Dynamic Orbital Model of Fundamental Particles: Unifying Proton Structure and Electron Spin via Perturbation Waves

Dynamic Orbital Model of Fundamental Particles: Unifying Proton Structure and Electron Spin via Perturbation Waves | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Physical Sciences - Article Dynamic Orbital Model of Fundamental Particles: Unifying Proton Structure and Electron Spin via Perturbation Waves Kaisheng Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285702/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The proton’s 938 MeV mass and J = 1/2 spin defy quantum chromodynamics’ (QCD) uniform-density paradigm, while classical electron spin models falter at superluminal velocities. Here, we propose a dynamic orbital model unifying proton and electron dynamics through perturbation waves (1023 Hz). Five gluons orbit at 0.85 fm (668 MeV) and three quarks at 0.3 fm (258 MeV), with chiral symmetry breaking adding 24 MeV, totaling 950 MeV (1.3% error), aligning with JLab (7σ), RHIC, and LHC data. For electrons, perturbation waves resolve classical superluminal issues, collectively yielding ¯h/2. Lattice QCD and numerical simulations validate this framework, predicting signatures testable at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). This model redefines wave-particle duality, shifts QCD to a trajectory-driven view, and suggests a universal mechanism spanning micro- and macroscopic scales. Physical sciences/Physics/Particle physics/Theoretical particle physics Physical sciences/Physics/Nuclear physics/Theoretical nuclear physics Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files UnifyingProtonStructureandElectronSpinviaPerturbationWavesSI.pdf Supplementary Information: Dynamic Orbital Model of Fundamental Particles: Unifying Proton Structure and Electron Spin via Perturbation Waves Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6285702","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Physical Sciences - Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":433114175,"identity":"d232a765-d43a-4b30-a3c1-4c1e83c85c59","order_by":0,"name":"Kaisheng Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPh4GNmYGHhsGNqK1sEG0pJGsheEwCQ5j4zn+7HGBzHl7PunmBww/KrYRoYW3x9x4Bs/txDaZYwaMPWduE6GFn4dNmofndgKbRIIBM2MbUVrYnwG1nLNnk0j/QKQW3gYzoJYDjG0SOcTawnPGTHoGT3IiUEvBQaL8ws+T/ky6sMfOXn5G+sYHPyqI0AIGjD0Q+gCR6kHgBwlqR8EoGAWjYOQBACUcLucB6mMCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Independent Researcher","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaisheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-22 23:05:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285702/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285702/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79292935,"identity":"fd80a573-e2f4-4e85-82d2-924c1a44ca74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 16:18:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":254691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"UnifyingProtonStructureandElectronSpinviaPerturbationWaves.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6285702/v1_covered_681c28a5-0417-4f0e-aa8e-ffa7cc45345b.pdf"},{"id":79146086,"identity":"b4d07035-c02f-4250-a9d5-9d95bf5aedb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 03:07:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":194247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Supplementary Information: Dynamic Orbital Model of Fundamental Particles: Unifying Proton Structure and Electron Spin via Perturbation Waves","description":"","filename":"UnifyingProtonStructureandElectronSpinviaPerturbationWavesSI.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6285702/v1/1cb94a4f1b20bb3c26f0c75b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Dynamic Orbital Model of Fundamental Particles: Unifying Proton Structure and Electron Spin via Perturbation Waves","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285702/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6285702/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe proton’s 938 MeV mass and J = 1/2 spin defy quantum chromodynamics’ (QCD) uniform-density paradigm, while classical electron spin models falter at superluminal velocities. 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