndash;35% lower risk of suicide, while those who preferred online classes were 30% more likely to have suicide plans (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.30, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.08\u0026ndash;1.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher self-compassion was linked to a 42\u0026ndash;64% reduced suicide risk. Conversely, individuals with fixed mindset (i.e., believe their emotion cannot change) exhibited a 3\u0026ndash;4% higher risk for suicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModeration effect of educational stage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e highlights the significant moderation effects of educational stage on the associations between participants\u0026rsquo; intra-individual, behavioural, family, school, and protective elements with suicidality. For primary school students, higher levels of social anxiety related to classmates, spending over two hours on social media daily, and having fixed mindset were associated with a heightened risk for suicide, in comparison to secondary school students. Specifically, spending over two hours on social media daily increased the likelihood of making suicide plans and attempts by 3.26 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.26, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.50\u0026ndash;7.04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003) and 4.16 times (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.16, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.65\u0026ndash;10.46, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002), respectively, among primary school students. On the other hand, a positive family environment exhibited a stronger protective effect for secondary school students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant moderating effects of educational stage on the associations of participants\u0026rsquo; school, activities, family, self, and protective elements with suicide risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003evariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction term\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial anxiety related to classmates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.91, 0.99) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 (1.02, 1.11) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.99, 1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.77, 0.96) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.88, 1.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.83, 0.89) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal plan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33 (0.15, 0.73) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26 (1.50, 7.04) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.88, 1.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal attempt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41 (0.17, 1.01) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 (1.65, 10.46) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.17, 1.94) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth mindset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.93, 0.99) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 (1.04, 1.11) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 (1.02, 1.04) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: AOR: adjusted odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; social media use: activity of using social media over 2 hours daily. * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, ***\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMediation effect of protective elements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the significant mediation effects of self-compassion and a growth mindset. All the models had satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices. Both self-compassion and a growth mindset mediated the relationship between students' enjoyment of attending school and suicidal ideation. They also mediated the associations of family relationships and environment with suicidal ideation, suicide plan, and NSSI. Self-compassion further mediated the associations of students\u0026rsquo; enjoyment of attending school, engaging in conversations with parents, family conflict, and students\u0026rsquo; perceived changeability of SES with suicidal ideation. On the other hand, a growth mindset mediated the relationship between family environment and suicide attempt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant mediation effects of protective elements in the relationships between school, activities, family, self, and suicide risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003evariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eself-compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003egrowth mindset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike being at school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16 (-0.25, -0.06) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.04, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20 (-0.29, -0.10) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a good mood at school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20 (-0.30, -0.11) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.05, -0.02) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.03, 0.00) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25 (-0.34, -0.15) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChatting with parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.04, -0.01) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00, 0.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.05, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily relationship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.08, -0.03) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.02, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.08, -0.04) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental conflict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.04, 0.18) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.01, 0.03) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (-0.03, 0.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 (0.08, 0.20) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived changeability of SES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-0.01, 0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.00, 0.01) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-0.01, 0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.01, 0.04) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal plan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily relationship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10 (-0.13, -0.07) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.02, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-0.14, -0.09) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal plan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10 (-0.12, -0.08) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal attempt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 (-0.01, 0.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09 (-0.11, -0.07) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.08, -0.04) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.02, -0.01) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: NSSI: non-suicidal self-injury behaviour; SES: socioeconomic status. * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, ***\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe outbreak of COVID-19 in Hong Kong occurred amid the months-long socio-political unrest that have brought unprecedent impacts in young people in Hong Kong (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). From a prevention perspective, this study\u0026rsquo;s findings provided a more nuanced picture regarding the modifiable individual, school, and familial factors and two specific modifiable protective factors in the development of suicidality among local young people and have further significant research and intervention implications for mental health enhancement and suicide prevention and intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the lingering effects of the COVID-19 are the changes of individuals\u0026rsquo; daily routine and activity patterns. More research studies have reported that COVID-19 had led to disorganized physical activity, increase in sedentariness, screen time, and consumption of caloric and sugary food with a consequent higher susceptibility to weight gain which may enhance the great problem of childhood obesity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) and deterioration of mental health among young people (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, gender represents a predictor of mental health, since females seem to mentally adapt worse to confinement resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). It is very interesting that we found that young people who spent over two hours on reading daily reduced the risk of NSSI but increased the likelihood of making suicide plans by 40%. One of our speculations for the difference is more about the means and the content of reading that we did not ask specifically in the study. We also found that the positive impacts of talking, going out, learning, and watching movies with parents decreased the odds of suicide risk by 5\u0026ndash;9%. However, playing video games with parents for over 15 minutes a day increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 9%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo delineate further the complex relationships between educational stage and other examined factors, the moderation analyses showed specific findings that are worthwhile for discussion. First, it was found that spending over two hours on social media daily increased the likelihood of making suicide plans and attempts by 3.26 and 4.16 times, respectively, among primary school students. The impact of excessive social media use and gaming behaviours on youth mental health have raised concerns during the worldwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic isolation and it is now generally accepted that online behaviour through social media and gaming may be a \u0026ldquo;double-edged sword\u0026rdquo; for psychosocial well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its roles vary across age groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). A meta-analytic of 30 studies that examine the impact of social media use and youth mental health reported a positive association between ill-being and social media use (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.171, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011) and ill-being and media addiction (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.434, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024). However, not all types of digital media use had adverse consequences on adolescents' mental health, e.g., self-disclosure in the context of mutual online friendship, as well as positive and funny online experiences mitigated feelings of loneliness and stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, we also agreed that gaming can enhance one\u0026rsquo;s sense of autonomy, competence, and connectedness with others especially during physical and social isolation, and digital activities should not just be considered as harmful and addictive and more game developers can take steps to co-design more functional games with social scientists and young people that promote mental well-being and protect players\u0026rsquo; health by including planned designs to minimize addictive gaming behaviour (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond, we found that a positive family environment was a stronger protective effect for secondary school students. Family cohesion has been defined as shared affection, support, commitment, and helpfulness that family members exhibit towards each other (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). The buffering effect of a positive family environment from suicidality of adolescents can be explained by that young people may model from their families in managing negative emotions adaptively from their family members (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e), get social support when they seek help (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), and enhanced responsibility for family may restrain young people\u0026rsquo;s impulsive and reckless behaviours when they are distressed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). Given these considerations among the two findings from the moderating analyses, it is advisable to explore suitable family activities that can foster family cohesion among children and adolescents to promote youth mental health and prevent suicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the mediating roles of our previously found protective elements, i.e., self-compassion and a growth mindset, the path analyses showed that self-compassion was a significant mediator between several significant independent factors and suicidality. Self-compassion refers to showing compassion to oneself in instances of failure, inadequacies, or general suffering and comprised of three components: self-kindness (i.e. being kind and understanding toward oneself in the face of failure), common humanity (i.e. recognizing that mistakes, failures, or hardships are part of the overall human condition), and mindfulness (i.e. being mindfully aware of painful thoughts and feelings) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Several studies have identified the protective relationship between self-compassion, depression, and psychological distress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e), such a relationship has been less studied among younger children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). Self-compassion may protect young people from acting on their suicidal behaviour through self-kindness that minimises negative self-evaluation, e.g., academic failure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e) and instil the beliefs of obtaining traumatic growth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e); common humanity that helps young people to feel connected with others (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e), and be able to normalised their sufferings like many others (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e); and mindfulness that helps them to temporarily psychologically distance themselves from negative thoughts/emotions and the over-rumination of the events (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e) which also allows them to have spaces before reengagement with stressful life events and promote problem-focused coping strategies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). It is very encouraged to know that emerging basic research studies on self-compassion among young people are happening in Hong Kong (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR52\" citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e) and can inform empirical-driven and evidence based locally adapted self-compassion interventions for local young people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth mindset as another significant mediating factor, was found to mediate the relationship between students' enjoyment of attending school, family relationships, family environment and suicidality and NSSI, especially between family environment and suicide attempt. Our previous research has demonstrated the robust links between mindset and suicidal ideation across both primary and secondary school students and across time, and also revealed mindset\u0026rsquo;s mediating effects on the relationships between depressive symptoms and suicidality, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Beyond the previous findings, the results of the current study further illustrated the important roles of growth mindset in buffering the negative impacts of bad family relationship and environment on suicidal behaviours. A growth mindset was believed to ease worries about the psychological distress induced by risk factors, enhance positive coping strategy usage and improve the sense of control over own conditions especially one\u0026rsquo;s emotions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, it might help students better cope with the distress brought by family issues and reduce the suicidal behaviours. The current findings also suggest the necessity of developing interventions to promote growth mindsets in children and adolescents to instil hope and reduce suicidality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are limitations of this study. As this study is cross-sectional, it prevents us from making causal inferences. The associations of the studied factors are very complex and the relationship can be temporal (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e), we should be cautious and avoid over interpretation of the findings. Longitudinal studies in the future are needed to consolidate the research findings of this study. Future studies will also benefit from multiple-method designs as the measures of the current study were based on self-reported data only.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePreventing youth suicide in Hong Kong and Asia poses a significant challenge due to the deeply ingrained social belief that academic success is the key determinant of future success and a fulfilling life. Changing this belief within a short period of time is difficult, but urgent action is required to prevent youth suicides and promote youth development. To this end, programs that equip young people with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed in the global digital world can be useful. Such interventions should focus on building individual resilience by promoting positive self-control and self-compassion, openness to novelty with adaptive coping mechanisms, and effective communication skills to expand social support and access to resources with the involvement of family members. These interventions should target both young people and their family members and it is believed that they will have more immediate impacts on young people and contribute to preventing mental illness and youth suicide.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esuicidal ideation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esuicidal attempt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal attempt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNSSI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-suicidal self-injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAOR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eadjusted odds ratios\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHQ-9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient Health Questionnaire-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSES\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocioeconomic status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. Informed written or digital consent was collected from parents and students before the study. All procedures involving human subjects were approved by the Human Subjects Ethics Sub-Committee of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Ref: HSEARS20210414004-02).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable. All data used in this study analysis were de-identified. This study did not involve the collection of personal or clinical details from participants, nor does it present identifying images or data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by General Research Funds from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council awarded to Dr Shimin Zhu (Ref: 15601621 and Ref: 15608322).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTL: conceptualization, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing and revision. SZ: conceptualization, study design and supervision, funding acquisition, interpretation of data, manuscript review and revision. DQ: manuscript writing and revision. PW: conceptualization, interpretation of data, manuscript writing, review and revision. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the participants and schools for their participation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBertuccio P, Amerio A, Grande E, La Vecchia C, Costanza A, Aguglia A, et al. Global trends in youth suicide from 1990 to 2020: An analysis of data from the WHO mortality database. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNaghavi M. 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A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model of the Self-Compassion Scale Youth (SCS-Y) and investigation of differential item functioning in China, Hong Kong and UK adolescents. Mindfulness. 2023;14(8):1967-79.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWong M-YC, Chung P-K, Leung K-M. Examining the exercise and self-esteem model revised with self-compassion among Hong Kong secondary school students using structural equation modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(7):3661.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKneeland ET, Dovidio JF, Joormann J, Clark MS. Emotion malleability beliefs, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: Integrating affective and clinical science. Clinical psychology review. 2016;45:81-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. American journal of psychiatry. 2001;158(6):848-56.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychiatry](http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bpsy/default.aspx","title":"BMC Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Suicide prevention, youth suicidality, depression, self-compassion, growth mindset ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6240716/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6240716/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have found protective roles of self-compassion, and growth mindset in youth suicidality. This study aimed to understand the mediating roles between self-compassion and growth mindset and the impacts of intra-individual, behavioural, family, and school risk factors on youth suicidality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA school-based survey was conducted in four primary schools and 11 secondary schools across Hong Kong. Binary logistic regression and path analysis were conducted to examine the mediation and moderation effects on multi-factors in youth suicidality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4832 children and adolescents of whom 27.31% (Suicidal ideation, SI: n=1311), 16.92% (Suicidal plan, SP: n=786), 7.17% (Suicidal attempt, SA: n=333), and 11.93% (Non-suicidal self-injury, NSSI: n=555) reported experiencing suicidal ideation, plan, attempt, and NSSI, respectively. Enjoying school lowered suicide risk by about 19% (SP: adjusted odds ratios (AOR)=0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.67-0.97, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=.02; SA: AOR=0.65, 95%CI=0.50-0.84, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=.001), while preferring online classes raised risk by 30% (SP: AOR=1.3, 95%CI=1.08-1.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=.005). Over 2 hours daily on TV, social media, and video games increased suicidal thoughts by 19-41% (from AOR=1.19, 95%CI=1.00-1.42, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=.046 to AOR=1.41, 95%CI=1.18-1.69, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.001). Over 2 hours on social media raised suicide attempts by 61% (AOR=1.61, 95%CI=1.26-2.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.001). Primary school students spending over 2 hours on social media had 3.26-times higher plans (AOR=3.26, 95%CI=1.50-7.04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=.003) and 4.16-times higher attempts (AOR=4.16, 95%CI=1.65-10.46, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=.002). Self-compassion reduced risk by 42-64% (SA: AOR=0.58, 95%CI=0.45-0.76, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.001; NSSI: AOR=0.36, 95%CI=0.29-0.45, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.001), while fixed mindset increased risk by 3-4% (SI: AOR=1.03, 95%CI=1.02-1.04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001; SP: AOR=1.04, 95%CI=1.03-1.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFocus shall be on promoting self-control, self-compassion, openness to novelty, adaptive coping, social skills, and family involvement for youth suicide prevention.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The mediating roles of self-compassion and growth mindset among the relationships between multifaceted factors with youth suicidality in Hong Kong","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-09 05:41:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6240716/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-14T09:11:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T11:44:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"296759943432719398731623739413009561694","date":"2025-08-03T11:52:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258030691433680429855409579177763349536","date":"2025-07-29T09:06:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-18T14:46:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-10T23:52:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7422110573239969986751195268015584716","date":"2025-05-08T14:07:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220684996575810868633945633818002851912","date":"2025-05-06T15:12:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-06T05:59:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-29T17:10:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-09T17:10:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-09T15:13:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychiatry","date":"2025-04-09T15:11:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychiatry](http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bpsy/default.aspx","title":"BMC Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5607d62d-9129-410f-9314-1f01ca430a86","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:01:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6240716","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-08064-3","journal":{"identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Psychiatry"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-24 15:57:45","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 24th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-09 05:41:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12888-026-08064-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-026-08064-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6240716","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6240716","identity":"rs-6240716","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}