Mechanisms of Influence of Migration Processes on the Sustainable Development of Enterprise Economics (Case of Azerbaijan)

Mechanisms of Influence of Migration Processes on the Sustainable Development of Enterprise Economics (Case of Azerbaijan) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mechanisms of Influence of Migration Processes on the Sustainable Development of Enterprise Economics (Case of Azerbaijan) Maryam Adli, Elshan Ahmadov This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026951/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper summarises the theoretical foundations and practical provisions on the mechanisms of influence of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economics (on the case of Azerbaijan). The role of migration processes in the sustainable development of the enterprise economy is emphasised by correlation with both migration and the development of the enterprise economy. The positive role of migrant workers in the economic development of countries is confirmed by determining the benefits of migration and supporting the results obtained with statistical indicators. We made the correlation and regression analysis, to define the link between migration and economic development indicators in Azerbaijan. As a result of these and statistical analysis, recommendations were developed for further expanding opportunities for immigrants to strengthen their impact on the enterprise economy in Azerbaijan. JEL classification: Q01, M21, J61, O31 Sustainable Development Enterprise economics Labour migrants Innovation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Migration processes are an integral part of social life. The intensification of such processes under the influence of globalization, aggravation of conflicts of various origins and a number of macroeconomic factors will lead to an increase in their impact on all aspects of life and the business process. Labour migration is of particular importance, as it has a direct impact on the economy and sustainable development of enterprises in both countries of origin and destination. For example, labour outflows from a country can trigger labour shortages, while immigration flows into a country contribute to the growth of labour resources, although in some cases they can create employment problems for local residents. These interrelationships and mutual influences are complex and require detailed study. In Azerbaijan, which has long been a country of emigration, migration processes require special attention in view of the opportunities created by migrants in the country. The return of the Karabakh region to the country makes the issue of migration particularly salient. Therefore, the research topic is relevant and makes a significant contribution to ensuring the sustainable development of Azerbaijani enterprises using the mechanisms of influence of migration processes. Research questions of this study are: How do socio economic and political conditions drive migration in Azerbaijan? How migration effects on sustainable development of the enterprise economy in Azerbaijan? What are the perspectives of participation of migration processes in the development of enterprises in Azerbaijan? 1. Research methods The study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparison method, descriptive method, historical method, formal legal method, comparative legal method, content analysis method, statistical methods, correlation analysis method, multivariate regression method, and cluster analysis using the k-means method. The current study hypothesizes that migration is closely related to the sustainable development of enterprises. It is assumed that migration contributes to the achievement of the SDGs related to the sustainable development of enterprises, especially SDG 8 — “decent work and economic growth”, SDG 9 — “industry, innovation and infrastructure”, SDG 17 — “partnership for sustainable development”. Confirmation of this hypothesis can be obtained by analysing the relationship between migration indicators and indicators of economic development of enterprises. Thus, the scientific novelty of the study is to identify and characterize the impact of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economics. Previous studies have highlighted the role of migrants in the economy of countries, but there is a lack of in-depth research that would quantify the impact of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economy and describe specific areas of such impact. So we analysed 4 hypothesis in our research to highlight the development of enterprise under the migration impact. H1: Migration is closely linked to sustainable development and contributes to the achievements of the SDGs. H2: There is a positive impact of migrant workers in the economic development of the country. H3: There is a positive impact of the influx of migrants on labour markets, the state budget and economic growth. H4: There is a potential positive impact of migrant inflows and global GDP growth by comparing trends in global migration and GDP indicators. The theoretical significance of the study is to summarize aspects of the current state of migration processes and their impact on the economics of enterprises in Azerbaijan. The practical significance of the study is to develop practical recommendations for improving the participation of migrants in the sustainable development of the enterprise economics in Azerbaijan based on the results of the analysis of the impact of migration processes on the enterprise economics in the country. 2. Theoretical background Migration, fertility, and mortality are three key components of demographic research. However, until recently, the analysis of fertility and mortality has dominated research, with insufficient attention paid to the characteristics of migration processes. However, migration is currently a crucial component for understanding population change and related processes (Clark, 1986). Migration plays a leading role in demographic processes, significantly affecting the economic, cultural, and social environment. Therefore, migration policy is becoming increasingly important in the system of international relations (Adli et al., 2022). Studies of migration in countries with low population growth rates are particularly important. For example, in developed countries, the population growth rate tends to zero, so migration is an important source of human capital. In the case of developing countries, demographic processes are significantly influenced by internal migration from rural to urban areas, which changes the structure of the population within the country. Understanding migration processes allows for a deeper understanding of other global processes, such as economic and social changes at the national and global level (Clark, 1986). However, to achieve this understanding, it is important to explore the concept of migration and its types.The UN migration agency, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), defines a migrant as any person who moves or has moved across an international border or within a state from his or her habitual place of residence, regardless of: The legal status of the person The fact whether the movement is voluntary or forced The reasons for the movement Length of stay (United Nations, 2024a). To the authors opinion, this approach to the definition of the term “migrant” is too broad, as it implies that any tourist who has left his or her place of residence, even for a short period of time, can be a migrant. Therefore, the author will rely on the definition enshrined in the national legislative framework of the State under study. To improve control over migration processes, states often categorize migrants. For example, the following approach to defining categories of migrants can be found: Temporary labour migrants Highly skilled migrants and business migrants Illegal migrants Refugees Asylum seekers Family members Returned migrants (Castles, 2000). Today, the economic development of countries in general and the development of the enterprise economy cannot be imagined outside the UN Sustainable Development Concept. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by UN member states in 2015, contains a common plan for peace and prosperity. As a global socio-economic trend, migration cannot be ignored by the UN in the context of achieving the SDGs, including those related to sustainable business development (Baseline Study on Migration in Azerbaijan, 2018). One of the key proofs of the global significance of migration is its current scale. Thus, as of mid-2020, there were about 280.6 million migrants in the world. The distribution of the number of migrants by region is uneven, with the majority of migrants concentrated in Europe (86.7 million), Asia (85.6 million) and North America (58.7 million) (Fig. 4 ). The relationship between migration and sustainable development is a two-way street, i.e., both migration affects sustainable development and sustainable development affects migration. E. T. Aniche concludes that documented migration contributes positively to sustainable development, while undocumented (irregular) migration can jeopardize sustainable development. Given that GDP is often used as one of the most indicative indicators of economic development, it is advisable to analyse whether there is a link between GDP and migration. This will help to establish whether the economic growth of countries is linked to migration processes. Figure 5 shows the dynamics of global GDP and the number of international migrants. Figure 5 shows that the trends in GDP and the number of international migrants are similar. However, more precise information on the relationship between the two indicators can be obtained through a correlation analysis, the results of which are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Results of the correlation analysis between world GDP and the number of international migrants Averages St.dev. World GDP International migrant stock World GDP -0,141414 0,898499 1,000000 0,960965 International migrant stock 0,000000 1,000000 0,960965 1,000000 (Calculated by the author according to (The World Bank, 2024)) Table 1 shows that there is a very strong positive correlation between the studied indicators. This means that as one indicator increases, the other increases, which may indicate that the economic development of countries is closely linked to the migration process. 3. Migration processes in Azerbaijan and their effects on the sustainable development of the enterprise economy Both during the Soviet era and after gaining independence, Azerbaijan was a country where emigration significantly outnumbered immigration. After gaining independence, the country's population began to leave not only for the former Soviet republics, but also for other countries in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. Among the countries of the former USSR, Azerbaijan was the first country to face the problem of refugees due to Armenia's aggressive policy. However, its favourable geographical location, as well as dynamic development due to the implementation of effective government policies, led to an increasing flow of immigrants into the country, and since 2005, the country has been turning into an immigration country. All of these factors have led to the need to develop an appropriate migration policy that would promote international cooperation and take into account Azerbaijan's national interests. The development of the enterprise economy in Azerbaijan, as well as the development of the state economy, is influenced by migration processes. This can be proved by analysing statistical indicators and identifying mutual dependencies between them. Figure 7 shows the main statistical indicators of migration in Azerbaijan. Figure 7 shows the trends described in the theoretical part of the study. Thus, after independence, emigration from Azerbaijan significantly exceeded immigration. However, since 2004-2005, the number of people who left the country and the number of newcomers has almost levelled off, and after 2008, immigration has been dominating, as evidenced by the positive net migration figures in the country. Net migration shows the difference between the number of people entering the country and the number of people leaving.As noted above, Azerbaijan's economy has been developing dynamically since independence, along with the intensification of migration processes. Figure 8 shows the dynamics of the country's main macroeconomic indicators. The data in Figure 8 confirms the thesis of rapid economic development. Thus, as of 2022, the country's GDP is expected to reach about AZN 134,000 million, having almost doubled in two years. The volume of industrial output and the number of industrial enterprises are growing significantly (Figures 9 and 10). The distribution of the number of industrial enterprises by region of the country varies significantly. Figure 11 shows the approximate number of operating industrial enterprises by region of the country. Figure 12 shows the dynamics of investments in the economy of Azerbaijan. Investments are divided into domestic and foreign investments. When comparing statistics on migration and economic development to identify the relationship between them, it is first worth looking at the most general indicators. Over the past twenty years, Azerbaijan has achieved significant progress in the development of its economy and statehood. The government was able to implement sensible policies and draw in international investment in the oil and gas industry, which turned it into a development engine, despite the challenging political climate. The nation's current economic policies and plans aim to reduce reliance on the mining industry by promoting regional development, company and employment growth, and diversification. Particularly in the economy's non-oil sector, domestic investments in infrastructure, education, and industrial development might guarantee sustained economic growth. The state will be crucial in fostering an environment that is conducive to investment, promoting structural reforms, preserving macroeconomic stability, negotiating advantageous terms for WTO membership, and diversifying the economy. 4. Adaptation and contribution of migrants to Azerbaijani enterprises Given that Azerbaijan has long been a country dominated by emigration, foreign labour resources have played an important role in reducing the labour shortage, which, among other things, has contributed to increased labour productivity, economic growth and GDP. The link between migration indicators and indicators of economic development, including the development of the enterprise economy, can be confirmed by using correlation analysis for migration and economic indicators. Table 2 presents the results of the correlation analysis between these indicators (standardized data for the correlation analysis are provided in Annex B, Tables B.1-B.4). Table 2 Results of the correlation analysis between migration and economic development indicators in Azerbaijan Arrivals to the country for permanent living (thsd. person) Departments from the country for permanent living (thsd. person) Net migration (thsd. person) Indexes of industrial production All industry (percent) -0,163581 0,127377 -0,223574 Mining and quarrying (percent) 0,116346 0,349163 -0,385468 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (percent) 0,113141 0,342733 -0,378796 Manufacturing (percent) -0,467087 -0,326594 0,216303 Investments All industry (million manat) -0,315084 -0,754491 0,807300 foreign investments (million manat) -0,290200 -0,620171 0,651013 domestic investments (million manat) -0,314405 -0,753410 0,806236 Mining and quarrying (million manat) -0,280436 -0,691292 0,743002 foreign investments (million manat) -0,299697 -0,635658 0,666364 domestic investments (million manat) -0,274064 -0,734784 0,799417 Manufacturing (million manat) -0,293693 -0,527704 0,535120 foreign investments (million manat) -0,139190 -0,071219 0,032136 domestic investments (million manat) -0,292889 -0,562972 0,579110 Number of enterprises All industry (unit) -0,524207 -0,724543 0,686021 Manufacturing (unit) -0,468599 -0,552424 0,495303 Mining and quarrying (unit) -0,549445 -0,903561 0,897509 Key Macroeconomic Indicators Final consumption (million manat, annual) -0,194375 -0,622974 0,693066 Households (million manat, annual) -0,187600 -0,616653 0,687968 Government (million manat, annual) -0,218177 -0,635528 0,699026 individual consumption (million manat, annual) -0,205591 -0,599044 0,658922 collective consumption (million manat, annual) -0,226045 -0,658317 0,724074 NPISHs (million manat, annual) -0,208718 -0,682718 0,761263 Gross saving (million manat, annual) -0,290892 -0,764233 0,829103 gross fixed capital formation (million manat, annual) -0,286494 -0,760595 0,826369 changes in inventories (million manat, annual) -0,151422 -0,237473 0,233057 Net export (million manat, annual) -0,113828 -0,490012 0,560871 Exports (million manat, annual) -0,172110 -0,639037 0,721919 Imports (million manat, annual) -0,183922 -0,620414 0,694106 Discrepancy (million manat, annual) 0,208482 0,197600 -0,160714 GDP (million manat, annual) -0,206917 -0,675830 0,753459 Volume of industrial products Volume of industrial products (all industry, million manat) -0,200154 -0,666668 0,744839 Mining and quarrying (million manat) -0,188175 -0,658716 0,739816 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (million manat) -0,187598 -0,655004 0,735452 Manufacturing (million manat) -0,227459 -0,646931 0,709408 (Calculated by the authors according to (ASIS, 2024)) As can be summarized from the results of the correlation analysis, most of the economic development indicators (presented in the left column of the table) are strongly related to migration indicators such as net migration and the number of people who have left the country for permanent residence. To get an idea of the strength of the relationship, it is useful to use the Chadock’s scale (Table 3 ). Table 3 Chadock's scale for qualitative assessment of the strength of the relationship between indicators Quantitative measure of the closeness of a connection Qualitative characteristic of the bonding strength 0,1 − 0,3 Weak 0,3 − 0,5 Moderate 0,5 − 0,7 Noticeable 0,7 − 0,9 High 0,9 − 0,99 Very high In addition to the numerical value, it is important to pay attention to the sign that characterizes the direction of the relationship. For example, almost all correlation values characterizing the relationship between economic indicators and the number of people who have moved abroad are negative. This means that an increase in one indicator is accompanied by a decrease in the other. In turn, the growth of net migration is directly related to the growth of economic development indicators. To understand the essence of the analysis, it is worth examining the regression results for GDP (Table 4 ). According to the regression results for the dependent variable GDP (million manat, annual), R is 0.73793948, R2 = 0.54455467, adjusted R2 = 0.52703754, F ( 1 , 26 ) = 31.087, p < 0.00001, standard error of the estimate = 0.68772. Table 4 Regression results for the dependent variable GDP BETA St.Er. B St.Er. t (26) p-value Free term 0,000000 0,129967 0,000000 1,000000 Net migration (thsd.person) 0,737939 0,132352 0,737939 0,132352 5,575570 0,000007 The results of the multivariate regression analysis show a statistically significant relationship between net migration and GDP in Azerbaijan. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.54455467. This means that about 54% of the variation in GDP can be explained by changes in net migration. The value of the F-statistic (31.087) is high, and the p-value is less than 0.00001, which indicates that the model is statistically significant at the margin. The beta coefficient is 0.737939. This indicates that with an increase in net migration by one thousand people, GDP increases by 0.737939 million manats. The standard error of the estimate (0.132352) is quite low, which indicates a high accuracy of the beta coefficient estimate. The t-statistic value (5.575570) is high, and the p-value (0.000007) is less than the standard significance level of 0.05, which confirms the statistical significance of the results. The results suggest that net migration has a statistically significant impact on GDP in Azerbaijan. That is, an increase in the inflow of migrants leads to an increase in GDP, which indicates a positive impact of migration processes on the economy of the state in general and the economy of the enterprise in particular. These conclusions are valid for all indicators presented in Appendix E. The main results are summarized in Table 5 . Table 5 Summarizing the results of the analysis using the multivariate regression method Coefficient of determination Beta coefficient Indexes of industrial production Manufacturing (percent) 0,28991972 0,538442 Investments All industry (million manat) 0,65173366 0,807300 foreign investments (million manat) 0,42381775 0,651013 domestic investments (million manat) 0,65001646 0,806236 Number of enterprises All industry (unit) 0,44465142 0,666822 Key Macroeconomic Indicators Final consumption (million manat, annual) 0,47041302 0,685867 Households (million manat, annual) 0,46360310 0,680884 Government (million manat, annual) 0,47924059 0,692272 individual consumption (million manat, annual) 0,44245623 0,665174 collective consumption (million manat, annual) 0,50179518 0,708375 NPISHs (million manat, annual) 0,60256646 0,776252 Gross saving (million manat, annual) 0,66301035 0,814254 gross fixed capital formation (million manat, annual) 0,66351207 0,814563 Net export (million manat, annual) 0,31337811 0,559802 Exports (million manat, annual) 0,50877354 0,713284 Imports (million manat, annual) 0,48499441 0,696415 Volume of industrial products Volume of industrial products (all industry) 0,53739827 0,733075 Mining and quarrying (million manat) 0,53152487 0,729058 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (million manat) 0,52555956 0,724955 Manufacturing (million manat) 0,49373058 0,702660 In the table, the coefficient of determination determines how much of the variation in the indicators can be explained by changes in net migration. The beta coefficient indicates how much the indicator increases with an increase in net migration by 1000 people. It is proposed to assess the adaptation of migrants using the values of the Ease of Doing Business Index (The World Bank, 2024). This index characterizes how easy it is to do business in a country, taking into account such indicators as Starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, Protecting minority investors, Paying taxes, Trading across borders, Enforcing contracts, Resolving insolvency. Table 6 shows the relationship between the number of immigrants in the world and the Ease of Doing Business Index, as determined by correlation analysis. Table 6 The relationship between the number of immigrants in the world and the ease of doing business index Average St.deviation International migrant stock, total Overall ease of doing business score 2020 -0,000714 1,002651 0,284477 Thus, there is a weak but statistically significant relationship between the number of immigrants in the world and the ease of doing business index. It is worth noting that Azerbaijan has a fairly high position in this index. Table 7 shows the main results of Azerbaijan's performance on the above index and its components. Table 7 Azerbaijan's main results on the ease of doing business index and its components Topics Doing Business 2020 Rank Doing Business 2020 Score Doing Business 2019 Score Change in score (% points) Overall 34 76.7 73.6 ↑ 3.1 Starting a Business 9 96.2 96.1 ↑ 0.1 Dealing with Construction Permits 59 73.4 73.1 ↑ 0.3 Getting Electricity 80 77.3 77.3 … Registering Property 44 75.4 72.2 ↑ 3.2 Getting Credit 1 100 80.0 ↑ 20 Protecting Minority Investors 105 50.0 46.0 ↑ 4 Paying Taxes 40 84.0 84.6 ↓ 0.6 Trading across Borders 83 77.0 77.0 … Enforcing Contracts 28 70.3 65.7 ↑ 4.6 Resolving Insolvency 47 63.5 63.8 ↓ 0.3 As a result, Azerbaijan ranks 34th among countries in the world according to the Ease of Doing Business Index. It is particularly noteworthy that Azerbaijan ranks first in the world in the sub-index “Getting Credit”. Complementing these results with a cluster analysis for all countries for which the Ease of Doing Business Index is calculated, it can be noted that Azerbaijan belongs to the strongest cluster (Appendix D, Table D.1). Figure 15 shows the graphs of the averages for the three identified clusters (Azerbaijan belongs to the third cluster). Conclusions The study revealed the theoretical and practical implications of migration processes in the context of the socio-economic and political crisis in the world. The analysis of approaches to defining the concept of migration and its types showed that such approaches can vary significantly. The main difference is in determining the spatial and temporal context of migration. Therefore, the study suggests relying on the definition of migration proposed in the national legislation of the state under study to prevent misunderstandings The overall result of the study proves that migration processes have a significant positive impact on the sustainable development of enterprises. In particular, the growth of the net migration indicator affects several economic indicators, in particular, it explains about 65% of the variation in the investment indicator, 54% of the variation in the GDP indicator, etc. Thus, stimulating and properly regulating migration processes should be one of the government's priority areas of activity. Further areas of research on the mechanisms of the impact of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economy may include the development of proposals for governmental and non-governmental programmes to stimulate the development of businesses founded by migrants. Such a programme may contain a description of ways of informing and communicating, a description of priority areas of business development in the region, legislative opportunities and, directly, proposals for encouraging migrants to participate in such a programme (certain benefits, opportunities, bonuses, etc. Thus, it can be concluded that the government's efforts to provide opportunities for easy business start-up and operation have had a very positive result. A favourable business climate has been created in the country, which, among other things, contributes to the improved adaptation of migrants. At the same time, a number of recommendations can be made to further expand opportunities for immigrants to increase their positive impact on the economy: The growth of net migration affects a number of economic indicators, in particular, explaining about 65% of the variation in investment. Accordingly, it is advisable to take further steps and implement government programmes to increase the investment attractiveness of the economy and enterprises for both domestic and foreign investors. In this context, it is worth noting that the attractive sectors for investment in Azerbaijan, as revealed in the study, are not only the gas and oil industries, but also agriculture, transport, trade, information technology, e-commerce, etc. The significant potential of the Karabakh region should be used for the benefit of the national economy and the economy of the enterprise, in which migrants can play an important role. It is necessary to further develop programmes to create favourable conditions for IDPs and migrants in order to encourage them to return/migrate to the region, which will provide it with labour, both highly skilled and unskilled. This will help to improve economic performance and increase the productivity of the region's economy. The historical features of the Azerbaijani economy should be used in tandem with innovative technologies, which will increase the competitiveness of enterprises, taking into account local advantages. Further improvement of the legislative framework and its harmonization with international standards is needed. On the one hand, such measures should help reduce the number of illegal migrants, and on the other hand, encourage legal migration flows into the country. The potential of labour migration should be used to support the sustainable development of enterprises. This may involve various programmes to support migrants, especially educational programmes, and training. Declarations Author Contribution Maryam Adli wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures. Elshan Ahmadov reviewed the manuscript and gave suggestion for minor changes. References Abraham, D. Law and Migration: Constants, Challenges, and Changes // - Migration Theory , - 2022. p. 306-340. Adger, W. 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URL: https://internationalwealth.info/best-offshore-services/zaregistrirovat-ip-v-azerbajdzhane/ IOM. Azerbaijan, - 2024. URL: https://azerbaijan.iom.int/who-we-are Iq decision. Регистрация компаний в Азербайджане, - 2023. URL: https://iqdecision.com/faq/azerbajdzhan/ Jennissen, R. P. W. (2004). Macro-economic determinants of international migration in Europe // - Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. URL: https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/9799521/c2.pdf Katsarski, N. Factors determining migration of the population // - KNOWLEDGE-International Journal , - 2019. № 30 (6), p. 1729-1733. DOI: 10.35120/kij30061729k Ketners, K. Petersone, M. The personalized model for the sustainable development of human resources in customs // - Intellectual Economics, - 2021. № 15(1), - p. 5-14. Kok, P. The definition of migration and its application: Making sense of recent South African census and survey data // - Southern African Journal of Demography 7, - 1999. p. 19–30. URL: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA16824482_41 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 06 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 03 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5026951","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":350322547,"identity":"495a564a-52d7-4783-98e6-0996e947847f","order_by":0,"name":"Maryam Adli","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACgwMw1nHGxoeNDURosYRrOczYbEiUFnuEFgY2SaK0mB0/+0ziZw6DPN9h5rbKmTvs7PlnH2B8XPELj5Yz6WaSvdsYDGceZmy7ufFMMrPEuQRmw7N9eLQcSGOT4N3GwLgBpOVhGzMbwxmQC3twazE4/4xN8u82BnuQlsKHbfU88gS13EhjkwbakgjSwrix7bCEAUhLww98Wp4xW8tuk0gG+qVZcmbbcQPDMwRC2+B8GuPNt9tsbPuOtz/82NtWbS93hvngw4Y/uLUAAYsEA4MEsgBjAwNjG14tzB+wCOK3ZRSMglEwCkYWAACkEFg7uEy2ewAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Khazar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maryam","middleName":"","lastName":"Adli","suffix":""},{"id":350322548,"identity":"2f3ca2be-3556-4d41-b6f7-e17568bea968","order_by":1,"name":"Elshan Ahmadov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khazar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elshan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmadov","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-03 18:43:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026951/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026951/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67103969,"identity":"a8fb73ab-75f6-47ae-99e4-5c6b375a678e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 4. The number of international migrants by region of the world (compiled by the author from (United Nations, 2024a))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/462e9538a90d12dd40851222.png"},{"id":67103976,"identity":"9e8ab0a3-8424-4318-8537-f69236585946","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 5. Dynamics of world GDP (in US$) and the number of international migrants (total number of people) (built by the author according to (The World Bank, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/a5e653406a0703d30b430ca8.png"},{"id":67103968,"identity":"0d3aa82a-60d1-4d67-9ac3-e4148d11a17a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 7. Key statistical indicators of migration in Azerbaijan for 1995-2022 (compiled by the author based on (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/3df6328d13a6c02b3c5356d8.png"},{"id":67103974,"identity":"959a68b4-2f2f-46ce-b265-24e1671372ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 8. Dynamics of the Main Macroeconomic Indicators of Azerbaijan for 1995-2022 (compiled by the author according to (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/4bf7d877c30a460b90039a6c.png"},{"id":67103972,"identity":"1ecdfb30-4809-4028-9d7b-b00316af2805","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 9. Industrial output of Azerbaijan in 1995-2022 (built by the author according to (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/478c556339c61f8589062ed0.png"},{"id":67103970,"identity":"24625ceb-a1b6-4885-8c8b-830fb0d9053a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36323,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 10. The number of operating industrial enterprises in Azerbaijan in 1995-2022 (built by the author according to (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/91392dfeb81ab42d7f15b802.png"},{"id":67103975,"identity":"2bc5bbb1-4d82-452b-ba6c-1f9728c602d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:27","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75887,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 11. Number of operating industrial enterprises by regions of Azerbaijan in 2022 (built by the author according to (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/8837b843deb15e3226571311.png"},{"id":67105361,"identity":"3349d6be-9dc3-4195-994e-ecbd98728c01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:42:26","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 12. Dynamics of domestic and foreign investments in the economy of Azerbaijan in 1998-2022 (built by the author according to (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/c65151c1511eb157827924ff.png"},{"id":67103973,"identity":"da25abe9-e909-4593-bf47-28887f4061af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 15. Graphs of averages for clusters of countries according to the Ease of Doing Business Index. Thus, it can be concluded that the government's efforts to provide opportunities for easy business start-up and operation have had a very positive result. A favourable business climate has been created in the country, which, among other things, contributes to the improved adaptation of migrants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/dcbc5628533b97fa92506dce.png"},{"id":67105362,"identity":"6f0da454-d4eb-4f51-8fb0-1a967d3590da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 08:42:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":919392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5026951/v1/6284114d-c070-4546-aa7b-58580a70145b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mechanisms of Influence of Migration Processes on the Sustainable Development of Enterprise Economics (Case of Azerbaijan)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMigration processes are an integral part of social life. The intensification of such processes under the influence of globalization, aggravation of conflicts of various origins and a number of macroeconomic factors will lead to an increase in their impact on all aspects of life and the business process. Labour migration is of particular importance, as it has a direct impact on the economy and sustainable development of enterprises in both countries of origin and destination. For example, labour outflows from a country can trigger labour shortages, while immigration flows into a country contribute to the growth of labour resources, although in some cases they can create employment problems for local residents. These interrelationships and mutual influences are complex and require detailed study. In Azerbaijan, which has long been a country of emigration, migration processes require special attention in view of the opportunities created by migrants in the country. The return of the Karabakh region to the country makes the issue of migration particularly salient. Therefore, the research topic is relevant and makes a significant contribution to ensuring the sustainable development of Azerbaijani enterprises using the mechanisms of influence of migration processes. Research questions of this study are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow do socio economic and political conditions drive migration in Azerbaijan?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow migration effects on sustainable development of the enterprise economy in Azerbaijan?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are the perspectives of participation of migration processes in the development of enterprises in Azerbaijan?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1. Research methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparison method, descriptive method, historical method, formal legal method, comparative legal method, content analysis method, statistical methods, correlation analysis method, multivariate regression method, and cluster analysis using the k-means method. The current study hypothesizes that migration is closely related to the sustainable development of enterprises. It is assumed that migration contributes to the achievement of the SDGs related to the sustainable development of enterprises, especially SDG 8 — “decent work and economic growth”, SDG 9 — “industry, innovation and infrastructure”, SDG 17 — “partnership for sustainable development”. Confirmation of this hypothesis can be obtained by analysing the relationship between migration indicators and indicators of economic development of enterprises. Thus, the scientific novelty of the study is to identify and characterize the impact of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economics. Previous studies have highlighted the role of migrants in the economy of countries, but there is a lack of in-depth research that would quantify the impact of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economy and describe specific areas of such impact. So we analysed 4 hypothesis in our research to highlight the development of enterprise under the migration impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1: Migration is closely linked to sustainable development and contributes to the achievements of the SDGs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH2: There is a positive impact of migrant workers in the economic development of the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH3: There is a positive impact of the influx of migrants on labour markets, the state budget and economic growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH4: There is a potential positive impact of migrant inflows and global GDP growth by comparing trends in global migration and GDP indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe theoretical significance of the study is to summarize aspects of the current state of migration processes and their impact on the economics of enterprises in Azerbaijan. The practical significance of the study is to develop practical recommendations for improving the participation of migrants in the sustainable development of the enterprise economics in Azerbaijan based on the results of the analysis of the impact of migration processes on the enterprise economics in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"2. Theoretical background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMigration, fertility, and mortality are three key components of demographic research. However, until recently, the analysis of fertility and mortality has dominated research, with insufficient attention paid to the characteristics of migration processes. However, migration is currently a crucial component for understanding population change and related processes (Clark, 1986). Migration plays a leading role in demographic processes, significantly affecting the economic, cultural, and social environment. Therefore, migration policy is becoming increasingly important in the system of international relations (Adli et al., 2022). Studies of migration in countries with low population growth rates are particularly important. For example, in developed countries, the population growth rate tends to zero, so migration is an important source of human capital. In the case of developing countries, demographic processes are significantly influenced by internal migration from rural to urban areas, which changes the structure of the population within the country. Understanding migration processes allows for a deeper understanding of other global processes, such as economic and social changes at the national and global level (Clark, 1986). However, to achieve this understanding, it is important to explore the concept of migration and its types.The UN migration agency, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), defines a migrant as any person who moves or has moved across an international border or within a state from his or her habitual place of residence, regardless of:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe legal status of the person\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe fact whether the movement is voluntary or forced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe reasons for the movement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of stay (United Nations, 2024a).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo the authors opinion, this approach to the definition of the term “migrant” is too broad, as it implies that any tourist who has left his or her place of residence, even for a short period of time, can be a migrant. Therefore, the author will rely on the definition enshrined in the national legislative framework of the State under study. To improve control over migration processes, states often categorize migrants. For example, the following approach to defining categories of migrants can be found:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemporary labour migrants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly skilled migrants and business migrants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIllegal migrants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRefugees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsylum seekers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily members\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReturned migrants (Castles, 2000).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eToday, the economic development of countries in general and the development of the enterprise economy cannot be imagined outside the UN Sustainable Development Concept. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by UN member states in 2015, contains a common plan for peace and prosperity. As a global socio-economic trend, migration cannot be ignored by the UN in the context of achieving the SDGs, including those related to sustainable business development (Baseline Study on Migration in Azerbaijan, 2018). One of the key proofs of the global significance of migration is its current scale. Thus, as of mid-2020, there were about 280.6 million migrants in the world. The distribution of the number of migrants by region is uneven, with the majority of migrants concentrated in Europe (86.7 million), Asia (85.6 million) and North America (58.7 million) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between migration and sustainable development is a two-way street, i.e., both migration affects sustainable development and sustainable development affects migration. E. T. Aniche concludes that documented migration contributes positively to sustainable development, while undocumented (irregular) migration can jeopardize sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven that GDP is often used as one of the most indicative indicators of economic development, it is advisable to analyse whether there is a link between GDP and migration. This will help to establish whether the economic growth of countries is linked to migration processes. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the dynamics of global GDP and the number of international migrants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows that the trends in GDP and the number of international migrants are similar. However, more precise information on the relationship between the two indicators can be obtained through a correlation analysis, the results of which are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults of the correlation analysis between world GDP and the number of international migrants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverages\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSt.dev.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorld GDP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational migrant stock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorld GDP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,141414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,898499\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,000000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,960965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational migrant stock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,000000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,000000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,960965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,000000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003e(Calculated by the author according to (The World Bank, 2024))\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows that there is a very strong positive correlation between the studied indicators. This means that as one indicator increases, the other increases, which may indicate that the economic development of countries is closely linked to the migration process.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Migration processes in Azerbaijan and their effects on the sustainable development of the enterprise economy","content":"\u003cp\u003eBoth during the Soviet era and after gaining independence, Azerbaijan was a country where emigration significantly outnumbered immigration. After gaining independence, the country\u0026apos;s population began to leave not only for the former Soviet republics, but also for other countries in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. Among the countries of the former USSR, Azerbaijan was the first country to face the problem of refugees due to Armenia\u0026apos;s aggressive policy. However, its favourable geographical location, as well as dynamic development due to the implementation of effective government policies, led to an increasing flow of immigrants into the country, and since 2005, the country has been turning into an immigration country. All of these factors have led to the need to develop an appropriate migration policy that would promote international cooperation and take into account Azerbaijan\u0026apos;s national interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe development of the enterprise economy in Azerbaijan, as well as the development of the state economy, is influenced by migration processes. This can be proved by analysing statistical indicators and identifying mutual dependencies between them. Figure 7 shows the main statistical indicators of migration in Azerbaijan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 7 shows the trends described in the theoretical part of the study. Thus, after independence, emigration from Azerbaijan significantly exceeded immigration. However, since 2004-2005, the number of people who left the country and the number of newcomers has almost levelled off, and after 2008, immigration has been dominating, as evidenced by the positive net migration figures in the country. Net migration shows the difference between the number of people entering the country and the number of people leaving.As noted above, Azerbaijan\u0026apos;s economy has been developing dynamically since independence, along with the intensification of migration processes. Figure 8 shows the dynamics of the country\u0026apos;s main macroeconomic indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data in Figure 8 confirms the thesis of rapid economic development. Thus, as of 2022, the country\u0026apos;s GDP is expected to reach about AZN 134,000 million, having almost doubled in two years. The volume of industrial output and the number of industrial enterprises are growing significantly (Figures 9 and 10).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of the number of industrial enterprises by region of the country varies significantly. Figure 11 shows the approximate number of operating industrial enterprises by region of the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 12 shows the dynamics of investments in the economy of Azerbaijan. Investments are divided into domestic and foreign investments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing statistics on migration and economic development to identify the relationship between them, it is first worth looking at the most general indicators. Over the past twenty years, Azerbaijan has achieved significant progress in the development of its economy and statehood. The government was able to implement sensible policies and draw in international investment in the oil and gas industry, which turned it into a development engine, despite the challenging political climate. The nation\u0026apos;s current economic policies and plans aim to reduce reliance on the mining industry by promoting regional development, company and employment growth, and diversification.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticularly in the economy\u0026apos;s non-oil sector, domestic investments in infrastructure, education, and industrial development might guarantee sustained economic growth. The state will be crucial in fostering an environment that is conducive to investment, promoting structural reforms, preserving macroeconomic stability, negotiating advantageous terms for WTO membership, and diversifying the economy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Adaptation and contribution of migrants to Azerbaijani enterprises","content":"\u003cp\u003eGiven that Azerbaijan has long been a country dominated by emigration, foreign labour resources have played an important role in reducing the labour shortage, which, among other things, has contributed to increased labour productivity, economic growth and GDP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe link between migration indicators and indicators of economic development, including the development of the enterprise economy, can be confirmed by using correlation analysis for migration and economic indicators. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the correlation analysis between these indicators (standardized data for the correlation analysis are provided in Annex B, Tables B.1-B.4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the correlation analysis between migration and economic development indicators in Azerbaijan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArrivals to the country for permanent living (thsd. person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepartments from the country for permanent living (thsd. person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet migration (thsd. person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndexes of industrial production\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll industry (percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,163581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,127377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,223574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and quarrying (percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,116346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,349163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,385468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,113141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,342733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,378796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing (percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,467087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,326594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,216303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll industry (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,315084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,754491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,807300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eforeign investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,290200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,620171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,651013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edomestic investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,314405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,753410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,806236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and quarrying (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,280436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,691292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,743002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eforeign investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,299697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,635658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,666364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edomestic investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,274064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,734784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,799417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,293693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,527704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,535120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eforeign investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,139190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,071219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,032136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edomestic investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,292889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,562972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,579110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of enterprises\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll industry (unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,524207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,724543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,686021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing (unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,468599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,552424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,495303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and quarrying (unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,549445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,903561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,897509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Macroeconomic Indicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal consumption (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,194375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,622974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,693066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,187600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,616653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,687968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,218177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,635528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,699026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eindividual consumption (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,205591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,599044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,658922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecollective consumption (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,226045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,658317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,724074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPISHs (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,208718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,682718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,761263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross saving (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,290892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,764233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,829103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egross fixed capital formation (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,286494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,760595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,826369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echanges in inventories (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,151422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,237473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,233057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet export (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,113828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,490012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,560871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExports (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,172110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,639037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,721919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImports (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,183922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,620414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,694106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscrepancy (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,208482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,197600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,160714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDP (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,206917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,675830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,753459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume of industrial products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume of industrial products (all industry, million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,200154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,666668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,744839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and quarrying (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,188175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,658716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,739816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,187598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,655004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,735452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,227459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,646931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,709408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e(Calculated by the authors according to (ASIS, 2024))\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be summarized from the results of the correlation analysis, most of the economic development indicators (presented in the left column of the table) are strongly related to migration indicators such as net migration and the number of people who have left the country for permanent residence. To get an idea of the strength of the relationship, it is useful to use the Chadock\u0026rsquo;s scale (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChadock's scale for qualitative assessment of the strength of the relationship between indicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative measure of the closeness of a connection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative characteristic of the bonding strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoticeable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery high\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to the numerical value, it is important to pay attention to the sign that characterizes the direction of the relationship. For example, almost all correlation values characterizing the relationship between economic indicators and the number of people who have moved abroad are negative. This means that an increase in one indicator is accompanied by a decrease in the other. In turn, the growth of net migration is directly related to the growth of economic development indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo understand the essence of the analysis, it is worth examining the regression results for GDP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). According to the regression results for the dependent variable GDP (million manat, annual), R is 0.73793948, R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.54455467, adjusted R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.52703754, F (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31.087, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00001, standard error of the estimate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.68772.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression results for the dependent variable GDP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBETA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt.Er.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt.Er.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et (26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree term\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,129967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet migration (thsd.person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,737939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,132352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,737939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,132352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,575570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the multivariate regression analysis show a statistically significant relationship between net migration and GDP in Azerbaijan. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.54455467. This means that about 54% of the variation in GDP can be explained by changes in net migration. The value of the F-statistic (31.087) is high, and the p-value is less than 0.00001, which indicates that the model is statistically significant at the margin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe beta coefficient is 0.737939. This indicates that with an increase in net migration by one thousand people, GDP increases by 0.737939\u0026nbsp;million manats. The standard error of the estimate (0.132352) is quite low, which indicates a high accuracy of the beta coefficient estimate. The t-statistic value (5.575570) is high, and the p-value (0.000007) is less than the standard significance level of 0.05, which confirms the statistical significance of the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results suggest that net migration has a statistically significant impact on GDP in Azerbaijan. That is, an increase in the inflow of migrants leads to an increase in GDP, which indicates a positive impact of migration processes on the economy of the state in general and the economy of the enterprise in particular.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese conclusions are valid for all indicators presented in Appendix E. The main results are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummarizing the results of the analysis using the multivariate regression method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient of determination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndexes of industrial production\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing (percent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,28991972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,538442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll industry (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,65173366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,807300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eforeign investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,42381775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,651013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edomestic investments (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,65001646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,806236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of enterprises\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll industry (unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,44465142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,666822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Macroeconomic Indicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal consumption (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,47041302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,685867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,46360310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,680884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,47924059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,692272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eindividual consumption (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,44245623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,665174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecollective consumption (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,50179518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,708375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPISHs (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,60256646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,776252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross saving (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,66301035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,814254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egross fixed capital formation (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,66351207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,814563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet export (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,31337811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,559802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExports (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,50877354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,713284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImports (million manat, annual)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,48499441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,696415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume of industrial products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume of industrial products (all industry)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53739827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,733075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining and quarrying (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53152487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,729058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,52555956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,724955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing (million manat)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,49373058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,702660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the table, the coefficient of determination determines how much of the variation in the indicators can be explained by changes in net migration. The beta coefficient indicates how much the indicator increases with an increase in net migration by 1000 people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is proposed to assess the adaptation of migrants using the values of the Ease of Doing Business Index (The World Bank, 2024). This index characterizes how easy it is to do business in a country, taking into account such indicators as Starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, Protecting minority investors, Paying taxes, Trading across borders, Enforcing contracts, Resolving insolvency. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the relationship between the number of immigrants in the world and the Ease of Doing Business Index, as determined by correlation analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between the number of immigrants in the world and the ease of doing business index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt.deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational migrant stock, total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall ease of doing business score 2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,000714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,002651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,284477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, there is a weak but statistically significant relationship between the number of immigrants in the world and the ease of doing business index. It is worth noting that Azerbaijan has a fairly high position in this index. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the main results of Azerbaijan's performance on the above index and its components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzerbaijan's main results on the ease of doing business index and its components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoing Business 2020 Rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoing Business 2020 Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoing Business 2019 Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange in score (% points)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarting a Business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDealing with Construction Permits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting Electricity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistering Property\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting Credit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtecting Minority Investors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaying Taxes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;\u0026nbsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrading across Borders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnforcing Contracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;\u0026nbsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResolving Insolvency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;\u0026nbsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, Azerbaijan ranks 34th among countries in the world according to the Ease of Doing Business Index. It is particularly noteworthy that Azerbaijan ranks first in the world in the sub-index \u0026ldquo;Getting Credit\u0026rdquo;. Complementing these results with a cluster analysis for all countries for which the Ease of Doing Business Index is calculated, it can be noted that Azerbaijan belongs to the strongest cluster (Appendix D, Table D.1). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e shows the graphs of the averages for the three identified clusters (Azerbaijan belongs to the third cluster).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed the theoretical and practical implications of migration processes in the context of the socio-economic and political crisis in the world. The analysis of approaches to defining the concept of migration and its types showed that such approaches can vary significantly. The main difference is in determining the spatial and temporal context of migration. Therefore, the study suggests relying on the definition of migration proposed in the national legislation of the state under study to prevent misunderstandings\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall result of the study proves that migration processes have a significant positive impact on the sustainable development of enterprises. In particular, the growth of the net migration indicator affects several economic indicators, in particular, it explains about 65% of the variation in the investment indicator, 54% of the variation in the GDP indicator, etc. Thus, stimulating and properly regulating migration processes should be one of the government's priority areas of activity. Further areas of research on the mechanisms of the impact of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economy may include the development of proposals for governmental and non-governmental programmes to stimulate the development of businesses founded by migrants. Such a programme may contain a description of ways of informing and communicating, a description of priority areas of business development in the region, legislative opportunities and, directly, proposals for encouraging migrants to participate in such a programme (certain benefits, opportunities, bonuses, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, it can be concluded that the government's efforts to provide opportunities for easy business start-up and operation have had a very positive result. A favourable business climate has been created in the country, which, among other things, contributes to the improved adaptation of migrants. At the same time, a number of \u003cb\u003erecommendations\u003c/b\u003e can be made to further expand opportunities for immigrants to increase their positive impact on the economy:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth of net migration affects a number of economic indicators, in particular, explaining about 65% of the variation in investment. Accordingly, it is advisable to take further steps and implement government programmes to increase the investment attractiveness of the economy and enterprises for both domestic and foreign investors. In this context, it is worth noting that the attractive sectors for investment in Azerbaijan, as revealed in the study, are not only the gas and oil industries, but also agriculture, transport, trade, information technology, e-commerce, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significant potential of the Karabakh region should be used for the benefit of the national economy and the economy of the enterprise, in which migrants can play an important role. It is necessary to further develop programmes to create favourable conditions for IDPs and migrants in order to encourage them to return/migrate to the region, which will provide it with labour, both highly skilled and unskilled. This will help to improve economic performance and increase the productivity of the region's economy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe historical features of the Azerbaijani economy should be used in tandem with innovative technologies, which will increase the competitiveness of enterprises, taking into account local advantages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther improvement of the legislative framework and its harmonization with international standards is needed. On the one hand, such measures should help reduce the number of illegal migrants, and on the other hand, encourage legal migration flows into the country.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potential of labour migration should be used to support the sustainable development of enterprises. This may involve various programmes to support migrants, especially educational programmes, and training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaryam Adli wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures. Elshan Ahmadov reviewed the manuscript and gave suggestion for minor changes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbraham, D. Law and Migration: Constants, Challenges, and Changes // - \u003cem\u003eMigration Theory\u003c/em\u003e, - 2022. p. 306-340. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdger, W. N., Fransen S., de Campos R. S., Clark, W. C. (2024). Migration and sustainable development // - PNAS. № 121(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2206193121\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdli, M., Adli, H., Adli, M. Possibilities and Challenges of Migration // - Review of Economics and Finance, - 2022. № 20, - p. 1308-1315. 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URL: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA16824482_41\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"swiss-journal-of-economics-and-statistics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"sjes","sideBox":"Learn more about [Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics](https://sjes.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"41937","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41937/3","title":"Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sustainable Development, Enterprise economics, Labour migrants, Innovation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026951/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026951/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper summarises the theoretical foundations and practical provisions on the mechanisms of influence of migration processes on the sustainable development of the enterprise economics (on the case of Azerbaijan). The role of migration processes in the sustainable development of the enterprise economy is emphasised by correlation with both migration and the development of the enterprise economy. The positive role of migrant workers in the economic development of countries is confirmed by determining the benefits of migration and supporting the results obtained with statistical indicators. We made the correlation and regression analysis, to define the link between migration and economic development indicators in Azerbaijan. As a result of these and statistical analysis, recommendations were developed for further expanding opportunities for immigrants to strengthen their impact on the enterprise economy in Azerbaijan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJEL classification: \u003c/strong\u003eQ01, M21, J61, O31\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mechanisms of Influence of Migration Processes on the Sustainable Development of Enterprise Economics (Case of Azerbaijan)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-21 08:34:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5026951/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-06T05:40:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-05T14:24:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics","date":"2024-09-03T18:42:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"swiss-journal-of-economics-and-statistics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"sjes","sideBox":"Learn more about [Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics](https://sjes.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"41937","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41937/3","title":"Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"71659bb8-97da-4d91-9072-0be132c83dc4","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 21st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-21T08:34:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-21 08:34:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5026951","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5026951","identity":"rs-5026951","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}