Biocontrol Potential of Ocimum gratissimum on some fungal isolates from Arachias hypogae

Biocontrol Potential of Ocimum gratissimum on some fungal isolates from Arachias hypogae | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biocontrol Potential of Ocimum gratissimum on some fungal isolates from Arachias hypogae J.C. Ogbu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905473/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Isolation of fungi was carried out from groundnut ( arachais hypogae ) seeds, and two fungi was isolated, Aspergillus spp and Rhizopus stolonifer . Proximate analysis of Ocimum gratissimum was carried out with moisture content of 9.32 , ash content of 10.90, nitrogen content of 3.78 and protein content of 22.03. Aqueous and Ethanolic extract of scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ) was obtained and tested on the fungi isolates and Rhizopus stolonifer associated with groundnut was inhibited by aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum while both aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of the plant did not show any activity against Aspergillus Niger associated with groundnut. General Microbiology Biocontrol Potential Ocimum gratissimum Arachias hypogae fungi Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION To protect food and feedstuffs there are several possible control strategies employed in peanut such as treating peanuts with fungicides, fumigants, or biocontrol agents (Kong et al. , 2010).(Subrahmanyam et al ., 1992) stated that groundnut is highly susceptible to mycoflora diseases as they are rich in nutrients, such fungi include; Rhizopus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergilllus niger and Aspergillus flavus . These fungi cause several diseases such as seed rot, necrosis, leaf spot, rust, crown rot, damping off, wilt, grey mold, black mold etc., and the end result of these infections is a severe qualitative and quantitative yield loss. The susceptibility of groundnut seeds to fungal pathogens is usually enhanced by poor methods of processing and storage of the seeds, which often lead to the release of toxins that are carcinogenic and when consumed by humans and animals cause lungs/liver cancer as well as other cardiovascular diseases. Groundnut pods are continuously dried till moisture level is reduced below 10% to avoid contamination and also preserves seed viability (bharati et al. , 2010). Ocimum gratissimum is an herbaceous plant which belongs to the Labiatae family. The plant is indigenous to tropical areas especially India and it is also in West Africa. In Nigeria, it is found in the Savannah and coastal areas. It is cultivated in Ceylon, South Sea Islands, and also within Nepal, Bengal, Chittagong and Deccan. It is known by various names in different parts of the world. In India it is known by its several vernacular names, the most commonly used ones being Vriddhutulsi (Sanskrit), Ram tulsi (Hindi), Nimma tulasi (Kannada). In the southern part of Nigeria, the plant is called effinrin-nla by the Yoruba speaking tribe. It is called Ahuji by the Igbos, while in the Northern part of Nigeria, the Hausas call it Daidoya (Effraim et al ., 2003). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area This study was carried out at the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Abuja. Collection of materials Groundnut seeds were purchased from Gwagwalada market. Seed sorting was done manually by hand to separate wholesome from unwholesome seeds following the procedure of (Kawube et al . 2005). Media Preparation Potato Dextrose Agar was used in this research to isolate and identify the fungi; and the media was prepared according to manufacturers instruction 3.9g of Potato Dextrose Agar was weighed and dissolved into 100ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Cotton wool was then placed to cover it and wrapped with aluminium foil. After which the solution was then autoclaved at 121℃ for 15 minutes, it was then allowed to cool and dispensed into Petri-dishes. 1ml of the sample was dropped into 9ml of normal saline and shake vigorously to form a uniform solution of 10 -1 concentration. The stock was subjected to a decimal dilution to form 10 -2 , 10 -3 , 10 -4 , 10 -5 and 10 -6 concentration (Harrigan, 1998). Inoculation and Incubation 1ml pipette was employed to drop 0.01ml of the inoculums into the Petri-dishes and evenly spread all over the surface of the agar plate using stirring rod. All plates were incubated immediately after inoculation and placed upside down to prevent drops of condensations from collecting on the inoculated surface. Potato Dextrose Agar plates were incubated for 28℃ for 48hrs, after which pure culture was prepared from the distinct fungal isolate observed (Harrigan, 1998). Characterization and Identification of Isolates The fungal growth observed in the pure culture was identified as described by CMI (2010). Identification was done microscopically and macroscopically. Colony characteristics such as appearance, change in medium colour and growth rate were observed. Shape of the conidia and conidiophores were taken note of. These features were matched with standards. Collection of Plant Material Fresh leaves of scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ) were collected in polythene bags and transported to the Microbiology laboratory of the University of Abuja for preparation of the extract. Proximate Analysis of Ocimum gratissimum The proximate analysis was carried out at the chemistry laboratory of Sheda Science and Technology Complex using standard methods. Preparation of Extracts Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum was prepared. The leaves were washed under running tap water and soaked in 1% of sodium hypochloride chloride for 30 seconds. They were rinsed in sterile distilled water and air dried at room temperature. 350g each of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum was weighed for aqueous and ethanolic extraction. The leaves were ground using mortar and pestle after which the macerate was transferred into two beakers containing 1000ml of sterile distilled water and 1000ml of ethanol which was filtered after 24hours and extract collected. Concentration of Crude Extracts Serial dilutions of the crude extract were prepared to give different concentrations of 60g/ml, 70g/ml, 80g/ml, 90g/ml and 100g/ml. Antifungal Sensitivity Test Antifungal susceptibility test was performed on the fungal isolate using antibiotic discs impregnated with the different concentrations of the extracts. The different concentrations of extracts in discs were placed equidistant from each other on sterile solidified PDA plate containing the fungal isolate and incubated for 24hrs and the zone of inhibition obtained afterwards was measured. RESULTS Table 1. Identified Fungi with their Morphological characteristics Isolates Morphological characteristics Microscopic Appearance Probable Organism 1 Initial growth is white, later becoming black with pale yellow on the reverse side Errect conidiophores and hyphae is septate Aspergillus spp 2 Brownish grey color, colony fast growing with whitish margin Short rhizoids, sporangiophore unbranched and hyphae is coenocytic Rhizopus stolonifer Morphological characteristics of fungal isolate Aspergillus spp. Rhizopus stolonifer Table showing the fungicidal activity of Ocimum gratissimum Extract Conc (%) Ethanolic Extract Aqueous Extract Aspergillus niger Rhizopus stolonifer Aspergillus niger Rhizopus stolonifer 60 - + - - 70 - + - - 80 - - - + 90 - - - + 100 - - - + Picture showing Fungicidal activity of the Ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts on the test fungi. Aspergillus spp. Rhizopus stolonifer Table 3. Proximate composition of Ocimum gratissimum Percentage composition (%) of Ocimum gratissimum Parameter Composition Moisture 9.32 Nitrogen 3.78 Protein 22.03 Ash 10.90 Means (p≤0.05) References 1. Kong, Q., Shan, S., Liu, Q., Wang, X., and Yu, F. (2010). Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus on peanut kernels by use of a strain of marine Bacillus megaterium. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 139, 31–35. 2. Subrahmanyam, P., Wongkaew, S., Reddy, D., Demski, J., McDonald, D., Sharma, S. and Smith, D. (1992). Field diagnosis of groundnut diseases. Information Bulletin No.36. International Crops Research Institute For the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) India, 78pp 4. Effraim K. D., Jacks T. W. and Sodipo O. A. (2003). Histopathological studies on the toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leave extract on some organs of rabbit. African Journal of Biomedical Research pg 6: 21−5. 5. Kawube, G., Kanobe, C., Edema, R., Tusume, G., Mudingotto, P. and Adipal, E. L (2005).Efficiency of manual seed sorting in the reduction of transmission of rice and cowpea seed-borne diseases. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 7: 1363–1367. 6. Harrigan, W. F. (1998). Laboratory methods in Food Microbiology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London UK. 7. Adebesin, A. A., Saromi, O. T., Amusa, N. A., and Fagade, S. O., (2001). Microbiological quality of some groundnut product hawked in Bauchi, a Nigerian City. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa, 6(2): 53–55. 8. Falaye OS, Fagbohun ED (2012). Effects of storage on the proximate,mineral composition and mycoflora of “ tinco” Dried meat sold in Oshodi, market Lagos State, Nigeria Global .J. Biological Science and Biotech, 1(1):54–58 9. Kigigha, L. T., Igoya, U. O., and Izah, S. C. (2016). Microbiological Quality Assessment of Unpeeled Groundnut sold in Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Biochemistry and Microbiology Research, 4(4): 11–22. 10. Akinnibosun, F. I. and Osawaru, E. E. (2015). Quality assessment of peeled and unpeeled roasted groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Sold in Benin City, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(3): 18-32.11. Akinyemi, A.A., Adejola, A.Q., Obasa, S.O. and Ezeri G.N.O. (2011). Aflatoxins in Smoked-dried Fish sold in Abeokuta, Ogun State, South‐west Nigeria. Proceedings of the Environmental Management Conference, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. pp. 478–487 12. Ajayi, A. M. and Olufolaji, D. B. (2008). The biofungicidal attributes of some plant extracts on Colletotrichum capsicum, the fungal pathogen of brown blotch disease of cow pea. Nigeria Journal of Mycology 1(1): 59–65. 13. Okoi, A. I. and Afuo, C. O. (2009) Effect of leaf extracts of three plant species on Cercospora arachidicola Hori, the causal fungus of leaf spot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L). Nigeria Journal of Plant Protection 22.132−139. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3905473","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269694602,"identity":"91f28f75-d553-4690-a3dd-a9030c8ddaf0","order_by":0,"name":"J.C. Ogbu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGKIuHgSGhAkgzMzfgVo6h5cEZkBa4CC4tcBYPA+PDNhCDgBb+2c1tEh/32DDw8689JpE4rzaavx2o5UfFNtyW3DnYJjnjWRqD5Ix3aRKJ247nzjjM2MDYc+Y2Ti0GEolt0jwHDjMY3DhjBtRyLLcBqIWZsY2Alj8H/kO1zDmWO58oLQwHDjAYnO8Bammoyd1ASIvEjcRmy54DyTySM/iSLRKOHcjdCNRyEJ9f+GekP7zx44CdHD//2YM3f9TU5c47f/jggx8VuLUAAQsoangYJBJAnMNgoQP41AMB8weIfWB1dQQUj4JRMApGwUgEANHRXnbkEC8JAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Abuja","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"J.C.","middleName":"","lastName":"Ogbu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-28 10:37:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905473/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905473/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50378748,"identity":"0cad8183-e029-42de-97be-dd1bb32b5636","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 16:03:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":877715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the RESULTS section.\u003cbr\u003e\nMorphological characteristics of fungal isolate\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3905473/v1/49784a2b3a8042d493b9e0ca.png"},{"id":50378749,"identity":"45e6325a-714a-4cdc-a466-d7e6c5a8da09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 16:03:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":840449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the RESULTS section.\u003cbr\u003e\nPicture showing Fungicidal activity of the Ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts on the test fungi.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3905473/v1/823f848326a65427bb537768.png"},{"id":50379092,"identity":"40dcc072-20f7-4bf6-b433-872c948405e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-30 16:11:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2246182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3905473/v1/a972ae32-5bb5-4d6a-b729-be8c7f8d9de4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBiocontrol Potential of Ocimum gratissimum on some fungal isolates from Arachias hypogae \u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo protect food and feedstuffs there are several possible control strategies employed in peanut such as treating peanuts with fungicides, fumigants, or biocontrol agents (Kong \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2010).(Subrahmanyam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1992) stated that groundnut is highly susceptible to mycoflora diseases as they are rich in nutrients, such fungi include; \u003cem\u003eRhizopus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergilllus niger\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e. These fungi cause several diseases such as seed rot, necrosis, leaf spot, rust, crown rot, damping off, wilt, grey mold, black mold etc., and the end result of these infections is a severe qualitative and quantitative yield loss. The susceptibility of groundnut seeds to fungal pathogens is usually enhanced by poor methods of processing and storage of the seeds, which often lead to the release of toxins that are carcinogenic and when consumed by humans and animals cause lungs/liver cancer as well as other cardiovascular diseases. Groundnut pods are continuously dried till moisture level is reduced below 10% to avoid contamination and also preserves seed viability (bharati \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2010).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e is an herbaceous plant which belongs to the Labiatae family. The plant is indigenous to tropical areas especially India and it is also in West Africa. In Nigeria, it is found in the Savannah and coastal areas. It is cultivated in Ceylon, South Sea Islands, and also within Nepal, Bengal, Chittagong and Deccan. It is known by various names in different parts of the world. In India it is known by its several vernacular names, the most commonly used ones being Vriddhutulsi (Sanskrit), Ram tulsi (Hindi), Nimma tulasi (Kannada). In the southern part of Nigeria, the plant is called effinrin-nla by the Yoruba speaking tribe. It is called Ahuji by the Igbos, while in the Northern part of Nigeria, the Hausas call it Daidoya (Effraim \u003cem\u003eet\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2003).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out at the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Abuja.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection of materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGroundnut seeds were purchased from Gwagwalada market. Seed sorting was done manually by hand to separate wholesome from unwholesome seeds following the procedure of (Kawube \u003cem\u003eet\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e. 2005).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedia Preparation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePotato Dextrose Agar was used in this research to isolate and identify the fungi; and the media was prepared according to manufacturers instruction 3.9g of Potato Dextrose Agar was weighed and dissolved into 100ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Cotton wool was then placed to cover it and wrapped with aluminium foil. After which the solution was then autoclaved at 121℃ for 15 minutes, it was then allowed to cool and dispensed into Petri-dishes. 1ml of the sample was dropped into 9ml of normal saline and shake vigorously to form a uniform solution of 10\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e concentration. The stock was subjected to a decimal dilution to form 10\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e, 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e, 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e, 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e and 10\u003csup\u003e-6\u003c/sup\u003e concentration (Harrigan, 1998).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Inoculation and Incubation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1ml pipette was employed to drop 0.01ml of the inoculums into the Petri-dishes and evenly spread all over the surface of the agar plate using stirring rod. All plates were incubated immediately after inoculation and placed upside down to prevent drops of condensations from collecting on the inoculated surface. Potato Dextrose Agar plates were incubated for 28℃ for 48hrs, after which pure culture was prepared from the distinct fungal isolate observed (Harrigan, 1998).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacterization and Identification of Isolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fungal growth observed in the pure culture was identified as described by CMI (2010). Identification was done microscopically and macroscopically. Colony characteristics such as appearance, change in medium colour and growth rate were observed. Shape of the conidia and conidiophores were taken note of. These features were matched with standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection of Plant Material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFresh leaves of scent leaf (\u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e) were collected in polythene bags and transported to the Microbiology laboratory of the University of Abuja for preparation of the extract.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProximate Analysis of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proximate analysis was carried out at the chemistry laboratory of Sheda Science and Technology Complex\u0026nbsp;using standard methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAqueous and ethanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas prepared. The leaves were washed under running tap water and soaked in 1% of sodium hypochloride chloride for 30 seconds. They were rinsed in sterile distilled water and air dried at room temperature. 350g each of the leaves of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e was weighed for aqueous and ethanolic extraction. The leaves were ground using mortar and pestle after which the macerate was transferred into two beakers containing 1000ml of sterile distilled water and 1000ml of ethanol which was filtered after 24hours and extract collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration of Crude Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Serial dilutions of the crude extract were prepared to give different concentrations of 60g/ml, 70g/ml, 80g/ml, 90g/ml and 100g/ml.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Antifungal Sensitivity Test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntifungal susceptibility test was performed on the fungal isolate using antibiotic discs impregnated with the different concentrations of the extracts. The different concentrations of extracts in discs were placed equidistant from each other on sterile solidified PDA plate containing the fungal isolate and incubated for 24hrs and the zone of inhibition obtained afterwards was measured.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Identified Fungi with their Morphological characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.028169014084504%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.039123630672925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroscopic Appearance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.039123630672925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbable Organism\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.028169014084504%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial growth is white, later becoming black with pale yellow on the reverse side\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.039123630672925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErrect conidiophores and hyphae is septate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.039123630672925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus spp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.028169014084504%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrownish grey color, colony fast growing with whitish margin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.039123630672925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShort rhizoids, sporangiophore unbranched and hyphae is coenocytic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.039123630672925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizopus stolonifer\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Morphological characteristics of fungal isolate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAspergillus spp. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Rhizopus stolonifer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable showing the fungicidal activity of Ocimum gratissimum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.003134796238246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtract\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConc\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.206896551724135%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthanolic Extract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.789968652037615%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAqueous Extract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.970266040688575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.50078247261346%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eniger\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.805946791862285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizopus stolonifer\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.630672926447573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eniger\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.092331768388107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizopus stolonifer\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.970266040688575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.50078247261346%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.805946791862285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.630672926447573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.092331768388107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.970266040688575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.50078247261346%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.805946791862285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.630672926447573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.092331768388107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.970266040688575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.50078247261346%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.805946791862285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.630672926447573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.092331768388107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.970266040688575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.50078247261346%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.805946791862285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.630672926447573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.092331768388107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.970266040688575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.50078247261346%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.805946791862285%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.630672926447573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.092331768388107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePicture showing Fungicidal activity of the Ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts on the test fungi.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus spp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhizopus stolonifer\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. \u0026nbsp;Proximate composition of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage composition (%) of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Composition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 9.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;22.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsh \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeans (p\u0026le;0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1. Kong, Q., Shan, S., Liu, Q., Wang, X., and Yu, F. (2010). Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus on peanut kernels by use of a strain of marine Bacillus megaterium. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 139, 31\u0026#150;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2. Subrahmanyam, P., Wongkaew, S., Reddy, D., Demski, J., McDonald, D., Sharma, S. and Smith, D. (1992). Field diagnosis of groundnut diseases. Information Bulletin No.36. International Crops Research Institute For the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) India, 78pp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e4. Effraim K. D., Jacks T. W. and Sodipo O. A. (2003). Histopathological studies on the toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leave extract on some organs of rabbit. African Journal of Biomedical Research pg 6: 21\u0026minus;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e5. Kawube, G., Kanobe, C., Edema, R., Tusume, G., Mudingotto, P. and Adipal, E. L (2005).Efficiency of manual seed sorting in the reduction of transmission of rice and cowpea seed-borne diseases. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 7: 1363\u0026ndash;1367.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e6. Harrigan, W. F. (1998). Laboratory methods in Food Microbiology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London UK.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e7. Adebesin, A. A., Saromi, O. T., Amusa, N. A., and Fagade, S. O., (2001). Microbiological quality of some groundnut product hawked in Bauchi, a Nigerian City. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa, 6(2): 53\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e8. Falaye OS, Fagbohun ED (2012). Effects of storage on the proximate,mineral composition and mycoflora of \u0026ldquo; tinco\u0026rdquo; Dried meat sold in Oshodi, market Lagos State, Nigeria Global .J. Biological Science and Biotech, 1(1):54\u0026ndash;58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e9. Kigigha, L. T., Igoya, U. O., and Izah, S. C. (2016). Microbiological Quality Assessment of Unpeeled Groundnut sold in Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Biochemistry and Microbiology Research, 4(4): 11\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e10. Akinnibosun, F. I. and Osawaru, E. E. (2015). Quality assessment of peeled and unpeeled roasted groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Sold in Benin City, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(3): 18-32.11. Akinyemi, A.A., Adejola, A.Q., Obasa, S.O. and Ezeri G.N.O. (2011). Aflatoxins in Smoked-dried Fish sold in Abeokuta, Ogun State, South‐west Nigeria. Proceedings of the Environmental Management Conference, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. pp. 478\u0026ndash;487\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e12. Ajayi, A. M. and Olufolaji, D. B. (2008). The biofungicidal attributes of some plant extracts on Colletotrichum capsicum, the fungal pathogen of brown blotch disease of cow pea. Nigeria Journal of Mycology 1(1): 59\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e13. Okoi, A. I. and Afuo, C. O. (2009) Effect of leaf extracts of three plant species on Cercospora arachidicola Hori, the causal fungus of leaf spot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L). Nigeria Journal of Plant Protection 22.132\u0026minus;139.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Abuja","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biocontrol Potential, Ocimum gratissimum, Arachias hypogae, fungi","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905473/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905473/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIsolation of fungi was carried out from groundnut (\u003cem\u003earachais hypogae\u003c/em\u003e) seeds, and two fungi was isolated, \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003espp\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhizopus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003estolonifer\u003c/em\u003e. Proximate analysis of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e was carried out with moisture content of 9.32 , ash content of 10.90, nitrogen content of 3.78 and protein content of 22.03. Aqueous and Ethanolic extract of scent leaf ( \u003cem\u003eOcimum\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003egratissimum\u003c/em\u003e) was obtained and tested on the fungi isolates and \u003cem\u003eRhizopus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003estolonifer\u003c/em\u003eassociated with groundnut was inhibited by aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum \u003c/em\u003ewhile both aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of the plant did not show any activity against \u003cem\u003eAspergillus Niger \u003c/em\u003eassociated with groundnut.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Biocontrol Potential of Ocimum gratissimum on some fungal isolates from Arachias hypogae","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-30 16:03:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3905473/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a78343d-9657-4cc7-bb03-65828eb9f6ed","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":28411231,"name":"General Microbiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-30T16:03:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-30 16:03:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3905473","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3905473","identity":"rs-3905473","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}