Thermal Transport and Flow Dynamics of Viscoplastic Nanofluids in Ventilated Enclosures Using a Two-Phase Numerical Framework

Thermal Transport and Flow Dynamics of Viscoplastic Nanofluids in Ventilated Enclosures Using a Two-Phase Numerical Framework | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Thermal Transport and Flow Dynamics of Viscoplastic Nanofluids in Ventilated Enclosures Using a Two-Phase Numerical Framework Subhasree Dutta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6748657/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A numerical study on the mixed convection of nanofluid, modelled as a Bingham plastic fluid, in a ventilated enclosure has been conducted, considering the relative slip velocity between the fluid and nanoparticles. The enclosure, with heated walls, is ventilated by an inlet on one vertical wall for cold fluid injection and an outlet on the opposite vertical wall for fluid outflow. This study utilizes a two-phase model for the nanofluid to examine the thermal performance of the viscoplastic nanofluid within the ventilated enclosure and assesses the impact of yield stress on the flow field. The governing equations are numerically solved using a control volume approach. Heat transfer analysis is performed by evaluating the average Nusselt number, entropy generation, cup mixing temperature, and average pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the enclosure. Slip mechanisms resulting from Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis lead to a higher heat transfer rate, distinguishing the results from those of the homogeneous model. The effects of key governing parameters, including Reynolds number, Richardson number, nanoparticle bulk volume fraction, nanoparticle diameter , and the Joule heating parameter, are determined. In all cases, the enhancement in heat transfer due to nanoparticle inclusion is found to be greater than the increases in entropy generation and pressure drop. While the yield stress of the Bingham plastic fluid adversely affects heat transfer, it promotes thermal mixing. This study provides valuable insights into the behaviour of viscoplastic nanofluids in ventilated enclosures, with implications for optimizing heat transfer and flow characteristics in practical applications. Viscoplastic Nano uid Two-Phase Model Ventilated Enclosure Mixed Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6748657","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":503485942,"identity":"2be88357-4e4d-4a70-813c-2f2a8b2d175c","order_by":0,"name":"Subhasree Dutta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjYGHiDFJn+w8cGHHzZAJmPjASK0GEjwSzAfNpzZkwbS0kCcFskZbGnSPGyHwWJ4tcjPyD324G3bnzqD2z0G0jw85+3Wth8G2lJjE41Li8GNvHTDuW0GEgZ3zhgYzrG4nbztTCJQy7G03AZcWiRyzKR5QVoO5BgkvOG5nWx2AKiFseEwTi3yM5C0HOBhO5dsdv4hfi0MN6BaJGekJTbysB2wM7tBwBaDM+/SJOecM5bs5zl8mHFmT3KC2Q2gLQl4/CLfnntM4k2ZHD8be2P7jw8/7OzNzqc/fPChxga3w9BBIlhlArHKQcCeFMWjYBSMglEwMgAAeOtktNPbrXoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Engineering \u0026 Management","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Subhasree","middleName":"","lastName":"Dutta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-26 08:28:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6748657/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6748657/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90066915,"identity":"5a16543a-c185-4284-bdad-1e4568eac4c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 05:42:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8430401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PaperATwoPhaseModelApproach.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6748657/v1_covered_2b97ee4f-d2c8-4f7c-8b13-997f0116fe57.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Thermal Transport and Flow Dynamics of Viscoplastic Nanofluids in Ventilated Enclosures Using a Two-Phase Numerical Framework","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-engineering-mathematics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"engi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Engineering Mathematics](http://link.springer.com/journal/10665)","snPcode":"10665","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10665/3","title":"Journal of Engineering Mathematics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Viscoplastic Nano uid, Two-Phase Model, Ventilated Enclosure, Mixed","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6748657/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6748657/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"A numerical study on the mixed convection of nanofluid, modelled as a Bingham plastic fluid, in a ventilated enclosure has been conducted, considering the relative slip velocity between the fluid and nanoparticles. 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