Comparative study of edgewise and ribbonwise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction: A finite element analysis

Comparative study of edgewise and ribbonwise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction: A finite element analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative study of edgewise and ribbonwise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction: A finite element analysis Xiaoting Wang, Yi Song, Niansong Ye, Mingyue Fan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8772334/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare the influence of ribbonwise and edgewise on tooth movement and stress distribution in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction. Methods A three dimensions finite element method was applied to simulate en-masse retraction with ribbonwise and edgewise in both jaws. Initial displacements and stresses of teeth, archwire and periodontal tissue were calculated and compared between ribbonwise and edgewise, maxilla and mandible. Results Without the slot-play and friction, the mesial tipping of posterior, lingual torque and extrusion of anterior in ribbonwise were not less than edgewise. In the anterior region, the stress and deformation of archwire, and the stress of periodontal tissue were greater in the ribbonwise than edgewise. With the same retraction force, tooth movement and stress distribution in mandible were advanced than maxilla. Conclusions Without the slot-play and friction, the ribbonwise had no advantage over the edgewise in the labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction. And the ribbonwise transmitted greater force on the tooth and archwire than the edgewise, lighter force should be used to close space with ribbonwise. The maximum stresses generated at the mandible were higher than maxilla, less retraction force should be conduct to mandible than the maxilla. Ribbonwise Edgewise en-masse retraction Finite element analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background Archwire, as an important part of orthodontic appliance, its performance greatly affects the final orthodontic treatment effect. The mechanical performance of archwire is affected by many factors, such as materials (Stainless steel/Tulane medical appliance/NiTi/heat-activated NiTi), dimensions (cross-sectional area), and shapes (round and square) etc [ 1 , 2 ]. In traditional orthodontics, stainless steel rectangular archwires, also known as edgewise are commonly used to close space. With the popularization of lingual orthodontics, the ribbonwise has gradually entered clinical application. The difference between them lies in the shape. Although both their cross-sections are rectangular, the wide surface of ribbonwise is in the vertical direction, while of edgewise is in the horizontal direction [ 3 ]. From clinical experiments and case reports, ribbonwise is regarded to be beneficial to the vertical control of dentition [ 4 – 6 ]. However, the interference factors that achieve the corresponding conclusions cannot be ignored, including the use of temporary skeletal anchorage devices or orthodontic auxiliary device, different bracket systems and main archwires, slot-play and friction force [ 7 – 9 ]. Few studies had expanded the application of ribbonwise in labial orthodontics, current evidence lacked systematic comparisons of edgewise and ribbonwise. It is unknown that whether the ribbonwise is superior to the edgewise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction. Our study used finite element analysis (FEA) to remove the influence of residual gap and friction in the experimental design, directly compare the influence of ribbonwise and edgewise on tooth movement during en-masse retraction, to clarify the confusion about the difference between the two archwires and provide a theoretical reference for selecting archwire in clinical practice. Methods Maxillary and mandible alveolar bone and teeth models from Cone-beam computed tomography (KaVo Dental, Biberach, Germany) were three dimensions (3D) reconstructed in the Mimics 10.01 software (Materialize Software, Leuven, Belgium). Hypermesh software (Altair, Troy, Mich) was used for the meshing process of the constructed 3D model. 0.2 mm thickness periodontal ligament (PDL) model was created from the roots surface. And all elements including teeth, PDL, alveolar bone, brackets and archwires were assembled and converted into ANSYS software (Ansys, Pennysylvania, USA) (Figure.1A). The finite element mesh was created to make a node-to-node connection between teeth (Young's modulus, 20Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.3), PDL (Young's modulus, 0.068 Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.49) and alveolar bone (Cortical bone, Young's modulus, 13.4Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.38. Cancellous bone, Young's modulus, 7.8Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.38). Finite element mesh of the ribbonwise and edgewise (Young's modulus, 200Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.3) were created separately from the bracket (Young's modulus, 214Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.3) to allow the archwire to slide through the bracket slots. The above material properties used according to previous studies [ 10 , 11 ]. In this study, edgewise (0.018×0.022-inch) and ribbonwise (0.022×0.018-inch) finite element models were established. The power arms were bonded to the archwire located bilaterally at the midpoint between the lateral incisors and the canines, the retraction force (1.5 N) was applied from the power arm to the buccal tube of second molar on each side (Figure.1B). During the retraction, each tooth acted separately. The upper and back parts of the maxilla and mandible were set as the boundary region to limit elements movements in all directions. To avoid the influence of archwire/bracke slot-play, the slot size was designed to be consistent with the size of archwire, and assuming a friction coefficient of 0 [ 12 ]. The coordinate systems with X, Y, and Z axis were applied on individual tooth. The X axis represented the mesio-distal direction (+ mesial, −distal), the Y axis represented the bucco-lingual direction (+ lingual, −buccal), and the Z axis represented the vertical direction (+ apical, −occlusal). The middle point of incisal edge, cusp of canine, buccul cusp of premolar and mesial buccul cusp of molars were set to be origin for each tooth. Before and after simulated movement, both cusp and apex coordinates were recorded and compared between the edgewise and ribbonwise, maxillary and mandibular models. Calculations of the amount of simulated tooth movement were based on displacement of cusp and apex. The amount of tipping and torque were defined as simulated movement of the cusp minus root in the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual direction. The amount of extrusion was defined as simulated movement of the cusp in the vertical direction. Results With both archwires, distal tipping, lingual torque and extrusion of the anterior segment occurred, and at the posterior segment mesial tipping and lingual torque and intrusion were observed. In the mesial and distal direction, there was no distinct difference in distal tipping movement of anterior teeth between the two archwires, in mandible, distal tipping movement of anterior teeth is less in edgewise. In the posterior region, mesial tipping movement of the ribbonwise was more pronounced than edgewise in both the maxilla and mandible (Figure. 2A). In buccal and lingual direction, edgewise showed slightly less torque loss than ribbonwise in both maxilla and mandible. Mandibular anterior teeth showed more lingual torque than maxillary anterior teeth (Figure. 2B). In the vertical direction, edgewise and ribbonwise were almost consistent in the degree of extrusion of central and lateral incisors in both jaws. In maxillary, the tooth movement was almost same in both archwire. But in mandible dentition, edgewise was superior to ribbonwise in vertical control. Moreover, under the same retraction force, mandibular vertical movement of mandibular teeth was greater than maxillary teeth (Figure. 2C). With the same archwire, tooth movement in mandible was advanced than maxilla. Within the same jaw, ribbonwise-guided tooth movement was greater than edgewise, the maximum tooth displacement located in central incisors. Whether in the maxilla or mandible, the region with the greatest tooth displacement under both archwire systems was the cusp, and the roots did not have corresponding displacement, suggesting that low power-arm and en-masse retraction induced lingual torque rather than bodily movement (Figure. 3). In the anterior region, the stress and deformation of the ribbonwise were greater than those of the edgewise. And the stress and deformation of the mandibular archwire were greater than maxillary in both edgewise and ribbonwise groups (Fig. 4 ). Table 2 The maximum compressive / Von Mises stresses on tooth, PDL and alveolar bone. Unit: KPa. Edgewise Ribbonwise Tooth Maxilla 0.067 0.080 Mandible 0.088 0.115 PDL Maxilla 0.079 0.082 Mandible 0.079 0.128 Bone Maxilla 0.082 0.086 Mandible 0.106 0.145 For the tooth, the compressive stresses were observed on the lingual root surfaces of the incisors, For the PDL and alveolar bone, the compressive / Von Mises stresses were focused on the cervical and apical regions of the PDL, and crest of the alveolar bone respectively (Supplemental Fig. 1). Table 2 listed the maximum stresses subjected by these three elements. Within the same jaw, maximum stresses were greater in ribbonwise than edgewise. In both archwires, the maximum stresses generated at the mandible were higher than maxilla. Discussion Compared labial and lingual en-masse retraction, the ribbonwise was reported to effectively resist vertical bowing effects (lingual tipping and extrusion of the anterior), partly due to the shorter free-wire distance and less vertical slot-play between the brackets [ 13 , 14 ]. In our study, when the ribbonwise of lingual appliance was applied to the labial side, the wire-free distance was consistent with edgewise. The mesial tipping of posterior, lingual torque and extrusion of anterior in ribbonwise were not less than edgewise. This means that vertical bowing effect cannot be reduced by using the same size ribbonwise on the labial side. Although the two archwires showed different degrees of tooth movement, the pattern of tooth movement was consistent, which suggested that removing the influence of slot-play and friction, edgewise or ribbonwise was not the dominant factor affecting the vertical bowing effect. To minimize vertical bowing effect, the retraction force should be applied above the center of resistance for the anterior segment [ 11 , 15 ]. In our FEA study, we found that the amounts of anterior and posterior tooth movement as well as the deformation and stress of the archwire were greater in the mandible than in the maxilla. According to the study by Schudy and Lombardo, the delivered force increasd with decreasing tooth size and reduced interbracket dictance [ 8 , 16 ]. This was consistent with our experimental results, since the size of the mandibular anterior teeth and interbracket dictance are smaller than those of the maxillary anterior teeth, the force imparted to the teeth and the archwire were more than those of the maxillary anterior teeth, which suggested that less retraction force should be conduct to mandible than the maxilla to avoid adverse effects during en-masse retraction. It should be noted that the data of this study was simulated without friction and slot-play, and could not directly reflect the actual clinical situation. Since friction is an inevitable factor affecting tooth movement, the larger the dimension of the archwire, the greater the friction [ 17 – 19 ]. Moreover, it is impossible to use full-size archwire in clinical practice, and slot-play in horizontal and vertical directions is also an important reference for selecting archwire. When the different archwire and bracket systems are exactly the same dimension, the ribbonwise has smaller slot-play in the vertical direction than edgewise. But still, this study clarified the differences between ribbonwise and edgewise on tooth movement and stress distribution during stimulated en-masse retraction, a clinical controlled trial will be recommended to justify the results of this study. Conclusions The results of the FEA study showed that removing the influence of slot-play and friction, the ribbonwise had no advantage over the edgewise in the labial orthodontics for en-masse retraction. And the ribbonwise transmitted greater force on the tooth and archwire than the edgewise, lighter force should be used to close space with ribbonwise. Since the size of teeth and interbracket dictance of mandible anterior were smaller than those of the maxilla, the force imparted to the teeth and the archwire were more than those of the maxilla, less retraction force should be conduct to mandible than the maxilla. Abbreviations FEA Finite element analysis PDL Periodontal ligament 3D three dimensions Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’contributions X.W: conception and design of the work; interpretation of data; has drafted the work; Y.S: managed the figures and revision; N.Y: revision and approval the submitted version; M.F: conception and design of the work, order of authors, confirming that data/figures/materials/code presentation accurately reflects the original. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the applied Medicine Research Project of Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital (SHXYF202206). Author Contribution X.W: conception and design of the work; interpretation of data; has drafted the work; Y.S: managed the figures and revision; N.Y: revision and approval the submitted version; M.F: conception and design of the work, order of authors, confirming that data/figures/materials/code presentation accurately reflects the original. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable Data Availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. References Kaul VSB, Tiwari A, Aliya A, Yadav S, Bera A. Assessment of Various Archwire Materials and Their Impact on Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e69667. 10.7759/cureus.69667 . Sabbagh H, Janjic Rankovic M, Martin D, Mertmann M, Hötzel L, Wichelhaus A. Load Deflection Characteristics of Orthodontic Gummetal(®) Wires in Comparison with Nickel-Titanium Wires: An In Vitro Study. Mater (Basel). 2024;17(2). 10.3390/ma17020533 . Wang D, Li B, Xu Y, Dong X, Jiang X, Wu J, et al. Biomechanical analysis of maxillary anterior teeth movements during different retracting methods with a lever arm miniscrew system in double-slot lingual brackets: A finite element method study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2023;26(3):364–70. 10.1111/ocr.12618 . Inami T, Ito G, Miyazawa K, Tabuchi M, Goto S. Ribbon-wise customized lingual appliance and orthodontic anchor screw for the treatment of skeletal high-angle maxillary protrusion without bowing effect. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(6):830–40. 10.2319/072717-498.1 . Ghannam M, Kamiloğlu B. Effects of Skeletally Supported Anterior en Masse Retraction with Varied Lever Arm Lengths and Locations in Lingual Orthodontic Treatment: A 3D Finite Element Study. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:9975428. 10.1155/2021/9975428 . Wiechmann D, Rummel V, Thalheim A, Simon JS, Wiechmann L. Customized brackets and archwires for lingual orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;124(5):593–9. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.08.008 . Tominaga JY, Ozaki H, Chiang PC, Sumi M, Tanaka M, Koga Y, et al. Effect of bracket slot and archwire dimensions on anterior tooth movement during space closure in sliding mechanics: a 3-dimensional finite element study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;146(2):166–74. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.04.016 . Albertini P, Mazzanti V, Mollica F, Lombardo L, Siciliani G. Comparative analysis of passive play and torque expression in self-ligating and traditional lingual brackets. J Orofac Orthop. 2022;83(1):13–22. 10.1007/s00056-021-00314-1 . Moran KI. Relative wire stiffness due to lingual versus labial interbracket distance. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1987;92(1):24–32. 10.1016/0889-5406(87)90292-7 . Wu J, Wang X, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Shen Q, Chen Y, et al. Effect of archwire plane and archwire size on anterior teeth movement in sliding mechanics in customized labial orthodontics: a 3D finite element study. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):33. 10.1186/s12903-022-02066-9 . Tominaga JY, Tanaka M, Koga Y, Gonzales C, Kobayashi M, Yoshida N. Optimal loading conditions for controlled movement of anterior teeth in sliding mechanics. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(6):1102–7. 10.2319/111608-587r.1 . Cai Y. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effect of archwire characteristics on the self-ligating orthodontic tooth movement of the canine. Technol Health Care. 2019;27(S1):195–204. 10.3233/thc-199019 . Sifakakis I, Pandis N, Makou M, Eliades T, Katsaros C, Bourauel C. A comparative assessment of torque generated by lingual and conventional brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35(3):375–80. 10.1093/ejo/cjs029 . Kyprianou C, Chatzigianni A, Daratsianos N, Bourauel C. Comparative investigation of fully customized lingual bracket systems and conventional labial appliances: Analysis of forces/moments and final tooth positions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2022;162(3):348–e592. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.03.029 . Sung SJ, Jang GW, Chun YS, Moon YS. Effective en-masse retraction design with orthodontic mini-implant anchorage: a finite element analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;137(5):648–57. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.06.036 . Schudy GF, Schudy FF. Intrabracket space and interbracket distance: critical factors in clinical orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1989;96(4):281–94. 10.1016/0889-5406(89)90347-8 . Alsabti N, Bourauel C, Talic N. Comparison of force loss during sliding of low friction and conventional TMA orthodontic archwires: An in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop. 2021;82(4):218–25. 10.1007/s00056-020-00266-y . Kopsahilis IE, Drescher D. Friction behavior of the wire material Gummetal®. J Orofac Orthop. 2022;83(1):59–72. 10.1007/s00056-021-00317-y . Tarek E-B, Ahmad A, Cornelius D, Andreas J, Ludger K, Christoph B. Comparison of force loss due to friction of different wire sizes and materials in conventional and new self-ligating orthodontic brackets during simulated canine retraction. J Orofac Orthop. 2019;80(2). 10.1007/s00056-019-00168-8 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementalFigure1..001.jpeg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8772334","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":588754412,"identity":"f0d5d7bb-792d-46bd-82a0-faa959b8505a","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaoting Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoting","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":588754413,"identity":"b8d224df-8710-4d39-9c1c-6d28a9c45260","order_by":1,"name":"Yi Song","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yi","middleName":"","lastName":"Song","suffix":""},{"id":588754414,"identity":"c9c1d80a-e9b2-4938-a883-3266100b767c","order_by":2,"name":"Niansong Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Huaguang Dental Clinic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Niansong","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":588754415,"identity":"a537c95e-928e-4053-a83d-da8110e449d5","order_by":3,"name":"Mingyue Fan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNv7mAwc+GPyTY2NvPvggoaKGsBY+iWOJB2cUHDDm4zmWbPDgzDHCWuQYcowP83w4kDhPwsdM8mELMxEOYzhjcHCGwR1jNgkGs4rEBjYG/vbuBPxamNsKgH55Jscm3ZB2I3GHDIPEmbMbCNhyeAPQFmZjNpkDx24knmFjMJDIJaQlweAwjwFzYptEYltBYhszMVpSQFoOA7UkszEQp0XiWALQYWnGbDzHmCUSzhzjIegX+f7mwx8+/LGRk2/v//jxR0WNHH97L34tGICHNOWjYBSMglEwCrACAMiYT8a0VRImAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingyue","middleName":"","lastName":"Fan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-03 07:24:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8772334/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8772334/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102545761,"identity":"409af7c6-7633-4024-abf6-2205145300e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 20:40:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":195094,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) 3D finite elements, including alveolar bone, PDL, dentition, bracket and archwire.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e(B) En-masse retraction with edgewise and ribbonwise in maxilla and mandible respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8772334/v1/7f9027d3306495dec25a51e7.png"},{"id":102545762,"identity":"14e8e8b2-5b6a-441d-8bc5-a1525de9d7b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 20:40:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":159049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of the tooth movement pattern between edgewise and ribbonwise in both maxilla and mandible.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8772334/v1/7f6a7dad4ad514fa1f5d988c.png"},{"id":102545765,"identity":"adfb7d5f-1191-4cd1-aa31-4ce6f0d12700","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 20:40:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":298226,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInitial movement of maxillary and mandibular teeth with edgewise and ribbonwise. Unit: mm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8772334/v1/383467f0f843fa12d7ef0379.png"},{"id":102746952,"identity":"e85ddc36-a575-48fa-ac28-2d66f359d524","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:03:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe occlusal and buccal view of the archwire stress distribution and deformation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8772334/v1/6f29e2d299219e7bedb2bbdb.png"},{"id":103288578,"identity":"6acdadb0-a0a4-4e9e-91af-7e47dab8921d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 05:39:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1230145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8772334/v1/81b848c0-62a5-40e1-9384-af6933896eee.pdf"},{"id":102545763,"identity":"a5bbaad3-b0a9-4fce-93e1-904c8828d615","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-12 20:40:42","extension":"jpeg","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2096583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementalFigure1..001.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8772334/v1/21d02daff0a43ba436fe7498.jpeg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative study of edgewise and ribbonwise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction: A finite element analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eArchwire, as an important part of orthodontic appliance, its performance greatly affects the final orthodontic treatment effect. The mechanical performance of archwire is affected by many factors, such as materials (Stainless steel/Tulane medical appliance/NiTi/heat-activated NiTi), dimensions (cross-sectional area), and shapes (round and square) etc [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In traditional orthodontics, stainless steel rectangular archwires, also known as edgewise are commonly used to close space. With the popularization of lingual orthodontics, the ribbonwise has gradually entered clinical application. The difference between them lies in the shape. Although both their cross-sections are rectangular, the wide surface of ribbonwise is in the vertical direction, while of edgewise is in the horizontal direction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. From clinical experiments and case reports, ribbonwise is regarded to be beneficial to the vertical control of dentition [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the interference factors that achieve the corresponding conclusions cannot be ignored, including the use of temporary skeletal anchorage devices or orthodontic auxiliary device, different bracket systems and main archwires, slot-play and friction force [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Few studies had expanded the application of ribbonwise in labial orthodontics, current evidence lacked systematic comparisons of edgewise and ribbonwise. It is unknown that whether the ribbonwise is superior to the edgewise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction. Our study used finite element analysis (FEA) to remove the influence of residual gap and friction in the experimental design, directly compare the influence of ribbonwise and edgewise on tooth movement during en-masse retraction, to clarify the confusion about the difference between the two archwires and provide a theoretical reference for selecting archwire in clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eMaxillary and mandible alveolar bone and teeth models from Cone-beam computed tomography (KaVo Dental, Biberach, Germany) were three dimensions (3D) reconstructed in the Mimics 10.01 software (Materialize Software, Leuven, Belgium). Hypermesh software (Altair, Troy, Mich) was used for the meshing process of the constructed 3D model. 0.2 mm thickness periodontal ligament (PDL) model was created from the roots surface. And all elements including teeth, PDL, alveolar bone, brackets and archwires were assembled and converted into ANSYS software (Ansys, Pennysylvania, USA) (Figure.1A). The finite element mesh was created to make a node-to-node connection between teeth (Young's modulus, 20Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.3), PDL (Young's modulus, 0.068 Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.49) and alveolar bone (Cortical bone, Young's modulus, 13.4Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.38. Cancellous bone, Young's modulus, 7.8Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.38). Finite element mesh of the ribbonwise and edgewise (Young's modulus, 200Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.3) were created separately from the bracket (Young's modulus, 214Gpa; Poisson ratio, 0.3) to allow the archwire to slide through the bracket slots. The above material properties used according to previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, edgewise (0.018\u0026times;0.022-inch) and ribbonwise (0.022\u0026times;0.018-inch) finite element models were established. The power arms were bonded to the archwire located bilaterally at the midpoint between the lateral incisors and the canines, the retraction force (1.5 N) was applied from the power arm to the buccal tube of second molar on each side (Figure.1B). During the retraction, each tooth acted separately. The upper and back parts of the maxilla and mandible were set as the boundary region to limit elements movements in all directions. To avoid the influence of archwire/bracke slot-play, the slot size was designed to be consistent with the size of archwire, and assuming a friction coefficient of 0 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coordinate systems with X, Y, and Z axis were applied on individual tooth. The X axis represented the mesio-distal direction (+\u0026thinsp;mesial, \u0026minus;distal), the Y axis represented the bucco-lingual direction (+\u0026thinsp;lingual, \u0026minus;buccal), and the Z axis represented the vertical direction (+\u0026thinsp;apical, \u0026minus;occlusal). The middle point of incisal edge, cusp of canine, buccul cusp of premolar and mesial buccul cusp of molars were set to be origin for each tooth. Before and after simulated movement, both cusp and apex coordinates were recorded and compared between the edgewise and ribbonwise, maxillary and mandibular models. Calculations of the amount of simulated tooth movement were based on displacement of cusp and apex. The amount of tipping and torque were defined as simulated movement of the cusp minus root in the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual direction. The amount of extrusion was defined as simulated movement of the cusp in the vertical direction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith both archwires, distal tipping, lingual torque and extrusion of the anterior segment occurred, and at the posterior segment mesial tipping and lingual torque and intrusion were observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the mesial and distal direction, there was no distinct difference in distal tipping movement of anterior teeth between the two archwires, in mandible, distal tipping movement of anterior teeth is less in edgewise. In the posterior region, mesial tipping movement of the ribbonwise was more pronounced than edgewise in both the maxilla and mandible (Figure. 2A).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn buccal and lingual direction, edgewise showed slightly less torque loss than ribbonwise in both maxilla and mandible. Mandibular anterior teeth showed more lingual torque than maxillary anterior teeth (Figure. 2B).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the vertical direction, edgewise and ribbonwise were almost consistent in the degree of extrusion of central and lateral incisors in both jaws. In maxillary, the tooth movement was almost same in both archwire. But in mandible dentition, edgewise was superior to ribbonwise in vertical control. Moreover, under the same retraction force, mandibular vertical movement of mandibular teeth was greater than maxillary teeth (Figure. 2C).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the same archwire, tooth movement in mandible was advanced than maxilla. Within the same jaw, ribbonwise-guided tooth movement was greater than edgewise, the maximum tooth displacement located in central incisors. Whether in the maxilla or mandible, the region with the greatest tooth displacement under both archwire systems was the cusp, and the roots did not have corresponding displacement, suggesting that low power-arm and en-masse retraction induced lingual torque rather than bodily movement (Figure. 3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the anterior region, the stress and deformation of the ribbonwise were greater than those of the edgewise. And the stress and deformation of the mandibular archwire were greater than maxillary in both edgewise and ribbonwise groups (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum compressive / Von Mises stresses on tooth, PDL and alveolar bone. Unit: KPa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdgewise\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRibbonwise\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxilla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxilla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxilla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the tooth, the compressive stresses were observed on the lingual root surfaces of the incisors, For the PDL and alveolar bone, the compressive / Von Mises stresses were focused on the cervical and apical regions of the PDL, and crest of the alveolar bone respectively (Supplemental Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e listed the maximum stresses subjected by these three elements. Within the same jaw, maximum stresses were greater in ribbonwise than edgewise. In both archwires, the maximum stresses generated at the mandible were higher than maxilla.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompared labial and lingual en-masse retraction, the ribbonwise was reported to effectively resist vertical bowing effects (lingual tipping and extrusion of the anterior), partly due to the shorter free-wire distance and less vertical slot-play between the brackets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, when the ribbonwise of lingual appliance was applied to the labial side, the wire-free distance was consistent with edgewise. The mesial tipping of posterior, lingual torque and extrusion of anterior in ribbonwise were not less than edgewise. This means that vertical bowing effect cannot be reduced by using the same size ribbonwise on the labial side. Although the two archwires showed different degrees of tooth movement, the pattern of tooth movement was consistent, which suggested that removing the influence of slot-play and friction, edgewise or ribbonwise was not the dominant factor affecting the vertical bowing effect. To minimize vertical bowing effect, the retraction force should be applied above the center of resistance for the anterior segment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our FEA study, we found that the amounts of anterior and posterior tooth movement as well as the deformation and stress of the archwire were greater in the mandible than in the maxilla. According to the study by Schudy and Lombardo, the delivered force increasd with decreasing tooth size and reduced interbracket dictance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This was consistent with our experimental results, since the size of the mandibular anterior teeth and interbracket dictance are smaller than those of the maxillary anterior teeth, the force imparted to the teeth and the archwire were more than those of the maxillary anterior teeth, which suggested that less retraction force should be conduct to mandible than the maxilla to avoid adverse effects during en-masse retraction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that the data of this study was simulated without friction and slot-play, and could not directly reflect the actual clinical situation. Since friction is an inevitable factor affecting tooth movement, the larger the dimension of the archwire, the greater the friction [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, it is impossible to use full-size archwire in clinical practice, and slot-play in horizontal and vertical directions is also an important reference for selecting archwire. When the different archwire and bracket systems are exactly the same dimension, the ribbonwise has smaller slot-play in the vertical direction than edgewise. But still, this study clarified the differences between ribbonwise and edgewise on tooth movement and stress distribution during stimulated en-masse retraction, a clinical controlled trial will be recommended to justify the results of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the FEA study showed that removing the influence of slot-play and friction, the ribbonwise had no advantage over the edgewise in the labial orthodontics for en-masse retraction. And the ribbonwise transmitted greater force on the tooth and archwire than the edgewise, lighter force should be used to close space with ribbonwise. Since the size of teeth and interbracket dictance of mandible anterior were smaller than those of the maxilla, the force imparted to the teeth and the archwire were more than those of the maxilla, less retraction force should be conduct to mandible than the maxilla.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFEA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinite element analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePDL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriodontal ligament\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e3D\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethree dimensions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo;contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eX.W: conception and design of the work; interpretation of data; has drafted the work; Y.S: managed the figures and revision; N.Y: revision and approval the submitted version; M.F: conception and design of the work, order of authors, confirming that data/figures/materials/code presentation accurately reflects the original. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the applied Medicine Research Project of Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital (SHXYF202206).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eX.W: conception and design of the work; interpretation of data; has drafted the work; Y.S: managed the figures and revision; N.Y: revision and approval the submitted version; M.F: conception and design of the work, order of authors, confirming that data/figures/materials/code presentation accurately reflects the original. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaul VSB, Tiwari A, Aliya A, Yadav S, Bera A. Assessment of Various Archwire Materials and Their Impact on Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e69667. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.7759/cureus.69667\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7759/cureus.69667\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSabbagh H, Janjic Rankovic M, Martin D, Mertmann M, H\u0026ouml;tzel L, Wichelhaus A. 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J Orofac Orthop. 2019;80(2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s00056-019-00168-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00056-019-00168-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ribbonwise, Edgewise, en-masse retraction, Finite element analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8772334/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8772334/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to compare the influence of ribbonwise and edgewise on tooth movement and stress distribution in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA three dimensions finite element method was applied to simulate en-masse retraction with ribbonwise and edgewise in both jaws. Initial displacements and stresses of teeth, archwire and periodontal tissue were calculated and compared between ribbonwise and edgewise, maxilla and mandible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout the slot-play and friction, the mesial tipping of posterior, lingual torque and extrusion of anterior in ribbonwise were not less than edgewise. In the anterior region, the stress and deformation of archwire, and the stress of periodontal tissue were greater in the ribbonwise than edgewise. With the same retraction force, tooth movement and stress distribution in mandible were advanced than maxilla.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout the slot-play and friction, the ribbonwise had no advantage over the edgewise in the labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction. And the ribbonwise transmitted greater force on the tooth and archwire than the edgewise, lighter force should be used to close space with ribbonwise. The maximum stresses generated at the mandible were higher than maxilla, less retraction force should be conduct to mandible than the maxilla.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative study of edgewise and ribbonwise in labial orthodontics in en-masse retraction: A finite element analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-12 20:40:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8772334/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9950796b-d602-4149-95ce-0495af12ea44","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-24T05:38:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-12 20:40:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8772334","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8772334","identity":"rs-8772334","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}