Effects of urban green space habitats and tree species on ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity

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However, the current understanding of EMF diversity in UGSHs remains poor. Therefore, in this study, using morphological classification and molecular identification, we aimed to investigate EMF diversity in three EMF host plants: Cedrus deodara in the road green belt, and C. deodara , Pinus massoniana , and Salix babylonica in the park road green belt, in Guiyang, China. A total of 62 EMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, including 13 EMF OTUs in the C. deodara road green belt, and 23, 31, and 9 EMF OTUs in the park green belts. C. deodara , P. massoniana , and S. babylonica were respectively identified in park green belts. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla in the EMF communities in road and park green habitat, respectively. The Shannon and Simpson indices of the C. deodara EMF community in the park green belt were higher than those in the road green belt. EMF diversity of the tree species in the park green belt was P. massoniana > C. deodara > S. babylonica . Differences in EMF community diversity was observed among the different greening tree species in the UGSHs. UGSHs with different disturbance gradients had a significant impact on the EMF diversity of the same greening tree species. These results can be used as a scientific reference for optimizing the design and scientific management of UGSHs. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences ectomycorrhizal fungi urban greenspace habitat urbanization greening tree diversity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Urbanization has changed the human living environment and played a “filter” role to microbial diversity. Often, alien plant species are introduced in urban areas to increase the beauty of urban landscapes, leading to ecosystem convergence. This convergence phenomenon leads to biodiversity decline, and homogenization of habitats lead to homogenization of urban soil microorganisms [ 1 ] . A reduction in contact with natural biodiversity weakens the microbiome and immune system of the human body, thereby affecting human health. Thus, rapid urbanization negatively impacts microbial biodiversity and consequently, human health [ 2 – 5 ] . Exposure to diverse urban greenspace habitats (UGSHs) can reduce blood pressure, relieve pain, and reduce mortality [ 6 – 8 ] . Although the mechanisms associated with these positive effects remain unclear, the effects may be due to the interaction of plants and soil microbial communities with humans and the soil microbiome can transfer to the residents, altering human microbiome composition, influencing immune function and health outcomes [ 9 – 11 ] . Therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of soil microbial diversity among different UGSHs. UGSHs allow pollution degradation and remediation for human survival [ 12 , 13 ] , water resource management, carbon maintenance, nutrient cycling, and a series of basic ecosystem services [ 14 – 16 ] , such as promoting biochemical cycles and soil processes [ 17 , 18 ] ; therefore, they are key in modern urban ecosystems [ 19 ] . “The microbiome rewilding hypothesis” proposes that microbial diversity in urban green spaces can effectively improve urban population health by providing a “natural” microbiome to urban residents [ 20 , 21 ] . However, owing to environmental characteristics, artificial management, and maintenance types, different UGSHs differ considerably in structure and function. Urban and parked-road green belts are common UGSHs types. Road green belts promote isolation, safety, and ecological protection; these soils become relatively isolated habitats surrounded by concrete fences and are subject to multiple disturbances (for example, automobile exhaust emissions, dust fall, road management, and maintenance), which can influence soil enzyme activity and organic carbon content, affecting soil microbial diversity [ 22 , 23 ] . Urban parks provide important ecological services such as air purification, climate regulation, environment beautification, and physical and mental health promotion of residents [ 24 , 25 ] . Parks are often affected by human activities, and the soil surface is trampled and compacted, which affects soil pore connectivity, permeability, air permeability, temperature, rooting space, nutrient flow, and biological activity [ 26 ] . Human disturbance is the main factor affecting soil microbial diversity [ 27 , 28 ] . Soil microbiomes in UGSHs play an important role in the sustainable and stable development of urban ecological environments by alleviating psychological pressure and physical health [ 25 ] . Strengthening the monitoring, evaluation, and research of soil microorganisms in UGSHs is of great scientific and practical significance. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and plant community succession [ 29 ] . Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Salicaceae, and other major tree species are EMF host plants that are widely distributed in most forest ecosystems [ 30 ] . EMF help host plants absorb nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other elements) and alleviate heavy metal pollution stress and antagonize diseases [ 31 , 32 ] . Some EMF can form fruiting bodies during the completion of their life cycle and are often used as indicators of changes in UGSHs [ 33 ] . EMF allows for rapid establishment or promotion of early tree species colonization in disturbed areas [ 34 ] . Considering that many ectomycorrhizal host trees such as Pine , Poplar , and Salix are distributed in cities, UGSHs are characteristic of habitat isolation and long-term artificial perturbations (for example, exposed pollutants, artificial disturbance, and management activities) and obstruct the interspecies interactions of fungi, resulting in lower EMF diversity in UGSHs [ 35 , 36 ] . Therefore, a deeper understanding of EMF diversity in UGSHs will allow for improved scientific management. A large majority of studies on EMF diversity has focused on natural ecosystem habitats such as different forest types and grasslands [ 37 , 38 ] , reporting changes in soil microbial communities [ 39 ] , but not on EMF diversity, in UGSHs. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to measure EMF diversity in three EMF host plants, namely, Cedrus deodara , Pinus massoniana , and Salix babylonica , in UGSHs. We hypothesized that under different UGSHs 1) EMF diversity differs among different tree species and 2) EMF diversity in the same tree species is different. In this study, we aim to provide a scientific reference for optimizing the design and scientific management of UGSHs. Results EMF infestation rate In the two UGSHs, significant differences ( P 0.05) in the C. deodara EMF infestation rate was observed. The EMF infection rates were as follows: P. massoniana in parks (54.48%) > C. deodara in parks (51.27%) > C. deodara on roads (41.3%) > S. babylonica in parks (36.97%). EMF community composition and structure EMF OTUs (Table 2 ) was as follows: P. massoniana in park (31) > C. deodara in park (23) > C. deodara on road (13) > S. babylonica in park (9), which indicated that EMF richness was significantly different among the different greening trees in the different UGSHs. EMF species dilution curve (Fig. 1 b) showed that with an increase in the sampling amount, the number of EMF OTUs gradually increased but did not tend to stabilize, which indicated that the sampling amount did not fully or accurately reflect EMF diversity in the study sites, suggesting large spatial variation in the EMF community in UGSHs. Therefore, increasing the number of EMF samples in subsequent related investigations is necessary. Table 1 Basic information of different tree species in the plot Plots EMF hosts Altitude Longitude Latitude Diameter Height Road green belt C. deodara 1093 106º39’39’’E 26º27’4’’N 16.48 7.57 Park green belt C. deodara 1098 106º40’8’’E 26º26’1’’N 20.16 8.24 S.babylonica 1088 106º40’5’’E 26º26’9’’N 19.98 6.97 P. massoniana 1078 106º40’29’’E 26º26’37’’N 20.89 9.64 Table 2 Ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing green tree species root from different green belt association habitats were identified based on morphotyping and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Number OTUs Genbank ID Sequence length /bp EMF hosts 1 Amphinema sp.1 PQ049667 645 ▽△ 2 Amphinema sp.2 PQ049668 682 ▽ 3 Archaeorhizomyces borealis PQ049669 530 ▽ 4 Basidiomycota sp. PQ049670 680 ▽ 5 Cenococcum geophilum PQ049671 511 ▽○ 6 Cenococcum sp.1 PQ049672 570 △ 7 Ceratobasidiaceae sp. PQ049673 697 ▽ 8 Clavulicium delectabile PQ049674 670 ▽ 9 Clavulina sp. PQ049675 672 △ 10 Clavulina sp.1 PQ049676 618 ▽ 11 Clavulina sp.2 PQ049677 706 ▽ 12 Clavulinaceae sp.1 PQ049678 672 ▽ 13 Cortinarius sp. PQ049679 522 ▽ 14 Cortinarius sp.1 PQ049680 634 △ 15 Dothideomycetes sp. PQ049681 542 △ 16 Eurotiomycetes sp.1 PQ049682 644 ▲ 17 Helvellosebacina sp. PQ049683 640 △ 18 Hypomyces luteovirens PQ049684 684 ▽ 19 Ilyonectria macrodidyma PQ049685 584 △ 20 Ilyonectria sp.1 PQ049686 574 △ 21 Inocybe pseudoreducta PQ049687 716 ○ 22 Lactarius akahatsu PQ049688 597 ○ 23 Lactarius hatsudake PQ049689 597 ○ 24 Lactarius kesiyae PQ049690 762 ▽ 25 Lactarius salmonicolor PQ049691 760 ▽ 26 Lophiostoma corticola PQ049692 552 ▲ 27 Massarina sp.1 PQ049693 554 ▲ 28 Oidiodendron citrinum PQ049694 540 ▲△ 29 Oidiodendron maius PQ049695 576 ▲△ 30 Oidiodendron sp.1 PQ049696 585 ▲△ 31 Oidiodendron sp.2 PQ049697 599 △ 32 Otidea bicolor PQ049698 648 ▽ 33 Otidea bufonia PQ049699 672 ▽ 34 Otidea subpurpurea PQ049700 647 ▽ 35 Pseudotomentella sp.1 PQ049701 758 △ 36 Russula brevispora PQ049702 608 ▲○ 37 Russula catillus PQ049703 648 ▽△ 38 Russula cremicolor PQ049704 716 ▽△ 39 Russula indocatillus PQ049705 701 ▽ 40 Russula sp.1 PQ049706 585 ▽ 41 Sebacina dimitica PQ049707 636 ▽ 42 Sebacina incrustans PQ049708 534 ▽ 43 Sebacina sp. PQ049709 652 ▽ 44 Sebacina sp.1 PQ049710 537 ▽○ 45 Sebacina sparassoidea PQ049711 652 △ 46 Thelephora sp.1 PQ049712 653 ○ 47 Thelephoraceae sp.1 PQ049713 685 △ 48 Thelephoraceae sp.2 PQ049714 584 ▽ 49 Tomentella sp. PQ049715 695 ▽ 50 Tomentella sp.1 PQ049716 683 ▽ 51 Tomentella sp.2 PQ049717 683 ▽ 52 Tomentella sp.3 PQ049718 698 △ 53 Tomentella sp.4 PQ049719 686 ○ 54 Tomentella stuposa PQ049720 686 ▽○ 55 Trichophaea sp. PQ049721 613 ▲ 56 Trichophaea sp.1 PQ049722 595 ▲△ 57 Trichophaea sp.2 PQ049723 614 ▲△ 58 Tylospora sp. PQ049724 463 ▽ 59 Venturia sp.1 PQ049725 591 △ 60 Wilcoxina sp. PQ049726 616 ▲ 61 Wilcoxina sp.1 PQ049727 617 ▲△ 62 Wilcoxina sp.2 PQ049728 611 ▲△ Note: ▲Represents the C. deodara on roads; △Represents the C. deodara in parks; ▽Represents the P. massoniana in parks; ○Represents the S. babylonica in parks. EMF community in each greening tree showed that the number of specific OTUs was higher than that of common OTUs (Fig. 2 ), and the common OTUs were mainly Oidiodendron , Wilcoxina , and Russula (Fig. 3 ). No common OTUs were observed among the three green trees, including C. deodara and S. babylonica in the park greenbelt. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla in the road and park greenbelt, respectively (Fig. 4 a). The EMF community structures in different UGSHs differed significantly (Fig. 4 b). Trichophaea , Wilcoxina , and Oidiodendron were the dominant genus in road green belts. Tomentella , Russula , and Genocococcum were the dominant genus in park greenbelts. Both Wilcoxina and Oidiodendron were the most common dominant genus of C. deodara in the two UGSHs but were more abundant in the road green belt (Fig. 4 a). EMF community diversity and similarity The EMF diversity (Table 3 ) among greening trees was as follows: P. massoniana in parks > C. deodara in parks > C. deodara on roads > S. babylonica in parks. This shows that UGSHs disturbance tends to reduce EMF diversity in C. deodara , and EMF host plants might have an important influence on EMF diversity. The Jaccard and Sørenson similarity indices of the EMF communities among different host plants was low, and C. deodara and S. babylonica EMF communities differed (Table 4 ). Table 3 EMF diversity of urban greening tree species. Plots EMF hosts OTUs Shannon index Simpson index Pielou index Road green belt C. deodara 13 2.57 0.92 0.97 Park green belt C. deodara 23 3.26 0.96 0.99 S. babylonica 9 2.20 0.89 0.96 P. massoniana 31 3.53 0.97 0.98 Table 4 The Jaccard (lower left) and Sørenson (upper right) similarity index of EMF community of greening tree species in different greening habitats. Tree species for parks and roads greening habitat. Similarity index C.deodara on roads C. deodara in parks P.massoniana in parks S. babylonica in parks C. deodara on roads 0 0.19 0.08 C. deodara in parks 0 0.14 0 P. massoniana in parks 0.17 0.07 0.15 S. babylonica in parks 0.04 0.08 0 Discussion EMF is highly sensitive to soil nutrient and pollutant levels [ 43 ] . EMF plays a vital role in UGSHs and serves as an indicator of environmental quality. In this study, 64 EMF OTUs related to the two UGSHs were identified in three green tree species. The decline in EMF OTU number showed the following pattern: P. massoniana in parks (31) > C. deodara in parks (23) > C. deodara on roads (13) > S. babylonica in parks (9). Among these, EMF OTU richness of P. massoniana was the highest, which might be related to the fact that P. massoniana is an endemic tree in China with relatively higher EMF richness (76 ~ 138 OTUs) [ 32 ] in natural forest habitats. EMF richness in S. babylonica and C. deodara was lower, which is consistent with previous reports ( S. babylonica and C. deodara had 7 and 19 EMF OTUs, respectively [ 34 , 44 ] ). In addition, the species dilution curve of the number of samples (Fig. 1 b) showed that the sampling amount in this study was insufficient to estimate the true EMF richness of each tree species. Therefore, further studies with adequate green tree species sampling volumes in different UGSHs are required. Basidiomycota richness in green parks was significantly higher than that in road green belts, which might be due to the higher forest coverage and diversity in the park [ 45 ] , resulting in plant litter rich in lignin and cellulose. Basidiomycota can be effectively degraded and utilized to meet their own growth and reproduction needs [ 46 ] . This reflects the dominant position and important role of Basidiomycota in these habitats. Ascomycota richness in the road green belt was higher than that of Basidiomycota, which is consistent with P. sylvestris EMF diversity in sandy land [ 47 ] . Ascomycota EMF species is more adaptable to various environmental stresses [ 48 ] and is likely the reason for Wilcoxina and Trichophaea dominance. In this study, EMF community composition was different among the different tree species. Habitats with high plant richness drives EMF richness [ 23 ] . EMF community structures in park green belts with higher plant diversity were more complex than those in road green belts. Although there are more common EMF among greening tree species at the genus or higher classification level, the OTU level is host-specific [ 49 , 50 ] . The spatial homogeneity of soil and vegetation increases with tourism disturbance [ 51 ] . Therefore, tourist disturbances might promote C. deodara and P. massoniana EMF community composition similarity at the genus level (seven common genus). In this study, Russula richness negatively correlated with the soil compaction gradient [ 52 ] . However, Russula was widespread in this study, and its richness was highest in P. massoniana , indicating that P. massoniana in the rhizosphere soil was less compacted and disturbed by tourist activities. The relative abundance of Wilcoxina and Oidiodendron in the road green belt was significantly higher than that in the park C. deodara , probably owing to enhanced adaptability to stressful environments, becoming the dominant species in this habitat. EMF diversity is mainly affected by the host plant type and soil environment [ 6 ] . EMF diversity in the park green habitat was P. massoniana > C. deodara > S. babylonica , and EMF diversity in green parks was higher than that in road green belts, which might be due to the more complex composition and structure of vegetation communities in parks [ 27 ] with higher diversity of cultivated non-native species and frequent conservation management (including regular fertilization, tillage, and watering). These human disturbances provide heterogeneous conditions for the greening of tree species. The geographical environment and soil matrix of the parks are different and are also affected by the root exudates of adjacent plants [ 53 ] . This might selectively affect specific microbial communities in the rhizosphere of plants [ 54 ] , indirectly increasing nutrient availability for EMF, providing a broader niche for EMF growth and diversity, and shaping EMF diversity. Additionally, diversity was associated with high plant species richness [ 55 ] . However, EMF in road green belts might be limited by other related factors such as single vegetation species (only C. deodara ), shallow roots, nitrogen deposition caused by automobile exhaust emissions, and changes in temperature and humidity conditions [ 56 , 57 ] , which lead to EMF growth inhibition. C. deodara in the road greening habitat requires more frequent fertilization and irrigation, which reduces the dependence of plants on the absorption of nutrients and water by mycorrhizal fungi [ 58 , 59 ] . With the increase in soil compaction and the serious impact of human activities, the soil carbon deposition rate and the soil animals’ species (for example earthworms) content are affected, resulting in decreases in EMF diversity and host root infestation rate of C. deodara in road greening habitats [ 32 ] . In this study, the similarity of EMF communities among different greening tree species was low, due to EMF community dependence on both random and deterministic processes, and the diffusion limitation in the random process is the primary influencing factor; that is, the geographical distance hinders the diffusion of fungal propagules (spores and hyphae). In addition, owing to the symbiosis between C. deodara and native ectomycorrhizal fungi, as an exotic tree species, C. deodara can be planted locally. Conclusions Overall, our study demonstrated significant differences in the composition and diversity of EMF communities among different greening tree species in two UGSHs. In addition, EMF diversity in the same greening tree species ( C. deodara ) was significantly affected in different UGSHs. UGSHs are urban functional lands and important habitats for urban biodiversity maintenance. Further studies that examine EMF diversity changes of other greening tree species from different perspectives of habitat interference are required to provide a scientific basis for healthy development of UGSG ecology and the development of EMF agents for urban greening tree management. Materials and Methods Study Area The study area is located in Huaxi District (106°27–106°52’E, 26°11’ -26°34’W), Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China, which terrain is mainly mountainous and hilly, located in the east of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the middle of Miaoling Mountains and belonged to the typical karst landform area. The area belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate zone, the average annual rainfall approximately is 1178.3 mm, the average annual temperature is 15.7°C, and the soil type is yellow. Zone vegetation type is evergreen broad-leaved mixed and coniferous forest. The tree species include P. massoniana , C. deodara , S. babylonica , Camphor and Ginkgo . Sample collection and processing In April 2023, the following tree species and sample plots were selected for analysis (Table 1 ): three species in the Huaxi park green belt- C. deodara , P. massoniana , and S. babylonica , and one species in the road greening belt of Jiaxiu South Road- C. deodara . In the survey site, a total of 40 root samples were collected; 10 host plants with relatively uniform growth and with a minimum spatial distance of 3 m were randomly selected as sampling objects, and mycorrhizal root samples 15–20 cm in length from a 0–20 cm deep soil layer in two directions were traced from the trunk of the selected trees. The collection of plant material performed in our study complies with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Morphological and molecular identification of EMF Under the stereomicroscope (Mac Audi SMZ-171, Xiamen, China), the morphological classification was based on characteristics such as shape, size, branching, color and presence or absence of mycelium in mycorrhizal root tip [ 40 ] . The morphology and quantity of the mycorrhizal roots were recorded and photographed. We choose two or three robust root tips to DNA extraction for species identification [ 41 ] . Mycorrhizal DNA was extracted by modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The primers ITS1-F (5′ -CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′) and ITS4 (5′ -TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATATATGC-3′) were used to amplify the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The PCR system volume was 25 µL [ 42 ] . The PCR products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, then sent to Sangon Bioengineering (Shanghai, China) Co., Ltd. For sequencing. EMF were formally identified by Ying-Qing Cen. This materials not stored in a publicly available herbarium. Data processing The obtained DNA sequences were analyzed using Chromas ( https://technelysium.com.au ), and high-quality sequences were selected for editing and correction. The two effective sequences of the same PCR product were spliced using SeqMan ( https://www.dnastar.com ). To preliminarily identify the relevant species, the spliced sequence was compared in Gen Bank using BLAST ( https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi ). Then, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA-X ( https://www.megasoftware.net ) software and the adjacency method, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out to further determine its OTUs. OriginPro 2022 ( https://www.originlab.com ) was used to draw the cumulative curve of OTU sampling number and the histogram of mycorrhizal infestation rate, and the relative abundance diagram for the phylum and genus levels was drawn. The co-occurrence network analysis diagram was made using Gephi 0.10.2 ( https://gephi.org ) software, and the diversity index of EMF was calculated with R version 4.3.2. ( https://cran.rstudio.com ). Declarations Author Contribution Q.C, Lin was responsible for article writing and data collation. Y.Q, Cen was responsible for data collection. D.D, Jiang was responsible for experimental and data processing technical guidance. M., Xu and J. Zhang were responsible for important revisions to the paper and approved the final version of the paper. Acknowledgement We wish to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions for improving our manuscript. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project (Grant numbers 31660150 and 31960234). 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International Journal of Plant Biology, 15, 340–357 (2024). Bainard, L. D., Klironomos, J. N. & Gordon, A. M. The mycorrhizal status and colonization of 26 tree species growing in urban and rural environments. Mycorrhiza. 21, 91–96 (2011). Jumpponen, A., Jones, K., David Attox, J. & YAEGE, C. Massively parallel 454-sequencing of fungal communities in Quercus Spp. ectomycorrhizas indicates seasonal dynamics in urban and rural sites. Mol. Ecol. 19, 41–53 (2010). Otsing, E., Anslan, S., Ambrosio, E., Koricheva, J. & Tedersoo, L. Tree species richness and neighborhood effects on ectomycorrhizal fungal richness and community structure in boreal forest. Front. Microbiol. 12, 264 (2021). Gao, Q. & Yang, Z. L. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of Kobresia in an alpine meadow in the eastern himalaya. Mycorrhiza. 20, 281–287 (2010). Grierson, J., Flies, E. J., Bissett, A., Ammitzboll, H. & Jones, P. Which soil microbiome? bacteria, fungi, and protozoa communities show different relationships with urban green space type and use-intensity. Sci. Total Environ. 863, 160468 (2023). Agerer, R. Colour atlas of ectomycorrhizae. Schwabisch gmund, Germany: einhorn-verlag eduard dietenberger. Biology, Environmental Science. 1997. White, T. et al. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal rna genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. 18, 315, (1990). Gardes, M. & Bruns, T. D. Its primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol. Ecol. 2, 113–118 (1993). Newbound, M., Mccarthy, M. A. & Lebel, T. Fungi and the urban environment: a review. Landsc. Urban Plan. 96, 138–145 (2010). Wen, Z. et al. Ectomycorrhizal community associated with Cedrus Deodara in four urban forests of nantong in east China. Front. Plant Sci. 14, (2023). Lindahl, B. D. et al. Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest. New Phytol. 173, 611–620 (2007). Sánchez, C. Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. Biotechnol. Adv. 27, 185–194 (2009). Guo, M. et al. Community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus Sylvestris Var. Mongolica plantations of various ages in the Horqin Sandy Land. Ecol. Indic. 110, 105860–105861 (2020). Sun, Q., Liu, Y., Huatao, Y. & Lian, B. The Effect of environmental contamination on the community structure and fructification of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Microbiologyopen. 6, 396 (2016). Vander, S. et al. Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nature. 558, 243–248 (2018). Yang, T. et al. Saprotrophic fungal diversity predicts ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity along the timberline in the framework of island biogeography theory. Isme Communications. 1, 15 (2021). Sarah, P. & Zhevelev, H. M. Effect of visitors’ pressure on soil and vegetation in several different micro-environments in urban parks in Tel Aviv. Landsc. Urban Plan. 83, 284–293 (2007). Hartmann, M. et al. Resistance and resilience of the forest soil microbiome to logging-associated compaction. The Isme Journal. 8, 226–244 (2014). Eisenhauer, N. et al. Root biomass and exudates link plant diversity with soil bacterial and fungal biomass. Sci Rep. 7, 44641 (2017). Vranova, V., Rejsek, K., Skene, K. R., Janous, D. & Formanek, P. Methods of collection of plant root exudates in relation to plant metabolism and purpose: a review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 176, 175–199 (2013). Fei, S. et al. Coupling of plant and mycorrhizal fungal diversity: its occurrence, relevance, and possible implications under global change. New Phytol. 234, 1960–1966 (2022). Ahn, J. et al. Characterization of the bacterial and archaeal communities in rice field soils subjected to long-term fertilization practices. J. Microbiol. 50, 754–765 (2012). Holden, S. R. & Treseder, K. K. A Meta-analysis of soil microbial biomass responses to forest disturbances. Frontiers in microbiology. 4, 163 (2013). Augé, R. Water relation, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza. 11, 3–42 (2001). Zheng, Y., Hu, H., Guo, L., Anderson, I. C. & Powell, J. R. Dryland forest management alters fungal community composition and decouples assembly of root-and soil-sssociated fungal communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 109, 14–22 (2017). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ying-Qing","middleName":"","lastName":"Cen","suffix":""},{"id":341426458,"identity":"d99a8811-ce4e-465d-8c5e-52855d9127dd","order_by":2,"name":"Ming Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guizhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ming","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":341426459,"identity":"fbd3b216-f338-4181-ab53-4556c69dacc8","order_by":3,"name":"Dan-Dan Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guizhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dan-Dan","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":341426460,"identity":"240114f4-7b8c-4772-b208-6129fd5792d5","order_by":4,"name":"Jian Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIie3QsWrDMBCAYQmBu1zweiIGv4JLIG4hbV5FJtAsnkumIjBkygM4tA+hKdDtjKBTqR8gU5fOCi0lXUrjbh2iZCxE/3AguG84MRYK/cewG7CbQhCp2QjiWB9LzqKC3PNNIms6hnTFMGiWczvKtPKL9L56e/1ILtJcsMxC1ELGiLtNuZ/wh6d8kACeP1ZMWYA15EILuVztJwLVsI+A3FhGFnANl5oi0fOQCKefHRkby7WF7AUyUn4CWA6lAyyMFaypFR0miOVtfwcnxkaMHE1A1k3lvSWtpyv5tbi7Mm377orv63EcV43beMjvF/QWf95c+/e7le324E4oFAqdcj/gD1DRr8jVXgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Guizhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jian","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-19 07:01:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4766628/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4766628/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74448-8","type":"published","date":"2024-10-25T15:57:11+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62769014,"identity":"d8610d28-1dae-4b6a-8019-20f3f3b42e88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 08:58:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEctomycorrhizal fungi infection rate (a) and dilution curves (b) of different green tree species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4766628/v1/6b9541cdc862c1abc24913f9.png"},{"id":62769016,"identity":"7040b595-677f-4f18-8153-9ea167f163e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 08:58:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUpSet Venn diagram of Ectomycorrhizal fungi in different green tree species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4766628/v1/7ef6168c7b0da82749c67fe0.jpeg"},{"id":62770230,"identity":"7f9ae01b-df62-42cd-b28f-e5719f8407aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 09:14:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":215044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence network of green tree species ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in different green belt.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4766628/v1/82686604568b86e127cc204b.jpeg"},{"id":62769673,"identity":"9e3cdd3e-67b6-457b-be84-83dc1d2de7f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 09:06:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRatios of Ascomycota to Basidiomycota fungal phyla (a) and relative abundance at the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus level (b) in different green tree species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4766628/v1/99e17361bdd1d424cb869080.jpeg"},{"id":67681734,"identity":"b2bd7c7b-cf0c-429a-baa2-5750de4990b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 16:09:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1183336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4766628/v1/0d356a3d-c981-4b26-8492-d0495e31b0c0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects of urban green space habitats and tree species on ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eUrbanization has changed the human living environment and played a \u0026ldquo;filter\u0026rdquo; role to microbial diversity. Often, alien plant species are introduced in urban areas to increase the beauty of urban landscapes, leading to ecosystem convergence. This convergence phenomenon leads to biodiversity decline, and homogenization of habitats lead to homogenization of urban soil microorganisms\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. A reduction in contact with natural biodiversity weakens the microbiome and immune system of the human body, thereby affecting human health. Thus, rapid urbanization negatively impacts microbial biodiversity and consequently, human health\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Exposure to diverse urban greenspace habitats (UGSHs) can reduce blood pressure, relieve pain, and reduce mortality\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Although the mechanisms associated with these positive effects remain unclear, the effects may be due to the interaction of plants and soil microbial communities with humans and the soil microbiome can transfer to the residents, altering human microbiome composition, influencing immune function and health outcomes\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of soil microbial diversity among different UGSHs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUGSHs allow pollution degradation and remediation for human survival\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, water resource management, carbon maintenance, nutrient cycling, and a series of basic ecosystem services\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, such as promoting biochemical cycles and soil processes\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e; therefore, they are key in modern urban ecosystems\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. \u0026ldquo;The microbiome rewilding hypothesis\u0026rdquo; proposes that microbial diversity in urban green spaces can effectively improve urban population health by providing a \u0026ldquo;natural\u0026rdquo; microbiome to urban residents\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, owing to environmental characteristics, artificial management, and maintenance types, different UGSHs differ considerably in structure and function. Urban and parked-road green belts are common UGSHs types. Road green belts promote isolation, safety, and ecological protection; these soils become relatively isolated habitats surrounded by concrete fences and are subject to multiple disturbances (for example, automobile exhaust emissions, dust fall, road management, and maintenance), which can influence soil enzyme activity and organic carbon content, affecting soil microbial diversity\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Urban parks provide important ecological services such as air purification, climate regulation, environment beautification, and physical and mental health promotion of residents\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Parks are often affected by human activities, and the soil surface is trampled and compacted, which affects soil pore connectivity, permeability, air permeability, temperature, rooting space, nutrient flow, and biological activity\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Human disturbance is the main factor affecting soil microbial diversity\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Soil microbiomes in UGSHs play an important role in the sustainable and stable development of urban ecological environments by alleviating psychological pressure and physical health\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Strengthening the monitoring, evaluation, and research of soil microorganisms in UGSHs is of great scientific and practical significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEctomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and plant community succession\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Salicaceae, and other major tree species are EMF host plants that are widely distributed in most forest ecosystems\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. EMF help host plants absorb nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other elements) and alleviate heavy metal pollution stress and antagonize diseases\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Some EMF can form fruiting bodies during the completion of their life cycle and are often used as indicators of changes in UGSHs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. EMF allows for rapid establishment or promotion of early tree species colonization in disturbed areas\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Considering that many ectomycorrhizal host trees such as \u003cem\u003ePine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePoplar\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSalix\u003c/em\u003e are distributed in cities, UGSHs are characteristic of habitat isolation and long-term artificial perturbations (for example, exposed pollutants, artificial disturbance, and management activities) and obstruct the interspecies interactions of fungi, resulting in lower EMF diversity in UGSHs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, a deeper understanding of EMF diversity in UGSHs will allow for improved scientific management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA large majority of studies on EMF diversity has focused on natural ecosystem habitats such as different forest types and grasslands\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, reporting changes in soil microbial communities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, but not on EMF diversity, in UGSHs. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to measure EMF diversity in three EMF host plants, namely, \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePinus massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSalix babylonica\u003c/em\u003e, in UGSHs. We hypothesized that under different UGSHs 1) EMF diversity differs among different tree species and 2) EMF diversity in the same tree species is different. In this study, we aim to provide a scientific reference for optimizing the design and scientific management of UGSHs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEMF infestation rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the two UGSHs, significant differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea) in EMF infestation rates were observed among the three tree species; EMF infestation rate of \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in park green belts was the lowest, whereas no significant difference (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EMF infestation rate was observed. The EMF infection rates were as follows: \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in parks (54.48%)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in parks (51.27%)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on roads (41.3%)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in parks (36.97%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEMF community composition and structure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF OTUs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was as follows: \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in park (31)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in park (23)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on road (13)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in park (9), which indicated that EMF richness was significantly different among the different greening trees in the different UGSHs. EMF species dilution curve (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb) showed that with an increase in the sampling amount, the number of EMF OTUs gradually increased but did not tend to stabilize, which indicated that the sampling amount did not fully or accurately reflect EMF diversity in the study sites, suggesting large spatial variation in the EMF community in UGSHs. Therefore, increasing the number of EMF samples in subsequent related investigations is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic information of different tree species in the plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF hosts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad green belt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u0026ordm;39\u0026rsquo;39\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ordm;27\u0026rsquo;4\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePark green belt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u0026ordm;40\u0026rsquo;8\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ordm;26\u0026rsquo;1\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.babylonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u0026ordm;40\u0026rsquo;5\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ordm;26\u0026rsquo;9\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u0026ordm;40\u0026rsquo;29\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ordm;26\u0026rsquo;37\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEctomycorrhizal fungi colonizing green tree species root from different green belt association habitats were identified based on morphotyping and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenbank ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence length /bp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF hosts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphinema\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphinema\u003c/em\u003e sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchaeorhizomyces borealis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasidiomycota sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCenococcum geophilum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCenococcum\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeratobasidiaceae sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClavulicium delectabile\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClavulina\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClavulina\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClavulina\u003c/em\u003e sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClavulinaceae sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049678\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCortinarius\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCortinarius\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDothideomycetes sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEurotiomycetes sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHelvellosebacina\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypomyces luteovirens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIlyonectria macrodidyma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIlyonectria\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInocybe pseudoreducta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactarius akahatsu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactarius hatsudake\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactarius kesiyae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactarius salmonicolor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLophiostoma corticola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMassarina\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOidiodendron citrinum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOidiodendron maius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOidiodendron\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOidiodendron\u003c/em\u003e sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOtidea bicolor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOtidea bufonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOtidea subpurpurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudotomentella\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRussula brevispora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRussula catillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRussula cremicolor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRussula indocatillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRussula\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSebacina dimitica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSebacina incrustans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSebacina\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSebacina\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSebacina sparassoidea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThelephora\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThelephoraceae sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThelephoraceae sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e sp.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e sp.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTomentella stuposa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichophaea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichophaea\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049722\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichophaea\u003c/em\u003e sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTylospora\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▽\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVenturia\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e sp.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e sp.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ049728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e611\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e▲△\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote: ▲Represents the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on roads; △Represents the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in parks; ▽Represents the \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in parks; ○Represents the \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in parks.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF community in each greening tree showed that the number of specific OTUs was higher than that of common OTUs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and the common OTUs were mainly \u003cem\u003eOidiodendron\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRussula\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). No common OTUs were observed among the three green trees, including \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in the park greenbelt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla in the road and park greenbelt, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). The EMF community structures in different UGSHs differed significantly (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). \u003cem\u003eTrichophaea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eOidiodendron\u003c/em\u003e were the dominant genus in road green belts. \u003cem\u003eTomentella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRussula\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eGenocococcum\u003c/em\u003e were the dominant genus in park greenbelts. Both \u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eOidiodendron\u003c/em\u003e were the most common dominant genus of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in the two UGSHs but were more abundant in the road green belt (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEMF community diversity and similarity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EMF diversity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) among greening trees was as follows: \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in parks\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in parks\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on roads\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in parks. This shows that UGSHs disturbance tends to reduce EMF diversity in \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e, and EMF host plants might have an important influence on EMF diversity. The Jaccard and S\u0026oslash;renson similarity indices of the EMF communities among different host plants was low, and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e EMF communities differed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF diversity of urban greening tree species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF hosts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOTUs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimpson index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePielou index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad green belt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePark green belt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Jaccard (lower left) and S\u0026oslash;renson (upper right) similarity index of EMF community of greening tree species in different greening habitats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree species for parks and roads greening habitat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarity index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eon roads\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein parks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.massoniana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein parks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. \u003cem\u003ebabylonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein parks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on roads\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in parks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in parks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in parks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEMF is highly sensitive to soil nutrient and pollutant levels\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. EMF plays a vital role in UGSHs and serves as an indicator of environmental quality. In this study, 64 EMF OTUs related to the two UGSHs were identified in three green tree species. The decline in EMF OTU number showed the following pattern: \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in parks (31)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in parks (23)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on roads (13)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in parks (9). Among these, EMF OTU richness of \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e was the highest, which might be related to the fact that \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e is an endemic tree in China with relatively higher EMF richness (76\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;138 OTUs)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e in natural forest habitats. EMF richness in \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e was lower, which is consistent with previous reports (\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e had 7 and 19 EMF OTUs, respectively\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e). In addition, the species dilution curve of the number of samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb) showed that the sampling amount in this study was insufficient to estimate the true EMF richness of each tree species. Therefore, further studies with adequate green tree species sampling volumes in different UGSHs are required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasidiomycota richness in green parks was significantly higher than that in road green belts, which might be due to the higher forest coverage and diversity in the park\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, resulting in plant litter rich in lignin and cellulose. Basidiomycota can be effectively degraded and utilized to meet their own growth and reproduction needs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This reflects the dominant position and important role of Basidiomycota in these habitats. Ascomycota richness in the road green belt was higher than that of Basidiomycota, which is consistent with \u003cem\u003eP. sylvestris\u003c/em\u003e EMF diversity in sandy land\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Ascomycota EMF species is more adaptable to various environmental stresses\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and is likely the reason for \u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrichophaea\u003c/em\u003e dominance. In this study, EMF community composition was different among the different tree species. Habitats with high plant richness drives EMF richness\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. EMF community structures in park green belts with higher plant diversity were more complex than those in road green belts. Although there are more common EMF among greening tree species at the genus or higher classification level, the OTU level is host-specific\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The spatial homogeneity of soil and vegetation increases with tourism disturbance\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, tourist disturbances might promote \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e EMF community composition similarity at the genus level (seven common genus). In this study, \u003cem\u003eRussula\u003c/em\u003e richness negatively correlated with the soil compaction gradient\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, \u003cem\u003eRussula\u003c/em\u003e was widespread in this study, and its richness was highest in \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, indicating that \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e in the rhizosphere soil was less compacted and disturbed by tourist activities. The relative abundance of \u003cem\u003eWilcoxina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eOidiodendron\u003c/em\u003e in the road green belt was significantly higher than that in the park \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e, probably owing to enhanced adaptability to stressful environments, becoming the dominant species in this habitat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF diversity is mainly affected by the host plant type and soil environment\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. EMF diversity in the park green habitat was \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e, and EMF diversity in green parks was higher than that in road green belts, which might be due to the more complex composition and structure of vegetation communities in parks\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e with higher diversity of cultivated non-native species and frequent conservation management (including regular fertilization, tillage, and watering). These human disturbances provide heterogeneous conditions for the greening of tree species. The geographical environment and soil matrix of the parks are different and are also affected by the root exudates of adjacent plants\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This might selectively affect specific microbial communities in the rhizosphere of plants\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, indirectly increasing nutrient availability for EMF, providing a broader niche for EMF growth and diversity, and shaping EMF diversity. Additionally, diversity was associated with high plant species richness\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, EMF in road green belts might be limited by other related factors such as single vegetation species (only \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e), shallow roots, nitrogen deposition caused by automobile exhaust emissions, and changes in temperature and humidity conditions\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, which lead to EMF growth inhibition. \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in the road greening habitat requires more frequent fertilization and irrigation, which reduces the dependence of plants on the absorption of nutrients and water by mycorrhizal fungi\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. With the increase in soil compaction and the serious impact of human activities, the soil carbon deposition rate and the soil animals\u0026rsquo; species (for example earthworms) content are affected, resulting in decreases in EMF diversity and host root infestation rate of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e in road greening habitats\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, the similarity of EMF communities among different greening tree species was low, due to EMF community dependence on both random and deterministic processes, and the diffusion limitation in the random process is the primary influencing factor; that is, the geographical distance hinders the diffusion of fungal propagules (spores and hyphae). In addition, owing to the symbiosis between \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and native ectomycorrhizal fungi, as an exotic tree species, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e can be planted locally.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, our study demonstrated significant differences in the composition and diversity of EMF communities among different greening tree species in two UGSHs. In addition, EMF diversity in the same greening tree species (\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e) was significantly affected in different UGSHs. UGSHs are urban functional lands and important habitats for urban biodiversity maintenance. Further studies that examine EMF diversity changes of other greening tree species from different perspectives of habitat interference are required to provide a scientific basis for healthy development of UGSG ecology and the development of EMF agents for urban greening tree management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study area is located in Huaxi District (106\u0026deg;27\u0026ndash;106\u0026deg;52\u0026rsquo;E, 26\u0026deg;11\u0026rsquo; -26\u0026deg;34\u0026rsquo;W), Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China, which terrain is mainly mountainous and hilly, located in the east of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the middle of Miaoling Mountains and belonged to the typical karst landform area. The area belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate zone, the average annual rainfall approximately is 1178.3 mm, the average annual temperature is 15.7\u0026deg;C, and the soil type is yellow. Zone vegetation type is evergreen broad-leaved mixed and coniferous forest. The tree species include \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCamphor\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGinkgo\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection and processing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn April 2023, the following tree species and sample plots were selected for analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e): three species in the Huaxi park green belt-\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e, and one species in the road greening belt of Jiaxiu South Road-\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e. In the survey site, a total of 40 root samples were collected; 10 host plants with relatively uniform growth and with a minimum spatial distance of 3 m were randomly selected as sampling objects, and mycorrhizal root samples 15\u0026ndash;20 cm in length from a 0\u0026ndash;20 cm deep soil layer in two directions were traced from the trunk of the selected trees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The collection of plant material performed in our study complies with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMorphological and molecular identification of EMF\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder the stereomicroscope (Mac Audi SMZ-171, Xiamen, China), the morphological classification was based on characteristics such as shape, size, branching, color and presence or absence of mycelium in mycorrhizal root tip\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The morphology and quantity of the mycorrhizal roots were recorded and photographed. We choose two or three robust root tips to DNA extraction for species identification\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Mycorrhizal DNA was extracted by modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The primers ITS1-F (5\u0026prime; -CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3\u0026prime;) and ITS4 (5\u0026prime; -TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATATATGC-3\u0026prime;) were used to amplify the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The PCR system volume was 25 \u0026micro;L\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The PCR products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, then sent to Sangon Bioengineering (Shanghai, China) Co., Ltd. For sequencing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMF were formally identified by Ying-Qing Cen. This materials not stored in a publicly available herbarium.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained DNA sequences were analyzed using Chromas (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://technelysium.com.au\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://technelysium.com.au\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and high-quality sequences were selected for editing and correction. The two effective sequences of the same PCR product were spliced using SeqMan (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.dnastar.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.dnastar.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). To preliminarily identify the relevant species, the spliced sequence was compared in Gen Bank using BLAST (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Then, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA-X (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.megasoftware.net\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.megasoftware.net\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) software and the adjacency method, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out to further determine its OTUs. OriginPro 2022 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.originlab.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.originlab.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used to draw the cumulative curve of OTU sampling number and the histogram of mycorrhizal infestation rate, and the relative abundance diagram for the phylum and genus levels was drawn. The co-occurrence network analysis diagram was made using Gephi 0.10.2 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://gephi.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://gephi.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) software, and the diversity index of EMF was calculated with R version 4.3.2. (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://cran.rstudio.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://cran.rstudio.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ.C, Lin was responsible for article writing and data collation. Y.Q, Cen was responsible for data collection. D.D, Jiang was responsible for experimental and data processing technical guidance. M., Xu and J. Zhang were responsible for important revisions to the paper and approved the final version of the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe wish to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions for improving our manuscript. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project (Grant numbers 31660150 and 31960234).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with the primary accession code SUB14603063.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcKinney, M. L. \u0026amp; Lockwood, J. L. Biotic Homogenization: A few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 450\u0026ndash;453 (1999).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaahtela, T. et al. The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world wllergy organization position statement. World Allergy Organ. J. 6, 3 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHanski, I. et al. 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Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 109, 14\u0026ndash;22 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ectomycorrhizal fungi, urban greenspace habitat, urbanization, greening tree, diversity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4766628/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4766628/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEctomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are key symbiotic microbial components for the growth and health of trees in urban greenspace habitats (UGSHs). However, the current understanding of EMF diversity in UGSHs remains poor. Therefore, in this study, using morphological classification and molecular identification, we aimed to investigate EMF diversity in three EMF host plants: \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e in the road green belt, and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePinus massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSalix babylonica\u003c/em\u003e in the park road green belt, in Guiyang, China. A total of 62 EMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, including 13 EMF OTUs in the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e road green belt, and 23, 31, and 9 EMF OTUs in the park green belts. \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e were respectively identified in park green belts. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla in the EMF communities in road and park green habitat, respectively. The Shannon and Simpson indices of the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EMF community in the park green belt were higher than those in the road green belt. EMF diversity of the tree species in the park green belt was \u003cem\u003eP. massoniana\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. babylonica\u003c/em\u003e. Differences in EMF community diversity was observed among the different greening tree species in the UGSHs. UGSHs with different disturbance gradients had a significant impact on the EMF diversity of the same greening tree species. These results can be used as a scientific reference for optimizing the design and scientific management of UGSHs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of urban green space habitats and tree species on ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-19 08:58:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4766628/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-30T05:24:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-29T08:20:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"295754845623814761800034852911774557575","date":"2024-08-19T11:59:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-17T09:52:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330397369455095582727983303838419963578","date":"2024-08-17T09:28:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-17T09:24:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-17T09:20:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-25T15:40:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-23T08:06:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-07-19T07:00:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6ce77497-7a4f-4c85-afb0-f98a5e9dc380","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":36178674,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":36178675,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":36178676,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-28T15:59:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4766628","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74448-8","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-25 15:57:11","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 25th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-19 08:58:13","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-74448-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74448-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4766628","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4766628","identity":"rs-4766628","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}