Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors: a retrospective study of 1738 cases

Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors: a retrospective study of 1738 cases | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors: a retrospective study of 1738 cases Wei Li, Bing Han, Wen Ma, Hong Su, Tianmin Xu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291765/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives This study was designed to explore the compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors at different age ranges for different skeletal discrepancies. Materials and Methods Lateral cephalograms of 1738 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured. It was categorized into adolescent and adult groups and then subcategorized into sagittal class I, II, and III and vertical hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent. The effects of different skeletal discrepancies on the inclination degree and dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molars and central incisors were analysed. The differences in compensation between the two age groups were also compared. Results The maxillary first molar compensated significantly for both sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies ( P ANB > MP/SN. Adolescent maxillary central incisors did not show significant compensation for sagittal skeletal discrepancies in inclination degree ( F = 0.990, P = 0.372) and dentoalveolar height ( F = 0.777, P = 0.460). Moreover, the downward slope from the posterior to anterior of the adult maxillary occlusal plane relative to the palatal plane was flatter than that of adolescents. Conclusions Age exerting a stronger effect on the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar than skeletal type.The degree of compensation differs between the maxillary central incisors and the maxillary first molars. Differences in compensation were also observed between adolescents and adults. Clinical Relevance Accurate understanding of differences in dentoalveolar compensation between anterior and posterior teeth across various skeletal patterns and age groups is crucial for orthodontic treatment. Dentoalveolar compensation Inclination degree Dentoalveolar height Occlusal plane Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Compensation is an inherent response of the body, and compensatory growth plays a crucial role in craniofacial growth and development. According to Steiner [ 1 ], the harmonious relationship within the craniofacial structure hinges on achieving corresponding changes in each component in a correct combination. In other words, individuals exhibit compensation and coordination, leading to varying lip-teeth relationships among patients with different skeletal types. Steiner’s cephalometric analysis scrutinized the compensatory position and angle of incisors for diverse skeletal types to formulate orthodontic treatment plans for various malocclusions. McNamara [ 2 ] proposed that the upper and lower jaws often grow differently in the sagittal direction during development, and the difference even exceeds 10 mm as growth nears completion. When the relationship between the upper and lower jaws is not harmonized, teeth can exhibit corresponding compensatory adjustments to mask skeletal discrepancies, thereby achieving proper biting function and establishing a normative occlusal relationship [ 3 , 4 ]. Failure of dentoalveolar compensation leads to the subsequent formation of corresponding malocclusions. Bjork and Skieller [ 5 ] noted that teeth could alter their eruption path to compensate for the discrepancies of jawbones during growth and development. If this process is absent or incomplete, malocclusion might occur. For patients with skeletal malocclusion, treatment can be achieved through orthodontic camouflage or orthognathic surgery, which requires appropriate augmentation or removal of dental compensation for a successful outcome [ 6 – 9 ]. Nevertheless, the abnormalities of jawbones and the compensatory characteristics of teeth vary among patients with different craniofacial types. It is crucial to thoroughly comprehend and accurately assess dentoalveolar compensation in untreated patients, particularly the compensatory features of incisors and molars in individuals with skeletal malocclusion, to provide guidance for orthodontic treatment. In particular, for adolescents, who make up a larger proportion of orthodontic patients and have the potential for growth and compensation, orthodontists should leverage the principles of growth and compensation to guide treatment rather than simply moving teeth mechanically. This approach can avoid disrupting the patient's natural developmental compensatory mechanisms, thereby minimizing treatment complexity [ 10 ]. Johnston et al [ 11 ] demonstrated a close relationship between mesial-distal changes in the maxillary first molar and mandibular growth increases, highlighting a significant dentoalveolar compensation phenomenon. The authors also emphasized that incomplete understanding of the compensatory nature of the molar might lead to erroneous clinical treatment plans. Su et al [ 12 ] reported that the maxillary and mandibular first molars exhibited significant compensatory patterns in the sagittal direction for both sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies and that the maxillary first molar tended to tip forward with age. Kim et al [ 13 ] reported that the natural inclination angle of incisors was associated with both the sagittal and vertical skeletal types. The extent of anterior tooth compensation is directly correlated with the severity of skeletal malocclusion [ 13 – 15 ]. Another study [ 16 ] indicated that the dentoalveolar compensation in vertical skeletal disharmony patients involved alterations in molar height and incisor inclination, which overlapped with the dentoalveolar compensation observed in sagittal skeletal disharmony and that there might be mutual influence. In conclusion, although many studies on dentoalveolar compensation have been conducted, the majority of these studies involved small sample sizes or fewer types, were not stratified by age, and relied on data from specific patient groups, resulting in divergent conclusions, with some even being diametrically opposed [ 17 – 22 ]. This study was based on the data analysis of a large historical sample collected in the early stage and rigorous cephalometric measurements. The samples were stratified by age and categorized according to sagittal and vertical skeletal types. We focused on the inclination degree and dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molars and central incisors, analysed the magnitude of the compensation effect of different skeletal types, compared the degree and direction of molar and incisor compensation, and explored differences in dentoalveolar compensation between adolescents and adults. Moreover, for the first time, we analysed the ratio of the dentoalveolar height between the first molar and central incisor to explore the overall posture of the anatomical occlusal plane relative to the basal bone. This study aims to provide a reference for further research on dentoalveolar compensation, clinical diagnosis and design, anchorage control, and long-term stability after orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods Ethical approval for this retrospective study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSIRB-201616016). 1. Subjects The inclusion criteria for the sample in this study were as follows: Han nationality; age ≥ 12 years; no history of orthodontic treatment or maxillofacial trauma; clear lateral cephalogram; and complete data before treatment. The exclusion criterion was systemic or hereditary disease. A total of 1,738 patients were included, with ages ranging from 12–39 years and a mean age of 15.4 ± 4.7 years, comprising 594 males and 1,144 females. 2. Methods Lateral cephalograms were obtained from the radiology department of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. All the films were captured via the same X-ray machine to eliminate the influence of magnification. Following the acquisition of cephalograms, landmarks were located thrice each by three senior residents in orthodontics who were blinded to the objectives of our study. In cases where the left and right projections did not align in the cephalograms, the midpoint of the two sides was located. According to previous studies on the reasonable range of the landmark position by Baumrind and colleagues [ 23 – 25 ], outlier landmarks could be automatically identified by the software. These outlier landmarks were relocated again until all the landmarks were within a reasonably good range. The average of three landmarks was used for subsequent calculations. 2.1 Cephalometric variables The cephalometric landmarks and planes are shown in Fig. 1 . Skeletal measurements in the sagittal direction: ANB angle (ANB); Skeletal measurements in the vertical direction: mandibular plane angle (SN/MP), inclination angle of the palatal plane (SN/PP), and palatomandibular plane angle (MP/PP); Dentoalveolar measurements: inclination angle of the maxillary central incisor (U1/PP), inclination angle of the maxillary first molar (U6/PP), dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisor (U1-PP), dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar (U6-PP). Detailed explanations can be found in Table 1 . Table 1 Cephalometric variables and definitions Variable Definition ANB The angle between 3 landmarks (subspinale A, nasion N and supramental B), reflecting the anteroposterior jaw relation. SN/MP Anteroinferior crossing angle between the anterior cranial base plane (SN) and the mandibular plane (MP), reflecting the vertical position of the mandibular base relative to the anterior cranial base. SN/PP Anteroinferior crossing angle between the anterior cranial base plane and the palatal plane (PP), reflecting the vertical position of the maxillary base relative to the anterior cranial base. MP/PP Anteroinferior crossing angle between the palatal plan and mandibular plan, reflecting the vertical jaw relation. U1/PP The axis of angulation of the maxillary central incisor in relation to PP. U6/PP The axis of angulation of the maxillary first molar in relation to PP. U1-PP The linear distance between PP and the most protruded point of the maxillary central incisor. U6-PP The linear distance between PP and the mesial buccal cusp of the maxillary first molar. 2.2 Group The study subjects were divided into the adolescent group: 12 years ≤ age < 18 years, with a mean age of 13.1 ± 1.4 years; the adult group: age ≥ 18 years, with a mean age of 22.7 ± 4.3 years. According to the sagittal relationship of the jaws, they were classified into Class I: 1.7° ≤ ANB ≤ 4.7°, Class II: ANB > 4.7°, and Class III: ANB 37.7°, normodivergent: 27.3° ≤ MP/SN ≤ 37.7°, and hypodivergent: MP/SN < 27.3°. The distributions of the skeletal types in the two age groups are shown in Tables 2 and 3 . The gender of patients with various skeletal types in the adolescent group was tested by the chi-square test, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05); thus, the male and female samples were combined for further analysis. In the adult group, the growth and development of the patients almost stopped, and the gender had little effect on bone development or dentoalveolar compensation; thus, the male and female samples were also combined. 3. Statistical analysis The data were analysed via SPSS ver. 24.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The dataset was initially screened for significant outliers, followed by assessments of normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and homogeneity of variance using Levene’s test. Subsequently, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons by the SNK method were performed on the measurements, and the correlations between skeletal and dentoalveolar measurements were analysed by Pearson's correlation analysis. To visually compare the characteristics of the dentoalveolar compensation of patients with different skeletal types, profile plots of the estimated marginal mean of each measurement were generated. To analyse the compensatory patterns of patients with different skeletal malocclusions at different age ranges, an independent sample t test was conducted on the same item in the adolescent and adult groups. Finally, data from both age groups were pooled, and multiple linear regression analyses (stepwise method) were performed to further investigate the relationships between dental compensation and its potential influencing factors. U6/PP and U1/PP—considered clinically informative in orthodontic assessment—were used as dependent variables. The difference was considered statistically significant when P < 0.05 bilaterally. Results Tables 4 and 6 present the results of two-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons, showing the characteristics of the dentoalveolar compensation of different skeletal types in the adolescent and adult groups, respectively. Tables 5 and 7 present the results of the Pearson correlation analysis, which revealed correlations between the skeletal and dental measurements. Table 8 shows the results of the independent sample t test, which revealed compensatory differences in the first molars and central incisors at different age stages. Figures 2 and 3 are profile plots of the estimated marginal means of the dental measurements. Table 4 Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of characteristics of dentoalveolar compensation in the adolescent group Measurement Sagittal skeletal type Vertical skeletal type I( n = 576, Mean ± SD) II( n = 591, Mean ± SD) III( n = 163, Mean ± SD) F value P value Hypodivergent ( n = 59, Mean ± SD) Normodivergent ( n = 647, Mean ± SD) Hyperdivergent ( n = 624, Mean ± SD) F value P value U6/PP(°) 80.10 ± 5.01 77.72 ± 5.30 a 82.37 ± 5.16 ab 23.251 *** < 0.001 81.00 ± 5.97 79.84 ± 5.40 78.62 ± 5.25 ab 5.942 ** 0.003 U6-PP(mm) 25.15 ± 2.34 24.22 ± 2.47 a 25.25 ± 2.62 b 7.651 *** < 0.001 24.49 ± 2.39 24.38 ± 2.40 25.16 ± 2.52 ab 17.924 *** < 0.001 U1/PP(°) 118.54 ± 7.87 117.91 ± 8.48 119.35 ± 6.54 0.990 0.372 120.50 ± 9.88 119.02 ± 8.44 117.47 ± 7.23 a 4.318 * 0.014 U1-PP(mm) 31.70 ± 2.80 31.76 ± 2.76 31.00 ± 2.88 ab 0.777 0.460 30.07 ± 2.84 30.79 ± 2.58 a 32.67 ± 2.66 ab 64.440 *** < 0.001 U1/PP-U6/PP(°) 38.44 ± 8.34 40.18 ± 9.49 a 36.98 ± 7.02 ab 3.941 * 0.020 39.50 ± 9.79 39.17 ± 9.22 38.85 ± 8.24 0.376 0.687 U6-PP/U1-PP 0.80 ± 0.06 0.76 ± 0.06 a 0.82 ± 0.07 ab 22.602 *** < 0.001 0.82 ± 0.07 0.79 ± 0.06 a 0.77 ± 0.06 ab 13.583 *** < 0.001 n , number of cases; SD, standard deviation. *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05. # P value of the interaction term is greater than 0.05. a : Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class I or Hypodivergent; b : Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class II or Normodivergent Table 5 Correlations between dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements in the adolescent group (Pearson correlation analysis) Measurement ANB(°) MP/SN(°) SN/PP(°) MP/PP(°) r P value r P value r P value r P value U6/PP(°) -0.303 *** < 0.001 -0.156 *** < 0.001 0.203 *** < 0.001 -0.2858 *** < 0.001 U1/PP(°) -0.053 0.054 -0.123 *** < 0.001 -0.006 0.818 -0.128 *** < 0.001 U6-PP(mm) -0.179 *** < 0.001 0.165 *** < 0.001 0.011 0.686 0.169 *** < 0.001 U1-PP(mm) 0.086 ** 0.002 0.406 *** < 0.001 -0.101 *** < 0.001 0.492 *** < 0.001 U6-PP/U1-PP -0.326 *** < 0.001 -0.250 *** < 0.001 0.129 *** < 0.001 -0.342 *** < 0.001 U1/PP-U6/PP(°) 0.138 *** < 0.001 -0.017 0.544 -0.131 *** < 0.001 0.059 * 0.032 r , Pearson correlation. *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05 Table 6 Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of characteristics of dentoalveolar compensation in the adult group Measurement Sagittal skeletal type Vertical skeletal type I( n = 127, Mean ± SD) II( n = 171, Mean ± SD) III( n = 110, Mean ± SD) F value P value Hypodivergent ( n = 29, Mean ± SD) Normodivergent ( n = 177, Mean ± SD) Hyperdivergent ( n = 202, Mean ± SD) F value P value U6/PP # (°) 85.71 ± 5.46 82.40 ± 5.83 a 88.98 ± 5.77 ab 26.570 *** < 0.001 87.50 ± 7.33 86.35 ± 6.10 83.87 ± 6.03 ab 5.359 ** 0.005 U6-PP(mm) 27.61 ± 2.95 26.93 ± 2.64 a 27.75 ± 2.67 b 4.100 * 0.017 26.14 ± 2.79 26.81 ± 2.45 28.03 ± 2.87 ab 16.471 *** < 0.001 U1/PP # (°) 119.76 ± 8.09 117.93 ± 10.97 121.46 ± 6.73 b 16.795 *** < 0.001 119.87 ± 12.63 120.26 ± 9.11 118.69 ± 8.69 3.780 * 0.024 U1-PP(mm) 32.61 ± 3.34 33.57 ± 3.32 a 32.67 ± 3.59 b 0.955 0.386 30.29 ± 3.08 31.92 ± 3.06 a 34.40 ± 3.19 ab 33.514 *** < 0.001 U1/PP-U6/PP # (°) 34.05 ± 8.77 35.53 ± 11.23 32.48 ± 7.91 b 1.908 0.150 32.37 ± 10.36 33.91 ± 9.95 34.81 ± 9.45 2.591 0.076 U6-PP/U1-PP 0.85 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.06 a 0.85 ± 0.07 b 15.362 *** < 0.001 0.87 ± 0.09 0.84 ± 0.06 a 0.82 ± 0.07 ab 5.332 ** 0.005 n , number of cases; SD, standard deviation. *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05. # P value of the interaction term is greater than 0.05. a : Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class I or Hypodivergent; b : Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class II or Normodivergent Table 7 Correlations between dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements in the adult group (Pearson correlation analysis) Measurement ANB(°) MP/SN(°) SN/PP(°) MP/PP(°) r P value r P value r P value r P value U6/PP(°) -0.448 *** < 0.001 -0.284 *** < 0.001 0.095 0.056 -0.364 *** < 0.001 U1/PP(°) -0.177 *** < 0.001 -0.089 0.074 0.014 0.770 -0.106 * 0.033 U6-PP(mm) -0.108 * 0.030 0.286 *** < 0.001 -0.037 0.458 0.336 *** < 0.001 U1-PP(mm) 0.126 * 0.011 0.461 *** < 0.001 -0.107 * 0.031 0.566 *** < 0.001 U6-PP/U1-PP -0.295 *** < 0.001 -0.236 *** < 0.001 0.087 0.079 -0.306 *** < 0.001 U1/PP-U6/PP(°) 0.122 * 0.014 0.100 * 0.044 -0.048 0.338 0.135 ** 0.006 r , Pearson correlation. *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05 Table 8 T test results of compensatory differences in molars and incisors at different age stages Measurement Age stage Sagittal skeletal type Vertical skeletal type Total I II III Hypodivergent Normodivergent Hyperdivergent n 12y ~ 17y 576 591 63 59 647 634 1130 ≥ 18y 127 171 110 29 177 202 408 U6/PP(°) 12y ~ 17y 80.10 ± 5.01 77.72 ± 5.30 82.37 ± 5.16 81.00 ± 5.97 79.84 ± 5.40 78.62 ± 5.25 79.32 ± 5.39 ≥ 18y 85.71 ± 5.46 82.40 ± 5.83 88.98 ± 5.77 87.50 ± 7.33 86.35 ± 6.10 83.87 ± 6.03 85.21 ± 6.29 P value < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** U6-PP(mm) 12y ~ 17y 25.15 ± 2.34 24.22 ± 2.47 25.25 ± 2.62 24.49 ± 2.39 24.38 ± 2.40 25.16 ± 2.52 24.75 ± 2.48 ≥ 18y 27.61 ± 2.95 26.93 ± 2.64 27.75 ± 2.67 26.14 ± 2.79 26.81 ± 2.45 28.03 ± 2.87 27.36 ± 2.77 P value < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** 0.005 ** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** U1/PP(°) 12y ~ 17y 118.54 ± 7.87 117.91 ± 8.48 119.35 ± 6.54 120.50 ± 9.88 119.02 ± 8.44 117.47 ± 7.23 118.36 ± 8.01 ≥ 18y 119.76 ± 8.09 117.93 ± 10.97 121.46 ± 6.73 119.87 ± 12.63 120.26 ± 9.11 118.69 ± 8.69 119.45 ± 9.20 P value 0.116 0.975 0.01 * 0.799 0.088 0.073 0.031 * U1-PP(mm) 12y ~ 17y 31.70 ± 2.80 31.76 ± 2.76 31.00 ± 2.88 30.07 ± 2.84 30.79 ± 2.58 32.67 ± 2.66 31.64 ± 2.80 ≥ 18y 32.61 ± 3.34 33.57 ± 3.32 32.67 ± 3.59 30.29 ± 3.08 31.92 ± 3.06 34.40 ± 3.19 33.03 ± 3.42 P value 0.001 ** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** 0.743 < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** U6-PP/U1-PP 12y ~ 17y 0.80 ± 0.06 0.76 ± 0.06 0.82 ± 0.07 0.82 ± 0.07 0.79 ± 0.06 0.77 ± 0.06 0.78 ± 0.06 ≥ 18y 0.85 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.06 0.85 ± 0.07 0.87 ± 0.09 0.84 ± 0.06 0.82 ± 0.07 0.83 ± 0.07 P value < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** 0.004 ** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** < 0.001 *** n , number of cases; SD, standard deviation. *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05 1. Compensation of the maxillary first molar 1.1 Compensation of the maxillary first molar for sagittal skeletal discrepancies In both the adolescent and adult groups, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U6/PP, and the effect was greater than that of the vertical skeletal type; furthermore, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP, yet the effect was smaller than that of the vertical skeletal type. Correlation analysis revealed that both U6/PP and U6-PP were significantly negatively correlated with ANB. 1.2 Compensation of the maxillary first molar for vertical skeletal discrepancies In both the adolescent and adult groups, the vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U6/PP. Correlation analysis revealed that in the adolescent group, U6/PP was significantly negatively correlated with SN/MP and MP/PP and significantly positively correlated with SN/PP; however, in the adult group, there was no significant linear correlation between U6/PP and SN/PP. In both the adolescent and adult groups, vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP. Correlation analysis revealed that U6-PP was significantly positively correlated with SN/MP and MP/PP but had no significant linear correlation with SN/PP. 1.3 Compensatory differences in the maxillary first molar at different age stages Among patients with sagittal or vertical skeletal malocclusion and on the basis of the combined statistical results, both U6/PP and U6-PP were significantly lower in the adolescent group than in the adult group. 1.4 Regression model for the inclination degree of the maxillary first molar A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with U6/PP as the dependent variable, and five independent variables—age, ANB, MP/SN, SN/PP, and MP/PP—representing both age and skeletal parameters. The regression model was statistically significant ( F = 248.044, P < 0.001) and accounted for 36.4% of the variance in U6/PP ( R² =0.364, adjusted R² =0.363). Four variables were retained in the final model, all of which demonstrated statistically significant effects on U6/PP ( P < 0.001). Based on the absolute values of the standardized coefficients, the predictors ranked in order of influence were: age, ANB angle, MP/PP angle, and SN/PP angle. Detailed results are presented in Table 9 . Table 9 Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of characteristics of dentoalveolar compensation in the adult group Variable Unstandardized Coefficient Standard Error Standardized Coefficient t P value VIF Constant 79.339 0.795 99.770 *** < 0.001 Age 0.485 0.025 0.374 19.318 *** < 0.001 1.019 ANB -0.607 0.038 -0.316 -16.088 *** < 0.001 1.053 MP/PP -0.227 0.020 -0.219 -11.147 *** < 0.001 1.047 SN/PP 0.304 0.036 0.166 8.51 *** < 0.001 1.035 *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05. VIF : Variance Inflation Factor, A VIF greater than 10 indicates the presence of multicollinearity in the data 2. Compensation of the maxillary central incisor 2.1 Compensation of the maxillary central incisor for sagittal skeletal discrepancies In the adolescent group, the sagittal skeletal type had no significant effect on U1/PP ( F = 0.990, P = 0.372); correlation analysis also revealed that there was no significant linear correlation between U1/PP and ANB ( r =-0.053, P = 0.054). In the adult group, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U1/PP, which was greater in Class III patients than in Class II patients; the correlation analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between U1/PP and ANB in the adult group. In the adolescent group, the sagittal skeletal type also had no significant effect on U1-PP ( F = 0.777, P = 0.460), and correlation analysis revealed that the linear correlation between U1-PP and ANB was extremely weak. In the adult group, the sagittal skeletal type also had no significant effect on U1-PP ( F = 0.955, P = 0.386), and correlation analysis revealed a very weak positive correlation between U1-PP and ANB. 2.2 Compensation of the maxillary central incisor for vertical skeletal discrepancies In the adolescent group, the vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U1/PP ( F = 4.318, P = 0.014), which was greater in hypodivergent patients than in hyperdivergent patients, with a statistically significant difference; correlation analysis revealed that U1/PP had a significant negative correlation with both SN/MP and MP/PP but had no significant linear correlation with SN/PP. In the adult group, vertical skeletal type also had an effect on U1/PP; however, correlation analyses revealed that U1/PP had no significant linear correlation with either SN/MP or SN/PP and was significantly negatively correlated with only MP/PP. In both the adolescent and adult groups, the vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U1-PP, and the effect was greater than that of the sagittal skeletal type. Correlation analyses revealed that U1-PP was significantly positively correlated with SN/MP and MP/PP and significantly negatively correlated with SN/PP. 2.3 Compensatory differences in the maxillary central incisor at different age stages Except in Class III patients, in the remaining sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion patients, the difference in U1/PP between the adolescent and adult groups was not significant. Among patients with sagittal or vertical skeletal malocclusion and on the basis of the combined statistical results, U1-PP was significantly lower in the adolescent group than in the adult group, with a highly significant difference, except for hypodivergent patients. The nonsignificant difference in hypodivergent patients might be due to the small sample size of adult hypodivergent patients; although there was a trend toward numerical change, no statistically significant difference was detected. 2.4 Regression model for the inclination degree of the maxillary central incisor A multiple linear regression analysis was performed with U1/PP as the dependent variable, and five independent variables—age, ANB, MP/SN, SN/PP, and MP/PP—representing both age and skeletal factors. Although the regression model was statistically significant ( F = 19.443, P < 0.001), it explained only 2.2% of the variance in U1/PP ( R² =0.022, adjusted R² =0.021). 3. Compensation of occlusal planes U6-PP/U1-PP can reflect the overall posture of the maxillary anatomical occlusal planes relative to palatal plane. 3.1 Compensation of the maxillary occlusal plane for sagittal skeletal discrepancies In both the adolescent and adult groups, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP/U1-PP, and the effect was greater than the effect of the vertical skeletal type. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between U6-PP/U1-PP and ANB. 3.2 Compensation of the maxillary occlusal plane for vertical skeletal discrepancies In both the adolescent and adult groups, vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP/U1-PP; correlation analysis revealed that, in the adolescent group, U6-PP/U1-PP had a significant negative correlation with SN/MP and MP/PP but a significant positive correlation with SN/PP; in the adult group, U6-PP/U1-PP had no significant linear correlation with SN/PP. 3.3 Compensatory differences in the maxillary occlusal plane at different age stages Among patients with sagittal or vertical skeletal malocclusion and on the basis of the combined statistical results, U6-PP/U1-PP was significantly lower in the adolescent group than in the adult group. Discussion Sample, classification criterion, and selection of reference planes The sample size of this study was large. A large sample size is beneficial for minimizing and controlling some errors caused by sampling. In this study, patients were classified by age into adolescents with growth potential and adults with halted growth, and different skeletal discrepancies were characterized by different sagittal and vertical jaw relationships. The compensatory differences in the first molars and central incisors were analysed across different jaw types and age cross-sections to minimize the confounding effects of developmental stages and different skeletal discrepancies. In this study, the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible was determined by ANB, which was proposed by Steiners [ 26 ] and Reidel [ 27 ]. For the classification criteria of vertical skeletal types, the commonly used angle between the anterior cranial base plane and the mandibular plane (SN/MP), which is less affected by the cephalometric error, was selected. The angle and position of the maxillary teeth relative to the anterior cranial base are influenced by the position of the palatal plane relative to the anterior cranial base, which cannot be changed by orthodontists. Thus, the angle and position of the maxillary teeth relative to the palatal plane are more valuable than those of the anterior cranial base for orthodontists. Therefore, the palatal plane was selected as the reference plane for the maxillary teeth in this study. Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molar The results of this study show that the maxillary first molars of both adolescents and adults significantly compensate for sagittal and vertical discrepancies in the jawbones. The inclination degree of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was influenced by the ANB, mandibular plane angle, and palatomandibular plane angle. When the mandible was more retracted relative to the maxilla or the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, the maxillary first molar was more distal-tipping, which was consistent with the studies of Su et al [ 12 ], Liao et al [ 17 ], and Ye et al [ 20 ]. In adolescents, the inclination degree of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was also significantly positively correlated with the inclination angle of the palatal plane. The dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was influenced by the ANB, mandibular plane angle, and palatomandibular plane angle. When the mandible was more protruded relative to the maxilla or the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, the maxillary first molar was more distant. In adolescents and adults, sagittal skeletal discrepancies exerted a more significant influence on the compensation of the inclination angle of the maxillary first molar, whereas vertical skeletal discrepancies had a greater influence on the dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar. In general, the mandible was more protruded relative to the maxilla, the maxillary first molar was more mesial-tipping and more distant relative to the palatal plane; the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, the first molar was more distal-tipping and more distant relative to the palatal plane. This study found that the maxillary first molars of adults were more mesial-tipping and more distant relative to the palatal plane than those of adolescents. Su's study also revealed that the inclination angle of the maxillary first molar changed at different stages of growth and development, gradually tilting forward from the mixed dentition period to the mature permanent dentition period [ 12 ]. This was consistent with the findings of Iseri and Solow [ 28 ], Kim [ 29 ], Martinelli [ 30 ], and Gu [ 31 ]. The standardized coefficients in a regression model reflect the relative influence of each independent variable on the dependent variable. In the regression model with the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane (U6/PP) as the dependent variable, the included predictors, ranked in descending order based on the absolute values of their standardized coefficients, were as follows: age > ANB angle > palatomandibular plane angle (MP/PP) > inclination angle of the palatal plane (SN/PP). This indicates that age has a greater impact on the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar than skeletal discrepancies in the sagittal or vertical dimensions. Moreover, sagittal skeletal discrepancies exert a greater influence than vertical discrepancies. Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary central incisor The results of this study show that the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors of adolescents did not significantly compensate for sagittal discrepancies in the jawbones. This might be associated with the fact that, in this study, the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible was utilized as the criterion for group division rather than Angle classification. In skeletal Class II cases, the maxillary central incisors are often inclined labially in Angle’s Class Ⅱ division 1; in skeletal Class III cases, the maxillary central incisors are also usually compensatorily inclined labially. This might also be associated with the fact that crowding of the maxillary dentition was not considered in this study. The maxillary dentition is an integrated whole. The maxillary incisors, apart from compensating for skeletal discrepancies themselves, are influenced by posterior teeth, such as the maxillary first molars, which erupt before them. However, when the degree of crowding of dentition is high, for some teeth, such as canines, outside the dental arch, the transmission of interactions between teeth may be affected, resulting in inconsistent compensation of the maxillary first molar and maxillary central incisor. Ye et al [ 20 ] also reported no significant difference in the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisor in patients with different sagittal skeletal types in a study in which the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH plane) was used as the reference plane. In this study, the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors of adolescents demonstrated significant compensation for vertical discrepancies in the jawbones, which was mainly observed in the maxillary central incisors of patients with hypodivergent who were more labially inclined than in those with hyperdivergent. The vertical skeletal type had no significant effect on the difference between the maxillary central incisor inclination and the maxillary first molar inclination relative to the palatal plane, indicating that the two exhibited similar compensatory inclinations in response to vertical skeletal discrepancy. In short, the results of this study indicated that the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisor was more closely related to the vertical skeletal type than to the sagittal skeletal type in adolescents. Unlike in adolescents, the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors in adults significantly compensated for sagittal discrepancies in the jawbones, which was consistent with the findings of Alhammadi et al [ 21 ] and slightly inconsistent with those of Ye Yanyan et al [ 22 ]. The reason might be the different choices of reference planes. Alhammadi et al. selected the palatal plane (PP) within their reference planes. Ye Yanyan et al. chose the anterior cranial base plane (SN), the FH plane, and the NA plane as the reference planes. In this study, the difference in the compensation of the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors in adults for sagittal skeletal discrepancies was mainly reflected in the fact that the maxillary central incisors of Class III patients were more labially inclined than those of Class II patients were. Unlike the maxillary first molars of adults, the compensation of the labiolingual inclination of adult maxillary central incisors for sagittal discrepancies of the jawbones was not highly conspicuous. In adolescents and adults, the difference in the degree of inclination of the maxillary central incisor and the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was significantly different between sagittal Class III and II. The angle’s change due to compensation of the maxillary first molar in both Class III and Class II was greater than that of the maxillary central incisor compared with Class I, suggesting that compensatory inclination of the maxillary first molar in the sagittal direction was more obvious. The results of this study show that the dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisors of both adolescents and adults significantly compensates for vertical discrepancies only. When the mandible was more retracted relative to the maxilla, the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, or the inclination angle of the palatal plane was smaller, the maxillary central incisor was more distant relative to the palatal plane, with the same compensatory direction as the maxillary first molar. Therefore, the compensatory height change in the maxillary central incisor in the sagittal direction was not as obvious as that in the maxillary first molar. In Steiner’s cephalometric analysis [ 1 ], the incisors were assumed to compensate for the disharmony of the jawbones, showing different torques in patients with different malocclusions. However, on the basis of the results above, this study revealed that the compensatory ability of maxillary incisors was generally inferior to that of molars, especially in adolescents. The results of this study also revealed that the dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisors relative to the palatal plane was significantly lower in adolescents compared to adults. Among individuals with skeletal Class III patterns, adolescents exhibited less labial inclination of the maxillary central incisors relative to the palatal plane than adults; however, no significant age-related differences were observed in other sagittal or vertical skeletal groups. In addition, the regression analysis with maxillary central incisor labiolingual inclination (U1/PP) as the dependent variable indicated that age, as well as sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies, had only minimal influence. These findings suggest that other potential contributing factors should be considered in future regression models to better explain variations in central incisor inclination. Compensatory characteristics of occlusal planes The ratio of the dentoalveolar height between the first molar and central incisor can reflect the overall posture of the anatomical occlusal plane relative to the basal bone. In adolescents and adults, the ratios of maxillary first molar-dentoalveolar height and maxillary central incisor-dentoalveolar height were affected by both sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies, especially sagittal skeletal discrepancies. When the mandible was more protruded relative to the maxilla or the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base was smaller, the downward slope from posterior to anterior of the maxillary occlusal plane relative to the palatal plane tended to be flatter overall. When Dr. Spee observed well-developed human skulls from the sagittal direction, he found an occlusal curve formed by the arrangement of teeth, which was convex downwards in the lower jaw and concave upwards in the upper jaw, called the Spee curve [ 32 ]. He also reported that, owing to differences in occlusal pressure at the anterior and posterior ends of the dental arch, the curvature of the upper arch would change from large to small and the lower arch would change from flat to curved over time, exhibiting compensation [ 33 ]. In this study, the ratio of maxillary first molar-dentoalveolar height and maxillary central incisor-dentoalveolar height was greater in adults than in adolescents among the different sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion groups. It could be inferred that the downward slope from posterior to anterior of the maxillary occlusal plane relative to the palatal plane tended to be flatter from adolescence to adulthood, thus exhibiting compensation. This was similar to the results observed by Spee, who reported that the curvature of the maxillary occlusal curve decreased gradually. Tanaka et al [ 34 ] also reported continuous horizontalization of the occlusal plane accompanied by simultaneous reduction of the mandibular plane angle as the mandible adapts more or less forward during growth and development in a study exploring longitudinal alterations in the occlusal plane. In summary, when there is a sagittal or vertical relationship disharmony between the maxilla and the mandible, the anterior and posterior teeth of the maxilla are trying to find and contact the opposing teeth by adjusting their own inclination angles and dentoalveolar heights to establish a better occlusal relationship under existing jaw conditions. However, there are differences in the compensation degrees of molars and incisors of the maxilla. In addition, there are also differences in the degree of tooth compensation between adolescents and adults, and there is physiological movement of the anterior and posterior teeth. An accurate understanding of the compensatory changes of the teeth, including the inclination degree and dentoalveolar height changes of the anterior and posterior teeth in different sagittal or vertical skeletal patterns and at different developmental cross-sections, can help orthodontists better perform the treatment, be aware of the potential for decompensating or compensating, minimize the loss of anchorage, adjust occlusal relationships, and promote the long-term stability of the treatment outcome. There were several limitations in this study. This study was a retrospective study, and there was an inevitable tendency in the collection of sample data and thus a certain selection bias. In this study, there were fewer adult hypodivergent patients, resulting in some measurements although there might be group differences or trends of numerical changes, no statistically significant differences were detected. Many factors affect tooth inclination degree and dentoalveolar height, and only some factors related to bone and age were included in this study. Horizontal skeletal discrepancies also have an effect on dentoalveolar compensation [ 35 ]. However, the material used in this study was two-dimensional lateral cephalograms, which did not allow us to explore the effect. In the future, it is hoped that large sample studies can be carried out on the basis of three-dimensional image data, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or digital dental models, to further explore the compensatory characteristics of teeth in skeletal discrepancies, which can not only analyse the effects of horizontal skeletal discrepancies on tooth compensation and enrich the dimensions of variables, but also improve the precision of landmark location and measurement to obtain increasingly accurate dental compensation information. Conclusion 1. Maxillary first molars demonstrate significant compensation for sagittal and vertical discrepancies, with age exerting a stronger effect on inclination than skeletal type. 2. Compared to maxillary first molars, both adolescents and adults demonstrated less pronounced compensatory inclination and height changes of maxillary central incisors in response to sagittal skeletal discrepancies. 3. A more protrusive mandible or a smaller mandibular angle relative to the anterior cranial base was associated with a flatter maxillary occlusal plane, which was also flatter in adults than in adolescents. Declarations Author contributions Wei Li conceptualized this study, performed the analysis and wrote the first draft of this manuscript. Bing Han and Wen Ma collected study materials and performed measurements. Hong Su performed measurements, Organized data and supervised the study. Tianmin Xu provided valuable suggestions on the study design and supervised the study. All authors contributed to the manuscript content and approved the final manuscript. Funding This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071172 & 82001080) and National clinical key discipline construction project (PKUSSNKT-T202102). Data availability The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Board of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSIRB-201616016). All the methods in the study were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent An informed consent agreement was signed by the adult patients and a guardian for minors. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Steiner CC (1959) Cephalometrics in clinical practice. The Angle Orthodontist 29(1):8-29. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1959)0292.0.CO;2 McNamara JA Jr (1984) A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod 86(6):449-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9416(84)90352-x Solow B (1980) The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications. 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Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47(4):445-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.09.003 Johnston C, Burden D, Kennedy D, Harradine N, Stevenson M (2006) Class III surgical-orthodontic treatment: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 130(3):300-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.01.023 Troy BA, Shanker S, Fields HW, Vig K, Johnston W (2009) Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 135(2): 146.e1-9; discussion 146-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.012 Su H, Han B, Li S, Na B, Ma W, Xu TM (2014) Factors predisposing to maxillary anchorage loss: a retrospective study of 1403 cases. PLoS One 9(10): e109561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109561 Tsourakis A K, Johnston L E (2014) Class II Malocclusion: The aftermath of A "Perfect Storm". 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Angle Orthod 67(2):111-20. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1997)0672.3.CO;2 Ye Rui, Wang Sheng, Pei Jiao, Zhao Zhihe, Zhao Meiying (2012) Cephalometric analysis of the relationship between occlusal plane and sagittal position of the mandible. West China J Stomatol 30(06):610-614. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1182.2012.06.012 Alhammadi MS (2019) Dentoalveolar compensation in different anterioposterior and vertical skeletal malocclusions. J Clin Exp Dent 11(8): e745-e753. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.56020 Ye Yanyan, Ding Yin, Li Juan, Zhao Kun (2013) Incisive compensation in adult skeletal classⅡ patients with different vertical skeletal type. Chin J Aesthet Med 22(01):181-184. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-6455.2013.01.074 Baumrind S, Frantz RC (1971) The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod 60(2):111–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(71)90028-5 Baumrind S, Frantz RC (1971) The reliability of head film measurements. 2. Conventional angular and linear measures. Am J Orthod 60(5):505–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(71)90116-3. Baumrind S, Miller D, Molthen R (1976) The reliability of head film measurements. 3. Tracing superimposition. Am J Orthod 70(6):617–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(76)90224-4 Steiner C C (1960) The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics 46(10):721-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(60)90145-7 Riedel RA (1957) An analysis of dentofacial relationships. American Journal of Orthodontics 43(2): 103-119. Iseri H, Solow B (1996) Continued eruption of maxillary incisors and first molars in girls from 9 to 25 years, studied by the implant method. Eur J Orthod 18(3):245-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/18.3.245 Kim YE, Nanda RS, Sinha PK (2002) Transition of molar relationships in different skeletal growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 121(3):280-90. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.119978 Martinelli FL, de Oliveira Ruellas AC, de Lima EM, Bolognese AM (2010) Natural changes of the maxillary first molars in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 137(6):775-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.06.037 Gu Y, Mcnamara J A (2008) Cephalometric Superimpositions. Angle Orthodontist 78(6):967-976. https://doi.org/10.2319/070107-301.1 SPEE F, BEIDENBACH M, HOTZ M (1980) The gliding path of the mandible along the skull. Journal of American Dentistry Association 100(5): 670-675 Enlow D H, Hans M G (1996) Essentials of Facial Growth. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199707000-00042 Tanaka EM, Sato S (2008) Longitudinal alteration of the occlusal plane and development of different dentoskeletal frames during growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 134(5):602. e1-11; discussion 602-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.02.017 Kim HJ, Noh HK, Park HS (2023) Mandibular asymmetry types and differences in dental compensations of Class III patients analyzed with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 93(6):695-705. https://doi.org/10.2319/013023-73.1 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7291765","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":496366443,"identity":"63583b16-99f9-42c1-9e16-6f2f5b93a246","order_by":0,"name":"Wei Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":496366444,"identity":"2d7db30a-a2c5-48a0-884f-6357206dccca","order_by":1,"name":"Bing Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bing","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":496366445,"identity":"9be26803-1d00-43b0-a78e-e5c38fb8ddbb","order_by":2,"name":"Wen Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Times Starlink Dental Clinic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wen","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":496366446,"identity":"0ead9ca9-14f2-4fba-8ad0-c6f3f3dcbfcd","order_by":3,"name":"Hong Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":496366447,"identity":"2c7de4e5-572c-47ef-ac24-cdb0c8b51f95","order_by":4,"name":"Tianmin Xu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBAb2BiBlYEFYKQ+EMkhg4DkAoiVI0SKRAGIQocVe7IyZxMc9f/L4JZ9f3fCjQIKBv707Ab8t0mlpkjOeGRRLzs4pu9kDdJjEmbMbCGhJPibNc8AgccPtnLQbPEAtBhK5hLQktkG03DyTdvMPcVpgttxgP3abOFtupyVbzjhgnDizJ4fttoyBBA9Bv7DPzjG88eGAXGI/+/FnN9/8sZHjb+/FrwXZQgMwSaxysIUPSFE9CkbBKBgFIwgAAO4oRQDXLmI5AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tianmin","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-04 13:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291765/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291765/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88812056,"identity":"49167898-790d-45b9-a488-a4ec0a38ed57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-11 15:41:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":211530,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReference landmarks and planes used for the cephalometric measurements. 1: Point of tangency of the mandibular plane; 2: incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor; 3: apex of the maxillary central incisor; 4: mesial buccal cusp of the maxillary first molar; 5: apex of the mesial buccal root of the maxillary first molar; 6: mandibular plane angle (SN/MP); 7: inclination angle of the palatal plane (SN/PP); 8: palatomandibular plane angle (MP/PP); 9: inclination angle of the maxillary central incisor (U1/PP); 10: inclination angle of the maxillary first molar (U6/PP); 11: dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisor (U1-PP); 12: dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar (U6-PP)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7291765/v1/83aa30b1741cf704042f4b3b.png"},{"id":88812057,"identity":"dbfd28cb-ab28-4dea-88e0-96e47ab0841c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-11 15:41:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":624254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProfile plots of the estimated marginal means of the dental measurements in the adolescent group. When the interaction effect of the sagittal and vertical skeletal types was insignificant, the interaction between them was disregarded\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7291765/v1/2b3642df2e944c2159d7d842.png"},{"id":88812611,"identity":"95e20de5-6135-4cbf-a3e1-19970f071e15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-11 15:49:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":621976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProfile plots of the estimated marginal means of the dental measurements in the adult group. When the interaction effect of the sagittal and vertical skeletal types was insignificant, the interaction between them was disregarded. The interaction effect was significant in U6/PP, U1/PP ans U1/PP-U6/PP\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7291765/v1/e67083efdb5b29273ac38ed4.png"},{"id":100548180,"identity":"2ccd8a64-fff5-48f9-a90c-a88ec58b6f40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-19 08:17:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2922061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7291765/v1/4fdd1215-b8fa-45d6-8067-7f6dd3f3a375.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors: a retrospective study of 1738 cases","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompensation is an inherent response of the body, and compensatory growth plays a crucial role in craniofacial growth and development. According to Steiner [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], the harmonious relationship within the craniofacial structure hinges on achieving corresponding changes in each component in a correct combination. In other words, individuals exhibit compensation and coordination, leading to varying lip-teeth relationships among patients with different skeletal types. Steiner\u0026rsquo;s cephalometric analysis scrutinized the compensatory position and angle of incisors for diverse skeletal types to formulate orthodontic treatment plans for various malocclusions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMcNamara [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] proposed that the upper and lower jaws often grow differently in the sagittal direction during development, and the difference even exceeds 10 mm as growth nears completion. When the relationship between the upper and lower jaws is not harmonized, teeth can exhibit corresponding compensatory adjustments to mask skeletal discrepancies, thereby achieving proper biting function and establishing a normative occlusal relationship [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Failure of dentoalveolar compensation leads to the subsequent formation of corresponding malocclusions. Bjork and Skieller [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] noted that teeth could alter their eruption path to compensate for the discrepancies of jawbones during growth and development. If this process is absent or incomplete, malocclusion might occur.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor patients with skeletal malocclusion, treatment can be achieved through orthodontic camouflage or orthognathic surgery, which requires appropriate augmentation or removal of dental compensation for a successful outcome [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, the abnormalities of jawbones and the compensatory characteristics of teeth vary among patients with different craniofacial types. It is crucial to thoroughly comprehend and accurately assess dentoalveolar compensation in untreated patients, particularly the compensatory features of incisors and molars in individuals with skeletal malocclusion, to provide guidance for orthodontic treatment. In particular, for adolescents, who make up a larger proportion of orthodontic patients and have the potential for growth and compensation, orthodontists should leverage the principles of growth and compensation to guide treatment rather than simply moving teeth mechanically. This approach can avoid disrupting the patient's natural developmental compensatory mechanisms, thereby minimizing treatment complexity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohnston et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated a close relationship between mesial-distal changes in the maxillary first molar and mandibular growth increases, highlighting a significant dentoalveolar compensation phenomenon. The authors also emphasized that incomplete understanding of the compensatory nature of the molar might lead to erroneous clinical treatment plans. Su et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] reported that the maxillary and mandibular first molars exhibited significant compensatory patterns in the sagittal direction for both sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies and that the maxillary first molar tended to tip forward with age. Kim et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] reported that the natural inclination angle of incisors was associated with both the sagittal and vertical skeletal types. The extent of anterior tooth compensation is directly correlated with the severity of skeletal malocclusion [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] indicated that the dentoalveolar compensation in vertical skeletal disharmony patients involved alterations in molar height and incisor inclination, which overlapped with the dentoalveolar compensation observed in sagittal skeletal disharmony and that there might be mutual influence. In conclusion, although many studies on dentoalveolar compensation have been conducted, the majority of these studies involved small sample sizes or fewer types, were not stratified by age, and relied on data from specific patient groups, resulting in divergent conclusions, with some even being diametrically opposed [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was based on the data analysis of a large historical sample collected in the early stage and rigorous cephalometric measurements. The samples were stratified by age and categorized according to sagittal and vertical skeletal types. We focused on the inclination degree and dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molars and central incisors, analysed the magnitude of the compensation effect of different skeletal types, compared the degree and direction of molar and incisor compensation, and explored differences in dentoalveolar compensation between adolescents and adults. Moreover, for the first time, we analysed the ratio of the dentoalveolar height between the first molar and central incisor to explore the overall posture of the anatomical occlusal plane relative to the basal bone. This study aims to provide a reference for further research on dentoalveolar compensation, clinical diagnosis and design, anchorage control, and long-term stability after orthodontic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this retrospective study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSIRB-201616016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. Subjects\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria for the sample in this study were as follows: Han nationality; age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;12 years; no history of orthodontic treatment or maxillofacial trauma; clear lateral cephalogram; and complete data before treatment. The exclusion criterion was systemic or hereditary disease. A total of 1,738 patients were included, with ages ranging from 12\u0026ndash;39 years and a mean age of 15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.7 years, comprising 594 males and 1,144 females.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLateral cephalograms were obtained from the radiology department of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. All the films were captured via the same X-ray machine to eliminate the influence of magnification. Following the acquisition of cephalograms, landmarks were located thrice each by three senior residents in orthodontics who were blinded to the objectives of our study. In cases where the left and right projections did not align in the cephalograms, the midpoint of the two sides was located. According to previous studies on the reasonable range of the landmark position by Baumrind and colleagues [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], outlier landmarks could be automatically identified by the software. These outlier landmarks were relocated again until all the landmarks were within a reasonably good range. The average of three landmarks was used for subsequent calculations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Cephalometric variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cephalometric landmarks and planes are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Skeletal measurements in the sagittal direction: ANB angle (ANB); Skeletal measurements in the vertical direction: mandibular plane angle (SN/MP), inclination angle of the palatal plane (SN/PP), and palatomandibular plane angle (MP/PP); Dentoalveolar measurements: inclination angle of the maxillary central incisor (U1/PP), inclination angle of the maxillary first molar (U6/PP), dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisor (U1-PP), dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar (U6-PP). Detailed explanations can be found in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCephalometric variables and definitions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe angle between 3 landmarks (subspinale A, nasion N and supramental B), reflecting the anteroposterior jaw relation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSN/MP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnteroinferior crossing angle between the anterior cranial base plane (SN) and the mandibular plane (MP), reflecting the vertical position of the mandibular base relative to the anterior cranial base.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSN/PP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnteroinferior crossing angle between the anterior cranial base plane and the palatal plane (PP), reflecting the vertical position of the maxillary base relative to the anterior cranial base.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMP/PP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnteroinferior crossing angle between the palatal plan and mandibular plan, reflecting the vertical jaw relation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU1/PP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe axis of angulation of the maxillary central incisor in relation to PP.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU6/PP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe axis of angulation of the maxillary first molar in relation to PP.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU1-PP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe linear distance between PP and the most protruded point of the maxillary central incisor.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU6-PP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe linear distance between PP and the mesial buccal cusp of the maxillary first molar.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Group\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study subjects were divided into the adolescent group: 12 years\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;age\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18 years, with a mean age of 13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 years; the adult group: age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years, with a mean age of 22.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3 years. According to the sagittal relationship of the jaws, they were classified into Class I: 1.7\u0026deg; \u0026le; ANB\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4.7\u0026deg;, Class II: ANB\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4.7\u0026deg;, and Class III: ANB\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u0026deg;. According to the vertical relationship of the jaws, they were classified into hyperdivergent: MP/SN\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;37.7\u0026deg;, normodivergent: 27.3\u0026deg; \u0026le; MP/SN\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;37.7\u0026deg;, and hypodivergent: MP/SN\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;27.3\u0026deg;. The distributions of the skeletal types in the two age groups are shown in Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The gender of patients with various skeletal types in the adolescent group was tested by the chi-square test, and the difference was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); thus, the male and female samples were combined for further analysis. In the adult group, the growth and development of the patients almost stopped, and the gender had little effect on bone development or dentoalveolar compensation; thus, the male and female samples were also combined.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cimg 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AYRRGcQ4q+KfFuKJ6eI3kA+lQ3CN9MRwItYPmCZeyjPGkYeN5QH8VhnwDJzKJndA/GojQFxRzvH5PDePg/BV9yjOqry1DemoKlcgHSof0hLLJoYDxZPLTWGr6lgs/zxOxSUUJ0fCRafy4pz7RJ4WrvP8UTKtukdx5vWlS/J6AzGtQD4UJs9XJOarKt46Otn04W1ve9vgc5/73OAHP/jB4O9///vga1/72uAvf/lLWnn5kY98ZPDyyy8Pfv3rX5eh+wubzhcVMb3n5f2TvkLGu+OiQlMbh67JRuY59+7dG/nuR6sjd3Z2Sp/FcObMmcG5c+fS+bg9f5V+3qEVFXNfmVS9SyfPk4AMNjY20jly4KtwQNkUjWXf8+o2qEdWN2/eTOd3794drnTc3d1NawFiHLyP65qqMh9VT5oyKt5J36+yBy9f6wPKlndmkm0sT1wV1A3alp7LcWVlJZ03rUt9Yto2ozzDoUOH0pG+chIoe+LKZThJP8V702vXrqVzxUMeJpHpsqD8qbwhyqEK+h76YursNPRi96Wnnnpq8L3vfW/w5z//efDtb3978O9//3vwhS98IS0Co/MsRiZlyH5BRaSjZjEanQ5KAVDIeaWfBipC7IwiKAvKjUpPGhYJ+da/Sxw/frz0rYb0kw/Co9ia0rT8lBYagjp8+dPRNIFOkgVWNCQWF0rZ0vi6XIRTB/WraoHf4cOHy7PpGBdv0/KEOEAS6tiaypaBFEoJuSBPKdtJ61IfmLbNXL9+vfR9i/e9733pOMmgVQOjOFidpJ+i7GkLyAKZqE+eVKbLALKCW7dupaNAHlVQJiw+oy+edkDcu20Ql+1/lRkpXrp0ad8ol4rOLFX/1wcvvPBCebafUZ0n8SHYuEqPeGhMNNYulQT5RmkdPXq09HkL0gfkn0EC+VhbW0vKTg2WMLF8BIqUPKu8FBf1oq6xkxYGQxE6O+Si+7m37v9cNaDJR/PkjXKO99XJUagOzBNZYpQu5VGDkGkZFa/qufyYHVHH68qDcqDjIi51/KrP8Z66+3kObUoyiTO1pnUpMm5GswgmbTN5maNImcFyjTBcB8oBuRG3wuZoYBQHq5P0U/hvbm4O5REHvE1lGqlTan2BcqY8BXlXeZNnQdmR/5ktZUWhLgV9/l9lilHvBQS/8ZcrGkp6X6Df8f2D/IrOZXiOE9FP7yZiXDqvu39SYtx5PiJFZS3P7kOeCFN0ErXh5c8zFF6/BWUlf8VF2JgW/IXCxzIFykrhcRB/cx/E9MpJnjGNOH7H8FVy1vWYxkkZJ4M8XRDLTX6xzCmPaeIVMS7ypvzFOKMM9LwchcURJspJdSrPi5wYV5fyOGN8km2bjCtXofwJpTvWqUjMR16f5M+zcTw3L4eIyiWSp5VyinmRPGM65GJeoj9ho3z4nccZ4+uSWO448i/itVhusczyeqp8vvjii0O/XG5VdFsKU8JKa1Zcs/KaFdjPPPNMWpHNymyzGGhMeYemTmDZyPMBseGZxUMHJyUg8KuS1bKwzG3GbWS+9M403QTebRQjjmSmxizzyU9+cvDqq68O3v3udw8++9nPpkVgf/vb38rQZh5gCu77ApkmYDrN38Nh3uuDKfNhhtcFObyiWeY6t6xthvaghWaRSdYMmDGUCvlAcBD/V7lvUGVw+Qg5N9EsE9FshmtiSjLzRTPF6JZ1NlyX/mVqM9HUvAzpXTYm2n1pmfC+ysYYY5aBA6uIczBje19lY4wxfeOhUcSRG95X2RhjTE94KBVxhC94yXz9xhtvDM3XVYtFjDHGmLZ56BVxhI+IyHz9hz/8YWi+xvFZTmOMMaZtrIhrYGm+zNd8jUYKGeX8rne9qwxljDHGzIYVcQP4n2SZrzlKIXN87LHHylDGGGPM5FgRT8ibb745VMg4vteq2TIfGjHGGGMmodGXtfh6FTtM4NiqcNQH9JuinUhmgfsX/fFwzNLPPfdc2obtH//4R/rA+W9/+9vBxz72sfQh9PX19fSu2RhjjGlCI0XMCmIUD5NnPnV25Mjse5+yc1D83FvcsYNPqo1T0oSJu2N0wUHZV9kYY0x3jFXE2mJLW3cx6+N3m+Sza/Z2HAfpYHDQJxiwLOO+ysYYYzqEd8Tj4Fu8uCry76XG76nGra7y65zzPdmqb5jK6ZlxO6r4HWDiqktXn/jVr3619/Wvf33vwx/+8N7Kysrel7/85b2dnZ3yqjHGmIeZRoo4Ktt8P01+azssjlKM+fZenEsJE4bfhAHiiPFyXWEJoziVDt23LIo40ud9lY0xxiyeRu+In3jiifR+uFCWg0uXLqVFW7yjhVdeeSWZXSFuHXf37t1975K5d3d3N53zfrgpmKAVnnQsO5ipz549m8rvtddeGzz55JOpDB999NH0zput0liZbYwx5uFgov2IURgo5BMnTgxOnTpV+t6HBUpx8RQLsXiXzDtm4DjLHq8s3mIAcJDwvsrGGGMaKeK4ohlYOa0FWyy0QkHit50tnuJfeZgVc53Z7DSbYqOguJ/N2xkEHFT4MMiXvvSlwU9/+tPBP//5z8HnP//5wS9+8YtUbiwC++53v+uNuI0x5gDSSBFjjo7/ToT5lFkxbGxsJAWMCTmC6RXFgfLEMZuuI/8QRvzf4MuXL6dnjbr/oOH/VTbGmIeIQkmOhUVYLKYiOC4ukOJa9NcxX00tB/E34bSwC8d5jDOPR894+eWXh35xJfVBh9XWrLpm9TWrsFmNzapsY4wxy8ncPnGJSfnevXv7Zsr43bp1ayoTtXmQYtAy/NQm6FOb3lfZGGOWh7kpYszLm5ub+xQxJtaHycS8SLyvsjHGLCdzU8S8I85nZrzz9Gx4/nhfZWOMWR68+9IBp25f5ZMnTw7e/va3l6GMMcZ0RVLEB+3/c40xxphlwTNiY4wxpkMm+rKWMcYYY9rFitgYY4zpECtiY4wxpkOsiI0xxpgOmUgRs7pajo9z8L/C+gY1x/iN6DbRxhJy8bvXZn7Ecq+SrTbkMPOjTgYqexw7n5l+QJ+ITDhW4TbTL+rkFdsd5yK2u+hmpZEiVmLZbIBF1rjjx4+nD3awxzDX4xaIbcN+x3zOEXi2PwqyGOKmHVV7SOe7cpn2qZMBu5qxAxr+YFl0DxOEcZ+XtZz6Q528pJRpW+gd9o/X5I9PNKs94miDtMVZaaSI2XuYjf1RiEL7DdNR8BnLfAtEs9xQ8c6cOVP+ehBGiWtra+UvMw/qZIA/7ZEtMoEtSNkhzXQLfaIGRlW4zfSLUfKSrkO30dbYhheOHj2ajoLdAU+fPl3+mp6xipjRAQqXbfly6Ajqvh2NuUzT9mg6kz+diab8nOPHaNEjxn7Ad8IZ6dWZpGF1dTUdzXyokwFWqIi+556b10x/cJtZHuL+CBC36dXgV7ANMF8pnJWxipjPIsKhQ4fSsQl0CJjRNHXf2dlJfjhGhPjTyQjO8cPcffXq1dLXdAkDLGSCEmCQpI4ELly4sM86YubDKBnEc9N/3GaWF6y+VRNRtcFcOU/DRIu1msKIQu+z8kRib4crV64MKyZhmRVjKqh6F2kWj+SGnFgbQEcCWDGqKqVpnzoZMKticEubAXUIkwyWzeJwm1leaFu4fJYMbZmlE8WIeyTb29sY0dOG/aMgHJv2R3RvvP/5558f+hWz5eTHNfkVHU7yy1EYs3iQk2TLUbKKblz9MLMRZQC0k1j+J06cKK+Yrsnbg9tMvxklC/RVHchVOmxWxs6ItUJ5a2srHXOq/nWCEQSmNF5wF88ofe8jcxsvwLVXLqMN/IrCSDNmv+vqH5KVXjlIXsB51YjRtEvcWxprkuRQKGHv891j3GaWE9Yr1Vky2jRLQyPTNCuiWZWZL6RC2WI2y2HKXtU5oGC1QCuuBpUyp2Jyn+kXyH3UCmozf+pkQBtk1XRbHYIx5v7rBNYsabDEayApX2jVLA3FyKwRTMEJHp2IJmhMZHlYmWYuXryYrstf5oBorq4yBeRmOJ5n5kcuvzqzDf5cN+0zSgaxvZn+oPYgV9VPuc30hzp5RR0lh1+kTbM0eBtEY4wxpkPmsmraGGOMMc2wIjbGGGM6xIrYGGOM6RArYmOMMaZDrIiNMcaYDrEiNsYYYzrEitgYY4zpECtiY4wxpkOsiI0xxpgOsSI2xhhjOmQiRcwH5uX4CD2bOGhPVI5sYD4P+AB3fLaeFf1M+6hsc7nGcpeLH0Q37ZDXcVzcmUx++WYspnuQi9tE/6E95e0K1Laii/KUTmqLRopYiWVzcj5NjWNnimPHjg12d3fT9WeffbYM3T5s+XYjbB/G1oxsLcZWijh/Lrt9UAKUOWXL9nvaIYtBkOqAHHj3n3ahTV29enVfOR85cmS4+T/y2N7eHpa/djUz3eOB0XJAX4YOyxnXxyFftuttk0aK+NSpU0nhoRAFyvD27duDO3fupK2i6BTMwQAlgCLWFmBsv7ezs5NGhEePHk1+gkpL3TDtgsKNgxvJBD/OGYhqr3D2TN3Y2EjnpltoD48//nj5y/QZ2o+UbGRcH8f2vpoYtsVYRUyjR+FWbZBMp1C3ITkjdk3pNZsC+ZM5jeI5x4+RhkeT3XP37t3y7D7ImdnYrVu39ikH2NzcrN0820xPXs5bW1tpQAw3b95MVgrBgIk2alNo91y/fn1w8uTJ8pdZRrro48YqYho9yCTWBI3YGW3QQTCbwg+3traW/Mmc4Bw/zN2Y40z3IL8mIFvNnM38oF1opI4Vqop79+6VZ6YLmETUTUzM8rKIPm6ixVpNIdHqyPPRhWzrV65cGZq6CcusWO9+TbfQ4TOAiu8d+X348OHy131yk42ZDwxgZZY2/YS2wETCHCwW1ceNVcQrKyvpOM1oWyZngYImUzJZy5TGjJjFXvh50Un30OHzzp9Bk2SFaTofFdosvRiiWRrq3kFOYrUy7RL7MNoKcKQPNMvLovq4sYpYC0LoDKqI738FCpYKyfuS/GU4phv8UMh6z0UHjx8vwOn8mQGYbtFCBsmKCpljs/RiiGZpWF1d3fcKh/ZCp+8Zc3dg4VN7wXoEHNV/muVkUX1cI9M0s6NLly49sJAKZUsFzLl8+fLgxIkTD7wvocPQjJeVuELKnAxzn+kPmEQxueWV0WbpxVBllpYsNGA9f/784PTp0+ncGNMOC+3jihFcI4rRHVPbfU4UinroVyjSB8IWo/V0vHjxYrou/2IGnO4vMjv04zxnfX19eB3H8xSnnGkP5KJyRZZVIEfJz8wP2gP1vQrJqKrNmO5Q/1fXdkw/iP0cLm9ndX1cro/akPMj/CkiM8YYY0wHzGXVtDHGGGOaYUVsjDHGdIgVsTHGGNMhVsTGGGNMh1gRG2OMMR1iRWyMMcZ0iBWxMcYY0yFWxMYYY0yHWBEbY4wxHTKRItZOPDi+O823brW7CEe+iTsP+D51fLaelfvF397FaXZiueeyVXl7M/rFkJc1bU+ywZl+ILnoO+AR2lD+vX7TLdPIC7+2210jRazErq+vD3cYYSOAY8eODXZ3d9N1tgCbF+xbfOPGjXTOs7VvMR/kxsnvdtj1RHsdm+lhA3rJO+4TjYKep7zNfqo6A9oem7EgG9pl1S5oZrEwOEUuVdB/qn8y/WAaeXEPA2LaHTqprclnI0XMXqgovKjcpPjorNkNhk7BHByocHGHrAj1wJ3KYkAO+f7Dmhlra0T2DI8DJdMN2jq0CvzpQ01/mEZe586dSw7yXdBmYawi5iF0ulWbI7M1W77VoWCErul7HK3Lnw5G5mPO8WPkb9NNP2D/Yfa4bWvEZ6aDPb1PnjxZ/roP7Q7ZXLhwIf0mDFshGmPmBwNgdGHcEpY99W/evFn+mp6xilgPOXToUDo2AeXNCJ1RBQlnc2X8cGtra8k/bjTPOX6Yu+OG56Y7GGAhExQxgyS/C148DErrBrq0E/YIRza0G0b3xpj5ce/evfJsP1iFZ2WixVpNYcQgU1nc0BzOnj2bjleuXBmaugnLrJjOxCa2fiC5ISfeQWr2ZRYD7QEFW4dmxSBTmTFmORmriHn/BHWjgVHI5CxQ0Njd8YuzLGbELP7Bz6ud+wemUVsqFktsE1K4HGlTgKUCmWC1AC/WMma+1FmF8zUc0zBWEcvktbW1lY45VR0ACpYOhHdX6iiETJ4oZOzrgILGj1VozJjbePlt2kWyMosBSwRtAqeFcRxpj1q3IasFCpnXP8aY+SErVNRPtL3V1dXy1/Q0Mk2zIpr3UflCKpQtHUbO5cuXBydOnHjg/RYZ0Iw3rsiVMkchc5/pF8i9bgW1WTwamWt2fOvWreGs2RgzP06fPj2clKr9xcVbU1OMuBtRjMCZ2u5zolDUQ79CkT4Qtugk0vHixYvpuvyLGXC6v5gdD/04z1lfXx9ex/E8xRn94m/uMdORy09yEnlZ59dNu0geHEUug3jNdAPtIMoEGYnYX9EHmu6ZVl5RX7XFI/wpIjTGGGNMB8xl1bQxxhhjmmFFbIwxxnSIFbExxhjTIVbExhhjTIdYERtjjDEdYkVsjDHGdIgVsTHGGNMhVsTGGGNMh1gRG2OMMR0yVhHzbWi+KV3n2oBvdnoD+n6hnbNw+TfGoe4av3VN32I108P32SnLfCMUlXF0bLaiDVdyZ+bPqDYT5eKdsvoHctFugKJOllHObemtRjPiGzdupF1gtre308flOcexQUOe+AjXxm1rSAfDdm+mPyA37Zx1+/bttOFHlCMdCXVBX0fVNSooe+iqriDXXIGY5lCex44dK3+9Bf5qg3LA7jBsABH9kR9t1syXcW0GGeAvWVUNbk03VMmiro9DzvRr0onsSteGLBsp4rrdJU6dOlWeVdNkM3niJsOmP7D3tHbOonNfX18fXLt2Lf1Gsb7++uvD7TGfe+65wcbGRjo/fPjw0J8jA7WbN2+m32ZyKEN1BJGjR4+WZ/dBMbOtKOTX2AmNHWPMfBnVZiQfbVt57ty5pKhN9yCbfD/hUX2c9uWXTuTeUZPRpoxVxC+99FJ59iAklMrFiEBTdY0cGFFQ2dhfGH+I4WyK7i/5wGtlZaU8GyTFGvcmJiwjfSpjfp86HtMueblubm6mzgLya3QgJ0+eLH+ZeTGqzezu7pZn91FYW4u6BytG3j6a9HHScwy2GFjNysyLtTQtl0kGxUsi2aeYGREjQ66RCRQz5wrLaMT0HzoSWT/u3LmTjjkaKUaQuZXA/NnZ2XlAEYBG6h4QLZ7YZkCyMP0B3ZXvmQ/j+jjM0ppgooSr2t6kzKyIUa5xNI7i1TQ+wrVoZvN7q+UBecpM0xRG+8jcSmC+RLN0js3S3RHbzOrqahosaeIhpXzo0KF0NIsHWbCeZRqi4j1//nx5NhszKeKqChVNMlXQQTOSYEZs+g+jRt6XiPx9isg7la2trcrRpmmXaJbOsVm6G/I2Q8fNBIVFPvR9TEKwFnqQ2h20mygP4Fj1zlioj+MeWXYZYMkqPAszKWJVJFZqRure/5IBRhBkwDPi/sMrhnzUyOj+6tWr5a/7AytkGTsV1gecOXOm/GXmic3S/aKqzQBrbdR5o4Q9SO0WXp1KHpoUcsSKMaqPQ1FH3YWZOoadlplN05jF4r8fMdLQu5HYCSgDFIDpPzKjybxGZcSp0+ccGFhF8yejQ96bSPZa1GDaBxnZLN0f6tpMhMlIbB+mf4zq4/jPEBS2rrGwq5WFx8WIoBHFKI4XvENXJKa8sv/a+vp66bu3t729vS+8znGFUk7HF198cehHPKZ7is59KBM55BWRP2GFZBpdvG4moxht7ytL2lOE9kKYKpBFbKNmvoxqM7EfNP1DuilvL5JZ3oeh43QN1waP8KeIzBhjjDEdMLNp2hhjjDHTY0VsjDHGdIgVsTHGGNMhVsTGGGNMh6TFWiypN8YYY8zi8appY4wxpkNsmjbGGGM6xIrYGGOM6YzB4P8BGm0l9OQXZ8QAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. Statistical analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analysed via SPSS ver. 24.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The dataset was initially screened for significant outliers, followed by assessments of normality using the Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test and homogeneity of variance using Levene\u0026rsquo;s test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons by the SNK method were performed on the measurements, and the correlations between skeletal and dentoalveolar measurements were analysed by Pearson\u0026apos;s correlation analysis. To visually compare the characteristics of the dentoalveolar compensation of patients with different skeletal types, profile plots of the estimated marginal mean of each measurement were generated. To analyse the compensatory patterns of patients with different skeletal malocclusions at different age ranges, an independent sample t test was conducted on the same item in the adolescent and adult groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, data from both age groups were pooled, and multiple linear regression analyses (stepwise method) were performed to further investigate the relationships between dental compensation and its potential influencing factors. U6/PP and U1/PP\u0026mdash;considered clinically informative in orthodontic assessment\u0026mdash;were used as dependent variables. The difference was considered statistically significant when \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 bilaterally.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e present the results of two-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons, showing the characteristics of the dentoalveolar compensation of different skeletal types in the adolescent and adult groups, respectively. Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e present the results of the Pearson correlation analysis, which revealed correlations between the skeletal and dental measurements. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of the independent sample t test, which revealed compensatory differences in the first molars and central incisors at different age stages. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e are profile plots of the estimated marginal means of the dental measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance and multiple comparisons of characteristics of dentoalveolar compensation in the adolescent group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSagittal skeletal type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVertical skeletal type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;576, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eII(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;591, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIII(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;163, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypodivergent (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormodivergent (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;647, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperdivergent (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;624, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.16\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.251\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.25\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.942\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.62\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.651\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.924\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.318\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.460\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.440\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP-U6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.941\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP/U1-PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.602\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.583\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e, number of cases; SD, standard deviation. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value of the interaction term is greater than 0.05. \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e: Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class I or Hypodivergent; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e: Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class II or Normodivergent\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelations between dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements in the adolescent group (Pearson correlation analysis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eANB(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMP/SN(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMP/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.303\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.156\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.203\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.2858\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.179\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.165\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.169\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.086\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.406\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.492\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP/U1-PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.326\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.250\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.342\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP-U6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.138\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.131\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e, Pearson correlation. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance and multiple comparisons of characteristics of dentoalveolar compensation in the adult group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSagittal skeletal type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVertical skeletal type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eII(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;171, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIII(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypodivergent (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormodivergent (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;177, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperdivergent (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;202, Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6/PP\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.570\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.359\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.100\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.87\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.471\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.795\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.780\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.19\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.514\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP-U6/PP\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.91\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.591\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP/U1-PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.362\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.332\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e, number of cases; SD, standard deviation. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value of the interaction term is greater than 0.05. \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e: Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class I or Hypodivergent; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e: Statistically significant difference compared with the same measurements in Class II or Normodivergent\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelations between dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements in the adult group (Pearson correlation analysis)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eANB(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMP/SN(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMP/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.448\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.284\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.364\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.177\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.106\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.286\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.336\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.126\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.461\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.107\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.566\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP/U1-PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.295\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.236\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.306\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP-U6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.122\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.100\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e, Pearson correlation. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT test results of compensatory differences in molars and incisors at different age stages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge stage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSagittal skeletal type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVertical skeletal type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypodivergent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormodivergent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperdivergent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12y\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e591\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e647\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e408\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12y\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12y\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1/PP(\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12y\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU1-PP(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12y\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU6-PP/U1-PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12y\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e, number of cases; SD, standard deviation. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. Compensation of the maxillary first molar\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Compensation of the maxillary first molar for sagittal skeletal discrepancies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the adolescent and adult groups, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U6/PP, and the effect was greater than that of the vertical skeletal type; furthermore, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP, yet the effect was smaller than that of the vertical skeletal type. Correlation analysis revealed that both U6/PP and U6-PP were significantly negatively correlated with ANB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2 Compensation of the maxillary first molar for vertical skeletal discrepancies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the adolescent and adult groups, the vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U6/PP. Correlation analysis revealed that in the adolescent group, U6/PP was significantly negatively correlated with SN/MP and MP/PP and significantly positively correlated with SN/PP; however, in the adult group, there was no significant linear correlation between U6/PP and SN/PP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the adolescent and adult groups, vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP. Correlation analysis revealed that U6-PP was significantly positively correlated with SN/MP and MP/PP but had no significant linear correlation with SN/PP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.3 Compensatory differences in the maxillary first molar at different age stages\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong patients with sagittal or vertical skeletal malocclusion and on the basis of the combined statistical results, both U6/PP and U6-PP were significantly lower in the adolescent group than in the adult group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.4 Regression model for the inclination degree of the maxillary first molar\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with U6/PP as the dependent variable, and five independent variables\u0026mdash;age, ANB, MP/SN, SN/PP, and MP/PP\u0026mdash;representing both age and skeletal parameters. The regression model was statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;248.044, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and accounted for 36.4% of the variance in U6/PP (\u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e=0.364, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e=0.363).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFour variables were retained in the final model, all of which demonstrated statistically significant effects on U6/PP (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Based on the absolute values of the standardized coefficients, the predictors ranked in order of influence were: age, ANB angle, MP/PP angle, and SN/PP angle. Detailed results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance and multiple comparisons of characteristics of dentoalveolar compensation in the adult group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnstandardized Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVIF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.770\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.318\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eANB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.607\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-16.088\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMP/PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-11.147\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN/PP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.51\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e***\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; **\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; *\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. \u003cem\u003eVIF\u003c/em\u003e: Variance Inflation Factor, A VIF greater than 10 indicates the presence of multicollinearity in the data\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Compensation of the maxillary central incisor\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Compensation of the maxillary central incisor for sagittal skeletal discrepancies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the adolescent group, the sagittal skeletal type had no significant effect on U1/PP (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.990, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.372); correlation analysis also revealed that there was no significant linear correlation between U1/PP and ANB (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e=-0.053, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.054). In the adult group, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U1/PP, which was greater in Class III patients than in Class II patients; the correlation analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between U1/PP and ANB in the adult group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the adolescent group, the sagittal skeletal type also had no significant effect on U1-PP (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.777, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.460), and correlation analysis revealed that the linear correlation between U1-PP and ANB was extremely weak. In the adult group, the sagittal skeletal type also had no significant effect on U1-PP (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.955, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.386), and correlation analysis revealed a very weak positive correlation between U1-PP and ANB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Compensation of the maxillary central incisor for vertical skeletal discrepancies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the adolescent group, the vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U1/PP (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.318, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014), which was greater in hypodivergent patients than in hyperdivergent patients, with a statistically significant difference; correlation analysis revealed that U1/PP had a significant negative correlation with both SN/MP and MP/PP but had no significant linear correlation with SN/PP. In the adult group, vertical skeletal type also had an effect on U1/PP; however, correlation analyses revealed that U1/PP had no significant linear correlation with either SN/MP or SN/PP and was significantly negatively correlated with only MP/PP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the adolescent and adult groups, the vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U1-PP, and the effect was greater than that of the sagittal skeletal type. Correlation analyses revealed that U1-PP was significantly positively correlated with SN/MP and MP/PP and significantly negatively correlated with SN/PP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Compensatory differences in the maxillary central incisor at different age stages\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcept in Class III patients, in the remaining sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion patients, the difference in U1/PP between the adolescent and adult groups was not significant. Among patients with sagittal or vertical skeletal malocclusion and on the basis of the combined statistical results, U1-PP was significantly lower in the adolescent group than in the adult group, with a highly significant difference, except for hypodivergent patients. The nonsignificant difference in hypodivergent patients might be due to the small sample size of adult hypodivergent patients; although there was a trend toward numerical change, no statistically significant difference was detected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Regression model for the inclination degree of the maxillary central incisor\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression analysis was performed with U1/PP as the dependent variable, and five independent variables\u0026mdash;age, ANB, MP/SN, SN/PP, and MP/PP\u0026mdash;representing both age and skeletal factors. Although the regression model was statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.443, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), it explained only 2.2% of the variance in U1/PP (\u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e=0.022, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e=0.021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. Compensation of occlusal planes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eU6-PP/U1-PP can reflect the overall posture of the maxillary anatomical occlusal planes relative to palatal plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Compensation of the maxillary occlusal plane for sagittal skeletal discrepancies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the adolescent and adult groups, the sagittal skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP/U1-PP, and the effect was greater than the effect of the vertical skeletal type. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between U6-PP/U1-PP and ANB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Compensation of the maxillary occlusal plane for vertical skeletal discrepancies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the adolescent and adult groups, vertical skeletal type had a significant effect on U6-PP/U1-PP; correlation analysis revealed that, in the adolescent group, U6-PP/U1-PP had a significant negative correlation with SN/MP and MP/PP but a significant positive correlation with SN/PP; in the adult group, U6-PP/U1-PP had no significant linear correlation with SN/PP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Compensatory differences in the maxillary occlusal plane at different age stages\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong patients with sagittal or vertical skeletal malocclusion and on the basis of the combined statistical results, U6-PP/U1-PP was significantly lower in the adolescent group than in the adult group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSample, classification criterion, and selection of reference planes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size of this study was large. A large sample size is beneficial for minimizing and controlling some errors caused by sampling. In this study, patients were classified by age into adolescents with growth potential and adults with halted growth, and different skeletal discrepancies were characterized by different sagittal and vertical jaw relationships. The compensatory differences in the first molars and central incisors were analysed across different jaw types and age cross-sections to minimize the confounding effects of developmental stages and different skeletal discrepancies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible was determined by ANB, which was proposed by Steiners [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and Reidel [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. For the classification criteria of vertical skeletal types, the commonly used angle between the anterior cranial base plane and the mandibular plane (SN/MP), which is less affected by the cephalometric error, was selected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe angle and position of the maxillary teeth relative to the anterior cranial base are influenced by the position of the palatal plane relative to the anterior cranial base, which cannot be changed by orthodontists. Thus, the angle and position of the maxillary teeth relative to the palatal plane are more valuable than those of the anterior cranial base for orthodontists. Therefore, the palatal plane was selected as the reference plane for the maxillary teeth in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molar\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that the maxillary first molars of both adolescents and adults significantly compensate for sagittal and vertical discrepancies in the jawbones. The inclination degree of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was influenced by the ANB, mandibular plane angle, and palatomandibular plane angle. When the mandible was more retracted relative to the maxilla or the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, the maxillary first molar was more distal-tipping, which was consistent with the studies of Su et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], Liao et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], and Ye et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In adolescents, the inclination degree of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was also significantly positively correlated with the inclination angle of the palatal plane. The dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was influenced by the ANB, mandibular plane angle, and palatomandibular plane angle. When the mandible was more protruded relative to the maxilla or the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, the maxillary first molar was more distant. In adolescents and adults, sagittal skeletal discrepancies exerted a more significant influence on the compensation of the inclination angle of the maxillary first molar, whereas vertical skeletal discrepancies had a greater influence on the dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molar. In general, the mandible was more protruded relative to the maxilla, the maxillary first molar was more mesial-tipping and more distant relative to the palatal plane; the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, the first molar was more distal-tipping and more distant relative to the palatal plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study found that the maxillary first molars of adults were more mesial-tipping and more distant relative to the palatal plane than those of adolescents. Su's study also revealed that the inclination angle of the maxillary first molar changed at different stages of growth and development, gradually tilting forward from the mixed dentition period to the mature permanent dentition period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This was consistent with the findings of Iseri and Solow [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], Kim [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], Martinelli [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], and Gu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe standardized coefficients in a regression model reflect the relative influence of each independent variable on the dependent variable. In the regression model with the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane (U6/PP) as the dependent variable, the included predictors, ranked in descending order based on the absolute values of their standardized coefficients, were as follows: age\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;ANB angle\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;palatomandibular plane angle (MP/PP)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;inclination angle of the palatal plane (SN/PP). This indicates that age has a greater impact on the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar than skeletal discrepancies in the sagittal or vertical dimensions. Moreover, sagittal skeletal discrepancies exert a greater influence than vertical discrepancies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompensatory characteristics of the maxillary central incisor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors of adolescents did not significantly compensate for sagittal discrepancies in the jawbones. This might be associated with the fact that, in this study, the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible was utilized as the criterion for group division rather than Angle classification. In skeletal Class II cases, the maxillary central incisors are often inclined labially in Angle\u0026rsquo;s Class Ⅱ division 1; in skeletal Class III cases, the maxillary central incisors are also usually compensatorily inclined labially. This might also be associated with the fact that crowding of the maxillary dentition was not considered in this study. The maxillary dentition is an integrated whole. The maxillary incisors, apart from compensating for skeletal discrepancies themselves, are influenced by posterior teeth, such as the maxillary first molars, which erupt before them. However, when the degree of crowding of dentition is high, for some teeth, such as canines, outside the dental arch, the transmission of interactions between teeth may be affected, resulting in inconsistent compensation of the maxillary first molar and maxillary central incisor. Ye et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] also reported no significant difference in the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisor in patients with different sagittal skeletal types in a study in which the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH plane) was used as the reference plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors of adolescents demonstrated significant compensation for vertical discrepancies in the jawbones, which was mainly observed in the maxillary central incisors of patients with hypodivergent who were more labially inclined than in those with hyperdivergent. The vertical skeletal type had no significant effect on the difference between the maxillary central incisor inclination and the maxillary first molar inclination relative to the palatal plane, indicating that the two exhibited similar compensatory inclinations in response to vertical skeletal discrepancy. In short, the results of this study indicated that the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisor was more closely related to the vertical skeletal type than to the sagittal skeletal type in adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnlike in adolescents, the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors in adults significantly compensated for sagittal discrepancies in the jawbones, which was consistent with the findings of Alhammadi et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] and slightly inconsistent with those of Ye Yanyan et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The reason might be the different choices of reference planes. Alhammadi et al. selected the palatal plane (PP) within their reference planes. Ye Yanyan et al. chose the anterior cranial base plane (SN), the FH plane, and the NA plane as the reference planes. In this study, the difference in the compensation of the labiolingual inclination of the maxillary central incisors in adults for sagittal skeletal discrepancies was mainly reflected in the fact that the maxillary central incisors of Class III patients were more labially inclined than those of Class II patients were. Unlike the maxillary first molars of adults, the compensation of the labiolingual inclination of adult maxillary central incisors for sagittal discrepancies of the jawbones was not highly conspicuous.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn adolescents and adults, the difference in the degree of inclination of the maxillary central incisor and the maxillary first molar relative to the palatal plane was significantly different between sagittal Class III and II. The angle\u0026rsquo;s change due to compensation of the maxillary first molar in both Class III and Class II was greater than that of the maxillary central incisor compared with Class I, suggesting that compensatory inclination of the maxillary first molar in the sagittal direction was more obvious.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that the dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisors of both adolescents and adults significantly compensates for vertical discrepancies only. When the mandible was more retracted relative to the maxilla, the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base or the maxilla was larger, or the inclination angle of the palatal plane was smaller, the maxillary central incisor was more distant relative to the palatal plane, with the same compensatory direction as the maxillary first molar. Therefore, the compensatory height change in the maxillary central incisor in the sagittal direction was not as obvious as that in the maxillary first molar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Steiner\u0026rsquo;s cephalometric analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], the incisors were assumed to compensate for the disharmony of the jawbones, showing different torques in patients with different malocclusions. However, on the basis of the results above, this study revealed that the compensatory ability of maxillary incisors was generally inferior to that of molars, especially in adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study also revealed that the dentoalveolar height of the maxillary central incisors relative to the palatal plane was significantly lower in adolescents compared to adults. Among individuals with skeletal Class III patterns, adolescents exhibited less labial inclination of the maxillary central incisors relative to the palatal plane than adults; however, no significant age-related differences were observed in other sagittal or vertical skeletal groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the regression analysis with maxillary central incisor labiolingual inclination (U1/PP) as the dependent variable indicated that age, as well as sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies, had only minimal influence. These findings suggest that other potential contributing factors should be considered in future regression models to better explain variations in central incisor inclination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompensatory characteristics of occlusal planes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ratio of the dentoalveolar height between the first molar and central incisor can reflect the overall posture of the anatomical occlusal plane relative to the basal bone. In adolescents and adults, the ratios of maxillary first molar-dentoalveolar height and maxillary central incisor-dentoalveolar height were affected by both sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies, especially sagittal skeletal discrepancies. When the mandible was more protruded relative to the maxilla or the angle of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base was smaller, the downward slope from posterior to anterior of the maxillary occlusal plane relative to the palatal plane tended to be flatter overall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Dr. Spee observed well-developed human skulls from the sagittal direction, he found an occlusal curve formed by the arrangement of teeth, which was convex downwards in the lower jaw and concave upwards in the upper jaw, called the Spee curve [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. He also reported that, owing to differences in occlusal pressure at the anterior and posterior ends of the dental arch, the curvature of the upper arch would change from large to small and the lower arch would change from flat to curved over time, exhibiting compensation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, the ratio of maxillary first molar-dentoalveolar height and maxillary central incisor-dentoalveolar height was greater in adults than in adolescents among the different sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion groups. It could be inferred that the downward slope from posterior to anterior of the maxillary occlusal plane relative to the palatal plane tended to be flatter from adolescence to adulthood, thus exhibiting compensation. This was similar to the results observed by Spee, who reported that the curvature of the maxillary occlusal curve decreased gradually. Tanaka et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] also reported continuous horizontalization of the occlusal plane accompanied by simultaneous reduction of the mandibular plane angle as the mandible adapts more or less forward during growth and development in a study exploring longitudinal alterations in the occlusal plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, when there is a sagittal or vertical relationship disharmony between the maxilla and the mandible, the anterior and posterior teeth of the maxilla are trying to find and contact the opposing teeth by adjusting their own inclination angles and dentoalveolar heights to establish a better occlusal relationship under existing jaw conditions. However, there are differences in the compensation degrees of molars and incisors of the maxilla. In addition, there are also differences in the degree of tooth compensation between adolescents and adults, and there is physiological movement of the anterior and posterior teeth. An accurate understanding of the compensatory changes of the teeth, including the inclination degree and dentoalveolar height changes of the anterior and posterior teeth in different sagittal or vertical skeletal patterns and at different developmental cross-sections, can help orthodontists better perform the treatment, be aware of the potential for decompensating or compensating, minimize the loss of anchorage, adjust occlusal relationships, and promote the long-term stability of the treatment outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were several limitations in this study. This study was a retrospective study, and there was an inevitable tendency in the collection of sample data and thus a certain selection bias. In this study, there were fewer adult hypodivergent patients, resulting in some measurements although there might be group differences or trends of numerical changes, no statistically significant differences were detected. Many factors affect tooth inclination degree and dentoalveolar height, and only some factors related to bone and age were included in this study. Horizontal skeletal discrepancies also have an effect on dentoalveolar compensation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the material used in this study was two-dimensional lateral cephalograms, which did not allow us to explore the effect. In the future, it is hoped that large sample studies can be carried out on the basis of three-dimensional image data, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or digital dental models, to further explore the compensatory characteristics of teeth in skeletal discrepancies, which can not only analyse the effects of horizontal skeletal discrepancies on tooth compensation and enrich the dimensions of variables, but also improve the precision of landmark location and measurement to obtain increasingly accurate dental compensation information.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. Maxillary first molars demonstrate significant compensation for sagittal and vertical discrepancies, with age exerting a stronger effect on inclination than skeletal type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Compared to maxillary first molars, both adolescents and adults demonstrated less pronounced compensatory inclination and height changes of maxillary central incisors in response to sagittal skeletal discrepancies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. A more protrusive mandible or a smaller mandibular angle relative to the anterior cranial base was associated with a flatter maxillary occlusal plane, which was also flatter in adults than in adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWei Li conceptualized this study, performed the analysis and wrote the first draft of this manuscript. Bing Han and Wen Ma collected study materials and performed measurements. Hong Su performed measurements, Organized data and supervised the study. Tianmin Xu provided valuable suggestions on the study design and supervised the study. All authors contributed to the manuscript content and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071172 \u0026amp; 82001080) and National clinical key discipline construction project (PKUSSNKT-T202102).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Board of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSIRB-201616016). All the methods in the study were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; An informed consent agreement was signed by the adult patients and a guardian for minors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteiner CC (1959) Cephalometrics in clinical practice. The Angle Orthodontist 29(1):8-29. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1959)029\u0026lt;0008:CICP\u0026gt;2.0.CO;2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcNamara JA Jr (1984) A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod 86(6):449-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9416(84)90352-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolow B (1980) The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications. Br J Orthod 7(3):145-61. https://doi.org/10.1179/bjo.7.3.145\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCeylan I, Yavuz I, Arslan F (2003) The effects of overjet on dentoalveolar compensation. Eur J Orthod 25(3):325-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/25.3.325\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBj\u0026ouml;rk A, Skieller V (1972) Facial development and tooth eruption. An implant study at the age of puberty. Am J Orthod 62(4):339-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9416(72)90277-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlhammadi MS, Almashraqi AA, Khadhi AH, Arishi KA, Alamir AA, Beleges EM, Halboub E (2022) Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 26(11):6443-6455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04685-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaposo R, Peleteiro B, Pa\u0026ccedil;o M, Pinho T (2018) Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47(4):445-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.09.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnston C, Burden D, Kennedy D, Harradine N, Stevenson M (2006) Class III surgical-orthodontic treatment: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 130(3):300-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.01.023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTroy BA, Shanker S, Fields HW, Vig K, Johnston W (2009) Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 135(2): 146.e1-9; discussion 146-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSu H, Han B, Li S, Na B, Ma W, Xu TM (2014) Factors predisposing to maxillary anchorage loss: a retrospective study of 1403 cases. PLoS One 9(10): e109561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109561\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsourakis A K, Johnston L E (2014) Class II Malocclusion: The aftermath of A \u0026quot;Perfect Storm\u0026quot;. Seminars in Orthodontics 20(1):59-73. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2013.12.006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSu H, Han B, Li S, Na B, Ma W, Xu TM (2014) Compensation trends of the angulation of first molars: retrospective study of 1403 malocclusion cases. Int J Oral Sci 6(3):175-81. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2014.15\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim SJ, Kim KH, Yu HS, Baik HS (2014) Dentoalveolar compensation according to skeletal discrepancy and overjet in skeletal Class III patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 145(3):317-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.11.014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIshikawa H, Nakamura S, Iwasaki H, Kitazawa S, Tsukada H, Chu S (2000) Dentoalveolar compensation in negative overjet cases. Angle Orthod 70(2):145-148. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2000)070\u0026lt;0145:DCINOC\u0026gt;2.0.CO;2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhn HW, Baek SH (2011) Skeletal anteroposterior discrepancy and vertical type effects on lower incisor preoperative decompensation and postoperative compensation in skeletal Class III patients. Angle Orthod 81(1):64-74. https://doi.org/10.2319/031710-158.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArat ZM, R\u0026uuml;bend\u0026uuml;z M (2005) Changes in dentoalveolar and facial heights during early and late growth periods: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod 75(1):69-74. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2005)075\u0026lt;0069:CIDAFH\u0026gt;2.0.CO;2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLIAO Chun-hui, YANG Pu, ZHAO Zhihe, ZHAO Meiying (2010) Study on the posterior teeth mesiodistal tipping degree of normal occlusion subjects among different facial growth patterns. West China J Stomatol 28(4):374-377. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1182.2010.04.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIshii N, Deguchi T, Hunt NP (2002) Morphological differences in the craniofacial structure between Japanese and Caucasian girls with Class II Division 1 malocclusions. Eur J Orthod 24(1):61-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/24.1.61\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePancherz H, Zieber K, Hoyer B (1997) Cephalometric characteristics of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusions: a comparative study in children. Angle Orthod 67(2):111-20. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1997)067\u0026lt;0111:CCOCID\u0026gt;2.3.CO;2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYe Rui, Wang Sheng, Pei Jiao, Zhao Zhihe, Zhao Meiying (2012) Cephalometric analysis of the relationship between occlusal plane and sagittal position of the mandible. West China J Stomatol 30(06):610-614. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1182.2012.06.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlhammadi MS (2019) Dentoalveolar compensation in different anterioposterior and vertical skeletal malocclusions. J Clin Exp Dent 11(8): e745-e753. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.56020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYe Yanyan, Ding Yin, Li Juan, Zhao Kun (2013) Incisive compensation in adult skeletal classⅡ patients with different vertical skeletal type. Chin J Aesthet Med 22(01):181-184. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-6455.2013.01.074\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaumrind S, Frantz RC (1971) The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod 60(2):111\u0026ndash;127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(71)90028-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaumrind S, Frantz RC (1971) The reliability of head film measurements. 2. Conventional angular and linear measures. Am J Orthod 60(5):505\u0026ndash;517. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(71)90116-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaumrind S, Miller D, Molthen R (1976) The reliability of head film measurements. 3. Tracing superimposition. Am J Orthod 70(6):617\u0026ndash;644. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(76)90224-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteiner C C (1960) The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics 46(10):721-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(60)90145-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRiedel RA (1957) An analysis of dentofacial relationships. American Journal of Orthodontics 43(2): 103-119.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIseri H, Solow B (1996) Continued eruption of maxillary incisors and first molars in girls from 9 to 25 years, studied by the implant method. Eur J Orthod 18(3):245-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/18.3.245\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim YE, Nanda RS, Sinha PK (2002) Transition of molar relationships in different skeletal growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 121(3):280-90. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.119978\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartinelli FL, de Oliveira Ruellas AC, de Lima EM, Bolognese AM (2010) Natural changes of the maxillary first molars in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 137(6):775-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.06.037\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGu Y, Mcnamara J A (2008) Cephalometric Superimpositions. Angle Orthodontist 78(6):967-976. https://doi.org/10.2319/070107-301.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSPEE F, BEIDENBACH M, HOTZ M (1980) The gliding path of the mandible along the skull. Journal of American Dentistry Association 100(5): 670-675\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnlow D H, Hans M G (1996) Essentials of Facial Growth. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199707000-00042\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTanaka EM, Sato S (2008) Longitudinal alteration of the occlusal plane and development of different dentoskeletal frames during growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 134(5):602. e1-11; discussion 602-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.02.017\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim HJ, Noh HK, Park HS (2023) Mandibular asymmetry types and differences in dental compensations of Class III patients analyzed with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 93(6):695-705. https://doi.org/10.2319/013023-73.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dentoalveolar compensation, Inclination degree, Dentoalveolar height, Occlusal plane","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291765/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291765/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was designed to explore the compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors at different age ranges for different skeletal discrepancies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLateral cephalograms of 1738 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured. It was categorized into adolescent and adult groups and then subcategorized into sagittal class I, II, and III and vertical hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent. The effects of different skeletal discrepancies on the inclination degree and dentoalveolar height of the maxillary first molars and central incisors were analysed. The differences in compensation between the two age groups were also compared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe maxillary first molar compensated significantly for both sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01). The influence on the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar followed the order: age \u0026gt; ANB \u0026gt; MP/SN. Adolescent maxillary central incisors did not show significant compensation for sagittal skeletal discrepancies in inclination degree (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e = 0.990, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.372) and dentoalveolar height (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e = 0.777, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.460). Moreover, the downward slope from the posterior to anterior of the adult maxillary occlusal plane relative to the palatal plane was flatter than that of adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge exerting a stronger effect on the mesial inclination of the maxillary first molar than skeletal type.The degree of compensation differs between the maxillary central incisors and the maxillary first molars. Differences in compensation were also observed between adolescents and adults.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Relevance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccurate understanding of differences in dentoalveolar compensation between anterior and posterior teeth across various skeletal patterns and age groups is crucial for orthodontic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Compensatory characteristics of the maxillary first molars and central incisors: a retrospective study of 1738 cases","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-11 15:41:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291765/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a40a1363-8659-4c04-90f6-14a9020a4c5e","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-17T14:09:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-11 15:41:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7291765","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7291765","identity":"rs-7291765","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}