Anti-glycaemic effect of the Chinese modified DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study

Anti-glycaemic effect of the Chinese modified DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Anti-glycaemic effect of the Chinese modified DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study jiaxian An, Guowei Liu, Wenjun Luo, Xiaomeng Zhou, Ying Mei, Ziyan Zhang, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5115578/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Although many previous trials have formalized the blood glucose-lowering effect of the DASH diet, relevant reports in China remain limited. This study aimed to explore the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled single-blinded trial with a semi-open design; 100 participants were randomly assigned to Group A (control), Group B (23% low-sodium salt), and Group C (meal pack) for 8 weeks of dietary intervention. All participants were followed up weekly to collect glycaemia data (standardized meal tolerance test), salt use, and adverse events. Results After the intervention, the mean blood glucose (fasting/postprandial glucose) decreased by 0.72/2.43 mmol/L, 2.02/2.52 mmol/L, and 2.06/4.29 mmol/L in Groups A–C, respectively, with significant differences compared with baseline (P < 0.001). Comparison between groups showed that postprandial glucose in Group C was lower than that in Group A (-1.272 mmol/L, P = 0.016). Except the fasting blood glucose control rate in Group A, the blood glucose control rate in all other groups improved significantly after the intervention (P < 0.05). No serious adverse events occurred during the trial. Conclusion This dietary intervention lowered blood glucose in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes and can effectively improve the postprandial glucose control rate. Trial registration: All procedures reported in this study were conducted in an ethical and responsible manner and in full compliance with all relevant codes of experimentation and legislation (Trial registration: ChiCTR2000029017. Registered January 11, 2020-Prospective registration, http://www.chictr.org.cn/ .) type 2 diabetes blood glucose hypertension low-sodium salt Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet glycaemic control rate Figures Figure 1 1. Background Hypertension and diabetes are the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide [ 1 ] and often interact as they have the same causes and serve as mutually influential factors. A Chinese nationwide cross-sectional survey has shown that nearly 60% of patients with diabetes in China also have elevated blood pressure [ 2 ], and approximately 35–75% of diabetic complications can be attributed to hypertension [ 3 ]. The development of hypertension and diabetes is closely related to poor dietary habits, such as low potassium and high sodium diets [ 4 , 5 ]. Thus, lifestyle modifications are integral to disease control, of which dietary intervention is an important link. A balanced diet with low sodium and high potassium content has interested researchers. In particular, an eating plan that originated in the United States, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, has shown promising results in lowering blood pressure in both normo- and hypertensive patients, which is attributed to the recommended foods that are rich in potassium, low in sodium, and high in dietary fibre [ 6 , 7 ]. Although the DASH diet was initially developed to prevent or treat hypertension [ 8 ], the effects of the DASH dietary pattern on those with metabolic syndrome [ 9 ], hypertension [ 10 , 11 ], and other diseases can be extended to patients with diabetes [ 12 , 13 ]. However, promoting the DASH diet in China has been challenging, as the diet entails restriction of salt intake, and most Chinese individuals prefer high-salt foods (i.e., average salt intake of 12 g/day) [ 14 ]. Due to the interaction between blood pressure and blood glucose, combined interventions are particularly important. A systematic review of several prospective cohort studies in European countries found that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes decreased by 8–18% for each unit increase in the DASH dietary index [ 15 ]. Furthermore, its relationship with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and the cardiometabolic risk to patients has been demonstrated [ 16 , 17 ]. The results of a study that implemented the DASH diet for 6 months in patients with hypertension showed a more pronounced decrease in fasting blood glucose in the DASH diet group than in the control diet group (-0.53 mmol/L vs. -0.14 mmol/L) [ 18 ]. Although many previous trials have formalized the blood glucose-lowering effect of the DASH diet, relevant reports in China remain limited. Therefore, in this trial, we administered low-sodium salts (23% NaCl content) and a meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) to explore the effect of their combined intervention with the Chinese Modified DASH (CM-DASH) diet on blood glucose and its control rate. The aim was to explore the effect of this dietary pattern on scientific glycaemic control in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes on regular medication. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sample size Based on the pre-test data estimation [ 19 – 21 ], 30–40 participants were included in each group, totalling approximately 90–120 cases. 2.2. Participants This trial was conducted in Chongqing, China, between July 2021 and December 2021; 100 participants who were eligible for the test were selected from the Sihai Community Health Service Center of Chongqing Nanan District People's Hospital and the Health Management (Physical Examination) Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The flow diagram depicting the enrolment of the participants in the study is shown in Fig. 1 . 2.2.1. Inclusion criteria The inclusion criteria were: 1) age between 50 and 75 years; 2) residence near the hospital without any plan to change residence or leave the city during the trial; 3) patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension comorbidity, currently on consistent antihypertensive and anti-glycaemic medications, adhering to the criteria outlined in the "Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension, Revised Edition, 2018" [ 22 ] and the diagnostic criteria for diabetes as per the "Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Type 2 Diabetes, 2017 Edition" [ 23 ]; 4) commitment to strictly consuming the two daily meals provided during the trial; 5) signing of informed consent by the participants and their cohabitating family members. 2.2.2. Exclusion criteria We excluded the following from this study: 1) individuals with malignant tumours, recent acute-phase heart attack, stroke within the past 3 months, or other serious illnesses with a life expectancy of less than 1 year; 2) individuals with hypercortisolism or aldosteronism; 3) those experiencing acute-phase illnesses such as upper respiratory tract infections, fever, severe diarrhoea; 4) those with hearing impairments, dementia, or other disabilities that hinder normal communication, as well as severe depression or other mental disorders; 5) individuals with mobility issues preventing timely follow-up, or failure to complete follow-up after enrolment; 6) patients with chronic renal failure of stage 3 or higher, or undergoing renal replacement therapy; 7) individuals with abnormal liver function, evidenced by alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase levels more than twice the upper limit of normal, or total bilirubin levels exceeding the normal upper limit; 8) individuals with abnormal potassium levels, below 3.5 mmol/L or above 5.5 mmol/L, or those taking potassium-sparing diuretics; 9) pregnant individuals or those likely to become pregnant, and others unsuitable for the trial product; 10) individuals consuming low-sodium salt or participating in other clinical studies deemed inappropriate for trial inclusion by the investigator; and 11) individuals considered unsuitable for enrolment with the trial product by the investigator. 2.3. Study design This study used a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design. A total of 100 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were recruited and enrolled through community hospitals. The participants were allocated into three groups: Group A, the control group (CM-DASH diet + common salt, n = 34); Group B, the 23% salt group (CM-DASH diet + 23% sodium-restricted formula salt, n = 33); and Group C, the meal packs group (CM-DASH technology package + 23% sodium-restricted formula salt, n = 33). Salt consumption was maintained at 5 g/day per capita in all groups, aligning with World Health Organization-recommended salt standards. After completing the baseline survey and physical examination, an 8-week dietary intervention was initiated. This intervention comprised the dietary guidance phase during weeks 1 and 2 (distribution of salt + CM-DASH dietary recipes), centralized meal feeding phase during weeks 3 and 4 (meals provided in the hospital cafeteria), and home health care phase during weeks 5–8 (distribution of salt + CM-DASH dietary recipes). Throughout the intervention, participants monitored and recorded their blood pressure daily at home, and weekly follow-up visits were conducted to gather data on home blood pressure measurements, salt usage, and adverse events, as well as to reinforce adherence to salt intake and dietary guidelines. Assessments through questionnaires and physical examinations were carried out at week 4 and at the end of the intervention, mirroring the baseline measures. 2.3.1. CM-DASH recipes According to the recommendations of the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Type 2 Diabetes (2018 Edition) and the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension (2017 Revision), respectively, patients with diabetes should adopt a diversified dietary pattern that is "cereal-based, with a high intake of dietary fibre, and low in salt, sugar, and fat," whereas patients with hypertension should consume mainly fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains rich in dietary fibre, and vegetable-derived protein, and reduce the intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. All participants cooked food at home (during the first, second, and fifth to eighth weeks) using the recommended recipes (Table 1 ). Table 1 Nutrient composition of CM-DASH (Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet Food Net mass (g) Energy (kcal) Protein (g) Fat (g) Carbohydrates (g) Dietary fiber(g) Sodium (mg) Potassium (mg) Magnesium (mg) Calcium (mg) Breakfast Whole-wheat bread 100.00 163.00 10.50 0 52.30 4.20 265.00 250.00 77.00 163.00 Low-fat, high-calcium milk 250.00 110.00 7.50 3.25 12.25 0 180.00 272.50 27.50 312.50 Egg 50.00 71.50 6.05 5.25 0.05 0 65.00 65.00 0 17.50 Lunch Mixed grain rice 60.00 69.00 1.93 0.43 18.24 0.28 0.53 34.61 11.42 3.91 (Continued) Table 1 . Nutrient composition of CM-DASH (Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet Food Net mass (g) Energy (kcal) Protein (g) Fat (g) Carbohydrates (g) Dietary fiber(g) Sodium (mg) Potassium (mg) Magnesium (mg) Calcium (mg) Lunch Meat (chicken, fish) 60.00 59.20 12.09 1.11 0.18 0 38.04 213.90 17.70 0.60 Vegetables (dark green vegetables) 250.00 46.25 3.19 0.56 10.19 4.13 38.75 463.13 43.75 60.00 Dinner Mixed grain rice 60.00 69.00 1.93 0.43 18.24 0.28 0.53 34.61 11.42 3.91 Meat (chicken, fish) 60.00 59.20 12.09 1.11 0.18 0 38.04 213.90 17.70 0.60 Vegetables (dark green vegetables) 250.00 46.25 3.19 0.56 10.19 4.13 38.75 463.13 43.75 60.00 Others Nut (walnut) 20.00 129.20 2.98 11.76 3.82 1.90 1.28 77.00 26.20 11.20 Fruit 150.00 79.50 0.60 0.30 20.55 2.55 1.95 124.50 6.00 6.00 Cooking oil 20.00 179.80 0 19.98 0 0 0.70 0.20 0.40 2.40 Salt 5.00 48.77 0.22 0 0.46 0 1025.30 807.75 2.00 22.00 Total 1335.00 1130.67 62.27 44.74 146.65 17.46 1693.87 3020.23 284.84 663.62 2.3.2. Meal packs The meal packs (CM-DASH Nutritional Meal Packs, produced by Chongqing Shanshun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., adhering to Product Standard GB/T29603; Food Production License No. SC12450023228393) are designed for the dietary treatment of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. They are tailored to the dietary structure and habits of Chinese people, incorporating principles of dietary management for hypertension and diabetes. This includes the selection of traditional Chinese medicines used in treating these conditions, as well as modern nutritional medicines for hypertension and diabetes. It uses mixed-grain and homogenized meals as the core of the nutritional intervention treatment and was provided as an intervention for Group C. It included the following items: CM-DASH Homogenized Meal Solid Drink (homogenized meal for breakfast), CM-DASH Solid Drink (Normal Companion), and CM-DASH Eight Treasures Rice (Rice for Mid-Dinner). The ingredients of each item are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 The meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) composition Nutrient content CM-DASH Homogenized Meal Solid Drink (Homogenized Meal for Breakfast) CM-DASH Solid Drink (Normal Companion) CM-DASH Eight Treasures Rice (Rice for Mid-Dinner) Weight (g) 39 60 200 Energy (kcal) 119.74 171.36 722.26 (Continued)Table 2 . The meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) composition Nutrient content CM-DASH Homogenized Meal Solid Drink (Homogenized Meal for Breakfast) CM-DASH Solid Drink (Normal Companion) CM-DASH Eight Treasures Rice (Rice for Mid-Dinner) Protein (g) 8.4 8.8 38.4 Fat (g) 1.5 2.7 14.4 Carbohydrates (g) 17.7 27.5 118.8 Fiber (g) — — 14.97 Sodium (mg) 90 26 10 Potassium (mg) — — — Magnesium (mg) 60 — — Calcium (mg) 120 — — 2.3.3. Salt use The test salt was used throughout the trial as a substitute for the participants' household salt. Group A received common salt ("Jing Xin," manufactured by Chongqing Salt Industry Group Co., Ltd. Name: purified salt; product standard: NY/T1040; sodium chloride content: >99%). Groups B and C received 23% low-sodium salt ("SHAN YI KANG" manufactured by Chongqing Shanshun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. name: solid compound condiment, standard of execution: Q/SWS 0025S, food production license number: SC10650012000709; main ingredients include potassium chloride [56%], sodium chloride [23%], and protein [3.0%]). We provided a quantitative spoon for the participants to control the amount of salt used in the household (< 5 g per person per day). In addition, we used an electronic scale (precision: 0.1 g) to weigh the salt consumption weekly and estimate the daily salt consumption for each family member. 2.4. Blood glucose measurement Participants attended follow-up appointments in the hospital once a week. Glycaemia (standardized meal tolerance test) was measured by professionally trained researchers using a medical blood glucose meter (Dahl C type, GM505RAB). The researchers made the measurements strictly following the clinical application guideline for blood glucose monitoring in China (2021 edition). All participants were asked to complete a fasting blood glucose measurement at 8:00 a.m., and postprandial blood glucose was measured 2 h (counted from the first bite of breakfast eaten) after breakfast was distributed on site. The glycaemic control rate was defined as a fasting blood glucose level of < 7.0 mmol/L and a postprandial blood glucose level of < 10.0 mmol/L. 2.5. Statistical analysis The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the data, and the Levene test was used to test the chi-square of the groups. Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation using the independent samples t-test; skewed continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages using Pearson's chi-square test or continuous corrected chi-square test. The continuously measured blood pressure values were analysed using generalized estimating equations. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) statistical software, and the tests were two-sided, with differences considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1. Demographic characteristics In total, 100 participants were included in this study. No significant difference was observed in the demographic characteristics except the age of the participants (Table 3 ). Table 3 Baseline characteristics of participants Characteristics Group A(control group, n = 34) Group B(23% low-sodium salt group, n = 33 Group C(meal pack group, n = 33) P Gender (Male, %) 16(47.1) 17(51.5) 16(48.5) 0.933a Age (y) 68.12 ± 3.95 63.39 ± 6.83 67.21 ± 5.19 0.001b* BMI(kg/m2) 24.96 ± 2.12 25.46 ± 8.66 24.50(22.50, 26.95) 0.580c Waist circumference (cm) 84.41 ± 6.65 86.67 ± 8.06 86.36 ± 11.12 0.523b Hip circumference (cm) 92.03 ± 5.56 94.00(92.00, 98.50) 95.06 ± 8.56 0.124c Waist-to-hip ratio 0.92 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.06 0.605b fasting blood glucose(mmol/L) 8.20(5.90, 10.00) 8.30(7.35, 10.30) 8.20(7.80, 9.10) 0.386c postprandial blood glucose(mmol/L) 11.85(8.13, 13.23) 11.00(8.30, 12.55) 11.00(8.40, 14.00) 0.839c fasting blood glucose compliance rate(n,%) 14(41.2) 6(18.2) 3(9.1) 0.006a postprandial blood glucose compliance rate(n,%) 15(44.1) 12(36.4) 14(42.4) 0.540a Using statins(n,%) 14(41.2) 10(30.3) 17(51.5) 0.215a Using aspirin(n,%) 8(23.5) 6(18.2) 8(24.2) 0.809a Family history of diabetes(n,%) 12(35.3) 13(40.6) 15(48.4) 0.561a a: R*C Chi-square test for contingency tables b: one-way ANOVA Table 3 Baseline of participants Characteristics Group A(control group,n = 34) Group B(23% low-sodium salt group,n = 33 Group C(meal pack group,n = 33) P Gender (Male, %) 16(47.1) 17(51.5) 16(48.5) 0.933 a Age (y) 68.12 ± 3.95 63.39 ± 6.83 67.21 ± 5.19 0.001 b* BMI(kg/m 2 ) 24.96 ± 2.12 25.46 ± 8.66 24.50(22.50, 26.95) 0.580 c Waist circumference (cm) 84.41 ± 6.65 86.67 ± 8.06 86.36 ± 11.12 0.523 b Hip circumference (cm) 92.03 ± 5.56 94.00(92.00, 98.50) 95.06 ± 8.56 0.124 c Waist-to-hip ratio 0.92 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.06 0.605 b fasting blood glucose(mmol/L) 8.20(5.90, 10.00) 8.30(7.35, 10.30) 8.20(7.80, 9.10) 0.386 c postprandial blood glucose(mmol/L) 11.85(8.13, 13.23) 11.00(8.30, 12.55) 11.00(8.40, 14.00) 0.839 c fasting blood glucose compliance rate(n,%) 14(41.2) 6(18.2) 3(9.1) 0.006 a postprandial blood glucose compliance rate(n,%) 15(44.1) 12(36.4) 14(42.4) 0.540 a Using statins(n,%) 14(41.2) 10(30.3) 17(51.5) 0.215 a Using aspirin(n,%) 8(23.5) 6(18.2) 8(24.2) 0.809 a Family history of diabetes(n,%) 12(35.3) 13(40.6) 15(48.4) 0.561 a a: R*C Chi-square test for contingency tables b: one-way ANOVA c: Kruskal-Wallis H test for comparison of multiple samples with completely random design *: Group A VS. Group B: P = 0.001, Group B VS. Group C༚P = 0.005 c: Kruskal-Wallis H test for comparison of multiple samples with completely random design *: Group A VS. Group B: P = 0.001, Group B VS. Group C༚P = 0.005 3.2. Fasting glucose changes Compared with baseline, all groups showed a downward trend in fasting glucose, with a mean decrease of 2.02 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.01–-1.04, P = 0.000) in Group B and 2.06 mmol/L (95% CI: -2.75–-1.37, P = 0.000) in Group C. The mean decrease in Group A was 0.72 mmol/L (95% CI -1.25–-0.19, P = 0.008), which was less than that in Groups B and C; no significant difference was observed in the comparison between the participant groups (Table 4 ). Table 4 Changes in fasting plasma glucose from baseline during intervention Group A(control group,n = 34) Group B(23% low-sodium salt group,n = 33 Group C(meal pack group,n = 33) P ** Blood glucose [M (P25, P75)] Change(MD, 95%CI) P* Blood glucose [M (P25, P75)] Change(MD, 95%CI) P * Blood glucose [M (P25, P75)] Change(MD, 95%CI) P * Baseline 8.20(5.90, 10.00) - - 8.30(7.35, 10.30) - - 8.20(7.80, 9.10) - - 0.386 1w 7.80(6.30, 8.85) -0.33(-0.83, 0.18) 0.204 6.50(5.95, 8.55) -1.66(-2.52, -0.80) 0.000 7.30(6.45, 8.10) -1.37(-1.91, -0.82) 0.000 0.371 2w 7.45(6.18, 8.88) -0.53(-1.05, -0.01) 0.047 6.80(6.25, 8.70) -1.60(-2.44, -0.77) 0.000 7.10(6.00, 7.80) -1.79(-2.32, -1.25) 0.000 0.516 3w 7.45(5.85, 8.63) -0.76(-1.27, -0.24) 0.004 6.30(6.05, 7.55) -2.16(-3.02, -1.29) 0.000 6.90(6.20, 8.25) -1.62(-2.15, -1.10) 0.000 0.310 4w 7.45(6.08, 9.18) -0.50(-0.98, -0.03) 0.037 6.90(5.80, 8.15) -1.86(-2.76, -0.96) 0.000 7.00(6.30, 8.35) -1.44(-2.14, -0.74) 0.000 0.497 5w 7.45(6.15, 8.00) -0.74(-1.33, -0.15) 0.014 6.40(5.80, 7.95) -2.28(-3.23, -1.34) 0.000 7.10(6.05, 8.30) -1.74(-2.45, -1.02) 0.000 0.220 6w 7.10(6.05, 8.73) -0.71(-1.23, -0.18) 0.008 6.40(5.95, 7.60) -2.09(-2.96, -1.21) 0.000 6.80(5.85, 7.90) -2.07(-2.74, -1.40) 0.000 0.350 7w 7.40(5.98, 8.60) -0.85(-1.38, -0.33) 0.001 6.50(5.85, 7.45) -2.24(-3.22, -1.26) 0.000 7.20(6.25, 8.00) -1.81(-2.49, -1.13) 0.000 0.250 8w 7.35(6.08, 8.28) -0.72(-1.25, -0.19) 0.008 6.70(5.80, 8.15) -2.02(-3.01, -1.04) 0.000 6.80(5.85, 7.85) -2.06(-2.75, -1.37) 0.000 0.450 * The baseline differences in age were adjusted using generalized estimation equatio ** Comparison between groups 3.3. Postprandial blood glucose changes At the end of the intervention, each group showed a significant change in postprandial glucose, compared with baseline. The results of the between-group comparison showed that the mean postprandial glucose in Group C was lower than that in Group A (-1.272 mmol/L, 95% CI: -2.312–-0.232, P = 0.016), and no significant difference was observed between Groups B and A (-0.418 mmol/L, 95% CI: -1.730–0.894, P = 0.532). The results of the intra-group comparison showed that the most significant improvement in mean postprandial glucose occurred in Group C (-4.29 mmol/L, 95% CI: -5.67–2.90, P = 0.000) (Table 5 ). 3.4. Change in glycaemic control rate Compared with baseline, glycaemic control rates improved by 42.4% and 39.4% in Group B and 42.4% and 51.5% in Group C. The glycaemic control rates of all participants improved by 28.0% and 40.0%. The improvement in postprandial glucose control rate was more significant in each group (Table 6 ). Table 5 Changes in 2h postprandial blood glucose from baseline during intervention Group A(control group,n = 34) Group B(23% low-sodium salt group,n = 33 Group C(meal pack group,n = 33) P ** Blood glucose [M (P25, P75)] Change(MD, 95%CI) P value* Blood glucose [M (P25, P75)] Change(MD, 95%CI) P value* Blood glucose [M (P25, P75)] Change(MD, 95%CI) P value* Baseline 11.85(8.13, 13.23) - - 11.00(8.30, 12.55) - - 11.00(8.40, 14.00) - - 0.839 1w 10.45(7.68, 13.13) -0.84(-1.43, -0.24) 0.006 9.70(7.85, 11.75) -0.42(-2.06, 0.25) 0.615 8.10(6.80, 8.90) -3.45(-4.72, -2.19) 0.000 0.012 2w 10.35(7.98, 12.68) -0.92(-1.73, -0.12) 0.025 8.20(6.55, 10.60) -2.27(-3.51, -1.04) 0.000 7.90(6.55, 9.25) -3.48(-4.71, -2.24) 0.000 0.012 3w 9.10(7.38, 11.15) -1.77(-2.63, -0.92) 0.000 9.50(8.00, 11.35) -1.36(-2.53, -0.18) 0.024 8.00(7.05, 9.45) -3.25(-4.53, -1.96) 0.000 0.102 4w 9.35(6.95, 11.80) -1.74(-2.68, -0.80) 0.000 8.30(6.90, 10.45) -1.67(-3.20, -0.15) 0.031 7.90(6.70, 9.90) -3.25(-4.58, -1.91) 0.000 0.291 5w 9.20(7.85, 11.85) -1.63(-2.62, -0.63) 0.001 8.30(6.90, 10.60) -1.76(-3.27, -0.25) 0.023 7.80(6.35, 9.55) -3.49(-5.02, -1.97) 0.000 0.067 6w 9.40(7.48, 10.95) -1.70(-2.61, -0.79) 0.000 9.20(7.50, 10.30) -1.60(-2.91, -0.30) 0.016 7.00(6.45, 8.25) -4.14(-5.62, -2.67) 0.000 0.001 7w 8.65(7.13, 11.08) -2.09(-3.01, -1.16) 0.000 8.50(6.45, 10.10) -2.47(-3.80, -1.14) 0.000 7.50(6.65, 8.90) -3.81(-5.33, -2.29) 0.000 0.140 8w 8.25(7.05, 10.25) -2.43(-3.43, -1.43) 0.000 7.50(6.70, 9.75) -2.52(-3.94, -1.10) 0.000 7.30(6.60, 8.20) -4.29(-5.67, -2.90) 0.000 0.088 * The baseline differences in age were adjusted using generalized estimation equations ** Comparison between group Table 6 Changes in glycemic control rate from baseline during intervention Group A (control group, n = 34) Group B(23% low-sodium salt group, n = 33 Group C(meal pack group, n = 33) Total(n = 100) Fasting plasma glucose 2h postprandial blood glucose Fasting plasma glucose 2h postprandial blood glucose Fasting plasma glucose 2h postprandial blood glucose Fasting plasma glucose 2h postprandial blood glucose Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Number Ratio(%) Baseline 14 41.2 15 44.1 6 18.2 12 36.4 3 9.1 14 42.4 23 23.0 41 41.0 1w 13 38.2 16 47.1 21 63.6 18 54.5 13 39.4 27 81.8 47 47.0 61 61.0 2w 11 32.4 16 47.1 18 54.5 22 66.7 15 45.5 27 81.8 44 44.0 65 65.0 3w 14 41.2 20 58.8 22 66.7 21 63.6 18 54.5 26 78.8 54 54.0 67 67.0 4w 14 41.2 19 55.9 17 51.5 23 69.7 16 48.5 27 81.8 47 47.0 69 69.0 5w 12 35.3 22 64.7 23 69.7 24 72.7 14 42.4 26 78.8 49 49.0 72 72.0 6w 15 44.1 21 61.8 19 57.6 20 60.6 17 51.5 30 90.9 51 51.0 71 71.0 7w 15 44.1 23 67.6 21 63.6 25 75.8 13 39.4 28 84.8 49 49.0 76 76.0 8w 14 41.2 25 75.5 20 60.6 25 75.8 17 51.5 31 93.9 51 51.0 81 81.0 3.5. Adverse effects No serious adverse reactions occurred during the intervention. During the follow-up, a total of eight participants (8.0%) (two [5.88%] in Group A, one [3.03%] in Group B, and five [15.15%] in Group C) exhibited mild symptoms, such as dizziness, fatigue, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. All adverse events were short-term, and symptoms resolved spontaneously (Table 7 ). Table 7 Adverse events No. Group Symptoms Time (Week) Measures Transfer to 120206 A Blurred eyes, Regurgitation 1 - Recovery 121007 A Diarrhea 3 - Recovery 092807 B Lack of power 2 Use of common salt Recovery 092737 C Indigestion 2 Take medication (Morpholine) Recovery 092834 C Hypoglycemia 2 Eating cookies Recovery 092832 C Hypoglycemia 2 Eating cookies Recovery 092711 C Hypoglycemia 2 Reduce glucose-lowering medication as prescribed by doctor Recovery 092710 C Diarrhea 3 Take medication (Norfloxacin) Recovery 4. Discussion This study aimed to explore the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the CM-DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt intervention in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in patients with hypertension than in the general population [ 2 ], and the degree of target organ damage is more severe in patients with hypertension and diabetes than in patients with hypertension alone [ 19 ]. Therefore, early implementation of dietary interventions in patients with hypertension and diabetes is essential to control blood pressure and glucose. However, the current approach to hypertension and diabetes control in China is mainly through pharmacological treatment, and the control rate of hypertension and diabetes is limited owing to the poor compliance of patients with medication and the lack of lifestyle interventions. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce effective dietary interventions to patients with hypertension and diabetes to reduce the associated risks. Among the many dietary patterns worldwide, the Eastern (more vegetables, fruits, and low saturated fat) and Mediterranean dietary patterns have demonstrated positive effects [ 24 – 27 ], whereas the Western dietary pattern (predominant intake of red meat, processed meat, high saturated fat, and low dietary fibre) exacerbates the risks of hypertension and diabetes [ 28 , 29 ]. Existing dietary patterns are difficult to apply in other regions because of limited ingredients and eating culture; therefore, some easily accessible dietary changes are gradually proposed. However, to our knowledge, the use of 23% low-sodium salts in combination with a modified DASH dietary pattern with severely restricted ingredients to assess their effects on blood glucose levels in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes has not yet been reported in China. This study showed that fasting blood glucose levels in the three groups decreased more significantly during the intervention period, and the decrease was greater than that in previous studies. The blood glucose levels of all participants began to decline after the intervention was initiated, and a more stable level was maintained after the centralized feeding. This may be because patients needed a buffer period to accept a new dietary structure and did not have sufficient knowledge of the CM-DASH diet at the early stage of the intervention; however, as the centralized feeding started, patients' understanding of the CM-DASH diet and blood glucose control increased. The greatest decrease in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels after the first week of intervention in Group C was probably because the meal pack products contained a large amount of dietary fibre, no sugar, and more comprehensive nutrition. Further, dietary fibre can enhance insulin secretion or sensitivity, increase glucose uptake, inhibit lipid accumulation and hepatic gluconeogenesis, and improve oxidative stress levels to achieve the hypoglycaemic effect [ 30 ]. Therefore, we suggest that the addition of the meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) to a low-sodium salt diet may be more beneficial for the control of postprandial glucose in patients. Postprandial glucose can reflect the level of glucose tolerance in patients with diabetes, which is usually assessed using 2-h postprandial glucose [ 31 ], which is extremely important for both early diagnosis and control of diabetes, and changes in dietary habits can directly affect postprandial glucose levels [ 32 ]. A survey of hypertension and diabetes in residents aged 35–75 years in Chongqing, China, showed that the glycaemic control rate in patients with hypertension and diabetes was 16.17%, which remains low given the large number of patients [ 33 ]. At baseline in this trial, the fasting glucose control rate for all patients was 23.0%, which is generally consistent with the results of the above survey. At the end of the intervention, the fasting glucose control rate increased by 42.4% from baseline in both Groups B and C. The highest rates were reached in Group B at week 5 (69.7%) and Group C at week 3 (54.5%), with an increase of 51.5% and 45.5% from baseline, respectively. Further, the postprandial glucose control rate improved even more significantly during the intervention period, from 44.1%, 36.4%, and 42.4% at baseline to 75.5%, 75.8%, and 93.9% at the end of the intervention in the three groups, respectively, all reaching the highest value at 8 weeks. This result reinforces the use of the meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) in combination with low-sodium salt as more effective intervention for controlling postprandial glucose in patients and that this effect may become more significant as the duration of the intervention increases. We speculate a more pronounced improvement in postprandial glucose and more benefits for the prognosis of patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes if the intervention period were to be extended. The "long-term" nature of chronic diseases poses a major challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. Patients with such diseases will remain in poor health and require long-term medical care [ 34 ]. To reduce the burden of chronic disease and manage the significant constraint on health systems, a series of well-designed, sustained, and complementary preventive and curative interventions are needed. Due to the semi-open experimental design of this trial, the results are inevitably affected by interference, contamination, and other factors. There were some fluctuations in the blood glucose of the patients during the trial; however, the results consistently indicated that the dietary intervention had some health benefits for patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The results suggest that larger-scale dietary interventions and health education in community populations are necessary, and that promoting the use of low-sodium salt in combination with the meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) in specific populations can improve diabetes-related knowledge and glycaemic control in this population. 5. Conclusions After implementing the combined dietary intervention of CM-DASH and 23% low-sodium salt for 8 weeks, the preliminary results showed that it lowered blood glucose in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes and could effectively improve the postprandial glucose control rates. This intervention is safe and feasible, and worthy of further promotion and application. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate : The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University (approval date: 07/28/2020). All participants and their families provided written informed consent before enrolment in the trial. Consent for publication : Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not all the data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding: This work was supported by the Science and Technology Bureau of Chongqing (STBC), China [Project No: cstc2019jscx-msxm X0267]. However, the STBC did not participate in the design, implementation, data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing process of the study. Author Contributions: An and Liu have contributed equally to this work. Mu contributed to the conception and design of the study. All authors contributed to the investigation and data curation and have approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments: We thank all the participants and their families, all staff who participated in this project, the field investigation staff, and the experts in the research group. We also want to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing. References Cryer MJ, Horani T, DiPette DJ. Diabetes and Hypertension: A Comparative Review of Current Guidelines. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18:95–100. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1090–101. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working. Group report on hypertension in diabetes. Hypertension 1994, 23, 145–58; discussion 159–60. Chen X, Guo X, Ma J, Zhang J, Tang J, Yan L et al. Urinary sodium or potassium excretion and blood pressure in adults of Shandong province, China: preliminary results of the SMASH project: [J Am Soc Hypertens 9 (2015) 754–762]. J Am Soc Hypertens 2016, 10, 472. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:790–7. Shah M, Jeffery RW, Laing B, Savre SG, Van Natta M, Strickland D. Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT): food pattern changes resulting from intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake. Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990;90:69–76. Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:341–7. Vollmer WM, Sacks FM, Ard J, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Simons-Morton DG, et al. Effects of diet and sodium intake on blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the DASH-sodium trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:1019–28. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, Azizi F. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2823–31. Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women. JAMA. 2009;302:401–11. Toledo E, de Carmona-Torre A, Alonso F, Puchau A, Zulet B, Martinez MA. Hypothesis-oriented food patterns and incidence of hypertension: 6-year follow-up of the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:338–49. Levitan EB, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Consistency with the DASH diet and incidence of heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:851–7. Liese AD, Nichols M, Sun X, D'Agostino RB, Haffner SM. Adherence to the DASH Diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1434–6. Du S, Batis C, Wang H, Zhang B, Zhang J, Popkin BM. Understanding the patterns and trends of sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium to potassium ratio and their effect on hypertension in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:334–43. Kröger J, Schulze MB, Romaguera D, Guevara M, Buijsse B, Boeing H, et al. Adherence to predefined dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes in European populations: EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetologia. 2014;57:321–33. Liese AD, Nichols M, Sun X, D'Agostino RB, Haffner SM. Adherence to the DASH Diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1434–6. Azadbakht L, Fard NR, Karimi M, Baghaei MH, Surkan PJ, Rahimi M, et al. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:55–7. Lima ST, Souza BS, França AK, Salgado JV, Salgado-Filho N, Sichieri R. Reductions in glycemic and lipid profiles in hypertensive patients undergoing the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Res. 2014;34:682–7. Li J, Mu L, Rao H, Wu Y, Wang H, Tao H et al. Preliminary Experiment on the Effect of 18% Substitute Salt on Home Blood Pressure Variability in Hypertensives. Int J Hypertens. 2021, 2021, 9993328. Liu T, Rao H, Wang M, Xu H, Wang W, Li G, et al. Comparative analysis of visit and home blood pressure in a pilot trial on the effect of 18% sodium substitute salt on blood pressure. Sci Rep. 2021;11:907. Zhang Z, Zhou X, Mei Y, Bu X, Tang J, Gong T, et al. Novel low-sodium salt formulations combined with Chinese modified DASH diet for reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1219381. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in China 2018 Revision). Chin J Cardiol 24 01 2019, 24–56. doi: CNKI:SUN: XIXG.0.2019-01-003. Chinese type 2 diabetes prevention guide. 2017 ed. Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine 2018, 292–344. 10.19538/J. K2018040108. Meng W, Yun L, Quanhui Z, Junxing Y, Yajing Z, Wei L, et al. The effect of hypertension combined with type 2 diabetes on chronic kidney disease. Chin J Hypertens. 2018;26:832–6. https://doi.org/10.16439/j.cnki.1673-7245.2018.09.014 . Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Chiodini P, Panagiotakos D, Giugliano. D. A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008222. Iimuro S, Yoshimura Y, Umegaki H, Sakurai T, Araki A, Ohashi Y, et al. Dietary pattern and mortality in Japanese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: does a vegetable- and fish-rich diet improve mortality? An explanatory study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12(Suppl 1):59–67. De Pergola G, D'Alessandro A. Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Blood Pressure. Nutrients. 2018;10:1700. Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Butler LM, Duval S, Gross MD, Yu MC, et al. Dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes in Chinese men and women: the Singapore Chinese health study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:880–5. Rai SK, Fung TT, Lu N, Keller SF, Curhan GC, Choi HK. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;357:j1794. Yang X, Dai J, Zhong Y, Wei X, Wu M, Zhang Y, et al. Characterization of insoluble dietary fiber from three food sources and their potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Food Funct. 2021;12:6576–87. Yiming M, Linong J, Wenying Y, et al. Expert consensus on the management of postprandial hyperglycemia in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes World (Clin). 2016;10:353–7. Xiong Q, Li Z, Nie R, Meng X, Yang XJ. Comparison of the Effects of a Bean-Based and a White Rice-Based Breakfast Diet on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e930349. Current status of key indicators about diabetes. prevention, control and management and its influencing factors among residents aged 35–75 years in Chongqing Municipality. Pract Prev Med. 2021;28:1421–147. Frenk J. Framing the diagonal approach Presentation delivered at the Conference The Long Tail of Global Health Equity: Tackling the Endemic Non-Communicable Diseases of the Bottom Billion. The Joseph B Martin Conference Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; 2011; 2011. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 11 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 04 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 20 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 19 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5115578","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377566251,"identity":"230ccd7e-a87f-4019-8695-f6c37c1cc215","order_by":0,"name":"jiaxian An","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"jiaxian","middleName":"","lastName":"An","suffix":""},{"id":377566252,"identity":"c548979a-f219-4e85-8be2-eb94c81bc554","order_by":1,"name":"Guowei Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guowei","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":377566253,"identity":"34795d2c-11d7-4699-b1ee-80f9924708d3","order_by":2,"name":"Wenjun Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenjun","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":377566254,"identity":"15631c03-5fa7-4cf7-b280-9309ab55111b","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaomeng Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaomeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":377566255,"identity":"4e30467a-ec4f-4fbd-b66e-0613ed3ae928","order_by":4,"name":"Ying Mei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Health management center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ying","middleName":"","lastName":"Mei","suffix":""},{"id":377566256,"identity":"cd46d04e-5f44-4d96-baf8-3b04e5bac7ae","order_by":5,"name":"Ziyan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ziyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":377566257,"identity":"b77a86b7-d1f1-432d-aa79-5d9c4472502e","order_by":6,"name":"Li Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":377566258,"identity":"cde619da-ed79-401c-ad06-50208feb08fe","order_by":7,"name":"Yao Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yao","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":377566259,"identity":"991f7536-57d0-450a-af3f-8ecc08b46a9b","order_by":8,"name":"Lihong Mu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNmbGhgMJBjYwLhFa+NibDx74UJBGghY5nmPJB2d8OEyCFjaJHIPDPAbn5fmunTFg+FB2mIF/dgNRWm4bzrydY8A449xhBok7B4jTkmAA1MLM23aYwUAigSgt5yBa/hKlhedYwsEZBgcgWhiJ0sLefODAB4NkoF/SCg72nEvnkbhBQIt8M2Pzh4Q/dvJ8t5M3PvhRZi3HP4OAFgQ4AEYMPMSqh2gZBaNgFIyCUYAVAAALyUY+WSjIwQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing,China.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lihong","middleName":"","lastName":"Mu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-19 09:09:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5115578/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5115578/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01618-7","type":"published","date":"2025-02-12T15:57:09+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69962202,"identity":"5a1a9104-e9bc-42dd-9189-44fd2121bcb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 04:46:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":356992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5115578/v1/23f10026e35eb7fafd027f2c.png"},{"id":76487461,"identity":"18d9657a-4898-4a79-9d6d-914dad818c68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 16:07:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2245097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5115578/v1/5c88daac-6553-446f-a608-79060b502e44.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Anti-glycaemic effect of the Chinese modified DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eHypertension and diabetes are the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] and often interact as they have the same causes and serve as mutually influential factors. A Chinese nationwide cross-sectional survey has shown that nearly 60% of patients with diabetes in China also have elevated blood pressure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], and approximately 35\u0026ndash;75% of diabetic complications can be attributed to hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The development of hypertension and diabetes is closely related to poor dietary habits, such as low potassium and high sodium diets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, lifestyle modifications are integral to disease control, of which dietary intervention is an important link. A balanced diet with low sodium and high potassium content has interested researchers. In particular, an eating plan that originated in the United States, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, has shown promising results in lowering blood pressure in both normo- and hypertensive patients, which is attributed to the recommended foods that are rich in potassium, low in sodium, and high in dietary fibre [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Although the DASH diet was initially developed to prevent or treat hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], the effects of the DASH dietary pattern on those with metabolic syndrome [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], and other diseases can be extended to patients with diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, promoting the DASH diet in China has been challenging, as the diet entails restriction of salt intake, and most Chinese individuals prefer high-salt foods (i.e., average salt intake of 12 g/day) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the interaction between blood pressure and blood glucose, combined interventions are particularly important. A systematic review of several prospective cohort studies in European countries found that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes decreased by 8\u0026ndash;18% for each unit increase in the DASH dietary index [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, its relationship with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and the cardiometabolic risk to patients has been demonstrated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The results of a study that implemented the DASH diet for 6 months in patients with hypertension showed a more pronounced decrease in fasting blood glucose in the DASH diet group than in the control diet group (-0.53 mmol/L vs. -0.14 mmol/L) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Although many previous trials have formalized the blood glucose-lowering effect of the DASH diet, relevant reports in China remain limited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, in this trial, we administered low-sodium salts (23% NaCl content) and a meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) to explore the effect of their combined intervention with the Chinese Modified DASH (CM-DASH) diet on blood glucose and its control rate. The aim was to explore the effect of this dietary pattern on scientific glycaemic control in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes on regular medication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Sample size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the pre-test data estimation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], 30\u0026ndash;40 participants were included in each group, totalling approximately 90\u0026ndash;120 cases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This trial was conducted in Chongqing, China, between July 2021 and December 2021; 100 participants who were eligible for the test were selected from the Sihai Community Health Service Center of Chongqing Nanan District People's Hospital and the Health Management (Physical Examination) Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The flow diagram depicting the enrolment of the participants in the study is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Inclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were: 1) age between 50 and 75 years; 2) residence near the hospital without any plan to change residence or leave the city during the trial; 3) patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension comorbidity, currently on consistent antihypertensive and anti-glycaemic medications, adhering to the criteria outlined in the \"Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension, Revised Edition, 2018\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and the diagnostic criteria for diabetes as per the \"Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Type 2 Diabetes, 2017 Edition\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]; 4) commitment to strictly consuming the two daily meals provided during the trial; 5) signing of informed consent by the participants and their cohabitating family members.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe excluded the following from this study: 1) individuals with malignant tumours, recent acute-phase heart attack, stroke within the past 3 months, or other serious illnesses with a life expectancy of less than 1 year; 2) individuals with hypercortisolism or aldosteronism; 3) those experiencing acute-phase illnesses such as upper respiratory tract infections, fever, severe diarrhoea; 4) those with hearing impairments, dementia, or other disabilities that hinder normal communication, as well as severe depression or other mental disorders; 5) individuals with mobility issues preventing timely follow-up, or failure to complete follow-up after enrolment; 6) patients with chronic renal failure of stage 3 or higher, or undergoing renal replacement therapy; 7) individuals with abnormal liver function, evidenced by alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase levels more than twice the upper limit of normal, or total bilirubin levels exceeding the normal upper limit; 8) individuals with abnormal potassium levels, below 3.5 mmol/L or above 5.5 mmol/L, or those taking potassium-sparing diuretics; 9) pregnant individuals or those likely to become pregnant, and others unsuitable for the trial product; 10) individuals consuming low-sodium salt or participating in other clinical studies deemed inappropriate for trial inclusion by the investigator; and 11) individuals considered unsuitable for enrolment with the trial product by the investigator.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design. A total of 100 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were recruited and enrolled through community hospitals. The participants were allocated into three groups: Group A, the control group (CM-DASH diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;common salt, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34); Group B, the 23% salt group (CM-DASH diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;23% sodium-restricted formula salt, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33); and Group C, the meal packs group (CM-DASH technology package\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;23% sodium-restricted formula salt, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt consumption was maintained at 5 g/day per capita in all groups, aligning with World Health Organization-recommended salt standards. After completing the baseline survey and physical examination, an 8-week dietary intervention was initiated. This intervention comprised the dietary guidance phase during weeks 1 and 2 (distribution of salt\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CM-DASH dietary recipes), centralized meal feeding phase during weeks 3 and 4 (meals provided in the hospital cafeteria), and home health care phase during weeks 5\u0026ndash;8 (distribution of salt\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CM-DASH dietary recipes). Throughout the intervention, participants monitored and recorded their blood pressure daily at home, and weekly follow-up visits were conducted to gather data on home blood pressure measurements, salt usage, and adverse events, as well as to reinforce adherence to salt intake and dietary guidelines. Assessments through questionnaires and physical examinations were carried out at week 4 and at the end of the intervention, mirroring the baseline measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. CM-DASH recipes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to the recommendations of the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Type 2 Diabetes (2018 Edition) and the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension (2017 Revision), respectively, patients with diabetes should adopt a diversified dietary pattern that is \"cereal-based, with a high intake of dietary fibre, and low in salt, sugar, and fat,\" whereas patients with hypertension should consume mainly fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains rich in dietary fibre, and vegetable-derived protein, and reduce the intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. All participants cooked food at home (during the first, second, and fifth to eighth weeks) using the recommended recipes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient composition of CM-DASH (Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet mass (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy (kcal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary fiber(g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreakfast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole-wheat bread\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-fat, high-calcium milk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLunch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed grain rice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Continued) Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Nutrient composition of CM-DASH (Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet mass (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy (kcal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDietary fiber(g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLunch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeat (chicken, fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetables (dark green vegetables)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e463.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDinner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed grain rice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeat (chicken, fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetables (dark green vegetables)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e463.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNut (walnut)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooking oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1025.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e807.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1335.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1130.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1693.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3020.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e663.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Meal packs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe meal packs (CM-DASH Nutritional Meal Packs, produced by Chongqing Shanshun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., adhering to Product Standard GB/T29603; Food Production License No. SC12450023228393) are designed for the dietary treatment of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. They are tailored to the dietary structure and habits of Chinese people, incorporating principles of dietary management for hypertension and diabetes. This includes the selection of traditional Chinese medicines used in treating these conditions, as well as modern nutritional medicines for hypertension and diabetes. It uses mixed-grain and homogenized meals as the core of the nutritional intervention treatment and was provided as an intervention for Group C. It included the following items: CM-DASH Homogenized Meal Solid Drink (homogenized meal for breakfast), CM-DASH Solid Drink (Normal Companion), and CM-DASH Eight Treasures Rice (Rice for Mid-Dinner). The ingredients of each item are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) composition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM-DASH Homogenized Meal Solid Drink (Homogenized Meal for Breakfast)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM-DASH Solid Drink (Normal Companion)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM-DASH Eight Treasures Rice (Rice for Mid-Dinner)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy (kcal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e722.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Continued)Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) composition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM-DASH Homogenized Meal Solid Drink (Homogenized Meal for Breakfast)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM-DASH Solid Drink (Normal Companion)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM-DASH Eight Treasures Rice (Rice for Mid-Dinner)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiber (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.3. Salt use\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The test salt was used throughout the trial as a substitute for the participants' household salt. Group A received common salt (\"Jing Xin,\" manufactured by Chongqing Salt Industry Group Co., Ltd. Name: purified salt; product standard: NY/T1040; sodium chloride content: \u0026gt;99%). Groups B and C received 23% low-sodium salt (\"SHAN YI KANG\" manufactured by Chongqing Shanshun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. name: solid compound condiment, standard of execution: Q/SWS 0025S, food production license number: SC10650012000709; main ingredients include potassium chloride [56%], sodium chloride [23%], and protein [3.0%]). We provided a quantitative spoon for the participants to control the amount of salt used in the household (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 g per person per day). In addition, we used an electronic scale (precision: 0.1 g) to weigh the salt consumption weekly and estimate the daily salt consumption for each family member.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Blood glucose measurement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants attended follow-up appointments in the hospital once a week. Glycaemia (standardized meal tolerance test) was measured by professionally trained researchers using a medical blood glucose meter (Dahl C type, GM505RAB). The researchers made the measurements strictly following the clinical application guideline for blood glucose monitoring in China (2021 edition). All participants were asked to complete a fasting blood glucose measurement at 8:00 a.m., and postprandial blood glucose was measured 2 h (counted from the first bite of breakfast eaten) after breakfast was distributed on site.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe glycaemic control rate was defined as a fasting blood glucose level of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.0 mmol/L and a postprandial blood glucose level of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10.0 mmol/L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the data, and the Levene test was used to test the chi-square of the groups. Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation using the independent samples t-test; skewed continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range using the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages using Pearson's chi-square test or continuous corrected chi-square test. The continuously measured blood pressure values were analysed using generalized estimating equations. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) statistical software, and the tests were two-sided, with differences considered statistically significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn total, 100 participants were included in this study. No significant difference was observed in the demographic characteristics except the age of the participants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline characteristics of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup A(control group, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup B(23% low-sodium salt group, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup C(meal pack group, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender (Male, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.933a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (y)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001b*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI(kg/m2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.50(22.50, 26.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.580c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaist circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHip circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.00(92.00, 98.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaist-to-hip ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efasting blood glucose(mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(5.90, 10.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30(7.35, 10.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(7.80, 9.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.386c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epostprandial blood glucose(mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.85(8.13, 13.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00(8.30, 12.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00(8.40, 14.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efasting blood glucose compliance rate(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epostprandial blood glucose compliance rate(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(42.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing statins(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(30.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing aspirin(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.809a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(35.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.561a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ea: R*C Chi-square test for contingency tables\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eb: one-way ANOVA\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup A(control group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup B(23% low-sodium salt group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup C(meal pack group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender (Male, %)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (y)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI(kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.50(22.50, 26.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWaist circumference (cm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHip circumference (cm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.00(92.00, 98.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWaist-to-hip ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efasting blood glucose(mmol/L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(5.90, 10.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30(7.35, 10.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(7.80, 9.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epostprandial blood glucose(mmol/L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.85(8.13, 13.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00(8.30, 12.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00(8.40, 14.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efasting blood glucose compliance rate(n,%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epostprandial blood glucose compliance rate(n,%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(42.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUsing statins(n,%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(30.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUsing aspirin(n,%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.809\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily history of diabetes(n,%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(35.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ea: R*C Chi-square test for contingency tables\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eb: one-way ANOVA\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ec: Kruskal-Wallis H test for comparison of multiple samples with completely random design\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*: Group A VS. Group B: P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, Group B VS. Group C༚P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec: Kruskal-Wallis H test for comparison of multiple samples with completely random design\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*: Group A VS. Group B: P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, Group B VS. Group C༚P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Fasting glucose changes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with baseline, all groups showed a downward trend in fasting glucose, with a mean decrease of 2.02 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.01\u0026ndash;-1.04, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) in Group B and 2.06 mmol/L (95% CI: -2.75\u0026ndash;-1.37, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) in Group C. The mean decrease in Group A was 0.72 mmol/L (95% CI -1.25\u0026ndash;-0.19, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008), which was less than that in Groups B and C; no significant difference was observed in the comparison between the participant groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in fasting plasma glucose from baseline during intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup A(control group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup B(23% low-sodium salt group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup C(meal pack group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood glucose [M (P25, P75)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange(MD, 95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood glucose [M (P25, P75)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange(MD, 95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood glucose [M (P25, P75)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange(MD, 95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(5.90, 10.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30(7.35, 10.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(7.80, 9.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80(6.30, 8.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33(-0.83, 0.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50(5.95, 8.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.66(-2.52, -0.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30(6.45, 8.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.37(-1.91, -0.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45(6.18, 8.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.53(-1.05, -0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80(6.25, 8.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.60(-2.44, -0.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10(6.00, 7.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.79(-2.32, -1.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45(5.85, 8.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.76(-1.27, -0.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.30(6.05, 7.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.16(-3.02, -1.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.90(6.20, 8.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.62(-2.15, -1.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45(6.08, 9.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.50(-0.98, -0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.90(5.80, 8.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.86(-2.76, -0.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00(6.30, 8.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.44(-2.14, -0.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45(6.15, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.74(-1.33, -0.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40(5.80, 7.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.28(-3.23, -1.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10(6.05, 8.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.74(-2.45, -1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10(6.05, 8.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.71(-1.23, -0.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40(5.95, 7.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.09(-2.96, -1.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80(5.85, 7.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.07(-2.74, -1.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40(5.98, 8.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.85(-1.38, -0.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50(5.85, 7.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.24(-3.22, -1.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20(6.25, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.81(-2.49, -1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.35(6.08, 8.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.72(-1.25, -0.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.70(5.80, 8.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.02(-3.01, -1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80(5.85, 7.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.06(-2.75, -1.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e* The baseline differences in age were adjusted using generalized estimation equatio\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e** Comparison between groups\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Postprandial blood glucose changes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the intervention, each group showed a significant change in postprandial glucose, compared with baseline. The results of the between-group comparison showed that the mean postprandial glucose in Group C was lower than that in Group A (-1.272 mmol/L, 95% CI: -2.312\u0026ndash;-0.232, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016), and no significant difference was observed between Groups B and A (-0.418 mmol/L, 95% CI: -1.730\u0026ndash;0.894, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.532). The results of the intra-group comparison showed that the most significant improvement in mean postprandial glucose occurred in Group C (-4.29 mmol/L, 95% CI: -5.67\u0026ndash;2.90, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Change in glycaemic control rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with baseline, glycaemic control rates improved by 42.4% and 39.4% in Group B and 42.4% and 51.5% in Group C. The glycaemic control rates of all participants improved by 28.0% and 40.0%. The improvement in postprandial glucose control rate was more significant in each group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in 2h postprandial blood glucose from baseline during intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup A(control group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup B(23% low-sodium salt group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup C(meal pack group,n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood glucose [M (P25, P75)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange(MD, 95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood glucose [M (P25, P75)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange(MD, 95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood glucose [M (P25, P75)]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange(MD, 95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.85(8.13, 13.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00(8.30, 12.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00(8.40, 14.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.45(7.68, 13.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.84(-1.43, -0.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.70(7.85, 11.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42(-2.06, 0.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10(6.80, 8.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.45(-4.72, -2.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.35(7.98, 12.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.92(-1.73, -0.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20(6.55, 10.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.27(-3.51, -1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.90(6.55, 9.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.48(-4.71, -2.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10(7.38, 11.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.77(-2.63, -0.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.50(8.00, 11.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.36(-2.53, -0.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00(7.05, 9.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.25(-4.53, -1.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.35(6.95, 11.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.74(-2.68, -0.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30(6.90, 10.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.67(-3.20, -0.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.90(6.70, 9.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.25(-4.58, -1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.20(7.85, 11.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.63(-2.62, -0.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30(6.90, 10.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.76(-3.27, -0.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80(6.35, 9.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.49(-5.02, -1.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.40(7.48, 10.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.70(-2.61, -0.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.20(7.50, 10.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.60(-2.91, -0.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00(6.45, 8.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.14(-5.62, -2.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65(7.13, 11.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.09(-3.01, -1.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50(6.45, 10.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.47(-3.80, -1.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50(6.65, 8.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.81(-5.33, -2.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25(7.05, 10.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.43(-3.43, -1.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50(6.70, 9.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.52(-3.94, -1.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30(6.60, 8.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.29(-5.67, -2.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e* The baseline differences in age were adjusted using generalized estimation equations\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e** Comparison between group\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in glycemic control rate from baseline during intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"19\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup A (control group, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup B(23% low-sodium salt group, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup C(meal pack group, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasting plasma glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2h postprandial blood glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasting plasma glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2h postprandial blood glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasting plasma glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2h postprandial blood glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasting plasma glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2h postprandial blood glucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Adverse effects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo serious adverse reactions occurred during the intervention. During the follow-up, a total of eight participants (8.0%) (two [5.88%] in Group A, one [3.03%] in Group B, and five [15.15%] in Group C) exhibited mild symptoms, such as dizziness, fatigue, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. All adverse events were short-term, and symptoms resolved spontaneously (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdverse events\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime (Week)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer to\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlurred eyes, Regurgitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e092807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of power\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of common salt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e092737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndigestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake medication (Morpholine)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e092834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoglycemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating cookies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e092832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoglycemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating cookies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e092711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoglycemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduce glucose-lowering medication as prescribed by doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e092710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTake medication (Norfloxacin)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to explore the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the CM-DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt intervention in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in patients with hypertension than in the general population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], and the degree of target organ damage is more severe in patients with hypertension and diabetes than in patients with hypertension alone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, early implementation of dietary interventions in patients with hypertension and diabetes is essential to control blood pressure and glucose. However, the current approach to hypertension and diabetes control in China is mainly through pharmacological treatment, and the control rate of hypertension and diabetes is limited owing to the poor compliance of patients with medication and the lack of lifestyle interventions. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce effective dietary interventions to patients with hypertension and diabetes to reduce the associated risks. Among the many dietary patterns\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eworldwide, the Eastern (more vegetables, fruits, and low saturated fat) and Mediterranean dietary patterns have demonstrated positive effects [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], whereas the Western dietary pattern (predominant intake of red meat, processed meat, high saturated fat, and low dietary fibre) exacerbates the risks of hypertension and diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Existing dietary patterns are difficult to apply in other regions because of limited ingredients and eating culture; therefore, some easily accessible dietary changes are gradually proposed. However, to our knowledge, the use of 23% low-sodium salts in combination with a modified DASH dietary pattern with severely restricted ingredients to assess their effects on blood glucose levels in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes has not yet been reported in China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study showed that fasting blood glucose levels in the three groups decreased more significantly during the intervention period, and the decrease was greater than that in previous studies. The blood glucose levels of all participants began to decline after the intervention was initiated, and a more stable level was maintained after the centralized feeding. This may be because patients needed a buffer period to accept a new dietary structure and did not have sufficient knowledge of the CM-DASH diet at the early stage of the intervention; however, as the centralized feeding started, patients' understanding of the CM-DASH diet and blood glucose control increased. The greatest decrease in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels after the first week of intervention in Group C was probably because the meal pack products contained a large amount of dietary fibre, no sugar, and more comprehensive nutrition. Further, dietary fibre can enhance insulin secretion or sensitivity, increase glucose uptake, inhibit lipid accumulation and hepatic gluconeogenesis, and improve oxidative stress levels to achieve the hypoglycaemic effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, we suggest that the addition of the meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) to a low-sodium salt diet may be more beneficial for the control of postprandial glucose in patients. Postprandial glucose can reflect the level of glucose tolerance in patients with diabetes, which is usually assessed using 2-h postprandial glucose [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhich is extremely important for both early diagnosis and control of diabetes, and changes in dietary habits can directly affect postprandial glucose levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA survey of hypertension and diabetes in residents aged 35\u0026ndash;75 years in Chongqing, China, showed that the glycaemic control rate in patients with hypertension and diabetes was 16.17%, which remains low given the large number of patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. At baseline in this trial, the fasting glucose control rate for all patients was 23.0%, which is generally consistent with the results of the above survey. At the end of the intervention, the fasting glucose control rate increased by 42.4% from baseline in both Groups B and C. The highest rates were reached in Group B at week 5 (69.7%) and Group C at week 3 (54.5%), with an increase of 51.5% and 45.5% from baseline, respectively. Further, the postprandial glucose control rate improved even more significantly during the intervention period, from 44.1%, 36.4%, and 42.4% at baseline to 75.5%, 75.8%, and 93.9% at the end of the intervention in the three groups, respectively, all reaching the highest value at 8 weeks. This result reinforces the use of the meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) in combination with low-sodium salt as more effective intervention for controlling postprandial glucose in patients and that this effect may become more significant as the duration of the intervention increases. We speculate a more pronounced improvement in postprandial glucose and more benefits for the prognosis of patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes if the intervention period were to be extended.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \"long-term\" nature of chronic diseases poses a major challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. Patients with such diseases will remain in poor health and require long-term medical care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. To reduce the burden of chronic disease and manage the significant constraint on health systems, a series of well-designed, sustained, and complementary preventive and curative interventions are needed. Due to the semi-open experimental design of this trial, the results are inevitably affected by interference, contamination, and other factors. There were some fluctuations in the blood glucose of the patients during the trial; however, the results consistently indicated that the dietary intervention had some health benefits for patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The results suggest that\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elarger-scale dietary interventions and health education in community populations are necessary, and that promoting the use of low-sodium salt in combination with the meal pack (CM-DASH Nutrition Dietary Pack) in specific populations can improve diabetes-related knowledge and glycaemic control in this population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfter implementing the combined dietary intervention of CM-DASH and 23% low-sodium salt for 8 weeks, the preliminary results showed that it lowered blood glucose in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes and could effectively improve the postprandial glucose control rates. This intervention is safe and feasible, and worthy of further promotion and application.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cdiv dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University (approval date: 07/28/2020). All participants and their families provided written informed consent before enrolment in the trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Not all the data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This work was supported by the Science and Technology Bureau of Chongqing (STBC), China [Project No: cstc2019jscx-msxm X0267]. However, the STBC did not participate in the design, implementation, data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing process of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e An and Liu have contributed equally to this work. Mu contributed to the conception and design of the study. All authors contributed to the investigation and data curation and have approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e We thank all the participants and their families, all staff who participated in this project, the field investigation staff, and the experts in the research group. We also want to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCryer MJ, Horani T, DiPette DJ. Diabetes and Hypertension: A Comparative Review of Current Guidelines. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18:95\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1090\u0026ndash;101.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNational High Blood Pressure Education Program Working. Group report on hypertension in diabetes. Hypertension 1994, 23, 145\u0026ndash;58; discussion 159\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen X, Guo X, Ma J, Zhang J, Tang J, Yan L et al. Urinary sodium or potassium excretion and blood pressure in adults of Shandong province, China: preliminary results of the SMASH project: [J Am Soc Hypertens 9 (2015) 754\u0026ndash;762]. J Am Soc Hypertens 2016, 10, 472.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:790\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah M, Jeffery RW, Laing B, Savre SG, Van Natta M, Strickland D. Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT): food pattern changes resulting from intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake. Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990;90:69\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:341\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVollmer WM, Sacks FM, Ard J, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Simons-Morton DG, et al. Effects of diet and sodium intake on blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the DASH-sodium trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:1019\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, Azizi F. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2823\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eForman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women. JAMA. 2009;302:401\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eToledo E, de Carmona-Torre A, Alonso F, Puchau A, Zulet B, Martinez MA. Hypothesis-oriented food patterns and incidence of hypertension: 6-year follow-up of the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:338\u0026ndash;49.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLevitan EB, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Consistency with the DASH diet and incidence of heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:851\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiese AD, Nichols M, Sun X, D'Agostino RB, Haffner SM. Adherence to the DASH Diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1434\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDu S, Batis C, Wang H, Zhang B, Zhang J, Popkin BM. Understanding the patterns and trends of sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium to potassium ratio and their effect on hypertension in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:334\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKr\u0026ouml;ger J, Schulze MB, Romaguera D, Guevara M, Buijsse B, Boeing H, et al. Adherence to predefined dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes in European populations: EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetologia. 2014;57:321\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiese AD, Nichols M, Sun X, D'Agostino RB, Haffner SM. Adherence to the DASH Diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1434\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzadbakht L, Fard NR, Karimi M, Baghaei MH, Surkan PJ, Rahimi M, et al. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:55\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLima ST, Souza BS, Fran\u0026ccedil;a AK, Salgado JV, Salgado-Filho N, Sichieri R. Reductions in glycemic and lipid profiles in hypertensive patients undergoing the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Res. 2014;34:682\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi J, Mu L, Rao H, Wu Y, Wang H, Tao H et al. Preliminary Experiment on the Effect of 18% Substitute Salt on Home Blood Pressure Variability in Hypertensives. Int J Hypertens. 2021, 2021, 9993328.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu T, Rao H, Wang M, Xu H, Wang W, Li G, et al. Comparative analysis of visit and home blood pressure in a pilot trial on the effect of 18% sodium substitute salt on blood pressure. Sci Rep. 2021;11:907.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Z, Zhou X, Mei Y, Bu X, Tang J, Gong T, et al. Novel low-sodium salt formulations combined with Chinese modified DASH diet for reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1219381.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuidelines for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in China 2018 Revision). Chin J Cardiol 24 01 2019, 24\u0026ndash;56. doi: CNKI:SUN: XIXG.0.2019-01-003.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChinese type 2 diabetes prevention guide. 2017 ed. Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine 2018, 292\u0026ndash;344. 10.19538/J. K2018040108.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeng W, Yun L, Quanhui Z, Junxing Y, Yajing Z, Wei L, et al. The effect of hypertension combined with type 2 diabetes on chronic kidney disease. Chin J Hypertens. 2018;26:832\u0026ndash;6. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.16439/j.cnki.1673-7245.2018.09.014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.16439/j.cnki.1673-7245.2018.09.014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEsposito K, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Chiodini P, Panagiotakos D, Giugliano. D. A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008222.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIimuro S, Yoshimura Y, Umegaki H, Sakurai T, Araki A, Ohashi Y, et al. Dietary pattern and mortality in Japanese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: does a vegetable- and fish-rich diet improve mortality? An explanatory study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12(Suppl 1):59\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDe Pergola G, D'Alessandro A. Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Blood Pressure. Nutrients. 2018;10:1700.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOdegaard AO, Koh WP, Butler LM, Duval S, Gross MD, Yu MC, et al. Dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes in Chinese men and women: the Singapore Chinese health study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:880\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRai SK, Fung TT, Lu N, Keller SF, Curhan GC, Choi HK. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;357:j1794.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang X, Dai J, Zhong Y, Wei X, Wu M, Zhang Y, et al. Characterization of insoluble dietary fiber from three food sources and their potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Food Funct. 2021;12:6576\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYiming M, Linong J, Wenying Y, et al. Expert consensus on the management of postprandial hyperglycemia in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes World (Clin). 2016;10:353\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXiong Q, Li Z, Nie R, Meng X, Yang XJ. Comparison of the Effects of a Bean-Based and a White Rice-Based Breakfast Diet on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e930349.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCurrent status of key indicators about diabetes. prevention, control and management and its influencing factors among residents aged 35\u0026ndash;75 years in Chongqing Municipality. Pract Prev Med. 2021;28:1421\u0026ndash;147.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrenk J. Framing the diagonal approach Presentation delivered at the Conference The Long Tail of Global Health Equity: Tackling the Endemic Non-Communicable Diseases of the Bottom Billion. The Joseph B Martin Conference Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; 2011; 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"diabetology-and-metabolic-syndrome","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dims","sideBox":"Learn more about [Diabetology \u0026 Metabolic Syndrome](http://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13098","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13098/3","title":"Diabetology \u0026 Metabolic Syndrome","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"type 2 diabetes, blood glucose, hypertension, low-sodium salt, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, glycaemic control rate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5115578/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5115578/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough many previous trials have formalized the blood glucose-lowering effect of the DASH diet, relevant reports in China remain limited. This study aimed to explore the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a randomized controlled single-blinded trial with a semi-open design; 100 participants were randomly assigned to Group A (control), Group B (23% low-sodium salt), and Group C (meal pack) for 8 weeks of dietary intervention. All participants were followed up weekly to collect glycaemia data (standardized meal tolerance test), salt use, and adverse events.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the intervention, the mean blood glucose (fasting/postprandial glucose) decreased by 0.72/2.43 mmol/L, 2.02/2.52 mmol/L, and 2.06/4.29 mmol/L in Groups A\u0026ndash;C, respectively, with significant differences compared with baseline (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Comparison between groups showed that postprandial glucose in Group C was lower than that in Group A (-1.272 mmol/L, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016). Except the fasting blood glucose control rate in Group A, the blood glucose control rate in all other groups improved significantly after the intervention (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). No serious adverse events occurred during the trial.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis dietary intervention lowered blood glucose in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes and can effectively improve the postprandial glucose control rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrial registration:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll procedures reported in this study were conducted in an ethical and responsible manner and in full compliance with all relevant codes of experimentation and legislation (Trial registration: ChiCTR2000029017. Registered January 11, 2020-Prospective registration, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.chictr.org.cn/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.chictr.org.cn/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.)\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Anti-glycaemic effect of the Chinese modified DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-27 04:46:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5115578/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-11-13T08:46:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"100629971773366232395374934672149819131","date":"2024-11-12T10:21:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"187367103340155560423640724578645046141","date":"2024-11-11T09:13:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-11T08:53:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310841566704300738475468228888934138368","date":"2024-11-11T08:28:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-10T16:37:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"170144806990277558690026010430915354345","date":"2024-10-10T15:26:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"56333084053119757804494794245983378934","date":"2024-10-09T10:22:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-04T07:59:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54803912709458453674875782186619527651","date":"2024-10-01T07:40:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-23T09:25:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-21T02:26:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-21T02:25:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Diabetology \u0026 Metabolic Syndrome","date":"2024-09-19T09:06:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"diabetology-and-metabolic-syndrome","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dims","sideBox":"Learn more about [Diabetology \u0026 Metabolic Syndrome](http://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13098","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13098/3","title":"Diabetology \u0026 Metabolic Syndrome","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"12cd7803-45c2-4d0c-9e9f-26bb89099866","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T15:59:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5115578","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01618-7","journal":{"identity":"diabetology-and-metabolic-syndrome","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Diabetology \u0026 Metabolic Syndrome"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-12 15:57:09","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 12th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-27 04:46:44","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13098-025-01618-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01618-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5115578","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5115578","identity":"rs-5115578","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}