Overview of the carrying capacity for shrimp farming sustainability: the case of Bangka Island, Indonesia

Overview of the carrying capacity for shrimp farming sustainability: the case of Bangka Island, Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Overview of the carrying capacity for shrimp farming sustainability: the case of Bangka Island, Indonesia Yeyen Mardyani, Kukuh Nirmala, Endang Bidayani, Ahmad Fahrul Syarif, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5779710/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract High investment interest in white leg shrimp ( Litopaneus vannamei ) in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province has been observed in the increasing number of shrimp ponds in the last few years. The management of the rapid growth of shrimp ponds must be environmentally sound to maintain the sustainability of shrimp farming and ensure economic benefits without neglecting ecosystem sustainability. The study was conducted from March to November 2022 in Bangka Coastal, Indonesia. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the waters and the sustainability of shrimp farming on the Bangka coast through a mass balance model. The physical aspects of water quality were measured in situ and analyzed in the laboratory using various parameters, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results revealed that the quality of the shrimp and all the water parameters were within the threshold value, except for ammonia, which was above the threshold. The mangrove coverage density of the shrimp pond area varies: it is considered low to moderate in the Parittiga coastal region of West Bangka, while in the Tukak Sadai coastal area of South Bangka, it ranges from moderate to high. The average shrimp production on the Parittiga coast reaches 40–69 metric tons year -1 , whereas that on the Tukak Sadai coast reaches 50–180 metric tons year -1 . Based on mass balance calculation, the potential areas available for developing shrimp farming on the Parittiga coast are estimated 86,60–175,39 hectares and 27,65–45,05 hectares on the Tukak Sadai coast. Consequently, it is necessary to monitor and regulate waste disposal and the installation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at each shrimp pond, as well as to enhance the capacity of these WWTPs to reduce waste by 80%. shrimp farming carrying capacity water quality mangrove Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Highlights The rapid growth of shrimp farming has caused various problems that affect environmental sustainability and water carrying capacity. The mass balance model is used to assess the environmental impact of pond waste and water carrying capacity. The shrimp farming shows that the carrying capacity of waters for pond cultivation based on the mass balance model is still possible to be developed It is necessary to install the installation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in every shrimp farming, as well as increase the ability of WWTP to reduce waste by 80%. 1. Introduction In 2022, shrimp became the major aquaculture species worldwide, accounting for 51.7% of the total crustacean production. In the same year, FAO data classified Indonesia as the fourth largest crustacean producer, with production reaching 892,000 tons, accounting for 30.7% of the world’s crustacean production (FAO, 2022). The Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) reported shrimp as the commodity with the largest export volume, reaching 239.28 million kg, with a value of US $ 2.04 billion in 2020. Shrimp also contributed 18.95% of the total export volume of fishery products last year and had a competitive advantage in the U.S. market (Sanny et al., 2021 ). This makes shrimp commodities the main and leading fishery subsector (Wati, 2018 ), especially through fishery commodity exports (Amelia et al., 2021 ). This is inseparable from the pressure on the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries' target to increase aquaculture production by 61% in the next 10 years, as stated in Presidential Regulation Number 2 of 2015 concerning the Medium Term Development Plans (Ilman et al., 2016 ). To accelerate the achievement of the shrimp production target of 2 million tons and shrimp exports of 250% by 2024, the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry of Maritime and Investment is taking several steps to revive the National Shrimp Industry, such as simplifying business licensing and investment in shrimp ponds as well as emphasizing policies to support the business climate conducive to shrimp. However, the targeting of large export commodities has caused shrimp farming to have worrisome socioeconomic and environmental impacts (Bosman et al., 2021 ), especially contributing to a decrease in mangrove areas (Boyd et al., 2022 ; Bunting et al., 2013 ; Godoy et al., 2018 ; Ilman et al., 2016 ; Shimoda et al., 2007 ). Rapid expansion has fueled concerns over the utilization of water resources that exceed the carrying capacity and subsequent failure of shrimp culture (Ross et al., 2013 ). The unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of shrimp aquaculture has exceeded the carrying capacity of source water bodies, resulting in negative impacts on productivity and the occurrence of diseases (Muralidhar et al., 2008 ). The shrimp farming industry is receiving increasing criticism, as effluent discharged from shrimp farms can be a major source of pollution in estuarine and marine ecosystems (Bui et al., 2012 ; Henares et al., 2020 ), especially from intensive and super intensive farming (Hastuti et al., 2023 ). Consequently, the effluents from shrimp–mangrove cultures, which contain high levels of sediment and nutrients, have had a detrimental impact on the surrounding mangrove ecosystems and offshore environments (Hargan et al., 2020 ). Increasing land-based shrimp farming ultimately leads to the clearing of mangrove forests, increased use of feed and fertilizer, and inappropriate use of chemicals, which can harm the environment (Boyd, 2003 ; De Lacerda et al., 2006 ; Tarunamulia & Mustafa, 2016 ). More intensive shrimp farming practices produce large quantities of effluent with high particle loads and ammonia concentrations, which in many cases pollute the water used for future shrimp production; in other words, mangroves function as filters of shrimp pond effluent necessary to remove nutrients from shrimp pond effluent via budgets of nitrogen and phosphorus (Robertson & Phillips, 1995 ). To reduce nitrogen and phosphorus waste, a quantitative understanding of the nutrient mass balance and fluxes associated with the various components of the culture system is needed (Mariscal-Lagarda & Páez-Osuna, 2014 ). Carrying capacity (CC) is an important parameter for measuring the amount of nutrient load generated and the ability of microorganisms in water bodies to assimilate waste. Finding the supporting capacity of water bodies to assimilate nutrient loads is an important requirement when planning the expansion of aquaculture (Jayanthi et al., 2020 ) and ensuring the continuity of intensive pond aquaculture activities in an area (Paena et al., 2023 ). The assessment of CC is one of the most important tools for the technical assessment of not only the environmental sustainability of aquaculture but also the ecosystem, watershed and global scales (Telfer et al., 2013 ). Several models that are most widely used to calculate environmental CC are currently in use for aquaculture, namely, those based on water availability to receive waste from shrimp ponds (Paena et al., 2023 ; Tamsil et al., 2024 ) and those based on the available capacity of dissolved oxygen in the water column to decompose organic waste (Liufeto et al., 2019 ; Tamsil et al., 2024 ). Although shrimp culture is necessary for food security and foreign currency acquisition, the area ratio for sustainable shrimp culture can be determined by estimating the mangrove area necessary for the purification of effluents (Shimoda et al., 2007 ). The rapid growth of shrimp ponds must be accompanied by environmental management of the area so that the sustainability of shrimp culture can be maintained and economic benefits can be provided without neglecting ecosystem sustainability. A comprehensive study regarding the CC of the waters needs to be conducted to provide representative information on current shrimp pond developments, as well as to determine the maximum pond area that can maintain environmental and social impacts at a manageable and acceptable level to then serve as input for sustainable shrimp farming management policies. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Study Area Bangka Island is part of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, which is one of the investment targets for shrimp pond development. As an archipelagic region, the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province has potential land for brackish aquaculture of 64,050 Ha. In 2022, the area of shrimp ponds will reach 582.44 ha, an increase of 292.93 ha from 2017 (Marine and Fisheries Agency Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, 2022). Most of the coastal areas of Bangka Island are targeted for investment in shrimp pond development. Sampling was conducted in two coastal areas that have become locations for the development of shrimp farming over the last five years, namely, the Parittiga coast, West Bangka Regency, and the Tukak Sadai coast, South Bangka Regency (Fig. 1 ). This area was chosen on the basis of the development of the shrimp pond area over the last five years. Shrimp ponds on the coast of the West Bangka Regency experienced an increase in area of 67.9%, from 67.600 m 2 in 2018 to 210.690 m 2 in 2022. Moreover, on the coast of South Bangka Regency, the area of shrimp ponds increased, reaching 95.5%, from 3.560 m 2 in 2018 to 79.700 m 2 in 2022 (Marine and Fisheries Agency Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, 2022). A significant increase in the land area of shrimp ponds requires attention to the environmental capacity and the CC of waters in accommodating the waste load released by shrimp ponds. In addition, most of the waters on the coast of Bangka Island are marine tin mining areas. The increasingly massive amount of marine tin mining activities in the last decade have resulted in environmental degradation and a decrease in water quality due to waste from marine tin mining, especially illegal tin mining (Adibrata et al., 2021 ; Affressia et al., 2017 ; Bidayani & Kurniawan, 2020 ; Kurniawan et al., 2019; Mardyani et al., 2023 ; Mardyani & Lindawati, 2021 ; Nurdin et al., 2019 ; Ramadona et al., 2020 ; Rosyida et al., 2019 ). Various economic activities in coastal and aquatic areas ranging from aquaculture activities to marine mining pressure the ability of waters to accommodate the burden of waste and waste from these activities. 2.2 Data Selection Measurements carried out in situ include the parameters pH (pH meter), temperature (thermometer), salinity (refractometer), and DO (DO meter). Moreover, for ex situ measurements, including the parameters ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO - 2 ), nitrate (NO 3 ), phosphate (PO 4 ), BOD and COD, water samples were taken to be tested in the laboratory. In each pond, water samples are taken from three station points in the pond, i.e., the inlet point (water source that enters the pond), inside the pond (Wastewater Treatment Plant), and outlet (water flow that exits the pond). Water samples were collected in 1-liter polypropylene sample bottles. Each water sample was subjected to 3–4 drops of H 2 SO 4 as a preservative, except for the BOD parameters of the water samples. Each bottle was wrapped in aluminum foil, given a station code, and then placed in an ice box at 4°C. The samples are then sent to the Serang Banten Fish and Environmental Health Testing Laboratory within 24 hours. 2.3 Data analysis 2.3.1 Water quantity analysis The quantity of seawater receiving waste must be sufficient to receive the waste load so that the waters are not polluted and are still in a suitable status for other uses, including aquaculture, and can be one of the variables for anticipating waste loads (Tarunamulia et al., 2015 ). The analysis uses an approach based on maximum shrimp production and the ability of the coastal water environment to receive shrimp culture waste. The basis for the calculation is the volume of available water or water availability on the coast, which is based on the volume of seawater entering the coastal area (seawater supply entering coastal waters), according to Widigdo and Pariwono (2003), with the following formula: $$\:{V}_{0}=0.5\:hy\:\left(2x-\:\frac{h}{tq\:\theta\:}\right)$$ 1 where \(\:{V}_{0}\) is the volume of seawater entering coastal waters (m 3 ); \(\:h\) is the local tidal range (m); \(\:y\) is the length of the coastline (m); \(\:x\) is the distance from the coastline (tide time) to the location where seawater is taken (water intake) for pond purposes (m); and \(\:tq\:\theta\:\) is the beach/seabed slope angle (ᵒ). On the basis of calculations of the maximum acceptable waste capacity (Alison 1981 in Widigdo & Soewardi 2002), the maximum amount of intensive pond waste that can be naturally assimilated by water is 0.01 of the available water volume. The volume of water entering coastal waters (Vo) is the volume of water at one tide. If the tidal type is semidiurnal or double, there are two high tides and two low tides in a day (24 hours); then, the volume of water entering coastal waters is two times Vo. The number of waste-receiving water bodies (the volume of water entering coastal waters) is 100 times the maximum amount of pond waste discharged into coastal waters. If the maximum liquid waste from the pond that is discharged into public waters is 10% of the total volume of pond water, then the maximum volume of pond water = 10% of the volume of public water (water that enters coastal waters); this volume is called the water available for the pond. If the average water depth is 1 m and the average daily water change is 10% of the pond volume, then the water requirement for 1 ha of pond per day = 10,000 m2 × 0.1 × 1 m = 1,000 m 3 . The pond area (ha) that can be built is the volume of water available for the pond divided by 10,000 m 3 . 2.3.2 Water Quality Analysis Water quality analysis uses several parameters on the basis of the quality of the water source according to the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 75 of 2016 concerning the General Guidelines for Tiger Prawns ( Penaeus monodon ) and White Leg Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) and the Governor of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Regulation Number 32 of 2020, a derivative of the Minister of Environment Regulation Number 54 of 2004. 2.3.3 Mass balance model analysis Concerning the water body receiving the discharge water from shrimp farming, CC can be defined in terms of the maximum nutrient loading that the water body can assimilate without exceeding the permissible levels (Muralidhar et al., 2008 ). The CC of the mass balance model is a measurement of field data used to detect the environmental impact of pond waste and the CC of coastal waters on Bangka Island. The data required for the CC analysis of this mass balance model consisted of estimates of the amount of wasted nitrate (NO 3 ) and phosphorus (P 4 ), the ability of mangroves to take up NO 3 and P 4 , and the ability of microalgae and bacteria in the water to assimilate NO3. Mass balance equations can be produced using various waste parameters, such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Barg et al., 1993 ). The estimation of CC via the mass balance model concept uses the Tchobanoglous 1990 and Predalumpaburt 1996 formulas with modifications from Tookwinas 1998 (Tookwinas, 1998 ). This modification was carried out because no ponds were considered sufficient to exist in each of the specified pond locations. Predictions of the disposal of NO 3 and P 4 waste from shrimp ponds are obtained, which are wasted and have the potential to accumulate in coastal waters, both after going through the waste treatment process first and after going through the waste treatment process first at the shrimp pond disposal system and after the process of assimilation and overhaul by mangroves and microalgae, the predicted results of waste accumulation can be used to calculate or evaluate the maximum area of land that may be cleared for shrimp pond activities. With the following formulation: $$\:\varvec{C}\varvec{C}\varvec{m}\varvec{b}\varvec{N}=\frac{\varvec{A}\varvec{L}-(\varvec{M}\varvec{A}\varvec{n}+\varvec{B}\varvec{A})}{\varvec{V}\varvec{p}}$$ 2 and, $$\:\varvec{C}\varvec{C}\varvec{m}\varvec{b}\varvec{P}=\frac{\varvec{A}\varvec{L}-(\varvec{M}\varvec{A}\varvec{p}+\varvec{B}\varvec{A})}{\varvec{V}\varvec{p}}$$ 3 With the provision that CCmb has the capacity mass balance, CCmbN has the capacity mass balance nitrate, CCmbP has the capacity mass balance phosphorus, which measures the amount of nitrate and phosphorus that enters coastal waters after being used by mangrove plants and microalgae around the coast, AL has the capacity mass balance, MAn has the ability to absorb nitrogen, MAp has the ability to absorb phosphorus, BA has the ability to perform biological assimilation, and Vp has the water quantity. The safe concentration of ammonia-nitrogen is 0.1 mg/L (Tookwinas, 1998 ), and the safe concentration of ammonia-nitrogen for coastal waters is a maximum of 0.3 mg/L (Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004). $$\:\varvec{M}\varvec{A}\varvec{n}\:=\:\varvec{I}\varvec{K}\varvec{M}.\:\varvec{L}\varvec{K}\varvec{M}.\:\varvec{k}\varvec{n}$$ 4 With the provisions that \(\:IKM\) is the mangrove density index, \(\:LKM\) is the area of mangrove areas, and \(\:kn\) is constant nitrate absorption (Robertson & Phillips, 1995 ). $$\:\varvec{M}\varvec{A}\varvec{p}\:=\:\varvec{I}\varvec{K}\varvec{M}.\varvec{L}\varvec{K}\varvec{M}\:.\:\varvec{k}\varvec{p}$$ 5 With the provisions that \(\:IKM\) is the mangrove density index, \(\:LKM\:\) is the area of mangrove areas, and \(\:kp\) is the phosphorus absorption constant (Robertson & Phillips, 1995 ) $$\:\varvec{B}\varvec{A}\:=\:\varvec{J}\varvec{I}\varvec{A}.\:\varvec{V}\varvec{p}.\:\varvec{k}$$ 6 With the provisions that \(\:BA\:\) represents biological assimilation, namely, the amount of nitrate assimilated by chlorophyll-a, \(\:JIA\) represents the estimated weight of chlorophyll-an in m 3 , \(\:Vp\) represents water, and \(\:k\) represents the constant of nitrate uptake by chlorophyll-a. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Shrimp Culture Performance on Bangka Island Since 2018, shrimp farming on Bangka Island has developed rapidly, as many investors have started to invest capital. The availability of large areas and the potential for large profits have made local investors and entrepreneurs active in opening shrimp ponds. The coasts of the Bangka Islands, especially Kelabat Bay (Parittiga) and Tukak Sadai, are areas with rapid growth of shrimp ponds. On average, shrimp ponds use intensive systems with tarpaulin or concrete ponds with pond areas ranging from 1,200–2,500 m 2 . On average, shrimp ponds on the Kelabat Bay coast opened from 2020–2021, whereas those on the Tukak Sadai coast opened from 2019‒2021. The ponds used as samples have complete permits starting from location permits, environmental permits, and building construction permits. On average, ponds have an investment value of more than IDR 1.5 billion/hectare, and to continue this business, the owner must first complete several permits, such as environmental permits in the form of raw water management and processing permits, as well as waste management. Several shrimp farms with investment values below IDR 1.5 billion/hectare are registered as small- and medium-sized industrial-scale shrimp farms owned by individuals. Table 1 Pond performance on the Parittiga Coast and Tukak Sadai Coast Ponds Performance Location Parittiga Coast West Bangka Tukak Sadai Coast South Bangka Aquaculture Land Area (ha) 1-9.8 2–15 Number of active pools (pool) 5–23 11–45 Average Pool Area (m2) 1200–2500 1600–2500 Average stocking density (heads/m2) 150–220 120–130 Survival Rate (%) 40–75 56–85 FCR 1.5 1.5 Average production per farm (tons/pond/cycle) 3–8 2.5-6 Average pond production per cycle (tones/year) 40–69 50–180 Average treatment life per cycle (days) 87–98 120 Based on Table 1 , With an average pond area of 1,700–2,000 m 2 and a stocking density range of 150 head/m 2 , shrimp pond production on the Tukak Sadai and Parittiga coasts reaches an average of 4 tones/pond/cycle. In terms of production, shrimp ponds on the Tukak Sadai coast reach the ponds twice as large on Parittiga because the pond area is also twice as large. In addition, the cultivation area on the Parittiga Coast, especially the Cupat Coast and part of the lower Bakit Coast, is included in the mining business permit (IUP) area of ​​PT Timah Tbk. In contrast, the Tukak Sadai coast is free from IUP. 3.2 Water quantity analysis The establishment of shrimp ponds has a direct effect on the existence of mangrove forest areas along coasts. On average, the clearing of land for shrimp ponds on Bangka Island has occurred in close proximity to these mangrove forests. Specifically, the shrimp ponds located at Parittiga and Tukak Sadai are situated within designated mangrove forest areas. According to data from the Zoning Plan for Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K), the density of mangrove coverage varied at both research locations. The RZWP3K map for the Bangka Belitung Islands Province indicates that on the Parittiga coast, mangrove cover is found predominantly on the Cupat coast and, to a lesser extent, on the lower Bakit coast. In contrast, the Tukak Sadai coast has more extensive mangrove cover, which is seen nearly continuously along its length, with an average density ranging from sparse to dense in certain areas (Figs. 2). Figure 2 Mangrove area on the coast of Parittiga (a) Tukak Sadai Coast (b) (RZWP3K, 2021). On the basis of the acquisition of satellite image data and the RZWP3K report for the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, the mangrove area on the Parittiga coast has an area of 26.73 ha, dominated by rare category mangroves covering an area of 20.52 ha. Density is rare to moderate, with a mangrove quality index (MQI) ranging from 0–0.34. Moreover, the Tukak Sadai coast has an area of 128.07 ha, dominated by rare category mangroves covering an area of 97.38 ha. In addition, there are also mangroves in the dense category, covering an area of 5.76 ha with an MQI ranging from 0–0.43 (Table 2 ). Table 2 Water quantity parameters for the Parittiga Coast and Tukak Sadai Coast Parameter Location Parittiga Coast (PTC) West Bangka Tukak Sadai Coast (TSC) South Bangka Mangrove Cover Area (ha) 26.73 128.07 Sparse category (ha) 20.52 97.38 Moderate category (ha) 6.21 24.93 Dense Category (ha) 0 5.76 Beach Slope (%) 4.0–12.0 4.0–12.0 Tidal Range -0.79-2.76 0.30–2.09 The distance of the pond from the shoreline x (m) 32.53–301.48 80.54–249.66 Length of coastline area y (m) 591.11–2,132.93 443.48–753.17 The volume of seawater entering coastal waters Vo (m 3 ) 11,266.54–1,227,201.45 55,987.51–226,521.85 A mangrove area based on satellite image data (GIS) obtained from RZWP3K Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, several ponds adjacent to mangrove areas with a mangrove density index (MDI) in the moderate category are found on the Parittiga coast and Tukak Sadai. Mangroves with high category density index values were also found at pond locations on the Tukak Sadai coast. The role of mangroves is important in the development of shrimp farming. This is related to the sustainability of the area; if mangroves are continuously degraded, then the coastal system will experience a decline both biologically, ecologically, and economically (Juwita et al., 2015 ). Regulations applicable to mangrove protection in Indonesia are discussed by Ilman et al. ( 2016 ). Because mangrove areas are beneficial to fisheries, the central government instructed local governments to protect mangrove greenbelts. However, when the central government banned shrimp trawling in 1980, a shortage of shrimp for export resulted. This led to the expansion of shrimp farms into mangrove areas. An attempt was made to protect the mangrove area from shrimp farm installation. The green belt was required to extend a distance from the coastline of 130 times the differences in the highest and lowest tides in a calendar year. No studies on the effectiveness of this requirement for mangrove protection have been conducted. Presidential Regulation Number 73 was issued in 2012 to reform a National Mangrove Working Group and declare the National Strategy for Mangrove Ecosystem Management as a cross-sectional mangrove management strategy, which includes reforestation (Boyd et al., 2022 ). Several mangrove reforestation projects in Indonesia have been carried out in the context of coastal preservation (Astuti & Lisdayanti, 2022 ; Ledheng & Yustiningsih, 2018 ). According to calculations, the highest and lowest water volumes are found in ponds on the Parittiga coast, with values of 1,227,201.45 m 3 , and the lowest water volume, with a value of 11,266.54 m 3 . Water volume describes the capacity of water that can be used to support activities around shrimp culture and is also used to calculate the carrying capacity of a body of water to receive waste loads. The higher the water volume is, the greater the waste load received compared with water conditions with a small volume. For the quality of coastal waters to remain suitable for cultivation activities, the water bodies receiving waste (coastal waters) must have a volume between 60 and 100 times the volume of liquid waste that is discharged into coastal waters (Muqsith, 2015 ). 3.3 Water Quality Analysis Water quality analysis at the inlet, waste water treatment plant (WWTP), and outlet was conducted at the Laboratory of Fish Health and Environmental Testing Center (BPKIL) in Serang, Banten. The primary objective of inlet water analysis is to establish the quality of the seawater used as raw water in shrimp ponds. This inlet water, sourced directly from the sea and untreated, serves as a definitive indicator of seawater quality. Following collection, this water undergoes specific treatments to meet the stringent water quality standards essential for shrimp farming. The analysis of wastewater at a WWTP is critical for evaluating a treatment plant's effectiveness and ensuring compliance with mandated quality standards for wastewater released into the environment. Furthermore, surface water quality assessments are crucial for understanding the impact of shrimp farming activities on surrounding water bodies. In accordance with Governor's Regulation Number 32 of 2021, which governs the control of water pollution for shrimp pond cultivation businesses and activities, this water quality analysis follows established guidelines. The regulation contains several attachments that serve as essential references, including shrimp pond effluent quality standards for WWTP wastewater, class II river water quality standards for surface water (freshwater), and seawater quality standards designated for marine biota. These standards set the benchmark for seawater quality at the inlet, guided by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries Regulation Number 75 of 2016, which outlines general guidelines for tiger prawns ( Penaeus monodon ) and white leg shrimp ( Litopeneus vannamei ). While comprehensive analyses are not conducted on all the parameters, the selected key parameters are standard practices in environmental evaluations. To assess the environmental impact of liquid waste generated by ponds effectively, it is imperative to collect water samples from the bodies of water receiving this wastewater after it has mixed with natural water. Water quality samples from the outlet (2 points) in each pond represent these receiving water bodies. The analysis at several outlet locations indicates that some parameters exceed established quality standards, which is detailed in the accompanying Table (3). Table 3 Results of the water quality tests at the shrimp pond outlets Parameter Inlet* (Seawater) WWTP ** Outlet (Seawater)** PTC TSC PTC TSC PTC TSC pH 6.7–7.4 7.2–7.5 6.4–6.9 6.6–7.2 6.7–7.5 6.9–8.1 Temperature (ᵒC) 29.4–33.2 30.1–35.5 31.8–32.5 29.5–34.6 31.5–32.2 31.5–33.9 Salinity (g/l) 20–25 25–30 0–20 5–19 0–30 11–28 Dissolve Oxygen (mg/l) 13.5–31.9 3.8–6.5 2.6–10.6 1.5–7.2 13.5–22 2.8-4 Ammonia (mg/l) < 0.07–0.7 0.09–0.17 0.45–11.28 0.16–1.58 0.13–0.32 ttd-4.29 Nitrite (mg/l) ttd-0.008 0.007–0.01 < 0,007-0.05 0.007–0.07 ttd-0.15 ttd-0.01 Nitrate (mg/l) < 0.37 0.53–0.68 0.67–2.59 < 0.37–0.8 < 0,37-0.46 0.42–0.98 Phospate (mg/l) ttd-0.39 < 0.01-ttd 0.06–4.08 ttd-0.39 0.04–0.82 ttd-0.04 TSS (mg/l) 14.4–30.6 6.4–37 0.4-62.75 7.8-33.17 12.4–21.4 2.2–3.6 BOD (mg/l) 0.59–4.83 0.58–2.35 0.78-14 0.63–6.96 0.14–0.54 0.37–4.6 COD (mg/l) 131.5–304 105.6-156.1 ttd-1745.6 73.8- 1081.6 ttd-440 66.3-214.2 * Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 75/Permen-KP/2016 concerning General Guidelines for Tiger Prawns ( Penaeus monodon ) and White Leg Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) ** Governor of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Regulation No. 32 of 2020, a derivative of Minister of Environment Regulation No. 54 of 2004. The results unequivocally demonstrate that several parameters exceed the required quality standards at the inlet, WWTP, and outlet. At the inlet, the primary noncompliant parameters are pH, temperature, and salinity. However, the analysis indicates that these conditions are typical of local waters. Additionally, this inlet water is stored in a reservoir pond and treated to achieve the desired water quality for shrimp culture. Water samples from the final pool of the WWTP are collected to reflect the quality of wastewater that has undergone processing and is poised for release into the environment. The analysis revealed that 50% of these samples exceeded the chemical oxygen demand (COD) quality standard, with one sample also surpassing the ammonia quality standard. COD is a critical measure of the dissolved oxygen required for the chemical degradation of difficult-to-biodegrade organic substances. According to Boyd ( 2003 ), elevated COD values align with increased organic material content in water. The excessive use of fertilizers to stimulate phytoplankton growth and overfeeding during shrimp cultivation significantly contributes to the high COD levels observed (Tamyiz M., 2015 ). The results of the water quality analysis indicate that five locations exceed the chemical oxygen demand (COD) quality standards, and several other parameters are also above the acceptable limits at various sites. In particular, the waters of Tukak Sadai present multiple water quality parameters that surpass these standards, specifically dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and COD. There are several reasons why the water parameters exceed the quality standards; although the shrimp ponds in Tukak Sadai have implemented the SOP CBIB (good fish cultivation method) in the high category, some parameters still exceed the quality standards. This can occur because the absorption of the given feed is not optimal. Although the FCR has reached a standard value, if the feeding arrangement is inconsistent, the ability of shrimp to absorb feed can be disrupted. In addition, most of the nutrients from feed and fertilizers remain in the pond and contribute to primary production and additional feed for shrimp and fish. Nutrients are released during water exchange in ponds and after harvest when pond sludge is removed, the latter being an important component of the waste load (Telfer et al., 2013 ). BOD and COD are crucial for assessing wastewater quality, as they serve as indicators of organic material pollution (Andika et al., 2020 ). The nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, BOD, and COD parameters are closely associated with organic matter pollution in water bodies. The elevated COD levels in these waters are believed to be linked to organic waste from aquaculture activities, particularly leftover feed that is not consumed by domesticated shrimp, which is prevalent in the area (Firdaus et al., 2023; Yusuf & Handoyo, 2014). In aquaculture, feed is generally the largest source of organic pollution, adding to nutrient loads in coastal waters with negative impacts on ecosystems and organic waste impacts, including increased concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, total organic matter, and chemical oxygen demand (Paena, et al., 2024). Inadequate feeding practices that do not align with shrimp size can lead to increased nitrate and phosphorus levels in the environment, potentially causing eutrophication. This process can trigger algal blooms, which ultimately reduce the oxygen levels in the water (Harianja et al., 2018). The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus during the aquaculture activities was the greatest contributor to the environmental deterioration in areas where culturing takes place and feed accounted for the greatest input of nitrogen (> 90%) and phosphorus (> 95%) (Yang et al., 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2018 ). 3.4 Water Carrying Capacity of Shrimp Ponds The carrying capacity (CC) of a water area is defined as the ability to produce biota (fish/shrimp) without showing signs of damage to water quality (Widigdo and Pariwono, 2003). The CC of the environment is closely related to the assimilation capacity, which describes the amount of waste that can be discharged into the environment without causing pollution (UNEP 1993). The CC assessment reveals the ability of water bodies to assimilate the nutrient load in the identified areas for shrimp farming. Apart from site availability, the CC of supporting waterbodies should be able to accommodate the nutrient load from shrimp farms or, otherwise, lead to failure (Jayanthi et al., 2020 ). The CC of the waters will provide information on the optimum intensive pond area that can still be sustainably managed (Paena et al., 2023 ). Table 4 Results of water carrying capacity for shrimp farming Parameter Parittiga Coast West Bangka Tukak Sadai Coast South Bangka Mangrove Absorption Nitrogen (MAN) (kg/year) 0–462.39 0–542.41 AL Nitrat (kg) 5.18–463.88 55.37–91.02 BA Nitrat (kg/year) 0.00–0.47 0.02–0.09 Carrying Capacity Mass Balance (CCMB) Nitrate (mg/L) 0.00–0.99 (0.45) − 0.99 Mangrove Absorption Phosphorus (MAP) (kg/year) 0.00–42.23 0.00–49.54 AL Phospat (kg) 0.05–0.58 0.44–17.86 BA Phospat (kg/year) 0.01–1.39 0.06–0.26 Carrying Capacity Mass Balance (CCMB) Phosphate (mg/L) 0.001–12.78 (0.27) − 0.32 Maximum pond volume (m 3 ) 866.018– 1.753.912 276.522–450.580 Maximum supported pond area (ha) 86,60– 175,39 27,65–45,05 The modified mass balance model has been used to predict the excessive nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (P) waste from shrimp ponds, which has the potential to accumulate in coastal waters (refer to Table 4 ). Generally, a larger mangrove area surrounding a shrimp farming location improves the CC of the shrimp pond. Mangroves in the Tukak Sadai region exhibit high capacities for nitrogen and phosphorus absorption; however, the intensive shrimp farming in the area significantly strains its environmental carrying capacity. The considerable waste discharged during farming profoundly impacts nutrient assimilation within the aquatic ecosystem. The efficiency of waste assimilation is largely determined by factors such as the extent of mangrove coverage and the chlorophyll-a concentration in the waters. Negative values in the carrying capacity mass balance (CCMB) calculation for nitrate and phosphate were observed in ponds along the Tukak Sadai coast. This indicates that mangrove assimilation during the decomposition and absorption of these two elements is increasing. Additionally, the role of chlorophyll-a, which was calculated using the modified Tookwinas formula from 1998, supports this finding. The calculation revealed that the potential area for shrimp pond development on the Parittiga coast is 175.39 hectares, while on the Tukak Sadai coast, it is only 45.06 hectares. When comparing the maximum pond area that can be supported against current conditions, it is evident that the ponds on the Tukak Sadai coast exceed this maximum calculation. Currently, the area of shrimp ponds along the Tukak Sadai coast has reached 307.16 hectares, surpassing the carrying capacity (CC) of Tukak Sadai coastal waters, which is 262.1 hectares (representing 85.3% overcapacity). This situation is attributed to the lower seawater quality on the Tukak Sadai coast, as indicated by the elevated nitrate levels at the pond inlet, which exceeds seawater quality standards (Table 3 ). Meanwhile, the current area of shrimp ponds on the Parittiga coast is 165.1 hectares, and the carrying capacity of Parittiga coastal waters remains suitable for an additional pond area of 10.29 hectares. Several factors are responsible for the currently smaller CC of Tukak Sadai coastal waters compared to the existing shrimp pond area, although almost all of the coastal area was covered by mangroves. The fact that the ponds were completely emptied after a total harvest when the visit for water sampling was carried out. The major part of the nutrients and organic matter is likely released into the environment at the time of harvest due to the high concentration at the late production stage (Herbeck et al., 2013 ). Also, water sampling and measurements were conducted in July and August, coinciding with the peak dry season at the location. This timing resulted in a relatively minor increase in salinity and nutrient dilution in the coastal area. During the rainy season, water quality changes from ensuring compliance with water quality standards and being polluted, while in the dry season, it becomes heavily contaminated (Mustafa et al., 2022 ). In addition, the location of the outlet close to the inlet water source poses another challenge. The volume of water entering the Tukak Sadai coast is not as large as the volume of water entering the Parittiga coast. Water volume is closely related to the ability of water to accommodate waste loads. The higher the volume of water, the greater the waste load received can be compared to water conditions with a small volume (Muqsith, 2015 ). Furthermore, outlets that are still in direct contact with the ground or along drainage canals can affect seawater quality. It is recommended that sludge disposal areas or ponds be constructed to prevent suspended solids from settling at the bottom (Tookwinas, 1998 ). 4. Conclusion The mangrove coverage density of shrimp pond areas on the coast of Parittiga, West Bangka Regency, is sparse to moderate. In contrast, that of the coast of Tukak Sadai, South Bangka Regency, is moderate to dense. The potential area of shrimp ponds that can be developed on the Parittiga coast is 175.39 ha, whereas that on the Tukak Sadai coast is 45.06 ha. The current area of shrimp ponds on the Parittiga coast is 165.1 ha, and the carrying capacity of the Parittiga coastal waters is still suitable for an additional pond area of 10.29 Ha. However, the area of shrimp ponds on the Tukak Sadai coast has now reached 307.16 ha, so it has exceeded the carrying capacity of Tukak Sadai coastal waters, which is 262.1 ha or 85.3%. This is because the quality of seawater on the Tukak Sadai coast is lower than that on the Parittiga coast, as indicated by the nitrate at the pond inlet, which exceeds seawater quality standards. The policy recommendations for developing shrimp aquaculture include the following: 1) Improving the quality of human resources. This is in accordance with Sagita et al. (2015), who believe that the greatest threat to shrimp ponds is disease. Therefore, pond owners can improve the competency and professionalism of human resources through training and counseling activities. In addition, increasing cultivation production results from participatory activities, mutually beneficial cooperation and partnerships. 2) Determination of zoning for the development of shrimp cultivation fisheries. The main priority is the formulation of regulations governing technology standards and technology development zones. 3) Implementation of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) can reduce the concentration of pond waste loads that are discharged into the aquatic environment so that it can increase the carrying capacity of waters for the sustainable development of superintensive ponds. Declarations CRediT AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT Yeyen Mardyani: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, original draft. Kukuh Nirmala: Supervision, Validation, Conceptualization. Endang Bidayani: Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Ahmad Fahrul Syarif: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Mohammad Agung Nugraha: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Refa Riskiana: Writing-original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Fahri Setiawan: Investigation, Visualization. Arief Febrianto: Supervision, Validation. DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST The authors declare there are no competing financial interests/personal relationships. Author Contribution YM designed the experiment, wrote and revised the article; KN: provided essential ideas for the experimental design and article supervision; EB performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and data curation; AFS and MAN conducted methodology, investigation, and analyzed the data. RR contributed to the writing, investigation, and analysis of the data; FS prepared figures and conducted the investigation; AF contributed to supervision and validation of the data. Acknowledgement This research is part of the Research and Development in the Fisheries and Maritime Sector in 2022, which was funded through the Regional Budget of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province in collaboration with the University of Bangka Belitung. We thank the shrimp pond operators on the coasts of West Bangka and South Bangka as research respondents, the Serang Banten Laboratory, the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, and the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs of the Bangka Regency, as well as the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) University of Bangka Belitung. DATA AVAILABILITY Data will be made available on request References Adibrata S, Yusuf M, Irvani, Firdaus M (2021) Contamination of Heavy Metals (Pb and Cu) at Tin Sea Mining Field and Its Impact to Marine Tourism and Fisheries. Ilmu Kelautan: Indonesian J Mar Sci 26(June):79–86. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.26.2.79-86 Affressia R, Poedjirahajoe E, Hasanbahri S (2017) Characteristic Of Mangrove Habitat Around Tin Offshore Mining in South Bangka Regency. 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Belitung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Agung","lastName":"Nugraha","suffix":""},{"id":400023047,"identity":"d4b32e1f-4913-4acd-ae15-4c413fba2ef0","order_by":5,"name":"Fahri Setiawan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bangka Belitung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fahri","middleName":"","lastName":"Setiawan","suffix":""},{"id":400023048,"identity":"f24e46fb-0bb0-4806-9813-3edcd3c06eee","order_by":6,"name":"Refa Riskiana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Environmental and Forestry Service of Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Refa","middleName":"","lastName":"Riskiana","suffix":""},{"id":400023049,"identity":"9ef88c4f-85e2-4136-b2b0-c514a390018d","order_by":7,"name":"Arief Febrianto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marine and Fisheries Service of Kepulauan Bangka Belitung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arief","middleName":"","lastName":"Febrianto","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-07 09:08:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5779710/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5779710/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73865687,"identity":"87233bad-8413-4806-aa90-82865460766c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:47:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":194272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch location on Bangka Island in Parittiga and Tukak sadai Waters (source: Regional Development Planning and Research Agency of Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, 2022)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5779710/v1/39f68155b70e4820f3ef3d13.jpeg"},{"id":73865688,"identity":"25606d1e-7213-4345-8ecc-48eb1417c5c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:47:50","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMangrove area on the coast of Parittiga (a) Tukak Sadai Coast (b) (RZWP3K, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5779710/v1/ea6f46c9092dba1789c99efd.png"},{"id":91137337,"identity":"b30aeacc-4ef4-4ef2-857d-2505e2f4568e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 03:53:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1212683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5779710/v1/f41e62d1-123a-4bd3-8698-33a37524d684.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Overview of the carrying capacity for shrimp farming sustainability: the case of Bangka Island, Indonesia","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe rapid growth of shrimp farming has caused various problems that affect environmental sustainability and water carrying capacity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe mass balance model is used to assess the environmental impact of pond waste and water carrying capacity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe shrimp farming shows that the carrying capacity of waters for pond cultivation based on the mass balance model is still possible to be developed\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIt is necessary to install the installation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in every shrimp farming, as well as increase the ability of WWTP to reduce waste by 80%.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e In 2022, shrimp became the major aquaculture species worldwide, accounting for 51.7% of the total crustacean production. In the same year, FAO data classified Indonesia as the fourth largest crustacean producer, with production reaching 892,000 tons, accounting for 30.7% of the world\u0026rsquo;s crustacean production (FAO, 2022). The Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) reported shrimp as the commodity with the largest export volume, reaching 239.28\u0026nbsp;million kg, with a value of US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 2.04\u0026nbsp;billion in 2020. Shrimp also contributed 18.95% of the total export volume of fishery products last year and had a competitive advantage in the U.S. market (Sanny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This makes shrimp commodities the main and leading fishery subsector (Wati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), especially through fishery commodity exports (Amelia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This is inseparable from the pressure on the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries' target to increase aquaculture production by 61% in the next 10 years, as stated in Presidential Regulation Number 2 of 2015 concerning the Medium Term Development Plans (Ilman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). To accelerate the achievement of the shrimp production target of 2\u0026nbsp;million tons and shrimp exports of 250% by 2024, the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry of Maritime and Investment is taking several steps to revive the National Shrimp Industry, such as simplifying business licensing and investment in shrimp ponds as well as emphasizing policies to support the business climate conducive to shrimp. However, the targeting of large export commodities has caused shrimp farming to have worrisome socioeconomic and environmental impacts (Bosman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), especially contributing to a decrease in mangrove areas (Boyd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Bunting et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Godoy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ilman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Shimoda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRapid expansion has fueled concerns over the utilization of water resources that exceed the carrying capacity and subsequent failure of shrimp culture (Ross et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of shrimp aquaculture has exceeded the carrying capacity of source water bodies, resulting in negative impacts on productivity and the occurrence of diseases (Muralidhar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The shrimp farming industry is receiving increasing criticism, as effluent discharged from shrimp farms can be a major source of pollution in estuarine and marine ecosystems (Bui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Henares et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), especially from intensive and super intensive farming (Hastuti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, the effluents from shrimp\u0026ndash;mangrove cultures, which contain high levels of sediment and nutrients, have had a detrimental impact on the surrounding mangrove ecosystems and offshore environments (Hargan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Increasing land-based shrimp farming ultimately leads to the clearing of mangrove forests, increased use of feed and fertilizer, and inappropriate use of chemicals, which can harm the environment (Boyd, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; De Lacerda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Tarunamulia \u0026amp; Mustafa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). More intensive shrimp farming practices produce large quantities of effluent with high particle loads and ammonia concentrations, which in many cases pollute the water used for future shrimp production; in other words, mangroves function as filters of shrimp pond effluent necessary to remove nutrients from shrimp pond effluent via budgets of nitrogen and phosphorus (Robertson \u0026amp; Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). To reduce nitrogen and phosphorus waste, a quantitative understanding of the nutrient mass balance and fluxes associated with the various components of the culture system is needed (Mariscal-Lagarda \u0026amp; P\u0026aacute;ez-Osuna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrying capacity (CC) is an important parameter for measuring the amount of nutrient load generated and the ability of microorganisms in water bodies to assimilate waste. Finding the supporting capacity of water bodies to assimilate nutrient loads is an important requirement when planning the expansion of aquaculture (Jayanthi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and ensuring the continuity of intensive pond aquaculture activities in an area (Paena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The assessment of CC is one of the most important tools for the technical assessment of not only the environmental sustainability of aquaculture but also the ecosystem, watershed and global scales (Telfer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Several models that are most widely used to calculate environmental CC are currently in use for aquaculture, namely, those based on water availability to receive waste from shrimp ponds (Paena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Tamsil et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and those based on the available capacity of dissolved oxygen in the water column to decompose organic waste (Liufeto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Tamsil et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Although shrimp culture is necessary for food security and foreign currency acquisition, the area ratio for sustainable shrimp culture can be determined by estimating the mangrove area necessary for the purification of effluents (Shimoda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The rapid growth of shrimp ponds must be accompanied by environmental management of the area so that the sustainability of shrimp culture can be maintained and economic benefits can be provided without neglecting ecosystem sustainability. A comprehensive study regarding the CC of the waters needs to be conducted to provide representative information on current shrimp pond developments, as well as to determine the maximum pond area that can maintain environmental and social impacts at a manageable and acceptable level to then serve as input for sustainable shrimp farming management policies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBangka Island is part of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, which is one of the investment targets for shrimp pond development. As an archipelagic region, the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province has potential land for brackish aquaculture of 64,050 Ha. In 2022, the area of shrimp ponds will reach 582.44 ha, an increase of 292.93 ha from 2017 (Marine and Fisheries Agency Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, 2022). Most of the coastal areas of Bangka Island are targeted for investment in shrimp pond development. Sampling was conducted in two coastal areas that have become locations for the development of shrimp farming over the last five years, namely, the Parittiga coast, West Bangka Regency, and the Tukak Sadai coast, South Bangka Regency (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This area was chosen on the basis of the development of the shrimp pond area over the last five years. Shrimp ponds on the coast of the West Bangka Regency experienced an increase in area of 67.9%, from 67.600 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in 2018 to 210.690 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in 2022. Moreover, on the coast of South Bangka Regency, the area of shrimp ponds increased, reaching 95.5%, from 3.560 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in 2018 to 79.700 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in 2022 (Marine and Fisheries Agency Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, 2022). A significant increase in the land area of shrimp ponds requires attention to the environmental capacity and the CC of waters in accommodating the waste load released by shrimp ponds. In addition, most of the waters on the coast of Bangka Island are marine tin mining areas. The increasingly massive amount of marine tin mining activities in the last decade have resulted in environmental degradation and a decrease in water quality due to waste from marine tin mining, especially illegal tin mining (Adibrata et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Affressia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Bidayani \u0026amp; Kurniawan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kurniawan et al., 2019; Mardyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Mardyani \u0026amp; Lindawati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nurdin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ramadona et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rosyida et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Various economic activities in coastal and aquatic areas ranging from aquaculture activities to marine mining pressure the ability of waters to accommodate the burden of waste and waste from these activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data Selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements carried out in situ include the parameters pH (pH meter), temperature (thermometer), salinity (refractometer), and DO (DO meter). Moreover, for ex situ measurements, including the parameters ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), nitrate (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), phosphate (PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), BOD and COD, water samples were taken to be tested in the laboratory. In each pond, water samples are taken from three station points in the pond, i.e., the inlet point (water source that enters the pond), inside the pond (Wastewater Treatment Plant), and outlet (water flow that exits the pond). Water samples were collected in 1-liter polypropylene sample bottles. Each water sample was subjected to 3\u0026ndash;4 drops of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as a preservative, except for the BOD parameters of the water samples. Each bottle was wrapped in aluminum foil, given a station code, and then placed in an ice box at 4\u0026deg;C. The samples are then sent to the Serang Banten Fish and Environmental Health Testing Laboratory within 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1 Water quantity analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantity of seawater receiving waste must be sufficient to receive the waste load so that the waters are not polluted and are still in a suitable status for other uses, including aquaculture, and can be one of the variables for anticipating waste loads (Tarunamulia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis uses an approach based on maximum shrimp production and the ability of the coastal water environment to receive shrimp culture waste. The basis for the calculation is the volume of available water or water availability on the coast, which is based on the volume of seawater entering the coastal area (seawater supply entering coastal waters), according to Widigdo and Pariwono (2003), with the following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{V}_{0}=0.5\\:hy\\:\\left(2x-\\:\\frac{h}{tq\\:\\theta\\:}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{V}_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the volume of seawater entering coastal waters (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:h\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the local tidal range (m); \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:y\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the length of the coastline (m); \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:x\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the distance from the coastline (tide time) to the location where seawater is taken (water intake) for pond purposes (m); and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:tq\\:\\theta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the beach/seabed slope angle (ᵒ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the basis of calculations of the maximum acceptable waste capacity (Alison 1981 in Widigdo \u0026amp; Soewardi 2002), the maximum amount of intensive pond waste that can be naturally assimilated by water is 0.01 of the available water volume. The volume of water entering coastal waters (Vo) is the volume of water at one tide. If the tidal type is semidiurnal or double, there are two high tides and two low tides in a day (24 hours); then, the volume of water entering coastal waters is two times Vo. The number of waste-receiving water bodies (the volume of water entering coastal waters) is 100 times the maximum amount of pond waste discharged into coastal waters. If the maximum liquid waste from the pond that is discharged into public waters is 10% of the total volume of pond water, then the maximum volume of pond water\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10% of the volume of public water (water that enters coastal waters); this volume is called the water available for the pond. If the average water depth is 1 m and the average daily water change is 10% of the pond volume, then the water requirement for 1 ha of pond per day\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,000 m2 \u0026times; 0.1 \u0026times; 1 m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,000 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The pond area (ha) that can be built is the volume of water available for the pond divided by 10,000 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2 Water Quality Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater quality analysis uses several parameters on the basis of the quality of the water source according to the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 75 of 2016 concerning the General Guidelines for Tiger Prawns (\u003cem\u003ePenaeus monodon\u003c/em\u003e) and White Leg Shrimp (\u003cem\u003eLitopenaeus vannamei\u003c/em\u003e) and the Governor of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Regulation Number 32 of 2020, a derivative of the Minister of Environment Regulation Number 54 of 2004.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.3 Mass balance model analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the water body receiving the discharge water from shrimp farming, CC can be defined in terms of the maximum nutrient loading that the water body can assimilate without exceeding the permissible levels (Muralidhar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The CC of the mass balance model is a measurement of field data used to detect the environmental impact of pond waste and the CC of coastal waters on Bangka Island. The data required for the CC analysis of this mass balance model consisted of estimates of the amount of wasted nitrate (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) and phosphorus (P\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), the ability of mangroves to take up NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and P\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and the ability of microalgae and bacteria in the water to assimilate NO3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass balance equations can be produced using various waste parameters, such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Barg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). The estimation of CC via the mass balance model concept uses the Tchobanoglous 1990 and Predalumpaburt 1996 formulas with modifications from Tookwinas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e (Tookwinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). This modification was carried out because no ponds were considered sufficient to exist in each of the specified pond locations. Predictions of the disposal of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and P\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e waste from shrimp ponds are obtained, which are wasted and have the potential to accumulate in coastal waters, both after going through the waste treatment process first and after going through the waste treatment process first at the shrimp pond disposal system and after the process of assimilation and overhaul by mangroves and microalgae, the predicted results of waste accumulation can be used to calculate or evaluate the maximum area of land that may be cleared for shrimp pond activities. With the following formulation:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{C}\\varvec{C}\\varvec{m}\\varvec{b}\\varvec{N}=\\frac{\\varvec{A}\\varvec{L}-(\\varvec{M}\\varvec{A}\\varvec{n}+\\varvec{B}\\varvec{A})}{\\varvec{V}\\varvec{p}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand,\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{C}\\varvec{C}\\varvec{m}\\varvec{b}\\varvec{P}=\\frac{\\varvec{A}\\varvec{L}-(\\varvec{M}\\varvec{A}\\varvec{p}+\\varvec{B}\\varvec{A})}{\\varvec{V}\\varvec{p}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the provision that CCmb has the capacity mass balance, CCmbN has the capacity mass balance nitrate, CCmbP has the capacity mass balance phosphorus, which measures the amount of nitrate and phosphorus that enters coastal waters after being used by mangrove plants and microalgae around the coast, AL has the capacity mass balance, MAn has the ability to absorb nitrogen, MAp has the ability to absorb phosphorus, BA has the ability to perform biological assimilation, and Vp has the water quantity. The safe concentration of ammonia-nitrogen is 0.1 mg/L (Tookwinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), and the safe concentration of ammonia-nitrogen for coastal waters is a maximum of 0.3 mg/L (Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{M}\\varvec{A}\\varvec{n}\\:=\\:\\varvec{I}\\varvec{K}\\varvec{M}.\\:\\varvec{L}\\varvec{K}\\varvec{M}.\\:\\varvec{k}\\varvec{n}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the provisions that \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:IKM\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the mangrove density index, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:LKM\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the area of mangrove areas, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:kn\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is constant nitrate absorption (Robertson \u0026amp; Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{M}\\varvec{A}\\varvec{p}\\:=\\:\\varvec{I}\\varvec{K}\\varvec{M}.\\varvec{L}\\varvec{K}\\varvec{M}\\:.\\:\\varvec{k}\\varvec{p}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the provisions that \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:IKM\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the mangrove density index, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:LKM\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the area of mangrove areas, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:kp\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the phosphorus absorption constant (Robertson \u0026amp; Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e)\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{B}\\varvec{A}\\:=\\:\\varvec{J}\\varvec{I}\\varvec{A}.\\:\\varvec{V}\\varvec{p}.\\:\\varvec{k}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the provisions that \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:BA\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e represents biological assimilation, namely, the amount of nitrate assimilated by chlorophyll-a, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:JIA\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e represents the estimated weight of chlorophyll-an in m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:Vp\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e represents water, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:k\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e represents the constant of nitrate uptake by chlorophyll-a.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Shrimp Culture Performance on Bangka Island\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince 2018, shrimp farming on Bangka Island has developed rapidly, as many investors have started to invest capital. The availability of large areas and the potential for large profits have made local investors and entrepreneurs active in opening shrimp ponds. The coasts of the Bangka Islands, especially Kelabat Bay (Parittiga) and Tukak Sadai, are areas with rapid growth of shrimp ponds. On average, shrimp ponds use intensive systems with tarpaulin or concrete ponds with pond areas ranging from 1,200\u0026ndash;2,500 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. On average, shrimp ponds on the Kelabat Bay coast opened from 2020\u0026ndash;2021, whereas those on the Tukak Sadai coast opened from 2019‒2021. The ponds used as samples have complete permits starting from location permits, environmental permits, and building construction permits. On average, ponds have an investment value of more than IDR 1.5\u0026nbsp;billion/hectare, and to continue this business, the owner must first complete several permits, such as environmental permits in the form of raw water management and processing permits, as well as waste management. Several shrimp farms with investment values below IDR 1.5\u0026nbsp;billion/hectare are registered as small- and medium-sized industrial-scale shrimp farms owned by individuals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePond performance on the Parittiga Coast and Tukak Sadai Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePonds Performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParittiga Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bangka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTukak Sadai Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Bangka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAquaculture Land Area (ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of active pools (pool)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Pool Area (m2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1600\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage stocking density (heads/m2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u0026ndash;220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u0026ndash;130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival Rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage production per farm (tons/pond/cycle)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage pond production per cycle (tones/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage treatment life per cycle (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u0026ndash;98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, With an average pond area of 1,700\u0026ndash;2,000 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and a stocking density range of 150 head/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, shrimp pond production on the Tukak Sadai and Parittiga coasts reaches an average of 4 tones/pond/cycle. In terms of production, shrimp ponds on the Tukak Sadai coast reach the ponds twice as large on Parittiga because the pond area is also twice as large. In addition, the cultivation area on the Parittiga Coast, especially the Cupat Coast and part of the lower Bakit Coast, is included in the mining business permit (IUP) area of ​​PT Timah Tbk. In contrast, the Tukak Sadai coast is free from IUP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Water quantity analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe establishment of shrimp ponds has a direct effect on the existence of mangrove forest areas along coasts. On average, the clearing of land for shrimp ponds on Bangka Island has occurred in close proximity to these mangrove forests. Specifically, the shrimp ponds located at Parittiga and Tukak Sadai are situated within designated mangrove forest areas. According to data from the Zoning Plan for Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K), the density of mangrove coverage varied at both research locations. The RZWP3K map for the Bangka Belitung Islands Province indicates that on the Parittiga coast, mangrove cover is found predominantly on the Cupat coast and, to a lesser extent, on the lower Bakit coast. In contrast, the Tukak Sadai coast has more extensive mangrove cover, which is seen nearly continuously along its length, with an average density ranging from sparse to dense in certain areas (Figs.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 2\u003c/b\u003e Mangrove area on the coast of Parittiga (a) Tukak Sadai Coast (b) (RZWP3K, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the basis of the acquisition of satellite image data and the RZWP3K report for the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, the mangrove area on the Parittiga coast has an area of 26.73 ha, dominated by rare category mangroves covering an area of 20.52 ha. Density is rare to moderate, with a mangrove quality index (MQI) ranging from 0\u0026ndash;0.34. Moreover, the Tukak Sadai coast has an area of 128.07 ha, dominated by rare category mangroves covering an area of 97.38 ha. In addition, there are also mangroves in the dense category, covering an area of 5.76 ha with an MQI ranging from 0\u0026ndash;0.43 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater quantity parameters for the Parittiga Coast and Tukak Sadai Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParittiga Coast (PTC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bangka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTukak Sadai Coast (TSC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Bangka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMangrove Cover Area (ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparse category (ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate category (ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDense Category (ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeach Slope (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026ndash;12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026ndash;12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidal Range\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.79-2.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026ndash;2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distance of the pond from the shoreline x (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.53\u0026ndash;301.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.54\u0026ndash;249.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of coastline area y (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591.11\u0026ndash;2,132.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e443.48\u0026ndash;753.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe volume of seawater entering coastal waters Vo (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,266.54\u0026ndash;1,227,201.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,987.51\u0026ndash;226,521.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA mangrove area based on satellite image data (GIS) obtained from RZWP3K Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, several ponds adjacent to mangrove areas with a mangrove density index (MDI) in the moderate category are found on the Parittiga coast and Tukak Sadai. Mangroves with high category density index values were also found at pond locations on the Tukak Sadai coast. The role of mangroves is important in the development of shrimp farming. This is related to the sustainability of the area; if mangroves are continuously degraded, then the coastal system will experience a decline both biologically, ecologically, and economically (Juwita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulations applicable to mangrove protection in Indonesia are discussed by Ilman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Because mangrove areas are beneficial to fisheries, the central government instructed local governments to protect mangrove greenbelts. However, when the central government banned shrimp trawling in 1980, a shortage of shrimp for export resulted. This led to the expansion of shrimp farms into mangrove areas. An attempt was made to protect the mangrove area from shrimp farm installation. The green belt was required to extend a distance from the coastline of 130 times the differences in the highest and lowest tides in a calendar year. No studies on the effectiveness of this requirement for mangrove protection have been conducted. Presidential Regulation Number 73 was issued in 2012 to reform a National Mangrove Working Group and declare the National Strategy for Mangrove Ecosystem Management as a cross-sectional mangrove management strategy, which includes reforestation (Boyd et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Several mangrove reforestation projects in Indonesia have been carried out in the context of coastal preservation (Astuti \u0026amp; Lisdayanti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Ledheng \u0026amp; Yustiningsih, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to calculations, the highest and lowest water volumes are found in ponds on the Parittiga coast, with values of 1,227,201.45 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, and the lowest water volume, with a value of 11,266.54 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Water volume describes the capacity of water that can be used to support activities around shrimp culture and is also used to calculate the carrying capacity of a body of water to receive waste loads. The higher the water volume is, the greater the waste load received compared with water conditions with a small volume. For the quality of coastal waters to remain suitable for cultivation activities, the water bodies receiving waste (coastal waters) must have a volume between 60 and 100 times the volume of liquid waste that is discharged into coastal waters (Muqsith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Water Quality Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater quality analysis at the inlet, waste water treatment plant (WWTP), and outlet was conducted at the Laboratory of Fish Health and Environmental Testing Center (BPKIL) in Serang, Banten. The primary objective of inlet water analysis is to establish the quality of the seawater used as raw water in shrimp ponds. This inlet water, sourced directly from the sea and untreated, serves as a definitive indicator of seawater quality. Following collection, this water undergoes specific treatments to meet the stringent water quality standards essential for shrimp farming. The analysis of wastewater at a WWTP is critical for evaluating a treatment plant's effectiveness and ensuring compliance with mandated quality standards for wastewater released into the environment. Furthermore, surface water quality assessments are crucial for understanding the impact of shrimp farming activities on surrounding water bodies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance with Governor's Regulation Number 32 of 2021, which governs the control of water pollution for shrimp pond cultivation businesses and activities, this water quality analysis follows established guidelines. The regulation contains several attachments that serve as essential references, including shrimp pond effluent quality standards for WWTP wastewater, class II river water quality standards for surface water (freshwater), and seawater quality standards designated for marine biota. These standards set the benchmark for seawater quality at the inlet, guided by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries Regulation Number 75 of 2016, which outlines general guidelines for tiger prawns (\u003cem\u003ePenaeus monodon\u003c/em\u003e) and white leg shrimp (\u003cem\u003eLitopeneus vannamei\u003c/em\u003e). While comprehensive analyses are not conducted on all the parameters, the selected key parameters are standard practices in environmental evaluations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the environmental impact of liquid waste generated by ponds effectively, it is imperative to collect water samples from the bodies of water receiving this wastewater after it has mixed with natural water. Water quality samples from the outlet (2 points) in each pond represent these receiving water bodies. The analysis at several outlet locations indicates that some parameters exceed established quality standards, which is detailed in the accompanying Table\u0026nbsp;(3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the water quality tests at the shrimp pond outlets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInlet* (Seawater)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWWTP **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutlet (Seawater)**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026ndash;7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026ndash;6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026ndash;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026ndash;8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (ᵒC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u0026ndash;33.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026ndash;35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u0026ndash;32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u0026ndash;34.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u0026ndash;32.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u0026ndash;33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity (g/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissolve Oxygen (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026ndash;31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026ndash;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026ndash;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026ndash;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmmonia (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026ndash;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026ndash;11.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026ndash;1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026ndash;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-4.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrite (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026ndash;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,007-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026ndash;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrate (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026ndash;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026ndash;2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,37-0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026ndash;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhospate (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01-ttd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026ndash;4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026ndash;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u0026ndash;30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026ndash;37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4-62.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8-33.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u0026ndash;21.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026ndash;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBOD (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026ndash;4.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026ndash;2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026ndash;6.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026ndash;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026ndash;4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOD (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.5\u0026ndash;304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.6-156.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-1745.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.8- 1081.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ettd-440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3-214.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e* Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 75/Permen-KP/2016 concerning General Guidelines for Tiger Prawns (\u003cem\u003ePenaeus monodon\u003c/em\u003e) and White Leg Shrimp (\u003cem\u003eLitopenaeus vannamei\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e** Governor of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Regulation No. 32 of 2020, a derivative of Minister of Environment Regulation No. 54 of 2004.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results unequivocally demonstrate that several parameters exceed the required quality standards at the inlet, WWTP, and outlet. At the inlet, the primary noncompliant parameters are pH, temperature, and salinity. However, the analysis indicates that these conditions are typical of local waters. Additionally, this inlet water is stored in a reservoir pond and treated to achieve the desired water quality for shrimp culture. Water samples from the final pool of the WWTP are collected to reflect the quality of wastewater that has undergone processing and is poised for release into the environment. The analysis revealed that 50% of these samples exceeded the chemical oxygen demand (COD) quality standard, with one sample also surpassing the ammonia quality standard. COD is a critical measure of the dissolved oxygen required for the chemical degradation of difficult-to-biodegrade organic substances. According to Boyd (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), elevated COD values align with increased organic material content in water. The excessive use of fertilizers to stimulate phytoplankton growth and overfeeding during shrimp cultivation significantly contributes to the high COD levels observed (Tamyiz M., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the water quality analysis indicate that five locations exceed the chemical oxygen demand (COD) quality standards, and several other parameters are also above the acceptable limits at various sites. In particular, the waters of Tukak Sadai present multiple water quality parameters that surpass these standards, specifically dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and COD. There are several reasons why the water parameters exceed the quality standards; although the shrimp ponds in Tukak Sadai have implemented the SOP CBIB (good fish cultivation method) in the high category, some parameters still exceed the quality standards. This can occur because the absorption of the given feed is not optimal. Although the FCR has reached a standard value, if the feeding arrangement is inconsistent, the ability of shrimp to absorb feed can be disrupted. In addition, most of the nutrients from feed and fertilizers remain in the pond and contribute to primary production and additional feed for shrimp and fish.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrients are released during water exchange in ponds and after harvest when pond sludge is removed, the latter being an important component of the waste load (Telfer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). BOD and COD are crucial for assessing wastewater quality, as they serve as indicators of organic material pollution (Andika et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, BOD, and COD parameters are closely associated with organic matter pollution in water bodies. The elevated COD levels in these waters are believed to be linked to organic waste from aquaculture activities, particularly leftover feed that is not consumed by domesticated shrimp, which is prevalent in the area (Firdaus et al., 2023; Yusuf \u0026amp; Handoyo, 2014). In aquaculture, feed is generally the largest source of organic pollution, adding to nutrient loads in coastal waters with negative impacts on ecosystems and organic waste impacts, including increased concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, total organic matter, and chemical oxygen demand (Paena, et al., 2024). Inadequate feeding practices that do not align with shrimp size can lead to increased nitrate and phosphorus levels in the environment, potentially causing eutrophication. This process can trigger algal blooms, which ultimately reduce the oxygen levels in the water (Harianja et al., 2018). The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus during the aquaculture activities was the greatest contributor to the environmental deterioration in areas where culturing takes place and feed accounted for the greatest input of nitrogen (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;90%) and phosphorus (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;95%) (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Water Carrying Capacity of Shrimp Ponds\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe carrying capacity (CC) of a water area is defined as the ability to produce biota (fish/shrimp) without showing signs of damage to water quality (Widigdo and Pariwono, 2003). The CC of the environment is closely related to the assimilation capacity, which describes the amount of waste that can be discharged into the environment without causing pollution (UNEP 1993). The CC assessment reveals the ability of water bodies to assimilate the nutrient load in the identified areas for shrimp farming. Apart from site availability, the CC of supporting waterbodies should be able to accommodate the nutrient load from shrimp farms or, otherwise, lead to failure (Jayanthi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The CC of the waters will provide information on the optimum intensive pond area that can still be sustainably managed (Paena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of water carrying capacity for shrimp farming\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParittiga Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Bangka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTukak Sadai Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Bangka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMangrove Absorption Nitrogen (MAN) (kg/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;462.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;542.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAL Nitrat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18\u0026ndash;463.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.37\u0026ndash;91.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA Nitrat (kg/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026ndash;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026ndash;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrying Capacity Mass Balance (CCMB) Nitrate (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.45) \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMangrove Absorption Phosphorus (MAP) (kg/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026ndash;42.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026ndash;49.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAL Phospat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026ndash;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026ndash;17.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA Phospat (kg/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026ndash;1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026ndash;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrying Capacity Mass Balance (CCMB) Phosphate (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026ndash;12.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.27) \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum pond volume (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e866.018\u0026ndash; 1.753.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276.522\u0026ndash;450.580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum supported pond area (ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86,60\u0026ndash; 175,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,65\u0026ndash;45,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modified mass balance model has been used to predict the excessive nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (P) waste from shrimp ponds, which has the potential to accumulate in coastal waters (refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Generally, a larger mangrove area surrounding a shrimp farming location improves the CC of the shrimp pond. Mangroves in the Tukak Sadai region exhibit high capacities for nitrogen and phosphorus absorption; however, the intensive shrimp farming in the area significantly strains its environmental carrying capacity. The considerable waste discharged during farming profoundly impacts nutrient assimilation within the aquatic ecosystem. The efficiency of waste assimilation is largely determined by factors such as the extent of mangrove coverage and the chlorophyll-a concentration in the waters. Negative values in the carrying capacity mass balance (CCMB) calculation for nitrate and phosphate were observed in ponds along the Tukak Sadai coast. This indicates that mangrove assimilation during the decomposition and absorption of these two elements is increasing. Additionally, the role of chlorophyll-a, which was calculated using the modified Tookwinas formula from 1998, supports this finding. The calculation revealed that the potential area for shrimp pond development on the Parittiga coast is 175.39 hectares, while on the Tukak Sadai coast, it is only 45.06 hectares. When comparing the maximum pond area that can be supported against current conditions, it is evident that the ponds on the Tukak Sadai coast exceed this maximum calculation. Currently, the area of shrimp ponds along the Tukak Sadai coast has reached 307.16 hectares, surpassing the carrying capacity (CC) of Tukak Sadai coastal waters, which is 262.1 hectares (representing 85.3% overcapacity). This situation is attributed to the lower seawater quality on the Tukak Sadai coast, as indicated by the elevated nitrate levels at the pond inlet, which exceeds seawater quality standards (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Meanwhile, the current area of shrimp ponds on the Parittiga coast is 165.1 hectares, and the carrying capacity of Parittiga coastal waters remains suitable for an additional pond area of 10.29 hectares.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral factors are responsible for the currently smaller CC of Tukak Sadai coastal waters compared to the existing shrimp pond area, although almost all of the coastal area was covered by mangroves. The fact that the ponds were completely emptied after a total harvest when the visit for water sampling was carried out. The major part of the nutrients and organic matter is likely released into the environment at the time of harvest due to the high concentration at the late production stage (Herbeck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Also, water sampling and measurements were conducted in July and August, coinciding with the peak dry season at the location. This timing resulted in a relatively minor increase in salinity and nutrient dilution in the coastal area. During the rainy season, water quality changes from ensuring compliance with water quality standards and being polluted, while in the dry season, it becomes heavily contaminated (Mustafa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the location of the outlet close to the inlet water source poses another challenge. The volume of water entering the Tukak Sadai coast is not as large as the volume of water entering the Parittiga coast. Water volume is closely related to the ability of water to accommodate waste loads. The higher the volume of water, the greater the waste load received can be compared to water conditions with a small volume (Muqsith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, outlets that are still in direct contact with the ground or along drainage canals can affect seawater quality. It is recommended that sludge disposal areas or ponds be constructed to prevent suspended solids from settling at the bottom (Tookwinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mangrove coverage density of shrimp pond areas on the coast of Parittiga, West Bangka Regency, is sparse to moderate. In contrast, that of the coast of Tukak Sadai, South Bangka Regency, is moderate to dense. The potential area of shrimp ponds that can be developed on the Parittiga coast is 175.39 ha, whereas that on the Tukak Sadai coast is 45.06 ha. The current area of shrimp ponds on the Parittiga coast is 165.1 ha, and the carrying capacity of the Parittiga coastal waters is still suitable for an additional pond area of 10.29 Ha. However, the area of shrimp ponds on the Tukak Sadai coast has now reached 307.16 ha, so it has exceeded the carrying capacity of Tukak Sadai coastal waters, which is 262.1 ha or 85.3%. This is because the quality of seawater on the Tukak Sadai coast is lower than that on the Parittiga coast, as indicated by the nitrate at the pond inlet, which exceeds seawater quality standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe policy recommendations for developing shrimp aquaculture include the following: 1) Improving the quality of human resources. This is in accordance with Sagita et al. (2015), who believe that the greatest threat to shrimp ponds is disease. Therefore, pond owners can improve the competency and professionalism of human resources through training and counseling activities. In addition, increasing cultivation production results from participatory activities, mutually beneficial cooperation and partnerships. 2) Determination of zoning for the development of shrimp cultivation fisheries. The main priority is the formulation of regulations governing technology standards and technology development zones. 3) Implementation of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) can reduce the concentration of pond waste loads that are discharged into the aquatic environment so that it can increase the carrying capacity of waters for the sustainable development of superintensive ponds.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003eCRediT AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYeyen Mardyani: Conceptualization, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, original draft. Kukuh Nirmala: Supervision, Validation, Conceptualization. Endang Bidayani: Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Ahmad Fahrul Syarif: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Mohammad Agung Nugraha: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Refa Riskiana: Writing-original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Fahri Setiawan: Investigation, Visualization. Arief Febrianto: Supervision, Validation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare there are no competing financial interests/personal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eYM designed the experiment, wrote and revised the article; KN: provided essential ideas for the experimental design and article supervision; EB performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and data curation; AFS and MAN conducted methodology, investigation, and analyzed the data. RR contributed to the writing, investigation, and analysis of the data; FS prepared figures and conducted the investigation; AF contributed to supervision and validation of the data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research is part of the Research and Development in the Fisheries and Maritime Sector in 2022, which was funded through the Regional Budget of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province in collaboration with the University of Bangka Belitung. We thank the shrimp pond operators on the coasts of West Bangka and South Bangka as research respondents, the Serang Banten Laboratory, the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, and the Office of Fisheries and Marine Affairs of the Bangka Regency, as well as the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) University of Bangka Belitung.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdibrata S, Yusuf M, Irvani, Firdaus M (2021) Contamination of Heavy Metals (Pb and Cu) at Tin Sea Mining Field and Its Impact to Marine Tourism and Fisheries. 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The management of the rapid growth of shrimp ponds must be environmentally sound to maintain the sustainability of shrimp farming and ensure economic benefits without neglecting ecosystem sustainability. The study was conducted from March to November 2022 in Bangka Coastal, Indonesia. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the waters and the sustainability of shrimp farming on the Bangka coast through a mass balance model. The physical aspects of water quality were measured in situ and analyzed in the laboratory using various parameters, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results revealed that the quality of the shrimp and all the water parameters were within the threshold value, except for ammonia, which was above the threshold. The mangrove coverage density of the shrimp pond area varies: it is considered low to moderate in the Parittiga coastal region of West Bangka, while in the Tukak Sadai coastal area of South Bangka, it ranges from moderate to high. The average shrimp production on the Parittiga coast reaches 40\u0026ndash;69 metric tons year\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, whereas that on the Tukak Sadai coast reaches 50\u0026ndash;180 metric tons year\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Based on mass balance calculation, the potential areas available for developing shrimp farming on the Parittiga coast are estimated 86,60\u0026ndash;175,39 hectares and 27,65\u0026ndash;45,05 hectares on the Tukak Sadai coast. Consequently, it is necessary to monitor and regulate waste disposal and the installation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at each shrimp pond, as well as to enhance the capacity of these WWTPs to reduce waste by 80%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Overview of the carrying capacity for shrimp farming sustainability: the case of Bangka Island, Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-15 11:47:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5779710/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b0ebcd70-3902-4e6c-a577-fd593f8ae4f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-12T03:53:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-15 11:47:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5779710","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5779710","identity":"rs-5779710","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}