Walrus Optimization (WO) tuned ANN-PID controller for Load Frequency control in Microgrids

Walrus Optimization (WO) tuned ANN-PID controller for Load Frequency control in Microgrids | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Walrus Optimization (WO) tuned ANN-PID controller for Load Frequency control in Microgrids Niranjan Nayak, Prasantini Samal, Sujit Kumar Bhuyan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431182/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A new Walrus Optimization (WO) technique has been designed for frequency regulation in an interconnected two area power systems. Preserving a consistent frequency is vital for power quality, making the load frequency control a key operational requirement. The conceptual optimisation algorithm said above draws inspiration from the natural behaviours of walruses in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions Which includes their foraging strategies, movement patterns, and social interactions—by optimising the settings of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. This proposed method demonstrates superior performance and robustness compared to recently developed WO-tuned PID controllers which enhance the stability in power system and quality when subjected to a step load disturbance, random step load changes, nonlinear behaviour, and variations in system parameters. The WO-tuned PID controller offers enhanced reliability and quicker convergence in regulating frequency and voltage, while also aiding in the stabilization of tie-line power, outperforming recent methods. Different metaheuristic optimisation algorithms, like Particle Swarm Optimization and genetic Algorithm utilize nature-inspired processes as effective optimization tools. MATLAB-based simulations reveal that the WO-tuned PID controller achieves a notably faster settling time, resulting in an approximate 25% improvement in frequency regulation. Furthermore, the system modelling and validation with MATLAB under both step and random step load disturbances affirm the effectiveness and dependability of the WO-tuned PID controller which enhance the quality and stability in power system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Walrus Optimization (WO) Microgrid Stability PID controller Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7431182","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":518245631,"identity":"129c5ce8-ecf7-4023-8c77-f359cabca31a","order_by":0,"name":"Niranjan 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Preserving a consistent frequency is vital for power quality, making the load frequency control a key operational requirement. The conceptual optimisation algorithm said above draws inspiration from the natural behaviours of walruses in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions Which includes their foraging strategies, movement patterns, and social interactions\u0026mdash;by optimising the settings of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. This proposed method demonstrates superior performance and robustness compared to recently developed WO-tuned PID controllers which enhance the stability in power system and quality when subjected to a step load disturbance, random step load changes, nonlinear behaviour, and variations in system parameters. The WO-tuned PID controller offers enhanced reliability and quicker convergence in regulating frequency and voltage, while also aiding in the stabilization of tie-line power, outperforming recent methods. Different metaheuristic optimisation algorithms, like Particle Swarm Optimization and genetic Algorithm utilize nature-inspired processes as effective optimization tools. MATLAB-based simulations reveal that the WO-tuned PID controller achieves a notably faster settling time, resulting in an approximate 25% improvement in frequency regulation. Furthermore, the system modelling and validation with MATLAB under both step and random step load disturbances affirm the effectiveness and dependability of the WO-tuned PID controller which enhance the quality and stability in power system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Walrus Optimization (WO) tuned ANN-PID controller for Load Frequency control in Microgrids","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-22 07:01:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7431182/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"571fe130-8e89-4685-a3e2-e700248cc550","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-23T16:38:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-22 07:01:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7431182","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7431182","identity":"rs-7431182","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}