Urban Resilience of Metropolitans in the Mid-Latitude Coastal Regions of East Asia for Global Weather Anomalies

Weather patterns in cities located in both the eastern and western coastal regions of the Pacific may tend to change coupled with global weather anomalies. This study analyzes temperature variabilities in the western coastal region of the Pacific associated with LST, NDVI, and ONI over the past 57 years. The results indicate that the temperature rise was 0.34°C, significantly higher than global warming of 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade. El Niño/La Niña events typically reach the East Asian coastal regions 4 to 6 months after their occurrence, and their impact seems more severe in the following year. El Niño influenced the formation of high temperatures and remained high even after neutralization. La Niña led to significant temperature drops and extended cold waves; this climate phenomenon greatly differs from the typical region-specific climate over a long period. Spatiotemporal distributions of LST revealed that weather anomalies significantly influenced urban greenery and forests, which suffered from physiological stresses, compromising their ability to provide ecosystem services that protect against climate change or mitigate their impacts. NDVI-Mass values increased with rising temperatures caused by El Niño but decreased drastically with low vegetation vitality at low temperatures caused by La Niña. Urban greenery and forests recover after absorbing the impact of global weather anomalies but experience a short-term loss of 5% and an average long-term loss of approximately 1% in NDVI-Mass yearly. This continuous loss indicates a lack of equilibrium from 1985 to the present. Regional warming in the study area has continued to rise.