Study on rail weld attenuation based on ultrasonic guided wave technology

Study on rail weld attenuation based on ultrasonic guided wave technology | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Study on rail weld attenuation based on ultrasonic guided wave technology Xiaocen Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4295796/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Based on the elaboration of the technical principle of ultrasonic guided wave and its application in rail, this paper analyzes the attenuation principle of ultrasonic guided wave and the attenuation types considered in practice. Using the experimental data, comprehensively considering the influence of different attenuation, a more appropriate attenuation function is obtained, which provides guidance for the judgment of the rail damage size and the installation of related ultrasonic guide wave rail detection equipment. Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering broken rail detection ultrasound conduction wave NDE weld Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction With the rapid development of high-speed and heavy-haul railways in China, railway transportation still plays an extremely important role in the national economic system, given the rapid development of the national economy and the coexistence of various transportation modes[ 1 ][ 2 ]. To meet the growing demand for railway passenger transportation, China has implemented six major speed increases in passenger railway transportation since 1997, further developing high-speed rail construction technology during the "13th Five-Year Plan" and "14th Five-Year Plan" periods. As train speeds increase and high-speed railways are extensively built, seamless rails with eliminated rail joints through welding methods are widely used to improve track structure and reduce vibration during operation. The rail weld, as the connecting part of seamless rails, is highly related to the safety of railway operation. Factors such as welding equipment, ambient temperature, and operating procedures directly affect the quality of rail welds during the construction process of seamless tracks. Currently, the main welding processes for railway tracks in China are flash butt welding, pressure welding, and aluminothermic welding. Among them, flash butt welding and pressure welding belong to forging welding, and the strength of the welded joint can reach up to 90% of the base material. Aluminothermic welding belongs to casting welding, and the strength of the welded joint is only about 70% of the base material or even lower[ 3 ]. Rail is the infrastructure of railway transportation, and its structure and performance will change under the influence of continuous load stress and variable environments. With the increase in service time, these changes gradually accumulate and may lead to catastrophic structural failures without proper management. Therefore, timely assessment of the rail's health status is essential. There is high research value in developing methods and technologies for monitoring rail damage quickly, accurately, and reliably[ 4 ]. Based on ultrasonic guided wave technology, non-destructive testing of rails can be achieved. To obtain the size and position information of rail damage, it is necessary to study the attenuation mechanism of guided waves in the rail welds. This paper aims to provide guidance for obtaining the size and position information of rail damage through the study of the attenuation mechanism of guided waves in rail welds. 2. Ultrasonic Guided Wave Technology Detection Principle Piezoelectric materials are a type of elastic material that undergoes deformation when subjected to physical external forces. They follow Hooke's law in terms of mechanical effects and are polarized crystals that convert mechanical deformation into electrical signals. When the pressure direction on the piezoelectric material changes, the internal charge also changes accordingly. Within the elastic limit of the piezoelectric material, the voltage strain is directly proportional to the material stress. It is generally believed that the piezoelectric material does not generate heat exchange during the piezoelectric effect [ 5 ]. According to the physical characteristics of piezoelectric materials, they can be divided into three types: piezoelectric single crystal materials, piezoelectric ceramic materials, and piezoelectric polymer materials. Piezoelectric single crystal materials, such as quartz crystals, have stable performance and high mechanical strength. However, their piezoelectric coefficients are generally lower than those of piezoelectric ceramics, and they are also expensive. Piezoelectric polymer materials, such as Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), are widely used piezoelectric polymer materials. The advantage of PVDF is that it can be used to manufacture thin and flexible transducers of any shape on the surface of a structure. It has stable conductivity, mechanical toughness, and higher plasticity compared to piezoelectric ceramics. On the other hand, PVDF is limited in application due to its small piezoelectric coefficient and electromechanical coupling coefficient, relatively high dielectric coefficient and mechanical losses, and poor temperature and aging characteristics. Piezoelectric ceramics refer to polycrystalline piezoelectric materials, which are produced by solid-phase reactions and sintering of raw materials, resulting in randomly arranged small grains. Lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr1-xTiO3), PZT) piezoelectric ceramics are artificially synthesized polycrystalline piezoelectric materials. Compared with piezoelectric single crystals, their preparation is relatively simple[ 6 ]. The shape and polarization direction can be controlled, and their performance can be improved by doping, making the preparation of PZT sensors relatively simple. PZT sensors made from piezoelectric ceramics have the following characteristics: 1) significant dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties; 2) low structural impedance; 3) high sensitivity; 4) good wideband response; 5) good stability; 6) ability to work in low voltage and high-frequency environments. Moreover, PZT sensors are small in size and light in weight, making them suitable for the production of sensors that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, enabling online monitoring and offline detection of structural damage. In the ultrasonic guided wave detection of rail structures, the excitation and sensing elements require high piezoelectric performance, and long-term working capability needs to be considered in structural health monitoring. Therefore, PZT material is chosen as the piezoelectric sensor material. As shown in Fig. 1 , piezoelectric ceramics are considered as bidirectional transducers that can convert between electrical signals and mechanical deformations. Both the positive and negative piezoelectric effects have high energy conversion efficiency and low cost[ 7 ]. Using piezoelectric ceramics, waveguide transducers can be manufactured to generate and receive ultrasonic guided waves. Guided Wave Testing (GWT), also known as Ultrasonic Guided Wave Testing (UGWT) or Ultrasonic Long Range Testing (ULRT), utilizes guided waves as mechanical waves that are immune to electromagnetic interference. It is commonly applied in long-distance damage detection scenarios. Currently, guided wave testing is mostly focused on elongated structures, as they benefit from boundary constraints, allowing for long propagation distances with minimal energy loss. Guided waves are widely used in the inspection of metal pipelines, metal plates, and bars, and are now gradually being applied in rail inspection as well. Figure 2 demonstrates the propagation process of ultrasonic guided waves in a medium. The excitation signal is converted from electrical to acoustic signals by the waveguide transducer and transmitted into the tested metal component. After passing through a defect, both forward propagating transmitted waves and reflected waves are formed. The ultrasonic guided wave signal propagates forward in the form of wave packets until it reaches the end of the metal structure, where it is received by a piezoelectric ultrasonic receiver transducer that converts the acoustic signal back into an electrical signal. By analyzing the acquired electrical signal, one can perform defect type analysis and obtain defect location information. As a non-destructive evaluation method, ultrasonic guided wave testing propagates through a medium via coupling. Due to changes in the medium and the influence of boundary constraints, both longitudinal and transverse waves undergo multiple and complex reflections and refractions between the boundaries of the medium. The reflected waves, transmitted waves, and longitudinal and transverse waves that propagate in these media mutually convert, forming ultrasonic guided waves. The propagation velocity of the guided waves is related to the material properties of the medium and is influenced by elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density. When the guided wave encounters damage, due to the different propagation media, the guided wave experiences reflection and transmission attenuation, ultimately resulting in a sudden change in the signal. 3. Attenuation principle of ultrasonic guided wave When ultrasonic guided waves propagate in a medium, energy loss and signal attenuation occur at reflecting boundaries. The types of attenuation mainly include diffusion attenuation, scattering attenuation, and absorption attenuation[8][9]. (1) Diffusion attenuation refers to the expansion of the guided wave area with increasing propagation distance due to the non-planar wave beam during guided wave propagation, resulting in signal attenuation during diffusion. (2) Scattering attenuation occurs because the transmission medium is not uniformly distributed, resulting in uneven acoustic impedance throughout the medium. Large amounts of scattered guided wave signals increase the effective propagation distance, resulting in the dissipation of guided wave energy in the medium at interface changes. (3) Absorption attenuation refers to the dissipation of guided wave energy in the medium in the form of heat during guided wave propagation. This is mainly due to the frictional heat generated when particles undergo harmonic motion, resulting in the loss of guided wave energy. When ultrasonic guided waves propagate in railway tracks, they face all three types of attenuation mentioned above. Compared with traditional ultrasonic wave signals, ultrasonic guided wave signals have a lower frequency, resulting in lower particle vibration frequencies during propagation and less absorption attenuation caused by thermal friction. Moreover, during experiments, the excitation signal frequency remained constant at 32 kHz, resulting in relatively stable absorption attenuation. Considering the complex installation environment of railway tracks and the variation of temperature and humidity, the thermal exchange effect of different parts of the track will also cause guided wave signal attenuation. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a relatively stable external environment during the experiment. The attenuation of railway tracks in the base material is due to diffusion attenuation, while the railway tracks used in the experiment have welded joints every 25 meters. The uneven distribution of the material at the welded joints results in uneven overall acoustic impedance, causing scattering attenuation of guided waves at the joints. Since the welded joints are evenly distributed at certain intervals and have a relatively uniform distribution, the scattering attenuation caused by the welded joints and the diffusion attenuation of guided waves propagating in steel can be considered together to comprehensively study their effects. 4. Analysis of experimental results A ultrasonic transducer for transmitting guided waves was installed at one end of the railway track, and ultrasonic transducers for receiving guided waves were installed at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 welded joints, respectively. The received ultrasonic guided wave signals were collected using an oscilloscope. Considering that the signal amplitude of the guided wave transducer at the receiving end is relatively small, and the noise in the railway track causes a low signal-to-noise ratio, the signal needs to be amplified first to obtain an amplified signal. Then, filtering was carried out to obtain a filtered signal. Finally, detection was performed to observe the envelope line changes and obtain the detected signal. The peak-to-peak values of the signals were recorded and shown in Table 1. Table 1. Attenuation data of guided wave signals with different numbers of welded joints. Number of welds Amplified signal amplitude (V) Filtered signal amplitude (V) Detection signal amplitude (V) 5 2.4 2.16 1.26 6 2.34 2.1 1.16 7 2.12 1.9 1.12 8 2.18 1.72 1.04 9 1.66 1.44 0.92 10 1.3 1.18 0.82 Using the data from Table I, Figure 3 is obtained. Compared with amplified signal and filtered signal, the amplitude of detection signal changes more regularly, and detection processing is the last link of signal processing, so it is considered that the detection signal can represent the ultrasonic guided wave signal at the receiving point. By fitting the amplitude change of the detection signal, the attenuation function of the guided wave signal is approximately in the form of an exponential function, and its function expression is as follows: Where x: The number of welds f (χ): the proportional coefficient of signal amplitude attenuation is related to the intensity of the excitation signal, and there is a positive correlation, and the received signal peak fit is obtained Where x: The number of welds f (χ): the proportional coefficient of signal amplitude attenuation is related to the intensity of the excitation signal, and there is a positive correlation, and the received signal peak fit is obtained The curve is shown in Figure 4. 5. Conclusion The attenuation function of ultrasonic guided wave in rail is obtained through the comprehensive study of different number of welds and the propagation distance of guided wave. Through this function we can find: The distance between attenuation and propagation and the number of welds experienced show a good exponential relationship, and the attenuation of the signal is more severe near the transmitting end. Through the curve fitting, we found that the detection range of 40 welds (about 1000 meters) can be achieved with 31KHz guided wave technology. Declarations Author Contribution Wang wrote the main manuscript text and reviewed the manuscript. Data Availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. References Zhou Hao, Zheng Xiaoting. Quality of transportation infrastructure and economic growth: evidence from China's railway speed [J]. Journal of world economy, 2012, 35 (01) : 78-97. The DOI: 10.19985 / j.carol carroll nki cassjwe. 2012.01.006. ZHANG Hui, Song Yaonan, WANG Yaonan et al. Rail defects nondestructive testing and evaluation technology review [J]. Journal of instruments and meters, 2019, 40 (02) : 11-25. DOI: 10.19650 / j.carol carroll nki cjsi. J1804527. GAO Songfu. Research on Improving the performance of Thermite welding joints of rail [D]; China Academy of Railway Sciences, 2010. ZHANG Miao. Research on rail weld damage monitoring technology based on ultrasonic guided wave [D]. Beijing Jiaotong University,2023.DOI: 10.26944 /, dc nki. Gbfju. 2022.001575. Xu Z J. Research on transmission characteristics and structural damage detection method based on ultrasonic guided wave [D]. Lanzhou university of technology, 2023. DOI: 10.27206 /, dc nki. Ggsgu. 2023.001496. XL Zhao, et al. Active health monitoring of an aircraft wind with an embedded piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: II Wireless approaches [J]. SmartMater. Struct, 2007, (16):1218-1225 WEI Xiaoyuan. Study on characteristic optimization and application of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer in long-distance rail inspection [D]. Xi 'an University of Technology,2020. LI Guanghai, Shen Gongtian, Li Helian. Nondestructive testing technology of industrial pipeline [J]. Nondestructive Testing. 2006,(02):89-93. XU Xining, GUO Baoqing, YU Zujun et al. Semi-analytic finite element Method for Solving the Dispersion Curve of ultrasonic guided Wave in Rail [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2014, 35(10):2392-2398. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4295796","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":301293136,"identity":"3582fe92-4260-4d31-a6f4-c709908d4d64","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaocen Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfvb+j4//VEjIsbE3HyBOi2TPAWMDnjMWxnw8xxKI02Jww8FMgretInGehI8BkS67wZAgIcEmkdgmwfPxxhsGOzndBgI6GGc3HDAw4JEwbpPu3Ww5hyHZ2OwAAS3MMgcbEoD2yLbJnN0mzcNwIHEbIS1sEskMBw4YSDC2SeQ8I04Lj0QaY2NDgoQiUAsbcVokeM4wMzMckDBm4zlmbDnHgAi/2B/vYf/N+K9OTr69+eGNNxV2cgS1oFlJbNQgaSFVxygYBaNgFIwIAADdqT8uYbM6/wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"China Railaway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co.,Ltd","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaocen","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-20 04:40:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4295796/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4295796/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56384237,"identity":"a840378b-2b07-48e5-9a5b-5580c4cc801c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 13:18:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26815,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePiezoelectric effect, (a) positive piezoelectric effect, (b) inverse piezoelectric effect\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4295796/v1/bdfa8d9af2887478b2c4bb93.jpg"},{"id":56384232,"identity":"c3deb26c-044f-4b26-af00-d9d3da7b2beb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 13:18:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePropagation of ultrasonic guided waves in a medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4295796/v1/ed0905121e08b99fc484ee0e.jpg"},{"id":56385021,"identity":"f3d79179-cc4e-44f8-ba73-c922627e8cab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 13:26:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAttenuation variation of signal through different number of welds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4295796/v1/24e6a0ec701c3ade4c28e838.jpg"},{"id":56384234,"identity":"57122b3f-fa07-4ee2-b116-06e72c576ef8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 13:18:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFitting curve of received signal peak value\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4295796/v1/755834136d7cf0c4586d8257.jpg"},{"id":77007763,"identity":"1b071151-ef93-4151-b885-660334018ae7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-24 08:53:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":483879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4295796/v1/a7937632-7ef4-417a-b41d-2ba408a33a30.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study on rail weld attenuation based on ultrasonic guided wave technology","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the rapid development of high-speed and heavy-haul railways in China, railway transportation still plays an extremely important role in the national economic system, given the rapid development of the national economy and the coexistence of various transportation modes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. To meet the growing demand for railway passenger transportation, China has implemented six major speed increases in passenger railway transportation since 1997, further developing high-speed rail construction technology during the \"13th Five-Year Plan\" and \"14th Five-Year Plan\" periods. As train speeds increase and high-speed railways are extensively built, seamless rails with eliminated rail joints through welding methods are widely used to improve track structure and reduce vibration during operation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rail weld, as the connecting part of seamless rails, is highly related to the safety of railway operation. Factors such as welding equipment, ambient temperature, and operating procedures directly affect the quality of rail welds during the construction process of seamless tracks. Currently, the main welding processes for railway tracks in China are flash butt welding, pressure welding, and aluminothermic welding. Among them, flash butt welding and pressure welding belong to forging welding, and the strength of the welded joint can reach up to 90% of the base material. Aluminothermic welding belongs to casting welding, and the strength of the welded joint is only about 70% of the base material or even lower[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRail is the infrastructure of railway transportation, and its structure and performance will change under the influence of continuous load stress and variable environments. With the increase in service time, these changes gradually accumulate and may lead to catastrophic structural failures without proper management. Therefore, timely assessment of the rail's health status is essential. There is high research value in developing methods and technologies for monitoring rail damage quickly, accurately, and reliably[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on ultrasonic guided wave technology, non-destructive testing of rails can be achieved. To obtain the size and position information of rail damage, it is necessary to study the attenuation mechanism of guided waves in the rail welds. This paper aims to provide guidance for obtaining the size and position information of rail damage through the study of the attenuation mechanism of guided waves in rail welds.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Ultrasonic Guided Wave Technology Detection Principle","content":"\u003cp\u003ePiezoelectric materials are a type of elastic material that undergoes deformation when subjected to physical external forces. They follow Hooke's law in terms of mechanical effects and are polarized crystals that convert mechanical deformation into electrical signals. When the pressure direction on the piezoelectric material changes, the internal charge also changes accordingly. Within the elastic limit of the piezoelectric material, the voltage strain is directly proportional to the material stress. It is generally believed that the piezoelectric material does not generate heat exchange during the piezoelectric effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the physical characteristics of piezoelectric materials, they can be divided into three types: piezoelectric single crystal materials, piezoelectric ceramic materials, and piezoelectric polymer materials. Piezoelectric single crystal materials, such as quartz crystals, have stable performance and high mechanical strength. However, their piezoelectric coefficients are generally lower than those of piezoelectric ceramics, and they are also expensive. Piezoelectric polymer materials, such as Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), are widely used piezoelectric polymer materials. The advantage of PVDF is that it can be used to manufacture thin and flexible transducers of any shape on the surface of a structure. It has stable conductivity, mechanical toughness, and higher plasticity compared to piezoelectric ceramics. On the other hand, PVDF is limited in application due to its small piezoelectric coefficient and electromechanical coupling coefficient, relatively high dielectric coefficient and mechanical losses, and poor temperature and aging characteristics. Piezoelectric ceramics refer to polycrystalline piezoelectric materials, which are produced by solid-phase reactions and sintering of raw materials, resulting in randomly arranged small grains. Lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr1-xTiO3), PZT) piezoelectric ceramics are artificially synthesized polycrystalline piezoelectric materials. Compared with piezoelectric single crystals, their preparation is relatively simple[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The shape and polarization direction can be controlled, and their performance can be improved by doping, making the preparation of PZT sensors relatively simple. PZT sensors made from piezoelectric ceramics have the following characteristics: 1) significant dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties; 2) low structural impedance; 3) high sensitivity; 4) good wideband response; 5) good stability; 6) ability to work in low voltage and high-frequency environments. Moreover, PZT sensors are small in size and light in weight, making them suitable for the production of sensors that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, enabling online monitoring and offline detection of structural damage. In the ultrasonic guided wave detection of rail structures, the excitation and sensing elements require high piezoelectric performance, and long-term working capability needs to be considered in structural health monitoring. Therefore, PZT material is chosen as the piezoelectric sensor material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, piezoelectric ceramics are considered as bidirectional transducers that can convert between electrical signals and mechanical deformations. Both the positive and negative piezoelectric effects have high energy conversion efficiency and low cost[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Using piezoelectric ceramics, waveguide transducers can be manufactured to generate and receive ultrasonic guided waves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuided Wave Testing (GWT), also known as Ultrasonic Guided Wave Testing (UGWT) or Ultrasonic Long Range Testing (ULRT), utilizes guided waves as mechanical waves that are immune to electromagnetic interference. It is commonly applied in long-distance damage detection scenarios. Currently, guided wave testing is mostly focused on elongated structures, as they benefit from boundary constraints, allowing for long propagation distances with minimal energy loss. Guided waves are widely used in the inspection of metal pipelines, metal plates, and bars, and are now gradually being applied in rail inspection as well.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the propagation process of ultrasonic guided waves in a medium. The excitation signal is converted from electrical to acoustic signals by the waveguide transducer and transmitted into the tested metal component. After passing through a defect, both forward propagating transmitted waves and reflected waves are formed. The ultrasonic guided wave signal propagates forward in the form of wave packets until it reaches the end of the metal structure, where it is received by a piezoelectric ultrasonic receiver transducer that converts the acoustic signal back into an electrical signal. By analyzing the acquired electrical signal, one can perform defect type analysis and obtain defect location information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a non-destructive evaluation method, ultrasonic guided wave testing propagates through a medium via coupling. Due to changes in the medium and the influence of boundary constraints, both longitudinal and transverse waves undergo multiple and complex reflections and refractions between the boundaries of the medium. The reflected waves, transmitted waves, and longitudinal and transverse waves that propagate in these media mutually convert, forming ultrasonic guided waves. The propagation velocity of the guided waves is related to the material properties of the medium and is influenced by elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density. When the guided wave encounters damage, due to the different propagation media, the guided wave experiences reflection and transmission attenuation, ultimately resulting in a sudden change in the signal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Attenuation principle of ultrasonic guided wave","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhen ultrasonic guided waves propagate in a medium, energy loss and signal attenuation occur at reflecting boundaries. The types of attenuation mainly include diffusion attenuation, scattering attenuation, and absorption attenuation[8][9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(1) Diffusion attenuation refers to the expansion of the guided wave area with increasing propagation distance due to the non-planar wave beam during guided wave propagation, resulting in signal attenuation during diffusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(2) Scattering attenuation occurs because the transmission medium is not uniformly distributed, resulting in uneven acoustic impedance throughout the medium. Large amounts of scattered guided wave signals increase the effective propagation distance, resulting in the dissipation of guided wave energy in the medium at interface changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(3) Absorption attenuation refers to the dissipation of guided wave energy in the medium in the form of heat during guided wave propagation. This is mainly due to the frictional heat generated when particles undergo harmonic motion, resulting in the loss of guided wave energy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen ultrasonic guided waves propagate in railway tracks, they face all three types of attenuation mentioned above. Compared with traditional ultrasonic wave signals, ultrasonic guided wave signals have a lower frequency, resulting in lower particle vibration frequencies during propagation and less absorption attenuation caused by thermal friction. Moreover, during experiments, the excitation signal frequency remained constant at 32 kHz, resulting in relatively stable absorption attenuation. Considering the complex installation environment of railway tracks and the variation of temperature and humidity, the thermal exchange effect of different parts of the track will also cause guided wave signal attenuation. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a relatively stable external environment during the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe attenuation of railway tracks in the base material is due to diffusion attenuation, while the railway tracks used in the experiment have welded joints every 25 meters. The uneven distribution of the material at the welded joints results in uneven overall acoustic impedance, causing scattering attenuation of guided waves at the joints. Since the welded joints are evenly distributed at certain intervals and have a relatively uniform distribution, the scattering attenuation caused by the welded joints and the diffusion attenuation of guided waves propagating in steel can be considered together to comprehensively study their effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Analysis of experimental results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA ultrasonic transducer for transmitting guided waves was installed at one end of the railway track, and ultrasonic transducers for receiving guided waves were installed at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 welded joints, respectively. The received ultrasonic guided wave signals were collected using an oscilloscope. Considering that the signal amplitude of the guided wave transducer at the receiving end is relatively small, and the noise in the railway track causes a low signal-to-noise ratio, the signal needs to be amplified first to obtain an amplified signal. Then, filtering was carried out to obtain a filtered signal. Finally, detection was performed to observe the envelope line changes and obtain the detected signal. The peak-to-peak values of the signals were recorded and shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Attenuation data of guided wave signals with different numbers of welded joints.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of welds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmplified signal amplitude (V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiltered signal amplitude (V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetection signal amplitude (V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3752417794971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.177949709864603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.88588007736944%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.56092843326886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the data from Table I, Figure 3 is obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with amplified signal and filtered signal, the amplitude of detection signal changes more regularly, and detection processing is the last link of signal processing, so it is considered that the detection signal can represent the ultrasonic guided wave signal at the receiving point.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy fitting the amplitude change of the detection signal, the attenuation function of the guided wave signal is approximately in the form of an exponential function, and its function expression is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere x: The number of welds \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e(χ): the proportional coefficient of signal amplitude attenuation is related to the intensity of the excitation signal, and there is a positive correlation, and the received signal peak fit is obtained\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere x: The number of welds \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e(χ): the proportional coefficient of signal amplitude attenuation is related to the intensity of the excitation signal, and there is a positive correlation, and the received signal peak fit is obtained\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe curve is shown in Figure 4.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe attenuation function of ultrasonic guided wave in rail is obtained through the comprehensive study of different number of welds and the propagation distance of guided wave. Through this function we can find:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distance between attenuation and propagation and the number of welds experienced show a good exponential relationship, and the attenuation of the signal is more severe near the transmitting end. Through the curve fitting, we found that the detection range of 40 welds (about 1000 meters) can be achieved with 31KHz guided wave technology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWang wrote the main manuscript text and reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou Hao, Zheng Xiaoting. Quality of transportation infrastructure and economic growth: evidence from China\u0026apos;s railway speed [J]. Journal of world economy, 2012, 35 (01) : 78-97. The DOI: 10.19985 / j.carol carroll nki cassjwe. 2012.01.006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZHANG Hui, Song Yaonan, WANG Yaonan et al. Rail defects nondestructive testing and evaluation technology review [J]. Journal of instruments and meters, 2019, 40 (02) : 11-25. DOI: 10.19650 / j.carol carroll nki cjsi. J1804527.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGAO Songfu. Research on Improving the performance of Thermite welding joints of rail [D]; China Academy of Railway Sciences, 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZHANG Miao. Research on rail weld damage monitoring technology based on ultrasonic guided wave [D]. Beijing Jiaotong University,2023.DOI: 10.26944 /, dc nki. Gbfju. 2022.001575.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu Z J. Research on transmission characteristics and structural damage detection method based on ultrasonic guided wave [D]. Lanzhou university of technology, 2023. DOI: 10.27206 /, dc nki. Ggsgu. 2023.001496.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXL Zhao, et al. Active health monitoring of an aircraft wind with an embedded piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: II Wireless approaches [J]. SmartMater. Struct, 2007, (16):1218-1225\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWEI Xiaoyuan. Study on characteristic optimization and application of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer in long-distance rail inspection [D]. Xi \u0026apos;an University of Technology,2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLI Guanghai, Shen Gongtian, Li Helian. Nondestructive testing technology of industrial pipeline [J]. Nondestructive Testing. 2006,(02):89-93.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXU Xining, GUO Baoqing, YU Zujun et al. Semi-analytic finite element Method for Solving the Dispersion Curve of ultrasonic guided Wave in Rail [J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2014, 35(10):2392-2398.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"broken rail detection, ultrasound conduction wave, NDE, weld","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4295796/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4295796/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the elaboration of the technical principle of ultrasonic guided wave and its application in rail, this paper analyzes the attenuation principle of ultrasonic guided wave and the attenuation types considered in practice. Using the experimental data, comprehensively considering the influence of different attenuation, a more appropriate attenuation function is obtained, which provides guidance for the judgment of the rail damage size and the installation of related ultrasonic guide wave rail detection equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on rail weld attenuation based on ultrasonic guided wave technology","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-13 13:18:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4295796/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d2d30c17-ba03-4a89-8811-24351a72daad","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":31792081,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"},{"id":31792082,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-24T08:53:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-13 13:18:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4295796","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4295796","identity":"rs-4295796","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}