Signal averaging in cryogenic fast field-cycling NMR experiments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Signal averaging in cryogenic fast field-cycling NMR experiments Michael Jurkutat, Kajum Safiullin, Benno Meier This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049654/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The spin-lattice relaxation time constant T1 characterizes the equilibration of a spin system in a magnetic field with its environment, the lattice. T1 frequently exhibits non-trivial field and temperature dependences, which give access to structural and dynamical information, and the branch of fast-field-cycling (FFC) relaxometry is dedicated to T1 measurements at low field. Knowledge of T1 (B,T) is also of central importance in nuclear spin hyperpolarization, where one often seeks to transfer spin polarized samples from the point of hyperpolarization to the point of detection. Here we present a new field control architecture for a unique FFC system which can probe relaxation properties between 0 and 2.5 T for temperatures from 300 down to 3 K. The field-profile is now defined directly by the NMR pulse sequence. PID control of the field improving measurement repeatability and reduces settling times, giving access to relaxation time constants well below 100 ms. The feedback control also decreases field errors to a degree that enables signal averaging and thereby the measurement of relaxation properties with improved sensitivity. Biological sciences/Biophysics Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. B.M. is co-owner of HyperSpin Scientific UG. The other authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7049654","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":485300102,"identity":"0a8525c3-cc3a-46f9-bcc8-568effd18555","order_by":0,"name":"Michael Jurkutat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Jurkutat","suffix":""},{"id":485300103,"identity":"1606a22c-51df-4fce-8fd6-cf433d08c54c","order_by":1,"name":"Kajum Safiullin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kajum","middleName":"","lastName":"Safiullin","suffix":""},{"id":485300104,"identity":"dd40f511-1e1e-455d-987d-5bfc7fb67736","order_by":2,"name":"Benno Meier","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxiDjYGB8WEDmJtAvBZmwwYDAxK0gHRJNjAQocWcvffYgw8M2+T42HufVc4o+MPAz55jgFeLZc+5dMMZDLeN2XiOm93cAHSYZM8b/FoMbuSYSfMw3E5sk0hju/kAqAUoQkDL/TdgLfVt8s/YCkFa7AlqucED1pLAJsHGxghymIEEQb/kmEnOMLht2MaTxgxkGPNInHlWgFeLOfsZM4kPFbfl5duPMX7s+SMnx9+evAGvFqjzEEweIpSPglEwCkbBKCAEAKrfPVik5EkhAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benno","middleName":"","lastName":"Meier","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-04 22:53:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049654/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049654/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86880514,"identity":"1f90700e-3f0a-4b69-ab33-2f1dbc52105d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-16 16:17:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":517637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"scientificReportsRev1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7049654/v1_covered_f37447e1-5e99-4a29-8f14-c8bd886f2a58.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"Competing interest reported. B.M. is co-owner of HyperSpin Scientific UG. The other authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Signal averaging in cryogenic fast field-cycling NMR experiments","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049654/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049654/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The spin-lattice relaxation time constant T1 characterizes the equilibration of a spin system in a magnetic field with its environment, the lattice. T1 frequently exhibits non-trivial field and temperature dependences, which give access to structural and dynamical information, and the branch of fast-field-cycling (FFC) relaxometry is dedicated to T1 measurements at low field. Knowledge of T1 (B,T) is also of central importance in nuclear spin hyperpolarization, where one often seeks to transfer spin polarized samples from the point of hyperpolarization to the point of detection. Here we present a new field control architecture for a unique FFC system which can probe relaxation properties between 0 and 2.5 T for temperatures from 300 down to 3 K. The field-profile is now defined directly by the NMR pulse sequence. PID control of the field improving measurement repeatability and reduces settling times, giving access to relaxation time constants well below 100 ms. The feedback control also decreases field errors to a degree that enables signal averaging and thereby the measurement of relaxation properties with improved sensitivity. ","manuscriptTitle":"Signal averaging in cryogenic fast field-cycling NMR experiments","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-16 16:09:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049654/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-23T07:46:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-20T09:22:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"257842018537260116374411855540343347589","date":"2025-12-02T01:57:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"125776379142835727164706562675712803987","date":"2025-12-01T19:47:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-27T08:07:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"277536635015127894725832950687420509418","date":"2025-08-17T06:42:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"229091603122496212632868631173213090185","date":"2025-08-15T10:10:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-14T15:06:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-10T15:05:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-07T19:20:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-07T04:18:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-07-04T22:39:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"20d4a726-28ce-4db5-9573-46995f8130c4","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":51518820,"name":"Biological sciences/Biophysics"},{"id":51518821,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-21T06:26:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-16 16:09:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7049654","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7049654","identity":"rs-7049654","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below.
Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure
cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can
have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy
(via DOI)
is the canonical version.