Phytochemical profiling, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation of Bergera koenigii seed extracts against Leukemic cancer

Phytochemical profiling, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation of Bergera koenigii seed extracts against Leukemic cancer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phytochemical profiling, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation of Bergera koenigii seed extracts against Leukemic cancer Balaji Govindswamy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4452217/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Exon → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Traditional herbs have always been pioneers in the development of new therapeutics. According to Ayurveda, India has always been a hub of many herbs and shrubs that possess numerous polyphenols and flavonoids with promising anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The present study aimed to elucidate the anticancer activity of various methanol, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Bergera koenigii seeds against THP-1 cells. In addition to phytochemical analysis, total phenol and flavonoid content (TPC, TFC) and antioxidant assays were also performed to estimate the potential of the Bergera koenigii seeds. Among these, the methanolic extract of Bergera koenigii seeds inhibited leukemic THP-1 cells due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, tricosanoic acid and γ-sitosterol, as revealed by GC‒MS analysis. According to the radical scavenging capacity, both hexadecanoic acid and octadecadienoic acid exhibited the highest anticancer activity, with IC50 values of 15±8.37 and 15±0.23 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, the methanolic extract had a TPC of 959.97 mg/GAE and a TFC of 1443.20 mg/QE, and the antioxidant activity had an IC50 value of 369.09, Antibacterial activity with 10 ± 0.5 mm Escherichia coli , 8 ± 0.82 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and15 ± 1.7 mm for Staphylococcus aureus . Thus, the above results indicate that the methanolic extracts of Bergera koenigii seeds are more promising drugs against leukemic THP-1 cell lines than are the chloroform and pet ether extracts. Acute myeloid leukemia Bergera koenigii seeds THP-1 cells antioxidant anticancer antimicrobial Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Plants have been used as medicine since the dawn of humanity. Because traditional medicine is founded on nature, herbs that have the power to lessen the effects of sickness are utilized as treatments. Traditional medicine is rooted in culture, and it is necessary to research the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of its extracts. Drugs used to treat, prevent, and diagnose illnesses make up the majority of pharmaceuticals. The purpose of the medication's adverse effects is to exacerbate the patients’ problems. Most adverse pharmaceutical effects may be predicted computationally, and advancements in technology have enabled the synthesis of natural chemical compounds from conventional herbs. Bergera koenigii , a plant of the Rutaceae family, is extensively dispersed in Eastern Asia, and its medicinal qualities are well documented in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian school of medicine. Singh, 2014 reported that distinct plant extracts have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-leishmanial, and anticancer effects. Bergera koenigii is indigenous to India, Sri Lanka, and other South Asian countries. In India, Bergera koenigii is widespread and can be found in large quantities everywhere from Sikkim to Garhwal, Bengal, Assam, the Western Ghats, and Kerala. Along with South Indian immigrants, it made its way from India to Malaysia, South Africa, and Reunion Island. Numerous disease pathologies frequently have commonalities with oxidative stress activities. When created at a higher rate, it causes biomolecule damage, mutational implications, and tissue damageHajam et al ., 2022. Oxidative stress is eventually reduced by antioxidant supplements. Bergera koenigii has been utilized in many antioxidant activity experiments. Antioxidants, particularly plant-based compounds, provide lead for the prevention and treatment of diseases Szymanska et al ., 2018. Antimicrobial resistance develops among microorganisms as a result of increased use of these drugs. Plant-based compounds could be effective against microorganisms. Phytomedicines work synergistically as therapies by interacting with microorganisms. Bergera koenigii shows broad antimicrobial activity against various species Abeysinghe et al ., 2021. Treatment of cancer with chemotherapy and radiation causes lethality to normal cells and can cause side effects. The active components of plants have paved the way for the development of new therapeutics to treat cancer. Khan et al ., 2019 suggested that Bergera koenigii has anticancer potential and prevents cancer with less toxicity to the human body. The solvent polarity has an impact on how well the antioxidant activity is preserved Kumari et al ., 2020. The extract may be poisonous and have negative consequences depending on the solvent. These factors make it crucial to choose the extraction solvent in accordance with the requirements for phytochemicals and the functions of those compounds. The goal of this study was to investigate and elucidate the effects of polar and nonpolar solvents on chemical compound preservation as well as the antioxidant and anticancer properties of Bergera koenigii seeds. The anticancer effect of Bergera koenigii seeds on the acute myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1 was evident in this study. The seed extracts were initially screened for phytochemicals, after which GC‒MS, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity analyses were performed. The findings highlight the anticancer properties of seed extracts by demonstrating how mahanine, mahanimbine, kenimbine, and other alkaloids play critical roles in preventing the proliferation of the THP-1 cell line. Materials and methods Chemicals and reagents: Aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ), ammonia solution (NH 4 OH), concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ), glacial acetic acid, Mayer's reagent, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), petroleum ether (C 6 H 14 ), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the reagents Fehling's solution A and B, ferric chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the solvent methanol (99.8%) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Bromine water, nutrient agar, and the solvent chloroform (99.8%) were purchased from HiMedia. The antibiotics dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), fetal calf serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and trypsin were purchased from Gibco. Plant material: B. koenigii seeds were collected from Mandaiyur, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, and India. The seeds were washed thrice with distilled water to remove unwanted debris and then dried at room temperature (RT) for 3 to 4 weeks. The dried seeds were powdered in a blender and sieved. The powder was stored in an airtight, amber-coated bottle for future analysis at room temperature. Extraction: The seed powder (50 g) was dissolved in 500 ml of methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether. The mixture was then incubated on a rotary shaker at 100 rpm for 3 h, followed by mixing in an ultrasonic water bath (Labman LMUC-9) at 50°C for 50 min. The mixture was then filtered through a No.42whatman filter paper and the filtered solvent were concentrated using a rotary evaporator (Buchi R-100) at 40°C. The seed extracts were stored in a refrigerator until further analysis. Preliminary phytochemical screening: To confirm that the plant's chemical extracts includes the anticipated beneficial secondary metabolites, we carried out preliminary phytochemical profiling. Conventional biochemical testing was used to assess the presence or absence of certain phytochemicals in compliance with previously published protocols. The seed extract was dissolved in methanol, chloroform, and pet ether individually and tested for alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and reducing sugars, Syame et al ., 2022,Ayoola et al ., 2008,Gonfa et al ., 2020, Gul et al ., 2017,Neelima et al ., 2022. Determination of total phenolic content: The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content of the extracts. Two hundred microliters of 0.1% crude extract (from each solvent) was diluted to 3 ml with distilled water and thoroughly mixed with 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent for 3 min, after which 2 ml of 20% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added. The mixture was allowed to stand for an additional 60 minutes in the dark, after which the absorbance was measured at 650 nm. The total phenolic content was determined from the calibration curve, and the results are presented as mg of gallic acid equivalent per g dry weightBaba and Malik, 2015. Determination of total flavonoid content The aluminum chloride colorimetric technique was used to determine the total flavonoid content of the crude extract. Fifty microlitres of 0.1% crude extracts (the respective solvents) were diluted to 1 ml with methanol and combined with 4 ml of distilled water. After 5 minutes of incubation, 0.3 mL of a 5% NaNO2 solution and 0.3 mL of a 10% AlCl 3 solution were added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 6 minutes. After that, 2 mL of 1 N NaOH solution was added, and the total volume of the combination was brought to 10 mL using double-distilled water. After 15 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content was determined from the calibration curve, and the results are presented as mg of quercetin equivalent per g dry weightBaba and Malik, 2015. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis: Bergera koenigiiseed extract was subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (SHIMADZU IRTracer-100) to identify the functional groups present in the extract. Translucent sample discs were prepared by encapsulating 10 mg of extracts in 100 mg of KBr pellets. All spectra were acquired in the range of 4000 − 400 cm − 1 with 4 cm − 1 resolutionKonappa et al ., 2020. Gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry: GC‒MS analysis of the seed extracts was performed using a Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus thermal desorption system (TD20). Ionization energy of 70 eV was used, and helium gas was used as a carrier with a flow rate of 1.20 ml/min. One microliter of the sample was injected. The GC injector temperature was maintained at 230°C, and the MS transfer line temperature was maintained at 280°C. The temperature of the ion source was set at 300°C. The first oven temperature was set to 50°C with a hold time of 60 s. Then, the temperature was increased to 300°C (at 5°C/min) with a hold time of 5 min and to 235°C (at 10°C/min) with a hold time of 10 min. The resulting peaks were analysed using various inbuilt MS libraries, such as WILEY8. LIB and NIST05.LIB. Antioxidant profiling: DPPH assay: The antioxidant activity was characterized using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Briefly, different concentrations of seed extract were prepared in methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether. Two hundred microliters of different concentrations of plant extract were mixed with 100 µl of 1 mM DPPH solution (Sigma, India). The mixture was incubated with shaking at room temperature in the dark for 30 minJadid et al., 2017. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm.The scavenging ability of the seed extract was calculated using the following equation: DPPH scavenging activity (%) = (Abs control – Abs sample )/Abs control Where, Abs control represents the absorbance of DPPH without sample and Abs sample represents the absorbance of DPPH with sample. ABTS assay: The ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical cation decolorization assay was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the seed extract. The reaction between 7 mM ABTS in water and 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (1:1) created the ABTS + cation radical, which was then kept at room temperature for 12 to 16 hours in the dark. To achieve an absorbance of 0.700 at 734 nm, the ABTS + solution was diluted with methanol. The absorbance was measured 30 minutes after adding 5 µl of plant extract to 3.995 ml of diluted ABTS + solution. In each test, a solvent blank was used. All measurements were carried out at least three times. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. The absorbance at 734 nm Dudonné et al., 2009. The percent suppression of radical was calculated using the following equation. Suppression activity (%) = (Abs control – Abs sample ) / Abs control Where Abs control represents the absorbance of ABTS without sample; Abs sample represents the absorbance of ABTS with sample. Antimicrobial activity: The antimicrobial activity of methanolic, chloroform and petroleum ether extract of Bergera koenigii seeds were determined by disc diffusion assay. The test organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India. Briefly, nutrient agar was prepared and poured onto sterile disposable petri plates and using sterile cotton swabs the bacterial suspension was spread uniformly on the surface of nutrient agar. Commercially available sterile empty and antibiotic disc were purchased (Hi Media, India) and 20 µl of seeds extract was added in an empty sterile disc without dilution. Empty disc was used as a negative control whereas Streptomycin disc was used as a positive control. Plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h and zone of inhibition was measured. Anticancer activity: Growth assay: THP-1 cells were cultivated in medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% complement-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 g/mL streptomycin, and 3.7 g sodium bicarbonate/L (Sigma‒Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). THP-1 cells were cultivated in 96-well culture plates, and then 100 ng/mL (162 nM) phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was added. This activation of THP-1 cell differentiation was achieved. Before every experiment, the cells were washed with RPMI-1640 serum-free media to remove undifferentiated cells. The cells were subsequently exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) from E. coli O55:B5 (L2880 Sigma) for 24 hours to activate macrophage-like cells Chanput et al ., 2015. MTT assay: MTT assays were used to determine THP-1 cell viability. At various times, THP-1 cells were exposed to all three extracts of B. koenigii at varying concentrations (100 µg/mL). Then, 50 µL of serum-free media was added to each well, and 50 µL of MTT reagent was added to each well. The cells were cultivated in 96-well plates and incubated for three hours. The absorbance was measured at 590 nm. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Al-Nasser et al ., 2021 Statistical analysis: The analysed data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analysis was performed by using Microsoft Excel, and GraphPad Prism 10.2.0 software was used to plot the graphs. Results and discussion Qualitative analysis: The preliminary qualitative analysis of the seed extracts revealed the presence of various groups of phyto-chemicals, as shown in Table 1 . Alkaloids and glycosides were present in pet and absent in methanol and chloroform, and terpenoids and flavonoids were present in methanol and absent in chloroform and ether. Phenols were present in both methanol and pet ether, tannins and saponins were present in all three extracts, reducing sugars were absent in all three extracts, and sterols were present in chloroform and pet ether but absent in methanol. From the qualitative phytochemical analysis, it was observed that all the solvent extracts possessed a decent phytochemical composition, with methanol and petroleum ether having rich and varied phytochemical compositions. Plants are a source of novel antibiotics, and people choose herbal medicines because of the adverse side effects associated with synthetic antibiotics Parekh and Chanda, 2007; Paswan et al ., 2019. Quantitative analysis The quantitative analysis of the seed extracts was carried out to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), as presented in Table 2 . The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of Bergera koenigii were determined using the Folin method and aluminum chloride method, respectively, using calibration curves of different concentrations of gallic acid and quercetin. The TPC and TFC are expressed as mg gallic acid per g dry weight and as mg quercetin per g dry weight, respectively. Both the TPC and TFC of the seed were found to be greater for the methanol extract, at 959.97 mg gallic acid/g and 1443.20 mg quercetin/g, respectively. The chloroform extract and pet ether extract of the seeds had lower TFC and TPC, respectively. The quantitative analysis of the B. koenigii seed extracts showed that the methanolic extract had the greatest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by petroleum ether and chloroform. FTIR Analysis: Phytocompounds of Bergera koenigii seed extracts were analysed by biomolecule functional group Figure 1 . Functional groups such as alcohols, alkanes, amines, alkenes, phenols, aromatics, and cyclic alkenes were identified in Table 3 . FTIR analysis revealed peaks representing various secondary metabolites that indicated the presence of phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. Our results contrast with earlier reports in which alkaloids and terpenoids were present in methanol extracts Bisht et al ., 2016. This may be because of the varied locations, climatic conditions, type of soil where the plant was cultivated, and various other factors that affect the presence and absence of phytoconstituents. These FTIR results are significant according to the preliminary phytochemical analysis. GC‒MS analysis: GC‒MS analysis of the Bergera koenigii extracts revealed the presence of 30, 58 and 35% methanol, chloroform and pet ether extracts, respectively. The analysis led to the identification of several constituents from the GC fractions of the solvent seed extracts presented in Table 4 . The GC‒MS results revealed 30 compounds in the methanol extract, 59 in the chloroform extract, and 36 in the petroleum ether extract. Although the chloroform extract contained the greatest number of compounds, chemically or biologically active compounds with important biological applications were found to be the most abundant in the methanol extract. Various studies using GC‒MS have revealed the influence of different solvents on the isolation of phytochemical constituents with medicinal value from crude extracts of medicinal plants Hossain et al ., 2014. Our GC‒MS results are in accordance with those previously reported. According to the literature, these compounds are known for their therapeutic properties and have been previously reported in many different medicinal plants. Some of these compounds are separately isolated in extracts and are used as antimicrobial and radical scavenging agents in medicine formulations Subramanian et al ., 2020.For example, compounds such as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (linolenic acid), n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl ether, methyl ester, and squalene are known to possess antioxidant and 5-alpha reductase inhibitor activityKala et al ., 2011Saffaryazdi et al ., 2020.Compounds such as 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol) and squalene also have antimicrobial activities García-Salinas et al ., 2018. Compounds such as esters of fatty acids with simple OH groups are of commercial importance; are used as texturizing, emulsifying, antifoam and stabilizing agents; and have applications in cosmetics, detergents and pharma products due to their fragranceGarlapati et al ., 2013; Ramsden et al ., 2015. Since GC‒MS analysis revealed only the presence of volatile compounds, phenolic compounds that are non-volatile were not detected in the GC‒MS analysis. Antioxidant activity: The effect of the solvent used for extraction on the antioxidant activity was studied by the DPPH method, and ABTS method as shown in Figure 2 and Fig. 3 . Free radicals can induce biological damage and various pathological events, such as aging, carcinogenesis, and inflammation.Huang et al . (2011) reported that phenolic compounds are effective against inflammation. Phenols and flavonoids are representative groups of antioxidant compounds Huang et al ., 2011. Thus, in our study, the antioxidant activity was evaluated for all the solvent extracts to identify the influence of the solvent used for extraction. Our results are in accordance with Zahin et al ., 2013study in which ethanol was used as a solvent for extraction. Based on the solvent used for extraction, variations in the radical scavenging ability of the B. koenigii seed extracts were found. This shows that the solvent significantly influences the antioxidant activity of B. koenigii seed extracts. Flavonoids are a widespread group of phenolic compounds in plants that are widely reported for their antioxidant potentialCarini et al ., 2001. According to the phytochemical analysis, the chloroform and petroleum ether extracts had minimum flavonoid contents, which would have impacted their minimum ROS scavenging activities. These findings were supported by previous studies on Macademiatetraphyll a peels, selected herbal infusions, Limnophila aromatic and Withnaiasomnifera (L.), which reported that there is a strong influence of solvent on the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Bhebhe et al ., 2016; Dailey and Vuong, 2015; Dhanani et al ., 2017; Do et al ., 2014This variation in antioxidant activity may be associated with plant compounds such as phenolic constituents, which are soluble based on the polarity of the solvents used for extraction. Thus, the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from polar solvents is more vital. Huang et al ., 2011; Mohaddesi et al ., 2015Because of their strong radical scavenging activity, alcoholic extracts of B. koenigii seeds are potential sources of natural antioxidants that can be used to ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress. Antioxidant activity in plants can occur through several mechanisms, such as chain initiation prevention, binding of transition metal ion compounds, peroxide decomposition, inhibition of continued hydrogen abstraction, reduction, and scavenging of radicals Kasote et al ., 2015; Kumaran and Joel Karunakaran, 2006. Antimicrobial activity: The antibacterial activity of Bergera koenigii seeds extract was evaluated against clinical pathogens and the inhibition of microbial growth was seen Fig. 4 . The zone of inhibition of all the solvent extracts on the bacterial strains was measured and given in Table 5 .Plant-based drugs or antimicrobial agents are mitigating the side effects of synthetic antimicrobials. Several reports are available on herbal extracts against -multidrug-resistant pathogens. Plant secondary metabolites (alkaloids, steroids, phenols, and tannins) exert their action by resembling endogenous metabolites, signal transduction, ligands, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Plants also provide boundless prospects for the discovery of new drugs via different ways depending on the availability of chemical diversity. The plants are a source of novel antibiotics and people choose herbal medicines because of the adverse side effects associated with synthetic antibioticsParekh and Chanda, 2007; Paswan et al., 2019.With this insight, we analyzed the antibacterial efficiency of Bergera koenigii extracts. The highest zone of inhibition was observed in methanol extract with 15 ± 1.7 mm against the Gram-positive organism S. aureus . The zone of inhibition was significantly comparable with the commercial antibiotic Ciprofloxacin which is 28 ± 1.4 mm. A ZOI of8 ± 0.82 and 10 ± 0.5 mm was observed against gram-negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli , respectively. Whereas chloroform and petroleum ether extract showed minimum inhibition against both organisms.The bioactive compound present in methanol extract inhibits microbial growth by binding to their cell surfaces. The bioactive compound adsorbed by bacterial cell membrane leads to the generation of hydroperoxides, disruption, and then cell leakageRameshkumar et al., 2013. For instance, the cell wall synthesis of microbes was inhibited by tannins by irreversible complexes with proline rich proteinsMamtha et al., 2004. Leakage of protein and some enzymes is caused by the saponinsZablotowicz et al., 1996. Terpenoids weakening the membranous tissue of microbes, which results in the dissolution of cell wallGuimarães et al., 2019; Hernández et al., 2000.Flavonoids inhibit microbial growth by forming a complex with extracellular, soluble proteins, and cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria cell wall is complex compared gram-positive organisms, which act as a diffusion barrier and make less susceptible to extractGirish et al., 2008. Anticancer activity: The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts of B. koenigii seed extract on the leukemic monocyte THP-1 cell line were investigated by the MTT assay, as shown in Figure 5 . The results showed significant concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity in all the crude extracts. After 24 h of treatment with the methanol extract, the Thp-1 cell line showed significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the range of 99.07 ± 0.88–27.73 ± 2.21% viability at concentrations ranging from 31.25–1000 mg/mL. After 24 h of chloroform extraction, 98.71 ± 1.05–35.81 ± 2.06% viability was observed at the tested concentrations. Similarly, after 24 h of petroleum ether extract treatment, 99.36 ± 0.21–41.50 ± 1.76% viability of the THP-1 cells was observed at the concentrations used. At the same concentrations, after increasing the treatment duration to 48 h, the viability decreased to 60.74 ± 1.40–13.07 ± 0.23%, 90.55 ± − 28.36 ± 1.54%, and 94.07 ± 0.03–39.83 ± 1.77% in the presence of the methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. After 72 h, there were no significant changes in the % viability, indicating equilibrium. The B. koenigii (L) seed extracts exhibited cytotoxicity against the THP-1 cell line. The presence of hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, tricosanoic acid and γ-sitosterol in methanol makes it effective against leukemic THP-1 cells. Bae et al ., 2020 reported that stigmasterol exhibited anticancer activity against the ovarian cancer cell lines ES2 and OV90 by reducing cell migration and inhibiting the PI3K/MAPK signalling cascade. Stigmasterols suppress skin cancer by preventing DNA damage and increasing the levels of lipid peroxides Ali et al ., 2015. Octadecadienoic acid and octadecatrienoic acid exhibit anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis through caspase 3 activation Yoo et al ., 2007, Bharath et al ., 2021. hexadecanoic acid, a hexane solvent isolated from Turbinaria ornate , has potential anticancer activity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells through apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. γ-Sitosterol exhibited potential anticancer activity through cell cycle arrest, growth inhibition and apoptosis Sundarraj et al ., 2012. Thus, the combination of all bioactive compounds makes the methanolic extract of Bergera koenigii seeds a potential anticancer drug. Abbreviations AML : acutemyeloid leukemia; ABTS: 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; IC50 : Inhibition concentration 50; LPS : Lipopolysaccharide; MTT : 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; TPC : Total phenol content; TFC : Total flavonoid content; ZOI: Zone of inhibition Declarations Ethics approval Not applicable Competing interests Not applicable Authors' contributions Balaji G - Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data analysis and original draft preparation Trini Mary Infanta – Investigation, methodology, data analysis and original draft preparation Murugappan KM – Methodology and draft preparation Funding Not applicable Availability of data and material All the data are presented in the manuscript. Acknowledgements The graphical abstract was prepared by using Biorender software. References Abeysinghe, D. T., Alwis, D. D. D. H., Kumara, K. A. H., & Chandrika, U. G. (2021). Nutritive Importance and Therapeutics Uses of Three Different Varieties (Murraya koenigii, Micromelum minutum, and Clausena indica) of Curry Leaves: An Updated Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 2021 , 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5523252 Ali, H., Dixit, S., Alqahtani, S., Ali, D., Alkahtani, S., & Alarifi, S. (2015). Isolation and evaluation of anticancer efficacy of stigmasterol in a mouse model of DMBA-induced skin carcinoma. Drug Design, Development and Therapy , 2793. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S83514 Al-Nasser, M. M., Al-Dosari, M. S., Parvez, M. K., Al-Anazi, M. R., Alkahtane, A. A., Alothaid, H., Alahmari, A., Alarifi, S., Albasher, G., Almeer, R., Alqahtani, M. D., Al-Johani, N. S., Alhoshani, N. M., Alkeraishan, N., Alhenaky, A., Alkahtani, S., & Al-Qahtani, A. A. (2021). The potential effects of Indigofera coerulea extract on THP-1 human cell line. Journal of King Saud University - Science , 33 (4), 101446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101446 Ayoola, G., Coker, H., Adesegun, S., Adepoju-Bello, A., Obaweya, K., Ezennia, E., & Atangbayila, T. (2008). Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Used for Malaria Therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research , 7 (3), 1019–1024. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v7i3.14686 Baba, S. A., & Malik, S. A. (2015). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. Journal of Taibah University for Science , 9 (4), 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001 Bae, H., Song, G., & Lim, W. (2020). Stigmasterol Causes Ovarian Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Pharmaceutics , 12 (6), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060488 Bharath, B., Perinbam, K., Devanesan, S., AlSalhi, M. S., & Saravanan, M. (2021). Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Hexadecanoic acid from brown algae Turbinaria ornata on HT–29 colon cancer cells. Journal of Molecular Structure , 1235 , 130229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130229 Bhebhe, M., Füller, T. N., Chipurura, B., & Muchuweti, M. (2016). Effect of Solvent Type on Total Phenolic Content and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Black Tea and Herbal Infusions. Food Analytical Methods , 9 (4), 1060–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0270-z Bisht, J., Rashmi, R., & G, N. (2016). Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Different Leaf Extracts of Murraya koenigii. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules , 2 (2), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.37628/ijbb.v2i2.103 Carini, M., Aldini, G., Furlanetto, S., Stefani, R., & Facino, R. M. (2001). LC coupled to ion-trap MS for the rapid screening and detection of polyphenol antioxidants from Helichrysum stoechas. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 24 (3), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00431-3 Chanput, W., Peters, V., & Wichers, H. (2015). THP-1 and U937 Cells. In K. Verhoeckx, P. Cotter, I. López-Expósito, C. Kleiveland, T. Lea, A. Mackie, T. Requena, D. Swiatecka, & H. Wichers (Eds.), The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health (pp. 147–159). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4_14 Dailey, A., & Vuong, Q. V. (2015). Effect of extraction solvents on recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from macadamia ( Macadamia tetraphylla ) skin waste. Cogent Food & Agriculture , 1 (1), 1115646. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1115646 Dhanani, T., Shah, S., Gajbhiye, N. A., & Kumar, S. (2017). Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Arabian Journal of Chemistry , 10 , S1193–S1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015 Do, Q. D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y.-H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis , 22 (3), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001 Dudonné, S., Vitrac, X., Coutière, P., Woillez, M., & Mérillon, J.-M. (2009). Comparative Study of Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of 30 Plant Extracts of Industrial Interest Using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC Assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 57 (5), 1768–1774. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803011r García-Salinas, S., Elizondo-Castillo, H., Arruebo, M., Mendoza, G., & Irusta, S. (2018). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Different Components of Natural Origin Present in Essential Oils. Molecules , 23 (6), 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061399 Garlapati, V. K., Kumari, A., Mahapatra, P., & Banerjee, R. (2013). Modeling, Simulation, and Kinetic Studies of Solvent-Free Biosynthesis of Benzyl Acetate. Journal of Chemistry , 2013 , 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/451652 Girish, H., Sudarshana, M., & Rao, E. (2008). In vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Leaf and its Callus Extracts of Cardiospermumhalicacabum L. On Important Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Adv Biol Res , 2 . Gonfa, T., Teketle, S., & Kiros, T. (2020). Effect of extraction solvent on qualitative and quantitative analysis of major phyto-constituents and in-vitro antioxidant activity evaluation of Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk leaf extracts. Cogent Food & Agriculture , 6 (1), 1853867. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1853867 Guimarães, A. C., Meireles, L. M., Lemos, M. F., Guimarães, M. C. C., Endringer, D. C., Fronza, M., & Scherer, R. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Terpenes and Terpenoids Present in Essential Oils. Molecules, 24(13), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132471 Gul, R., Jan, S. U., Faridullah, S., Sherani, S., & Jahan, N. (2017). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Ephedra intermedia Indigenous to Balochistan. The Scientific World Journal , 2017 , 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5873648 Hajam, Y. A., Rani, R., Ganie, S. Y., Sheikh, T. A., Javaid, D., Qadri, S. S., Pramodh, S., Alsulimani, A., Alkhanani, M. F., Harakeh, S., Hussain, A., Haque, S., & Reshi, M. S. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology and Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives. Cells , 11 (3), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030552 Hossain, M. A., Al-Hdhrami, S. S., Weli, A. M., Al-Riyami, Q., & Al-Sabahi, J. N. (2014). Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , 4 , S368–S372. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1051 Huang, M.-H., Huang, S.-S., Wang, B.-S., Wu, C.-H., Sheu, M.-J., Hou, W.-C., Lin, S.-S., & Huang, G.-J. (2011). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum and its reference compounds ex vivo and in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 133 (2), 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.005 Jadid, N., Hidayati, D., Hartanti, S. R., Arraniry, B. A., Rachman, R. Y., & Wikanta, W. (2017). Antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Piper retrofractum Vahl. Using DPPH assay . 020019. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985410 Kala, S., Balasubramanian, T., P, Dr. T., & Mohan, V. (2011). GC- MS determination of bioactive components of Eugenia singampattiana Bedd. International Journal of ChemTech Research , 3 , 1534–1537. Kasote, D. M., Katyare, S. S., Hegde, M. V., & Bae, H. (2015). Significance of Antioxidant Potential of Plants and its Relevance to Therapeutic Applications. International Journal of Biological Sciences , 11 (8), 982–991. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.12096 Khan, T., Ali, M., Khan, A., Nisar, P., Jan, S. A., Afridi, S., & Shinwari, Z. K. (2019). Anticancer Plants: A Review of the Active Phytochemicals, Applications in Animal Models, and Regulatory Aspects. Biomolecules , 10 (1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010047 Konappa, N., Udayashankar, A. C., Krishnamurthy, S., Pradeep, C. K., Chowdappa, S., & Jogaiah, S. (2020). GC–MS analysis of phytoconstituents from Amomum nilgiricum and molecular docking interactions of bioactive serverogenin acetate with target proteins. Scientific Reports , 10 (1), 16438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73442-0 Kumaran, A., & Joel Karunakaran, R. (2006). Antioxidant Activities of the Methanol Extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum . Pharmaceutical Biology , 44 (2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600596302 Kumari, D., Mallick, T., Karmakar, A., Mondal, S., Das, S., & Begum, N. A. (2020). Curry Leaf and its Antioxidant Potential: A Systematic Study to Enhance its Activity in Aqueous Medium. Current Nutrition & Food Science , 16 (3), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666181002142757 Mamtha, B., Kavitha, K., Srinivasan, K. K., &Shivananda, P. G. (2004). An in vitro study of the effect of Centellaasiatica [Indian pennywort] on enteric pathogens [1]. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 36(1). http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=1142299505&partnerID=8YFLogxK Mohaddesi, B., Dudhrejiya, A., & Sheth, N. R. (2015). Anticancer Screening of Various Seed Extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum on Human Colorectal, Skin and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Archives of Breast Cancer , 91–95. https://doi.org/10.19187/abc.20152391-95 Neelima, Ms. K., Sony, Dr. G., & Sabitha, Dr. Y. (2022). Estimation of Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fresh Extract of Parmotrema Perlatum and Vitex Negundo. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology , 10 (8), 1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46348 Parekh, J., & Chanda, S. (2007). In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/In-vitro-Antimicrobial-Activity-and-Phytochemical-Parekh-Chanda/992d39668327b93f77c6977f0cf434fad866b3e5 Paswan, S. K., Srivastava, S., & Rao, C. V. (2019). Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats. Pharmacognosy Journal , 11 (5), 984–990. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.155 Rameshkumar, A., Sivasudha, T., Jeyadevi, R., Sangeetha, B., Ananth, D. A., Aseervatham, G. S. B., Nagarajan, N., Renganathan, R., &Kathiravan, A. (2013). In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Merremiaemarginata using thio glycolic acid-capped cadmium telluride quantum dots. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 101, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.034 Ramsden, C. E., Zamora, D., Makriyannis, A., Wood, J. T., Mann, J. D., Faurot, K. R., MacIntosh, B. A., Majchrzak-Hong, S. F., Gross, J. R., Courville, A. B., Davis, J. M., & Hibbeln, J. R. (2015). Diet-Induced Changes in n-3- and n-6-Derived Endocannabinoids and Reductions in Headache Pain and Psychological Distress. The Journal of Pain , 16 (8), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.04.007 Saffaryazdi, A., Ganjeali, A., Farhoosh, R., & Cheniany, M. (2020). Variation in phenolic compounds, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) during phenological growth stages. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants , 26 (7), 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00836-9 Singh, S. (2014). CURRY LEAVES (Murraya koenigii Linn. Sprengal)- A MIRCALE PLANT. Indian J.Sci.Res , 4 , 46–52. Subramanian, S., Dowlath, M. J. H., Karuppannan, S. K., Saravanan M, S., & Arunachalam, K. D. (2020). Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre. Pharmacognosy Journal , 12 (4), 749–761. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.108 Sundarraj, S., Thangam, R., Sreevani, V., Kaveri, K., Gunasekaran, P., Achiraman, S., & Kannan, S. (2012). γ-Sitosterol from Acacia nilotica L. induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through c-Myc suppression in MCF-7 and A549 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 141 (3), 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.014 Syame, S. M., Mohamed, S. M., Elgabry, E. A., Darwish, Y. A. A., & Mansour, A. S. (2022). Chemical characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potentials of Swietenia mahagoni. AMB Express , 12 (1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-022-01406-w Szymanska, R., Pospíšil, P., & Kruk, J. (2018). Plant-Derived Antioxidants in Disease Prevention 2018. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity , 2018 , 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2068370 Yoo, Y.-C., Shin, B.-H., Hong, J.-H., Lee, J., Chee, H.-Y., Song, K.-S., & Lee, K.-B. (2007). Isolation of fatty acids with anticancer activity fromProtaetia brevitarsis Larva. Archives of Pharmacal Research , 30 (3), 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977619 Zahin, M., Aqil, F., Husain, F. M., & Ahmad, I. (2013). Antioxidant Capacity and Antimutagenic Potential of Murraya koenigii . BioMed Research International , 2013 , 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/263509 Zablotowicz, R. M., Hoagland, R. E., & Wagner, S. C. (1996). Effect of Saponins on the Growth and Activity of Rhizosphere Bacteria. In G. R. Waller & K. Yamasaki (Eds.), Saponins Used in Food and Agriculture (Vol. 405, pp. 83–95). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0413-5_8 Tables Table 1 Phytochemical evaluation of Bergera koenigii extracts S.No. Test Methanol Chloroform PetEther 1 Alkaloid - - + 2 Terpenoids + - - 3 Phenol + + - 4 Tannin + + + 5 Reducingsugar - - - 6 Sterols - + + 7 Flavonoids + - - 8 Saponin + + + 9 Glycosides - - + Table 2 Quantitative analysis for estimation of total phenols and flavonoids in Bergera koenigii seed Compound TPC TFC Methanol 959.97 1443.20 Chloroform 150.68 -50.625 Petether 146.314 97.79 Table 3 FTIR analysis of Bergera koenigii extracts S. No Frequency Ranges Bond Functional groups 1 3336 O-H stretching Alcohol 2 2924 C-H stretching Alkane 3 2856 N-H stretching amine salt 4 2357 C°N stretching Phenyl or amino 5 1712 C-H bending aromatic compound 6 1652 C = C stretching Alkene 7 1610 C = C stretching cyclic Alkene 8 1452 C-H bending Alkane Methyl group 9 1035 S = O stretching Sulfoxide 10 840 C = C bending Alkene 11 833 1,4-disubstituted or C-H bending Aromatic compound Table 4 GC-MS analysis of Bergera koenigii seed extract Peak No Retention Formula Compound name Total % Methanol extract 1 2.760 C2H5NO2 Carbamic acid, methyl ester 0.521% 2 56.787 C17H34O2 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 15.052 3 57.487 C17H34O2 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 2.221 4 57.972 C16H32O2 n-Hexadecanoic acid 2.704 5 61.605 C19H34O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, methyl ester 15.052 6 62.251 C19H34O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 15.052 7 62.439 C19H36O2 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester 2.501 8 62.883 C19H32O2 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester 11.557 9 63.045 C19H38O2 Methyl stearate 2.770 10 63.422 C18H34O2 cis-Vaccenic acid 1.421 11 64.081 C18H36O2 Octadecanoic acid 0.703 12 64.740 C19H34O2 Methyl 9-cis,11-trans- octadecadienoate 0.555 13 65.790 C18H32O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 0.344 14 67.929 C21H40O2 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester 1.349 15 68.696 C21H42O2 Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester 0.254 16 69.733 C20H36O2 Ethyl 9.cis.,11.trans.- octadecadienoate 0.328 17 70.029 C30H50O6 Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28- hexol, (3β,15α,16α,21β,22α) 1.095 18 71.818 C20H36O2 Methyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1- octanoate 2.163 19 74.012 C23H46O2 Docosanoic acid, methyl ester 0.918 20 74.415 C24H38O4 Diisooctyl phthalate 1.230 21 75.600 C28H48O Campesterol 0.570 22 76.515 C16H48O6Si7 Heptasiloxane 4.028 23 78.170 C29H48O Stigmasterol 0.724 24 78.950 C24H48O2 Tricosanoic acid, methyl ester 6.212 25 81.817 C29H50O γ-Sitosterol 3.290 26 82.557 C29H48 Stigmastan-3,5-diene 1.761 27 84.091 C32H64 1,1,3,6-tetramethyl-2- (3,6,10,13,14-pentamethyl-3- ethyl-pentadecyl)cyclohexane 0.554 28 84.992 C20H33BrO 1,2-Epoxycyclopentane, 3- isopropyl-1-methyl-2-[3-(2- bromomethyl-3- methylcyclopentyl)but-3-en-1- yl] 0.720 29 86.755 C40H58O Rhodopin 1.058 30 87.361 C20H42O -Dodecanol, 2-octyl 0.521 Chloroform extract 1 25.743 C12H26O 2-Dodecanol 0.430% 2 26.282 C12H26 Dodecane 0.330% 3 26.632 C10H20O Decanal 0.121% 4 30.103 C10H12O Benzaldehyde, 4-propyl 1.030% 5 30.736 C12H24 2-Decene, 2,4-dimethyl 0.268% 6 30.843 C15H32 Dodecane, 2,7,10-trimethyl 0.232% 7 31.907 C14H30 Tetradecane 1.179% 8 33.212 C15H32 Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl 0.903% 9 36.347 C14H28 Cyclotetradecane 0.550% 10 36.724 C14H30 Tetradecane 1.065% 11 38.285 C10H18O3 Nonanoic acid, 9-oxo-, methyl ester 0.559% 12 39.496 C14H20O2 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- 0.537% 13 40.869 C21H44 Heptadecane, 2,6,10,15- tetramethyl 0.332% 14 41.057 C15H32 Pentadecane 0.345% 15 41.662 C14H22O Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl) 1.821% 16 42.726 C17H30O4 Fumaric acid, isobutyl nonyl ester 2.732% 17 43.883 C12H24O2 Dodecanoic acid 0.486% 18 44.785 C16H32 Cetene 1.076% 19 45.094 C20H42 Eicosane 1.263% 20 45.928 C13H10O Benzophenone 1.347% 21 47.476 C17H28 Benzene, (1-ethylnonyl) 0.286% 22 48.848 C17H36 Heptadecane 0.843% 23 49.790 C15H30O2 Methyl tetradecanoate 0.837% 24 50.759 C20H42 Hexadecane, 2,6,11,15- tetramethyl 1.120% 25 51.351 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid 1.166% 26 52.414 C18H38 Octadecane 1.128% 27 54.702 C16H22O4 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester 1.513% 28 55.953 C17H32O2 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z) 0.873% 29 56.492 C17H24O3 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1- oxaspiro( 4 , 5 )deca-6,9-diene- 2,8-dione 4.973% 30 56.949 C17H34O2 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 6.804% 31 58.550 C21H44 Eicosane, 2-methyl 5.906% 32 59.035 C19H36O 12-Methyl-E,E-2,13- octadecadien-1-ol 1.087% 33 59.573 C17H26O3 3,5-di-tert-Butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl propionic acid 1.747% 34 59.896 C18H36O2 Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester 0.670% 35 62.695 C19H34O2 Methyl 9-cis,11-trans- octadecadienoate 6.804% 36 63.005 C19H32O2 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) 3.233% 37 63.314 C19H38O2 Methyl stearate 6.804% 38 63.449 C21H40O4 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2- hydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester 1.662% 39 64.269 C18H36O2 Octadecanoic acid 4.843% 40 64.512 C21H44 Eicosane, 2-methyl 0.814% 41 64.821 C19H34O2 Methyl 9-cis,11-trans- octadecadienoate 0.803% 42 66.301 C19H32O2 Methyl 9.cis.,11.trans.t,13.trans.- octadecatrienoate 0.867% 43 66.678 C19H32O2 Methyl 9.cis.,11.trans.t,13.trans.- octadecatrienoate 0.827% 44 67.526 C19H32O2 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester 2.332% 45 67.983 C21H40O2 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester 1.512% 46 68.737 C21H42O2 Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester 2.305% 47 69.114 C11H20O 6-Nonenal, 3,7-dimethyl 0.345% 48 70.190 C11H20O 6-Nonenal, 3,7-dimethyl 2.814% 59 71.859 C20H36O2 Methyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1- octanoate 1.192% 50 72.303 C21H34O : Androst-5-en-17-ol, 4,4- dimethyl 0.922% 51 74.052 C23H46O2 Docosanoic acid, methyl ester 2.400% 52 75.627 C26H54 Octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2- ethylbutyl) 1.494% 53 76.528 C24H48O2 Tricosanoic acid, methyl ester 1.155% 54 78.197 C21H32O2 Pregn-5-en-20-one, 3-hydroxy .788% 55 78.964 C25H50O2 Tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester 1.966% 56 81.171 C30H50 Squalene 0.911% 57 84.992 C27H44O Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3β) 1.855% 58 85.437 C29H46 Stigmastan-6,22-dien, 3,5- dedihydro 1.704% Petroleum ether extract 1 41.636 C14H22O Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl) 0 0.998% 2 49.185 C17H36 Heptadecane 0.274% 3 51.163 C14H28O2 Tetradecanoic acid 0.364% 4 52.508 C16H34O 3-Hexadecanol 0.590% 5 53.356 C17H34O2 Isopropyl myristate 0.331% 6 55. 940 C17H32O2 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z) 0.620% 7 56.532 C17H34O2 Tridecanoic acid, 4,8,12- trimethyl-, methyl ester 1.510% 8 56.720 C17H34O 2 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 10.876% 9 57.999 C16H32O2 n-Hexadecanoic acid 4.249% 10 58.927 C17H26O3 3,5-di-tert-Butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl propionic acid 0.629% 11 61.121 C14H14N2OS 10-Oxo-5,5-dimethyl-5-sila- 5,10-dihydro-5H- benzo[e]pyrido[3,4-b]azepine 0.294% 12 61.417 C19H32O2 γ-Linolenic acid, methyl ester 0.491% 13 61.713 C19H34O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 1.995% 14 62.049 C19H34O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester 18.198% 15 62.345 C19H36O2 trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 1.691%0.346% 16 62.601 C19H32O2 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) 0.346% 17 62.776 C19H38O2 Methyl stearate 0.275% 18 63.005 C19H38O2 Heptadecanoic acid, 15-methyl- , methyl ester 10.778% 19 63.206 C18H32O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- 4.051% 20 64.068 C18H36O2 Octadecanoic acid 1.550% 21 64.418 C21H44 Heneicosane 0.416% 22 66.234 C19H32O2 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester 0.230% 23 66.853 C15H33ClOSi 1-Dimethyl(3- chloropropyl) silyloxydecane 0.446% 24 67.620 C19H36O3 Methyl 12-hydroxy-9- octadecenoate 0.639% 25 68.024 C19H34O2 10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester 0.804% 26 68.697 C21H42O2 Methyl 18- methyl nonadecanoate 0.676% 27 68.885 C19H36O2 16-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 1.046% 28 69.221 C29H60 2-methyloctacosane 0.444% 29 70.338 C21H44 Heneicosane 0.252% 30 71.805 C19H32O3 8-Nonenoic acid, 9-(1,3- nonadiene loxy)-, methyl ester 0.336% 31 73.420 C29H62O2Si Silane, diethyl heptyloxyoctadecyloxy 12.265% 32 74.012 C23H46O2 Docosanoic acid, methyl ester 0.611% 33 74.429 C24H38O4 Phthalic acid, di(2- propyl pentyl) ester 1.159% 34 78.547 C20H28O3 Benzoic acid, 3,5-dicyclohexyl- 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester 17.263% 35 78.951 C25H50O2 Tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester 0.952% Table 5 Observation of Zone of inhibition of Bergera koenigii among different bacterial species S. No. Bacteria Zone of inhibition (in mm) Methanol Chloroform PetEther Standard Control 1 Escherichia coli 10 ± 0.5 9 ± 1.5 0 13 ± 0.9 0 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 ± 0.82 0 0 25 ± 0.6 0 3 Staphylococcus aureus 15 ± 1.7 10 ± 1.2 7 ± 1.1 28 ± 1.4 0 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Graphicalabstract.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Exon → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4452217","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":304811009,"identity":"097fae13-c5ad-488c-a6b4-8f1353e28b5c","order_by":0,"name":"Balaji Govindswamy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwbmBgYJA4YENnYw10YORB14gFcLI1QLM4hbkWYM1pJASAsQJDCAtZw5nAjl4gbm7AcbP1gU1OXxMTMfk2BsS0ufH3b4IdAWOzndBuxaLHsSmyUkDA4XszGzpQG12ORuvJ1mANSSbGx2AIfDDiQ2ALUcSGxj5jED2ZK7cXYCSMuBxG24tJx/2PxDwqAOpuVwuuHs9A/4tdxIbAPawgzRAvR+grx0Dn5bLGc8bLMA+gWohS3ZIqEizXCDdE7BgQQD3H4x508+fFviT13i/Pbmgzc+GNjIy89O3/zhQ4WdHC4tIMAsAWMlgAME7GDcykGA8QMyT74Bv+pRMApGwSgYeQAAIGNenMGJuIQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1325-9420","institution":"IIT Madras","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Balaji","middleName":"","lastName":"Govindswamy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-21 04:57:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4452217/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4452217/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.69936/en04y0025","type":"published","date":"2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56974388,"identity":"e2089356-c878-46b5-b93c-4cf1425b88be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-23 01:53:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":195563,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR analysis of the methanol, chloroform and pet ether extracts of Bergera koenigii seeds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/32a82e64b1c4da75348df790.jpeg"},{"id":56974384,"identity":"e895fff1-e7da-44e0-972e-2d27d150dbbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-23 01:53:08","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":258993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation of DPPH scavenging % observed for a) ascorbic acid, b) methanol, c) chloroform and d) petroleum ether extracts of Bergera koenigiiseeds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/9c7ca3522e767ead99148ebf.png"},{"id":56974387,"identity":"ee0fb379-3c3f-4da4-b096-734a06121372","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-23 01:53:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation of \u003cstrong\u003eABTS\u003c/strong\u003e scavenging % observed for a) ascorbic acid, b) methanol, c) chloroform and d) petroleum ether extracts of Bergera koenigii seeds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/4c674defdfdb99154cb1079a.jpeg"},{"id":56974383,"identity":"c178ee60-462d-43aa-975c-402049c0ddfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-23 01:53:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88089,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZone of Inhibition observed for a) E. coli, b) S. aereus and c) P. aeruginosa, with extracts of Bergera koenigii seeds.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/b5f048f2defb58c9c5bfdcfa.jpeg"},{"id":56974386,"identity":"8eedb677-2bdc-4bdc-964c-5d8a0c6f9cfa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-23 01:53:08","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":319385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnticancer activity of a) Methanol, b) Chloroform and c) Pet Ether extracts of B. koenigii seeds against Leukemic THP-1 Cell Line observed by MTT assay\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/1c21fcfd9fdf4682b508721b.png"},{"id":77069155,"identity":"5573aaa9-b477-44c9-95cb-501fb7e6836d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-24 20:42:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2474192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/7eca4d99-700b-4374-b150-593744d224b6.pdf"},{"id":56974382,"identity":"ee8f249d-9011-4dac-b328-47bfad29def5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-23 01:53:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":361040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Graphicalabstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4452217/v1/9da52a8276ec0a779370abdd.png"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytochemical profiling, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBergera koenigii \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eseed extracts against Leukemic cancer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlants have been used as medicine since the dawn of humanity. Because traditional medicine is founded on nature, herbs that have the power to lessen the effects of sickness are utilized as treatments. Traditional medicine is rooted in culture, and it is necessary to research the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of its extracts. Drugs used to treat, prevent, and diagnose illnesses make up the majority of pharmaceuticals. The purpose of the medication's adverse effects is to exacerbate the patients\u0026rsquo; problems. Most adverse pharmaceutical effects may be predicted computationally, and advancements in technology have enabled the synthesis of natural chemical compounds from conventional herbs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e, a plant of the Rutaceae family, is extensively dispersed in Eastern Asia, and its medicinal qualities are well documented in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian school of medicine. Singh, 2014 reported that distinct plant extracts have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-leishmanial, and anticancer effects. \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e is indigenous to India, Sri Lanka, and other South Asian countries. In India, \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e is widespread and can be found in large quantities everywhere from Sikkim to Garhwal, Bengal, Assam, the Western Ghats, and Kerala. Along with South Indian immigrants, it made its way from India to Malaysia, South Africa, and Reunion Island.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerous disease pathologies frequently have commonalities with oxidative stress activities. When created at a higher rate, it causes biomolecule damage, mutational implications, and tissue damageHajam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022. Oxidative stress is eventually reduced by antioxidant supplements. \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e has been utilized in many antioxidant activity experiments. Antioxidants, particularly plant-based compounds, provide lead for the prevention and treatment of diseases Szymanska \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial resistance develops among microorganisms as a result of increased use of these drugs. Plant-based compounds could be effective against microorganisms. Phytomedicines work synergistically as therapies by interacting with microorganisms. \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e shows broad antimicrobial activity against various species Abeysinghe \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of cancer with chemotherapy and radiation causes lethality to normal cells and can cause side effects. The active components of plants have paved the way for the development of new therapeutics to treat cancer. Khan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019 suggested that \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e has anticancer potential and prevents cancer with less toxicity to the human body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe solvent polarity has an impact on how well the antioxidant activity is preserved Kumari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020. The extract may be poisonous and have negative consequences depending on the solvent. These factors make it crucial to choose the extraction solvent in accordance with the requirements for phytochemicals and the functions of those compounds. The goal of this study was to investigate and elucidate the effects of polar and nonpolar solvents on chemical compound preservation as well as the antioxidant and anticancer properties of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds. The anticancer effect of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds on the acute myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1 was evident in this study. The seed extracts were initially screened for phytochemicals, after which GC‒MS, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity analyses were performed. The findings highlight the anticancer properties of seed extracts by demonstrating how mahanine, mahanimbine, kenimbine, and other alkaloids play critical roles in preventing the proliferation of the THP-1 cell line.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChemicals and reagents:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAluminum chloride (AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), ammonia solution (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH), concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2,2\u0026prime;-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride (FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), glacial acetic acid, Mayer's reagent, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), petroleum ether (C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium carbonate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the reagents Fehling's solution A and B, ferric chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the solvent methanol (99.8%) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Bromine water, nutrient agar, and the solvent chloroform (99.8%) were purchased from HiMedia. The antibiotics dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), fetal calf serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and trypsin were purchased from Gibco.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant material:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds were collected from Mandaiyur, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, and India. The seeds were washed thrice with distilled water to remove unwanted debris and then dried at room temperature (RT) for 3 to 4 weeks. The dried seeds were powdered in a blender and sieved. The powder was stored in an airtight, amber-coated bottle for future analysis at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtraction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe seed powder (50 g) was dissolved in 500 ml of methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether. The mixture was then incubated on a rotary shaker at 100 rpm for 3 h, followed by mixing in an ultrasonic water bath (Labman LMUC-9) at 50\u0026deg;C for 50 min. The mixture was then filtered through a No.42whatman filter paper and the filtered solvent were concentrated using a rotary evaporator (Buchi R-100) at 40\u0026deg;C. The seed extracts were stored in a refrigerator until further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary phytochemical screening:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo confirm that the plant's chemical extracts includes the anticipated beneficial secondary metabolites, we carried out preliminary phytochemical profiling. Conventional biochemical testing was used to assess the presence or absence of certain phytochemicals in compliance with previously published protocols. The seed extract was dissolved in methanol, chloroform, and pet ether individually and tested for alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and reducing sugars, Syame \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022,Ayoola\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2008,Gonfa\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020, Gul \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017,Neelima\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of total phenolic content:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content of the extracts. Two hundred microliters of 0.1% crude extract (from each solvent) was diluted to 3 ml with distilled water and thoroughly mixed with 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent for 3 min, after which 2 ml of 20% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added. The mixture was allowed to stand for an additional 60 minutes in the dark, after which the absorbance was measured at 650 nm. The total phenolic content was determined from the calibration curve, and the results are presented as mg of gallic acid equivalent per g dry weightBaba and Malik, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of total flavonoid content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aluminum chloride colorimetric technique was used to determine the total flavonoid content of the crude extract. Fifty microlitres of 0.1% crude extracts (the respective solvents) were diluted to 1 ml with methanol and combined with 4 ml of distilled water. After 5 minutes of incubation, 0.3 mL of a 5% NaNO2 solution and 0.3 mL of a 10% AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution were added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 6 minutes. After that, 2 mL of 1 N NaOH solution was added, and the total volume of the combination was brought to 10 mL using double-distilled water. After 15 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content was determined from the calibration curve, and the results are presented as mg of quercetin equivalent per g dry weightBaba and Malik, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBergera\u003c/em\u003e koenigiiseed extract was subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (SHIMADZU IRTracer-100) to identify the functional groups present in the extract. Translucent sample discs were prepared by encapsulating 10 mg of extracts in 100 mg of KBr pellets. All spectra were acquired in the range of 4000\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with 4 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e resolutionKonappa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGas chromatography‒mass spectrometry:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC‒MS analysis of the seed extracts was performed using a Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus thermal desorption system (TD20). Ionization energy of 70 eV was used, and helium gas was used as a carrier with a flow rate of 1.20 ml/min. One microliter of the sample was injected. The GC injector temperature was maintained at 230\u0026deg;C, and the MS transfer line temperature was maintained at 280\u0026deg;C. The temperature of the ion source was set at 300\u0026deg;C. The first oven temperature was set to 50\u0026deg;C with a hold time of 60 s. Then, the temperature was increased to 300\u0026deg;C (at 5\u0026deg;C/min) with a hold time of 5 min and to 235\u0026deg;C (at 10\u0026deg;C/min) with a hold time of 10 min. The resulting peaks were analysed using various inbuilt MS libraries, such as WILEY8. LIB and NIST05.LIB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntioxidant profiling:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDPPH assay:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity was characterized using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Briefly, different concentrations of seed extract were prepared in methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether. Two hundred microliters of different concentrations of plant extract were mixed with 100 \u0026micro;l of 1 mM DPPH solution (Sigma, India). The mixture was incubated with shaking at room temperature in the dark for 30 minJadid et al., 2017. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm.The scavenging ability of the seed extract was calculated using the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH scavenging activity (%) = (Abs\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; Abs\u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e)/Abs\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, Abs\u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e represents the absorbance of DPPH without sample and Abs\u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e represents the absorbance of DPPH with sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eABTS assay:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ABTS (2,2\u0026prime;-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical cation decolorization assay was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the seed extract. The reaction between 7 mM ABTS in water and 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (1:1) created the ABTS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cation radical, which was then kept at room temperature for 12 to 16 hours in the dark. To achieve an absorbance of 0.700 at 734 nm, the ABTS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;solution was diluted with methanol. The absorbance was measured 30 minutes after adding 5 \u0026micro;l of plant extract to 3.995 ml of diluted ABTS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;solution. In each test, a solvent blank was used. All measurements were carried out at least three times. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. The absorbance at 734 nm Dudonn\u0026eacute; et al., 2009. The percent suppression of radical was calculated using the following equation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuppression activity (%) = (Abs \u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; Abs \u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e) / Abs \u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere Abs \u003csub\u003econtrol\u003c/sub\u003e represents the absorbance of ABTS without sample; Abs \u003csub\u003esample\u003c/sub\u003e represents the absorbance of ABTS with sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntimicrobial activity:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antimicrobial activity of methanolic, chloroform and petroleum ether extract of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds were determined by disc diffusion assay. The test organisms \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBriefly, nutrient agar was prepared and poured onto sterile disposable petri plates and using sterile cotton swabs the bacterial suspension was spread uniformly on the surface of nutrient agar. Commercially available sterile empty and antibiotic disc were purchased (Hi Media, India) and 20 \u0026micro;l of seeds extract was added in an empty sterile disc without dilution. Empty disc was used as a negative control whereas Streptomycin disc was used as a positive control. Plates were then incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 h and zone of inhibition was measured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnticancer activity:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth assay:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHP-1 cells were cultivated in medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% complement-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 g/mL streptomycin, and 3.7 g sodium bicarbonate/L (Sigma‒Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). THP-1 cells were cultivated in 96-well culture plates, and then 100 ng/mL (162 nM) phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was added. This activation of THP-1 cell differentiation was achieved. Before every experiment, the cells were washed with RPMI-1640 serum-free media to remove undifferentiated cells. The cells were subsequently exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) from \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e O55:B5 (L2880 Sigma) for 24 hours to activate macrophage-like cells Chanput \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMTT assay:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTT assays were used to determine THP-1 cell viability. At various times, THP-1 cells were exposed to all three extracts of \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e at varying concentrations (100 \u0026micro;g/mL). Then, 50 \u0026micro;L of serum-free media was added to each well, and 50 \u0026micro;L of MTT reagent was added to each well. The cells were cultivated in 96-well plates and incubated for three hours. The absorbance was measured at 590 nm. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Al-Nasser \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysed data are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. The statistical analysis was performed by using Microsoft Excel, and GraphPad Prism 10.2.0 software was used to plot the graphs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQualitative analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preliminary qualitative analysis of the seed extracts revealed the presence of various groups of phyto-chemicals, as shown in\u003cb\u003eTable 1\u003c/b\u003e. Alkaloids and glycosides were present in pet and absent in methanol and chloroform, and terpenoids and flavonoids were present in methanol and absent in chloroform and ether. Phenols were present in both methanol and pet ether, tannins and saponins were present in all three extracts, reducing sugars were absent in all three extracts, and sterols were present in chloroform and pet ether but absent in methanol. From the qualitative phytochemical analysis, it was observed that all the solvent extracts possessed a decent phytochemical composition, with methanol and petroleum ether having rich and varied phytochemical compositions. Plants are a source of novel antibiotics, and people choose herbal medicines because of the adverse side effects associated with synthetic antibiotics Parekh and Chanda, 2007; Paswan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuantitative analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative analysis of the seed extracts was carried out to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), as presented in\u003cb\u003eTable 2\u003c/b\u003e. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e were determined using the Folin method and aluminum chloride method, respectively, using calibration curves of different concentrations of gallic acid and quercetin. The TPC and TFC are expressed as mg gallic acid per g dry weight and as mg quercetin per g dry weight, respectively. Both the TPC and TFC of the seed were found to be greater for the methanol extract, at 959.97 mg gallic acid/g and 1443.20 mg quercetin/g, respectively. The chloroform extract and pet ether extract of the seeds had lower TFC and TPC, respectively. The quantitative analysis of the \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seed extracts showed that the methanolic extract had the greatest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by petroleum ether and chloroform.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFTIR Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytocompounds of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seed extracts were analysed by biomolecule functional group\u003cb\u003eFigure 1\u003c/b\u003e. Functional groups such as alcohols, alkanes, amines, alkenes, phenols, aromatics, and cyclic alkenes were identified in\u003cb\u003eTable 3\u003c/b\u003e. FTIR analysis revealed peaks representing various secondary metabolites that indicated the presence of phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. Our results contrast with earlier reports in which alkaloids and terpenoids were present in methanol extracts Bisht \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016. This may be because of the varied locations, climatic conditions, type of soil where the plant was cultivated, and various other factors that affect the presence and absence of phytoconstituents. These FTIR results are significant according to the preliminary phytochemical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGC‒MS analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC‒MS analysis of the \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e extracts revealed the presence of 30, 58 and 35% methanol, chloroform and pet ether extracts, respectively. The analysis led to the identification of several constituents from the GC fractions of the solvent seed extracts presented in\u003cb\u003eTable 4\u003c/b\u003e. The GC‒MS results revealed 30 compounds in the methanol extract, 59 in the chloroform extract, and 36 in the petroleum ether extract. Although the chloroform extract contained the greatest number of compounds, chemically or biologically active compounds with important biological applications were found to be the most abundant in the methanol extract. Various studies using GC‒MS have revealed the influence of different solvents on the isolation of phytochemical constituents with medicinal value from crude extracts of medicinal plants Hossain \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014. Our GC‒MS results are in accordance with those previously reported. According to the literature, these compounds are known for their therapeutic properties and have been previously reported in many different medicinal plants. Some of these compounds are separately isolated in extracts and are used as antimicrobial and radical scavenging agents in medicine formulations Subramanian \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020.For example, compounds such as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (linolenic acid), n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl ether, methyl ester, and squalene are known to possess antioxidant and 5-alpha reductase inhibitor activityKala \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011Saffaryazdi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020.Compounds such as 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol) and squalene also have antimicrobial activities Garc\u0026iacute;a-Salinas \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018. Compounds such as esters of fatty acids with simple OH groups are of commercial importance; are used as texturizing, emulsifying, antifoam and stabilizing agents; and have applications in cosmetics, detergents and pharma products due to their fragranceGarlapati \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013; Ramsden \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015. Since GC‒MS analysis revealed only the presence of volatile compounds, phenolic compounds that are non-volatile were not detected in the GC‒MS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntioxidant activity:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of the solvent used for extraction on the antioxidant activity was studied by the DPPH method, and ABTS method as shown in\u003cb\u003eFigure 2\u003c/b\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Free radicals can induce biological damage and various pathological events, such as aging, carcinogenesis, and inflammation.Huang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2011) reported that phenolic compounds are effective against inflammation. Phenols and flavonoids are representative groups of antioxidant compounds Huang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011. Thus, in our study, the antioxidant activity was evaluated for all the solvent extracts to identify the influence of the solvent used for extraction. Our results are in accordance with Zahin \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013study in which ethanol was used as a solvent for extraction. Based on the solvent used for extraction, variations in the radical scavenging ability of the \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seed extracts were found. This shows that the solvent significantly influences the antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seed extracts. Flavonoids are a widespread group of phenolic compounds in plants that are widely reported for their antioxidant potentialCarini \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2001. According to the phytochemical analysis, the chloroform and petroleum ether extracts had minimum flavonoid contents, which would have impacted their minimum ROS scavenging activities. These findings were supported by previous studies on \u003cem\u003eMacademiatetraphyll\u003c/em\u003ea peels, selected herbal infusions, \u003cem\u003eLimnophila aromatic\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eWithnaiasomnifera\u003c/em\u003e(L.), which reported that there is a strong influence of solvent on the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Bhebhe \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016; Dailey and Vuong, 2015; Dhanani \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017; Do \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014This variation in antioxidant activity may be associated with plant compounds such as phenolic constituents, which are soluble based on the polarity of the solvents used for extraction. Thus, the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from polar solvents is more vital. Huang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011; Mohaddesi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015Because of their strong radical scavenging activity, alcoholic extracts of \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds are potential sources of natural antioxidants that can be used to ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress. Antioxidant activity in plants can occur through several mechanisms, such as chain initiation prevention, binding of transition metal ion compounds, peroxide decomposition, inhibition of continued hydrogen abstraction, reduction, and scavenging of radicals Kasote \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015; Kumaran and Joel Karunakaran, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntimicrobial activity:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial activity of Bergera koenigii seeds extract was evaluated against clinical pathogens and the inhibition of microbial growth was seen Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The zone of inhibition of all the solvent extracts on the bacterial strains was measured and given in\u003cb\u003eTable 5\u003c/b\u003e.Plant-based drugs or antimicrobial agents are mitigating the side effects of synthetic antimicrobials. Several reports are available on herbal extracts against -multidrug-resistant pathogens. Plant secondary metabolites (alkaloids, steroids, phenols, and tannins) exert their action by resembling endogenous metabolites, signal transduction, ligands, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Plants also provide boundless prospects for the discovery of new drugs via different ways depending on the availability of chemical diversity. The plants are a source of novel antibiotics and people choose herbal medicines because of the adverse side effects associated with synthetic antibioticsParekh and Chanda, 2007; Paswan et al., 2019.With this insight, we analyzed the antibacterial efficiency of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e extracts. The highest zone of inhibition was observed in methanol extract with 15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7 mm against the Gram-positive organism \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e. The zone of inhibition was significantly comparable with the commercial antibiotic Ciprofloxacin which is 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 mm. A ZOI of8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82 and 10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 mm was observed against gram-negative organisms such as \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Whereas chloroform and petroleum ether extract showed minimum inhibition against both organisms.The bioactive compound present in methanol extract inhibits microbial growth by binding to their cell surfaces. The bioactive compound adsorbed by bacterial cell membrane leads to the generation of hydroperoxides, disruption, and then cell leakageRameshkumar et al., 2013. For instance, the cell wall synthesis of microbes was inhibited by tannins by irreversible complexes with proline rich proteinsMamtha et al., 2004. Leakage of protein and some enzymes is caused by the saponinsZablotowicz et al., 1996. Terpenoids weakening the membranous tissue of microbes, which results in the dissolution of cell wallGuimar\u0026atilde;es et al., 2019; Hern\u0026aacute;ndez et al., 2000.Flavonoids inhibit microbial growth by forming a complex with extracellular, soluble proteins, and cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria cell wall is complex compared gram-positive organisms, which act as a diffusion barrier and make less susceptible to extractGirish et al., 2008.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnticancer activity:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seed extract on the leukemic monocyte THP-1 cell line were investigated by the MTT assay, as shown in\u003cb\u003eFigure 5\u003c/b\u003e. The results showed significant concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity in all the crude extracts. After 24 h of treatment with the methanol extract, the Thp-1 cell line showed significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the range of 99.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u0026ndash;27.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21% viability at concentrations ranging from 31.25\u0026ndash;1000 mg/mL. After 24 h of chloroform extraction, 98.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u0026ndash;35.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06% viability was observed at the tested concentrations. Similarly, after 24 h of petroleum ether extract treatment, 99.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u0026ndash;41.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76% viability of the THP-1 cells was observed at the concentrations used. At the same concentrations, after increasing the treatment duration to 48 h, the viability decreased to 60.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u0026ndash;13.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23%, 90.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;28.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54%, and 94.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u0026ndash;39.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77% in the presence of the methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. After 72 h, there were no significant changes in the % viability, indicating equilibrium. The \u003cem\u003eB. koenigii\u003c/em\u003e (L) seed extracts exhibited cytotoxicity against the THP-1 cell line. The presence of hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, tricosanoic acid and γ-sitosterol in methanol makes it effective against leukemic THP-1 cells. Bae \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020 reported that stigmasterol exhibited anticancer activity against the ovarian cancer cell lines ES2 and OV90 by reducing cell migration and inhibiting the PI3K/MAPK signalling cascade. Stigmasterols suppress skin cancer by preventing DNA damage and increasing the levels of lipid peroxides Ali \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015. Octadecadienoic acid and octadecatrienoic acid exhibit anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis through caspase 3 activation Yoo \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2007, Bharath \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021. hexadecanoic acid, a hexane solvent isolated from \u003cem\u003eTurbinaria ornate\u003c/em\u003e, has potential anticancer activity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells through apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. γ-Sitosterol exhibited potential anticancer activity through cell cycle arrest, growth inhibition and apoptosis Sundarraj \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012. Thus, the combination of all bioactive compounds makes the methanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds a potential anticancer drug.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAML\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e acutemyeloid leukemia; \u003cstrong\u003eABTS:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e2,2\u0026prime;-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; \u003cstrong\u003eDPPH:\u003c/strong\u003e 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; \u003cstrong\u003eIC50\u003c/strong\u003e: Inhibition concentration 50; \u003cstrong\u003eLPS\u003c/strong\u003e: Lipopolysaccharide; \u003cstrong\u003eMTT\u003c/strong\u003e: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; \u003cstrong\u003eTPC\u003c/strong\u003e: Total phenol content; \u003cstrong\u003eTFC\u003c/strong\u003e: Total flavonoid content; \u003cstrong\u003eZOI:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eZone of inhibition\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalaji G\u003c/strong\u003e - Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data analysis and original draft preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrini Mary Infanta\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash; Investigation, methodology, data analysis and original draft preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMurugappan KM\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ndash; Methodology and draft preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data are presented in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe graphical abstract was prepared by using Biorender software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbeysinghe, D. T., Alwis, D. D. D. H., Kumara, K. A. H., \u0026amp; Chandrika, U. G. (2021). Nutritive Importance and Therapeutics Uses of Three Different Varieties (Murraya koenigii, Micromelum minutum, and Clausena indica) of Curry Leaves: An Updated Review. \u003cem\u003eEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2021\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;23. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5523252\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli, H., Dixit, S., Alqahtani, S., Ali, D., Alkahtani, S., \u0026amp; Alarifi, S. (2015). Isolation and evaluation of anticancer efficacy of stigmasterol in a mouse model of DMBA-induced skin carcinoma. \u003cem\u003eDrug Design, Development and Therapy\u003c/em\u003e, 2793. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S83514\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Nasser, M. M., Al-Dosari, M. S., Parvez, M. K., Al-Anazi, M. R., Alkahtane, A. A., Alothaid, H., Alahmari, A., Alarifi, S., Albasher, G., Almeer, R., Alqahtani, M. D., Al-Johani, N. S., Alhoshani, N. M., Alkeraishan, N., Alhenaky, A., Alkahtani, S., \u0026amp; Al-Qahtani, A. A. (2021). The potential effects of Indigofera coerulea extract on THP-1 human cell line. \u003cem\u003eJournal of King Saud University - Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c/em\u003e(4), 101446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101446\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAyoola, G., Coker, H., Adesegun, S., Adepoju-Bello, A., Obaweya, K., Ezennia, E., \u0026amp; Atangbayila, T. (2008). Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Used for Malaria Therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1019\u0026ndash;1024. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v7i3.14686\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaba, S. A., \u0026amp; Malik, S. A. (2015). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of \u003cem\u003eArisaema jacquemontii\u003c/em\u003e Blume. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Taibah University for Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(4), 449\u0026ndash;454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBae, H., Song, G., \u0026amp; Lim, W. (2020). Stigmasterol Causes Ovarian Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. \u003cem\u003ePharmaceutics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(6), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060488\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBharath, B., Perinbam, K., Devanesan, S., AlSalhi, M. S., \u0026amp; Saravanan, M. (2021). Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Hexadecanoic acid from brown algae Turbinaria ornata on HT\u0026ndash;29 colon cancer cells. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Molecular Structure\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1235\u003c/em\u003e, 130229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130229\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhebhe, M., F\u0026uuml;ller, T. N., Chipurura, B., \u0026amp; Muchuweti, M. (2016). Effect of Solvent Type on Total Phenolic Content and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Black Tea and Herbal Infusions. \u003cem\u003eFood Analytical Methods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1060\u0026ndash;1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0270-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBisht, J., Rashmi, R., \u0026amp; G, N. (2016). Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Different Leaf Extracts of Murraya koenigii. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(2), 29\u0026ndash;33. https://doi.org/10.37628/ijbb.v2i2.103\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarini, M., Aldini, G., Furlanetto, S., Stefani, R., \u0026amp; Facino, R. M. (2001). LC coupled to ion-trap MS for the rapid screening and detection of polyphenol antioxidants from Helichrysum stoechas. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(3), 517\u0026ndash;526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00431-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanput, W., Peters, V., \u0026amp; Wichers, H. (2015). THP-1 and U937 Cells. In K. Verhoeckx, P. Cotter, I. L\u0026oacute;pez-Exp\u0026oacute;sito, C. Kleiveland, T. Lea, A. Mackie, T. Requena, D. Swiatecka, \u0026amp; H. Wichers (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eThe Impact of Food Bioactives on Health\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 147\u0026ndash;159). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4_14\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDailey, A., \u0026amp; Vuong, Q. V. (2015). Effect of extraction solvents on recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from macadamia ( \u003cem\u003eMacadamia tetraphylla\u003c/em\u003e ) skin waste. \u003cem\u003eCogent Food \u0026amp; Agriculture\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1115646. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1115646\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDhanani, T., Shah, S., Gajbhiye, N. A., \u0026amp; Kumar, S. (2017). Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. \u003cem\u003eArabian Journal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, S1193\u0026ndash;S1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo, Q. D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., \u0026amp; Ju, Y.-H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food and Drug Analysis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(3), 296\u0026ndash;302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDudonn\u0026eacute;, S., Vitrac, X., Couti\u0026egrave;re, P., Woillez, M., \u0026amp; M\u0026eacute;rillon, J.-M. (2009). Comparative Study of Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of 30 Plant Extracts of Industrial Interest Using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC Assays. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1768\u0026ndash;1774. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803011r\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a-Salinas, S., Elizondo-Castillo, H., Arruebo, M., Mendoza, G., \u0026amp; Irusta, S. (2018). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Different Components of Natural Origin Present in Essential Oils. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061399\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarlapati, V. K., Kumari, A., Mahapatra, P., \u0026amp; Banerjee, R. (2013). Modeling, Simulation, and Kinetic Studies of Solvent-Free Biosynthesis of Benzyl Acetate. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2013\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/451652\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGirish, H., Sudarshana, M., \u0026amp; Rao, E. (2008). In vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Leaf and its Callus Extracts of Cardiospermumhalicacabum L. On Important Human Pathogenic Bacteria. \u003cem\u003eAdv Biol Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGonfa, T., Teketle, S., \u0026amp; Kiros, T. (2020). Effect of extraction solvent on qualitative and quantitative analysis of major phyto-constituents and \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant activity evaluation of \u003cem\u003eCadaba rotundifolia\u003c/em\u003e Forssk leaf extracts. \u003cem\u003eCogent Food \u0026amp; Agriculture\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1853867. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1853867\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuimar\u0026atilde;es, A. C., Meireles, L. M., Lemos, M. F., Guimar\u0026atilde;es, M. C. C., Endringer, D. C., Fronza, M., \u0026amp; Scherer, R. (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Terpenes and Terpenoids Present in Essential Oils. Molecules, 24(13), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132471\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGul, R., Jan, S. U., Faridullah, S., Sherani, S., \u0026amp; Jahan, N. (2017). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from \u003cem\u003eEphedra intermedia\u003c/em\u003e Indigenous to Balochistan. \u003cem\u003eThe Scientific World Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2017\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5873648\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHajam, Y. A., Rani, R., Ganie, S. Y., Sheikh, T. A., Javaid, D., Qadri, S. S., Pramodh, S., Alsulimani, A., Alkhanani, M. F., Harakeh, S., Hussain, A., Haque, S., \u0026amp; Reshi, M. S. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology and Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives. \u003cem\u003eCells\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(3), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030552\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossain, M. A., Al-Hdhrami, S. S., Weli, A. M., Al-Riyami, Q., \u0026amp; Al-Sabahi, J. N. (2014). Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman. \u003cem\u003eAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e, S368\u0026ndash;S372. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1051\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang, M.-H., Huang, S.-S., Wang, B.-S., Wu, C.-H., Sheu, M.-J., Hou, W.-C., Lin, S.-S., \u0026amp; Huang, G.-J. (2011). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum and its reference compounds ex vivo and in vivo. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e133\u003c/em\u003e(2), 743\u0026ndash;750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJadid, N., Hidayati, D., Hartanti, S. R., Arraniry, B. A., Rachman, R. Y., \u0026amp; Wikanta, W. (2017). \u003cem\u003eAntioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Piper retrofractum Vahl. Using DPPH assay\u003c/em\u003e. 020019. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985410\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKala, S., Balasubramanian, T., P, Dr. T., \u0026amp; Mohan, V. (2011). GC- MS determination of bioactive components of Eugenia singampattiana Bedd. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of ChemTech Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e, 1534\u0026ndash;1537.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKasote, D. M., Katyare, S. S., Hegde, M. V., \u0026amp; Bae, H. (2015). Significance of Antioxidant Potential of Plants and its Relevance to Therapeutic Applications. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Biological Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(8), 982\u0026ndash;991. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.12096\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan, T., Ali, M., Khan, A., Nisar, P., Jan, S. A., Afridi, S., \u0026amp; Shinwari, Z. K. (2019). Anticancer Plants: A Review of the Active Phytochemicals, Applications in Animal Models, and Regulatory Aspects. \u003cem\u003eBiomolecules\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010047\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKonappa, N., Udayashankar, A. C., Krishnamurthy, S., Pradeep, C. K., Chowdappa, S., \u0026amp; Jogaiah, S. (2020). GC\u0026ndash;MS analysis of phytoconstituents from Amomum nilgiricum and molecular docking interactions of bioactive serverogenin acetate with target proteins. \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 16438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73442-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumaran, A., \u0026amp; Joel Karunakaran, R. (2006). Antioxidant Activities of the Methanol Extract of \u003cem\u003eCardiospermum halicacabum\u003c/em\u003e . \u003cem\u003ePharmaceutical Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e44\u003c/em\u003e(2), 146\u0026ndash;151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600596302\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumari, D., Mallick, T., Karmakar, A., Mondal, S., Das, S., \u0026amp; Begum, N. A. (2020). Curry Leaf and its Antioxidant Potential: A Systematic Study to Enhance its Activity in Aqueous Medium. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Nutrition \u0026amp; Food Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(3), 323\u0026ndash;332. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666181002142757\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMamtha, B., Kavitha, K., Srinivasan, K. K., \u0026amp;Shivananda, P. G. (2004). An in vitro study of the effect of Centellaasiatica [Indian pennywort] on enteric pathogens [1]. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 36(1). http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=1142299505\u0026amp;partnerID=8YFLogxK\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohaddesi, B., Dudhrejiya, A., \u0026amp; Sheth, N. R. (2015). Anticancer Screening of Various Seed Extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum on Human Colorectal, Skin and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Breast Cancer\u003c/em\u003e, 91\u0026ndash;95. https://doi.org/10.19187/abc.20152391-95\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeelima, Ms. K., Sony, Dr. G., \u0026amp; Sabitha, Dr. Y. (2022). Estimation of Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fresh Extract of Parmotrema Perlatum and Vitex Negundo. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(8), 1037\u0026ndash;1052. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46348\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParekh, J., \u0026amp; Chanda, S. (2007). In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. \u003cem\u003eTurkish Journal of Biology\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/In-vitro-Antimicrobial-Activity-and-Phytochemical-Parekh-Chanda/992d39668327b93f77c6977f0cf434fad866b3e5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaswan, S. K., Srivastava, S., \u0026amp; Rao, C. V. (2019). Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats. \u003cem\u003ePharmacognosy Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(5), 984\u0026ndash;990. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.155\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRameshkumar, A., Sivasudha, T., Jeyadevi, R., Sangeetha, B., Ananth, D. A., Aseervatham, G. S. B., Nagarajan, N., Renganathan, R., \u0026amp;Kathiravan, A. (2013). In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Merremiaemarginata using thio glycolic acid-capped cadmium telluride quantum dots. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 101, 74\u0026ndash;82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.034\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamsden, C. E., Zamora, D., Makriyannis, A., Wood, J. T., Mann, J. D., Faurot, K. R., MacIntosh, B. A., Majchrzak-Hong, S. F., Gross, J. R., Courville, A. B., Davis, J. M., \u0026amp; Hibbeln, J. R. (2015). Diet-Induced Changes in n-3- and n-6-Derived Endocannabinoids and Reductions in Headache Pain and Psychological Distress. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Pain\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(8), 707\u0026ndash;716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.04.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaffaryazdi, A., Ganjeali, A., Farhoosh, R., \u0026amp; Cheniany, M. (2020). Variation in phenolic compounds, \u0026alpha;-linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) during phenological growth stages. \u003cem\u003ePhysiology and Molecular Biology of Plants\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(7), 1519\u0026ndash;1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00836-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh, S. (2014). CURRY LEAVES (Murraya koenigii Linn. Sprengal)- A MIRCALE PLANT. \u003cem\u003eIndian J.Sci.Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e, 46\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSubramanian, S., Dowlath, M. J. H., Karuppannan, S. K., Saravanan M, S., \u0026amp; Arunachalam, K. D. (2020). Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre. \u003cem\u003ePharmacognosy Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(4), 749\u0026ndash;761. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.108\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSundarraj, S., Thangam, R., Sreevani, V., Kaveri, K., Gunasekaran, P., Achiraman, S., \u0026amp; Kannan, S. (2012). \u0026gamma;-Sitosterol from Acacia nilotica L. induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through c-Myc suppression in MCF-7 and A549 cells. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnopharmacology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e141\u003c/em\u003e(3), 803\u0026ndash;809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSyame, S. M., Mohamed, S. M., Elgabry, E. A., Darwish, Y. A. A., \u0026amp; Mansour, A. S. (2022). Chemical characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potentials of Swietenia mahagoni. \u003cem\u003eAMB Express\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-022-01406-w\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSzymanska, R., Posp\u0026iacute;\u0026scaron;il, P., \u0026amp; Kruk, J. (2018). Plant-Derived Antioxidants in Disease Prevention 2018. \u003cem\u003eOxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2018\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;2. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2068370\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoo, Y.-C., Shin, B.-H., Hong, J.-H., Lee, J., Chee, H.-Y., Song, K.-S., \u0026amp; Lee, K.-B. (2007). Isolation of fatty acids with anticancer activity fromProtaetia brevitarsis Larva. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Pharmacal Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(3), 361\u0026ndash;365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977619\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZahin, M., Aqil, F., Husain, F. M., \u0026amp; Ahmad, I. (2013). Antioxidant Capacity and Antimutagenic Potential of \u003cem\u003eMurraya koenigii\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eBioMed Research International\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2013\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/263509\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZablotowicz, R. M., Hoagland, R. E., \u0026amp; Wagner, S. C. (1996). Effect of Saponins on the Growth and Activity of Rhizosphere Bacteria. In G. R. Waller \u0026amp; K. Yamasaki (Eds.), Saponins Used in Food and Agriculture (Vol. 405, pp. 83\u0026ndash;95). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0413-5_8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhytochemical evaluation of \u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/span\u003e extracts\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS.No.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTest\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethanol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eChloroform\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePetEther\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlkaloid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhenol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTannin\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eReducingsugar\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSterols\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSaponin\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGlycosides\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eQuantitative analysis for estimation of total phenols and flavonoids in \u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eBergera\u003c/span\u003e koenigii seed\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCompound\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTPC\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTFC\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethanol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e959.97\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1443.20\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eChloroform\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e150.68\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-50.625\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePetether\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e146.314\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e97.79\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFTIR analysis of \u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/span\u003e extracts\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS. No\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency Ranges\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBond\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFunctional groups\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3336\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eO-H stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlcohol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2924\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC-H stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlkane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2856\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN-H stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eamine salt\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2357\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC\u0026deg;N stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhenyl or amino\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1712\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC-H bending\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003earomatic compound\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1652\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlkene\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1610\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ecyclic Alkene\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1452\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC-H bending\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlkane Methyl group\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1035\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O stretching\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSulfoxide\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e840\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C bending\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAlkene\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e833\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,4-disubstituted or C-H bending\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAromatic compound\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGC-MS analysis of \u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/span\u003e seed extract\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePeak\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRetention\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFormula\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCompound name\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal %\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eMethanol extract\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.760\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC2H5NO2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCarbamic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.521%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56.787\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHexadecanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.052\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57.487\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHexadecanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.221\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57.972\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC16H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.704\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61.605\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eZ)-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.052\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.251\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(Z,Z)-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.052\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.439\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.501\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.883\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.557\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.045\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H38O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl stearate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.770\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.422\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ecis-Vaccenic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.421\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.081\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.703\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.740\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 9-cis,11-trans-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecadienoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.555\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65.790\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.344\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67.929\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H40O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.349\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.696\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H42O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.254\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69.733\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEthyl 9.cis.,11.trans.-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecadienoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.328\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70.029\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC30H50O6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOlean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehexol, (3\u0026beta;,15\u0026alpha;,16\u0026alpha;,21\u0026beta;,22\u0026alpha;)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.095\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e71.818\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctanoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.163\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.012\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC23H46O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDocosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.918\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.415\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC24H38O4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDiisooctyl phthalate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.230\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e75.600\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC28H48O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCampesterol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.570\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76.515\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC16H48O6Si7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptasiloxane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.028\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.170\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC29H48O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eStigmasterol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.724\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.950\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC24H48O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTricosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.212\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81.817\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC29H50O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gamma;-Sitosterol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.290\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e82.557\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC29H48\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eStigmastan-3,5-diene\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.761\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e84.091\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC32H64\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,1,3,6-tetramethyl-2- (3,6,10,13,14-pentamethyl-3-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eethyl-pentadecyl)cyclohexane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.554\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e84.992\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H33BrO\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,2-Epoxycyclopentane, 3- isopropyl-1-methyl-2-[3-(2- bromomethyl-3- methylcyclopentyl)but-3-en-1-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eyl]\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.720\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e86.755\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC40H58O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRhodopin\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.058\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e87.361\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H42O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-Dodecanol, 2-octyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.521\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003eChloroform extract\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25.743\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC12H26O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2-Dodecanol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.430%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.282\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC12H26\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDodecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.330%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.632\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC10H20O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDecanal\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.121%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.103\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC10H12O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBenzaldehyde, 4-propyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.030%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.736\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC12H24\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2-Decene, 2,4-dimethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.268%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.843\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC15H32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDodecane, 2,7,10-trimethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.232%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31.907\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H30\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTetradecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.179%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.212\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC15H32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.903%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36.347\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H28\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCyclotetradecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.550%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36.724\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H30\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTetradecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.065%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.285\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC10H18O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNonanoic acid, 9-oxo-, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.559%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.496\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H20O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.537%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40.869\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecane, 2,6,10,15-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003etetramethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.332%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.057\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC15H32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePentadecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.345%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.662\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H22O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003edimethylethyl)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.821%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42.726\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H30O4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFumaric acid, isobutyl nonyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.732%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43.883\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC12H24O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDodecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.486%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44.785\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC16H32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCetene\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.076%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.094\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H42\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.263%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.928\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC13H10O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBenzophenone\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.347%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47.476\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H28\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBenzene, (1-ethylnonyl)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.286%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.848\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H36\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.843%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.790\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC15H30O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl tetradecanoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.837%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.759\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H42\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHexadecane, 2,6,11,15-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003etetramethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.120%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51.351\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H28O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.166%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.414\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H38\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOctadecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.128%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e54.702\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC16H22O4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ebis(2-methylpropyl) ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.513%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e55.953\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester, (Z)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.873%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56.492\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H24O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1- oxaspiro(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)deca-6,9-diene-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2,8-dione\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.973%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56.949\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHexadecanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.804%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58.550\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosane, 2-methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.906%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.035\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H36O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12-Methyl-E,E-2,13-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecadien-1-ol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.087%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.573\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H26O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3,5-di-tert-Butyl-4-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehydroxyphenyl propionic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.747%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.896\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.670%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.695\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 9-cis,11-trans-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecadienoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.804%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.005\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.233%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.314\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H38O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl stearate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.804%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.449\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H40O4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.662%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.269\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.843%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.512\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosane, 2-methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.814%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.821\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 9-cis,11-trans-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecadienoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.803%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66.301\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 9.cis.,11.trans.t,13.trans.-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecatrienoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.867%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66.678\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.cis.,11.trans.t,13.trans.- octadecatrienoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.827%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67.526\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.332%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67.983\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H40O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.512%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.737\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H42O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEicosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.305%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69.114\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC11H20O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6-Nonenal, 3,7-dimethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.345%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70.190\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC11H20O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6-Nonenal, 3,7-dimethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.814%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e71.859\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctanoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.192%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e72.303\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H34O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e: Androst-5-en-17-ol, 4,4-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003edimethyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.922%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.052\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC23H46O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDocosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.400%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e75.627\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC26H54\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOctadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eethylbutyl)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.494%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76.528\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC24H48O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTricosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.155%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e54\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.197\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePregn-5-en-20-one, 3-hydroxy\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e.788%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e55\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.964\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC25H50O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTetracosanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.966%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81.171\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC30H50\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSqualene\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.911%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e84.992\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC27H44O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3\u0026beta;)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.855%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85.437\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC29H46\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eStigmastan-6,22-dien, 3,5-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ededihydro\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.704%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldItalic\"\u003ePetroleum ether extract\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.636\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H22O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003edimethylethyl)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0 0.998%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.185\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H36\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.274%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51.163\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H28O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.364%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.508\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC16H34O\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3-Hexadecanol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.590%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53.356\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIsopropyl myristate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.331%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e55. 940\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester, (Z)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.620%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56.532\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTridecanoic acid, 4,8,12-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003etrimethyl-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.510%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56.720\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H34O\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHexadecanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.876%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57.999\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC16H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.249%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58.927\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC17H26O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3,5-di-tert-Butyl-4-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehydroxyphenyl propionic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.629%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61.121\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC14H14N2OS\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10-Oxo-5,5-dimethyl-5-sila- 5,10-dihydro-5H-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ebenzo[e]pyrido[3,4-b]azepine\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.294%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61.417\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gamma;-Linolenic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.491%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61.713\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(Z,Z)-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.995%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.049\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(Z,Z)-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.198%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.345\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003etrans-13-Octadecenoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.691%0.346%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.601\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.346%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.776\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H38O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl stearate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.275%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.005\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H38O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeptadecanoic acid, 15-methyl-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.778%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.206\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(Z,Z)-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.051%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.068\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC18H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.550%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.418\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeneicosane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.416%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66.234\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.230%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66.853\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC15H33ClOSi\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1-Dimethyl(3-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003echloropropyl) silyloxydecane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.446%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67.620\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H36O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 12-hydroxy-9-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eoctadecenoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.639%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.024\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H34O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10,13-Octadecadienoic acid,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.804%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.697\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H42O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethyl 18-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emethyl nonadecanoate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.676%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.885\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H36O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16-Octadecenoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.046%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69.221\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC29H60\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2-methyloctacosane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.444%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70.338\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC21H44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHeneicosane\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.252%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e71.805\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC19H32O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8-Nonenoic acid, 9-(1,3-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003enonadiene loxy)-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.336%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73.420\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC29H62O2Si\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSilane,\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ediethyl heptyloxyoctadecyloxy\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.265%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.012\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC23H46O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDocosanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.611%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.429\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC24H38O4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePhthalic acid, di(2-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003epropyl pentyl) ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.159%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.547\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC20H28O3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBenzoic acid, 3,5-dicyclohexyl-\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4-hydroxy-, methyl ester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.263%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.951\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eC25H50O2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTetracosanoic acid, methyl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eester\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.952%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eObservation of Zone of inhibition of \u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/span\u003e among different bacterial species\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS. No.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBacteria\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eZone of inhibition (in mm)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMethanol\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eChloroform\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePetEther\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eStandard\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eControl\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Italic\"\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"Bharathidasan University","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Acute myeloid leukemia, Bergera koenigii seeds, THP-1 cells, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4452217/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4452217/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTraditional herbs have always been pioneers in the development of new therapeutics. According to Ayurveda, India has always been a hub of many herbs and shrubs that possess numerous polyphenols and flavonoids with promising anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The present study aimed to elucidate the anticancer activity of various methanol, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii \u003c/em\u003eseeds against THP-1 cells. In addition to phytochemical analysis, total phenol and flavonoid content (TPC, TFC) and antioxidant assays were also performed to estimate the potential of the \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds. Among these, the methanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii \u003c/em\u003eseeds inhibited leukemic THP-1 cells due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, tricosanoic acid and γ-sitosterol, as revealed by GC‒MS analysis. According to the radical scavenging capacity, both hexadecanoic acid and octadecadienoic acid exhibited the highest anticancer activity, with IC50 values of 15±8.37 and 15±0.23 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, the methanolic extract had a TPC of 959.97 mg/GAE and a TFC of 1443.20 mg/QE, and the antioxidant activity had an IC50 value of 369.09, Antibacterial activity with 10 ± 0.5 mm\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, 8 ± 0.82 mm for \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa \u003c/em\u003eand15 ± 1.7 mm for \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e. Thus, the above results indicate that the methanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eBergera koenigii\u003c/em\u003e seeds are more promising drugs against leukemic THP-1 cell lines than are the chloroform and pet ether extracts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phytochemical profiling, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation of Bergera koenigii seed extracts against Leukemic cancer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-23 01:53:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4452217/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":2}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4e3b433b-93d8-4c95-af47-43818c75c52b","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-24T20:42:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4452217","link":"https://doi.org/10.69936/en04y0025","journal":{"identity":"exon","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Exon"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-01 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-23 01:53:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.69936/en04y0025","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.69936/en04y0025","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4452217","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4452217","identity":"rs-4452217","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}