From challenges to solutions: The promise of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in restoring female reproductive health

The female reproductive system plays a crucial role in reproduction and overall health; however, various disorders, such as infertility, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic organ prolapse, can significantly impact women's quality of life. Traditional treatments, including surgical interventions and assisted reproductive technologies (ART), often fail to address the underlying causes. This review highlights the transformative potential of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) as innovative strategies for restoring reproductive function. We explore advances in biomaterials, stem cell applications, and technologies such as 3D bioprinting and organoids, emphasizing their roles in developing functional ovarian, uterine, and vaginal constructs. Additionally, we discuss the integration of organ-on-a-chip models and microfluidic systems as promising platforms for studying reproductive processes and drug testing. Despite the potential of TERM to revolutionize gynecological care, challenges such as vascularization, long-term functionality, and immune response management remain. This comprehensive overview evaluates current TERM strategies, their clinical applications for reproductive disorders, key challenges, and future directions, underscoring TERM's potential to improve reproductive health outcomes for women worldwide.