Study of trace organic contaminants (TrOcs) on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora L. from urban and forest-preserved areas

Study of trace organic contaminants (TrOcs) on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora L. from urban and forest-preserved areas | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of trace organic contaminants (TrOcs) on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora L. from urban and forest-preserved areas MIRIAM SANNOMIYA, Gabriel Sardinho Greggio, Daniélle Santos-Lima, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259681/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The organic pollutants promote significant risks to both human health and environmental sustainability. These compounds have seen a dramatic increase in diversity and quantity, infiltrating bodies of water, marine environments, and living organisms. Some factors contribute to pollutant emissions, such as road traffic and industrial activities and it leads to an spatiotemporal variability. Between the organic pollutants, Trace Organic Contaminants (TrOCs), which comprise a diverse range of industrial chemicals, pharmaceutical residues, and pesticides, are also gaining attention for their toxic effects on aquatic organisms and plants. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of TrOCs deposited in Eugenia uniflora leaves from urban areas and preserved forests during the four seasons of the year. The identification of emerging trace organic contaminants were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. This analysis allowed us to identify TrOCs and some of them related to endocrine disorders. These TrOCs differed depending on the region and season of the year in which the leaves were collected, and they were present even in plants cultivated in preserved forests. CG-MS organic pollutants trace organic contaminants Eugenia uniflora spatiotemporal variation pollutants deposition. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Organic pollutants are compounds that can be emitted intentionally or not, for example, by the consequences of urbanization and industrial processes, and have serious risks to human health (Markiewicz et al., 2017). In recent decades, there has been a drastic increase in the chemical variety and quantity of organic contaminants in bodies of water, marine environments, and living organisms, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, pharmaceutical products, and plastics (Sousa et al., 2017; Allan et al., 2006). A lot of factors can modulate the emission of these contaminants. As they are emitted by road traffic and as industrial byproducts, the emission can vary by seasonality, especially the VOCs (volatile organic compounds) (Beckers et al., 2018). Road traffic emission is one of the most important factors of urban contamination (Björklund, 2011). Even this emission may vary by the season, as the climate changes with it, with the presence of phthalate esters, alkanes, and alkyl phenols in the road dust ((Helmreich et al., 2010); Björklund, 2010). Industrial emissions can also cause the accumulation of organic contaminants, changing the concentration of which compound by season (Zhang et al., 2017). Thus, the variation of organic pollutant accumulation is spatiotemporal. Furthermore, all these compounds are subjected to depositions, the wet deposition by rain or snowfall and the wet deposition by gravity and dispersion, moving these contaminants between the environment and leading them to some surfaces (Nežiková, 2019). In addition, the disposal of plastics in the environment, such as those coming from urban disposal, can release organic compounds (OC) such as phthalates, organophosphate esters, and bisphenols, which are recognized as the most critical, as they have endocrine disrupting action, deleterious effects on humans and the environment, and can be found in marine environments at a level of μg.L-1 in estuarine and coastal waters (Hermabessiere et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). Beyond the Organic Pollutants, Trace Organic Contaminants (TrOCs) are chemical compounds including industrial chemicals, steroid hormones, pharmaceutical and cosmetical residues, pesticides, phytoestrogens, and others (Hai et al. 2014, Alexander et al. 2012) that can be found, mostly, in urban and industrialized areas (Burant et al., 2012). These organic compounds are gaining notoriety because they can present acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic organisms or plants, causing biodiversity loss and affecting human health for their adverse effects (Hai et al. 2014). According to the literature, abiotic factors can change a lot in plant organisms such as secondary metabolites production by Eugenia uniflora , and even in the contaminant content, the environment is directly associated with the rainfall index, exhibiting a higher concentration mainly in dry seasons (Gonçalves, 2021; Zhou et al., 2011). In this sense, this work proposes evaluating the presence of these pollutants deposited in the Eugenia uniflora leaves, in different areas of cultivation and seasons of the year to monitor their behavior considering the spatiotemporal variation of organic pollutants emission and deposition. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals The dichloromethane solvent was purchased from Mallinckrodt Chemicals and a homologous series of C 8 -C 20 n -alkanes standards was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The commercial activated carbon used was of mineral origin (minimum surface area of 1000 m 2 /g and ash content < 6%), obtained from the company Fábrica Brasileira de Catalisadores Ltda - Filter Sorbius-400. It has applications in removing low-concentration contaminants in solid, liquid, and gaseous matrices. The pollutant biphenyl was purchased from SpecSol, at the concentration of 100mg/mL. 2.2. Sampling The specimen Eu1 (voucher SPFE 711) was cultivated in the metropolitan city of São Paulo, close to the Ayrton Senna highway (geographical coordinates: Lat: 23 o 29'091" S, Long: 46 o 30'301" O and Alt: 734 m). The specimen Eu2 (voucher SPFE 713) was located in a preserved region in the Natural Park of Mogi Affonso de Melo (SP), geographical coordinates: Lat: 23 o 29'294" S, Long: 46 o 11'683" O and Alt: 867 m. These samples are 31672.11 m apart from each other. According to the Permanent Commission for the Creation and Expansion of Protected Areas- CNAP, the Itapeti mountain range, where the Park of Mogi Affonso de Melo is located, was implemented as a Mosaic of Protected Areas to increase the protection of the area's fauna and other biotic values. It is a closed park managed by the Department of Greenery and the Environment of the municipality of Mogi das Cruzes, with visits allowed and supervised only upon authorization from the agency. On the same day, samples (approximately 9 g) of Eugenia uniflora (Eu) leaves were harvested from urban (Eu1) and forest-preserved areas (Eu2) and stored separately in black plastic bags. Each one of the collections was performed in triplicate during morning, afternoon, and evening periods. Harvesting was performed during the four seasons of the year 2018 (summer: February 6 th Autumn: April 3 th , winter: July 5 th, and spring: October 4 th ). The summer collection comes with the suffix (su), winter (w), spring (sp) and autumn (a), for example, EU2su is the summer urban sample. The identification of the species was carried out by Prof. Leonardo Dias Meireles from the School of Arts, Science, and Humanities, University of São Paulo (EACH-USP). The specimens were deposited at the SPF Herbarium (EACH-USP). 2.3. Leaf contaminants extraction In this study, immediately before harvesting, the leaves of Eugenia uniflora were covered with commercial activated carbon and carefully packaged to avoid contact between them and the loss of carbonaceous material. The adsorbent was in contact with the leaves for 14 days in a sealed container. After the contact period, the charcoal adhered to the surface of the leaves was transferred, with the aid of a brush, to a beaker and mixed with 20 mL of dichloromethane. The extract was then filtered through filter paper and the solvent was concentrated to 2 mL in a rotary evaporator at 60°C. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane (MF-Millipore) and stored in darkness at 4 o C until GC-MS analysis. A control sample was prepared to monitor any pollutants identified in the GC-MS analysis from solvent impurities and/or commercial charcoal. To prepare this sample, an amount of charcoal, like that obtained during brushing the leaves, but without contact with the leaves, was added to 20 mL of dichloromethane and subjected to the same process described above. 2.4. Chromatographic analysis Chromatographic analyses of the samples were carried out on an Ultra Shimadzu Model QP 2010 mass spectrometer and a BPX5 ((5%-Phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane) capillary chromatographic column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 mm). Three microliters were injected in splitless mode (1/25) at an injector temperature of 260 o C. Carrier gas was helium (99.998 %) at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The oven program started at 60 o C for 1 min. The temperature was incremented at 3 o C/min to reach 200 o C, then immediately incremented at 10 o C/min to 280 o C and remaining for 1.67 min. Detection was performed in SCAN mode (40 to 550 m/z) and the data acquisition rate was 1.27 scans per second. Only compounds identified with a relative match above 700, on a scale from 0 to 1000, were considered. To calculate the retention index, a solution of the C 8 -C 22 homologous series was injected. The analysis parameters for n -alkanes were the same as those used for the samples. To obtain the relative percentages (%) by peak area normalization of the identified compounds, all samples were analyzed in gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using an Agilent GC 6850 system. GC-FID was performed using the same chromatographic conditions used in the GC-MS analysis. All compounds were identified using NIST107 and NIST21 libraries, comparing the mass spectra data and by the retention index calculation with a solution of C 8 -C 22 homologous series by the Van den Dool and Kratz equation. 2.4.1. Pollutants content estimation The pollutant biphenyl was injected in the same chromatographic conditions above, in three concentrations: 50, 25 and 12.5 µg/mL. With the peak area data, a calibration curve (Fig. 1) was designed with the aim of linear regression. The equation obtained is y = 1703066.8x - 15398484 and the R 2 = 0.974 2.5 Target metabolomics, seasonal and local variations Metabolomic data (peak area, protonated ion, retention time, and fragmentation) were generated by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. In addition, the data was submitted to the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform (PANG et al., 2021) for multivariate statistical analysis, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Filtering was performed using the relative standard deviation (RSD), and normalization was performed by autoscaling. The data of industries in each local was obtained from its City Halls by e-SIC, a digital platform for information solicitations via the Brazilian Acess to Information Law (12.527/2018) 3. Results and discussion TrOCs identified in E. uniflora leaves and their spatiotemporal variation Comparison of the GC-MS spectra of the analyzed samples with data from the NIST107 and NIST21 libraries and the calculation of the retention index of the compounds with the standard of the homologous series C 8 -C 22 allowed the identification of thirty-one compounds (Table 1), whose are recognized as TrOCs (Al-Akid et al., 2001, Fries et al., 2004, Castillo et al., 2011; Sanches-Silva et al., 2007; Conacher et al., 1986, Magdouli et al., 2013; Schieweck et al., 2020). Of these TrOCs, 3,3-dimethyl hexane ( 3 ) and butylhydroxytoluene ( 17 ) were identified in leaves from both areas (urban and preserved forest) and the different periods/seasons of the year. The other TrOCs showed a direct relationship with the region where the plants were grown and/or with the period/season of the year the leaves were collected. Table 1: TrOCs identified on the E. uniflora leaves Compound Number Name of identified compounds IR IR lit Average Relative Abundance (%) ( n=3 ) Samples from urban area Samples from the preserved area Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 hexadecane 268 272 ND ND ND 1.9±0.03 ND ND ND ND 2 3,3-dimethyl pentane 558 660 ND ND ND ND 1.6±0.04 ND ND ND 3 3,3-dimethyl hexane 740 744 6.3±0.02 4.1±0.03 1.5±0.02 ND 3.1±0.02 ND 4.0±0.03 5.6±0.02 4 3-ethyl-2-methyl-pentane 763 765 ND ND 2.5±0.03 ND ND ND ND ND 5 2-methyl-3-hexanone 780 820 ND ND 1.9±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND 6 3-methyl-4-heptanone 929 932 ND ND 1.7±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND 7 2-methyl octane 860 865 ND 2.0±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND 8 2-octanol 1004 1002 ND 3.7±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND 9 5,7-dimethyl undecane 1196 1190 ND 3.2±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 2,4-dimethyl-undecane 1206 1208 ND ND 15.4±0.04 ND ND ND ND ND 11 4,4-dimethyl undecane 1221 1215 2.3±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 4,8-dimethyl undecane 1225 1217 9.0±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 3-ethyl-3-methyl decane 1233 1229 ND ND 6.0±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND 14 2,3-dimethyl undecane 1256 1251 ND 7.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND 15 1-dodecanol 1474 1470 ND 23.2±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-(hydroxymethylene)-2,5-cyclohexandien-1-one 1482 1478 ND ND ND ND 32.3±0.01 ND ND ND 17 butylhydroxytoluene 1526 1520 40.4±0.01 40.0±0.01 ND 1.0 ±0.04 ND ND 18.8±0.03 34.9±0.02 18 5-phenyl decane 1528 1533 ND 3.6 ±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND 19 5-phenyl undecane 1639 1633 ND 3.6 ±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 4-phenyl undecane 1667 1660 ND 3.8 ±0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND 21 6-phenyl dodecane 1732 1727 ND 4.5±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 22 5-phenyl dodecane 1739 1732 ND 3.1±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 23 4-phenyl dodecane 1747 1743 ND 3.2±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 24 3-phenyl dodecane 1764 1758 ND 2.5±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 25 3,5-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 1782 1772 ND 2.8 ±0.02 30.2±0.03 ND ND ND ND ND 26 5-phenyl tridecane 1817 1821 ND 2.8±0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 27 6-phenyl tridecane 1828 1824 ND 4.6±0.03 ND ND ND ND ND ND 28 4-phenyl tridecane 1844 1838 ND 2.4±0.03 ND ND ND ND ND ND 29 di isobutyl phthalate 1891 1897 ND ND ND 6.3±0.03 ND ND ND ND 30 tributyl acetyl citrate 2246 2250 ND ND ND 40.0±0.01 ND ND ND ND 31 bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2559 2550 ND ND ND 5.9±0.02 ND ND ND ND Average total relative abundance of identified compounds (%) 1 65.7±0.02 52.9±0.03 62.8±0.03 59.5±0.03 37.0±0.02 74.0±0.02 22.8±0.03 40.5±0.02 ] IR: retention index calculated; IR (lit): retention index obtained from reports in the literature (Adams 2007); ND: unidentified compounds in the related sample; 1 values below 100% because the compounds eluted before the first hydrocarbon of the standard or after the last hydrocarbon of the standard was not considered The estimated pollutants content variates between 9.04 to 11.01 µg/mL. The lower content is by 2,3-dimethyl undecane in EU1su and the highest contents are obtained from butylhydroxytoluene, with 9.44 µg/mL, diisobutyl phthalate, with 9.35 µg/mL and tributyl acetylcitrate, with the highest concentration of 11.01 µg/mL. Comparing the relative abundance of components 3 , 17, and 25 both in the urban area and in the preserved forest, 17 is the most present in the leaves during the seasons of the year. Exceptions were observed only in the period corresponding to the summer for the preserved forest (Eu2), in which TrOCs were not detected, and in the autumn for the urban area (Eu1), where 25 was the most abundant. Since 17 is degraded to 25 in the natural environment (Fries et al., 2002), it is suggested that the climatic conditions during autumn may have contributed to the oxidation of the alkyl substituent of the butylhydroxytoluene forming the metabolite 3,5-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The majority presence of 17 in samples from urban areas can be associated with its wide use as an additive in various industrial sectors (food, cosmetics, packaging, polymer industry, etc.) for about 70 years (Babich, 1982). Its presence in preserved forests can be associated with its occurrence as a natural product in some species ( Trichilia emetica and Vitex trifolia ) and with the various factors that govern the production, distribution, and transport of TrOCs in the environment (Shahidi, 2000; Babich, 1982; Usman et al., 2016; Wee et al., 2020; Sarmah et al., 2020). About the TrOCs that were determined under specific or exclusive conditions, evaluating the seasonality, it was observed that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 2, 11, 12, and 16 were uniquely identified in the spring period of the year. The 1-dodecanol ( 15 ), 2-octanol ( 8 ), open-chain alkanes ( 7, 9, and 14 ), and linear alkyl benzenes ( 7 , 9, 14, 15, and 18-24 , 26-28 ) were identified exclusively in the harvest period corresponding to the summer. Substituted alkanes and ketones ( 4-6, 10, and 13 ) were detected only in the autumn period and hexadecane ( 1 ), tributyl acetylcitrate ( 30 ), and phthalate esters ( 29 and 31 ) were identified specifically in the period corresponding to winter. Several factors may be associated with this behavior of the identified pollutants. One of them refers to the physicochemical properties of these compounds, such as volatility and solubility in water, which may favor their transport or their permanence in the leaves under the different rainfall, temperature, and humidity conditions studied (Zalakeviciute et al., 2018; Rahman et al., 2022). Another factor that may be related to the presence or absence of these compounds at a given time/season of the year is the seasonality of their generation sources, such as between agricultural harvests and industrial production periods (Bodor et al., 2020; Chang et al., 2022). This is likely because TrOCs are a large group of compounds emitted by both natural and anthropogenic sources (Duan et al., 2023). The presence of VOCs in the urban and rural areas has been reported in the literature and corroborates the results found in this study, showing that aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as 2 , 11, and 12 , are VOCs present in both urban and rural areas and those terpenes such as 16 , are VOCs dominant in the rural area (Roba et al., 2014; Adamová et al., 2020). Of the four VOCs identified, 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-(hydroxymethylene)-2,5-cyclohexandien-1-one ( 16 ) was the majority, corresponding to 32.3% of the peak abundance found by GC-MS in Eu2 leaf sample. The predominance of this compound in the preserved forest sample can be attributed to its classification as a terpene emitted from vegetation, specifically in rural forested areas (Roba et al., 2014; Adamová et al., 2020). The spring TrOCs were the only present in the leaves of Eu1 and Eu2, as the other TrOCs from summer, autumn, and winter were identified only in the leaves of E. uniflora that grew in the urban area (Eu1). This relationship can be justified by the types of TrOcs identified in these samples that are exclusively generated by anthropic sources (transport sector, industrial activities, combustion processes, etc.). Among the fifteen TrOcs found in summer, the most abundant was 1-dodecanol ( 15 ) (23.2% relative abundance). The compound 2-octanol ( 8 ) and thirteen linear alkyl benzenes ( 7 , 9 , 14 , 18-24 and 26-28 ) were also detected. These long-chain alcohols ( 8 and 15 ) are used in various industrial processes, in the manufacture of surfactants, as flavor in the food industry and as an emollient in cosmetics, and also as a chemical intermediate for the production of various other chemicals (van Ginkel, 2007; Matos et al., 2019; Motteran et al., 2019). 1-dodecanol is also used as a thickening agent and raw material for surfactants and is one of the main VOCs emitted by the use of paints (Schieweck et al., 2015; National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2023). The compounds identified in the autumn period ( 4 - 6 , 10, and 13 ) were those of the class of substituted alkanes and ketones, with undecane, 2,4-dimethyl ( 10 ) being the one with the highest abundance (15.4 %). The aldehydes/ketones are pollutants of the VOC class and are already reported as predominant in urban areas due to their wide use in industrial processes, especially plastics, and polymers, and as gasoline additives (Fenske, 1993; Hamadi, 2010; Almanzalawy et al., 2023). Regarding the period corresponding to winter, four TrCOs were identified ( 1 , 29-31 ), including hexadecane; two substituted phthalates, and the majority compound tributyl acetylcitrate ( 30 ). The predominance of 30 over the others is probably related to its application in a greater number of sectors and industrial products (plastics, repellents, fibers, lubricants, packaging, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal care products, automobiles, and civil construction) (Pandit et al., 2018; Horie et al., 2022; García-Pimentel et al., 2023). Hexadecane is one of the main chemical compounds in smoke condensates from cooking oil and oil and gas industry activities (Morais et al., 2021; Szewczyńska et al., 2020). Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ( 31 ) is considered an important pollutant in the world released by industrial products (Magdouli et al., 2013). Tributyl acetylcitrate ( 30 ) is one of the compounds most detected in published studies of plastic pollutants (García-Pimentel et al., 2023). Effect of spatiotemporal variation in E. uniflora individuals As the TrOCs can be emitted by industrial activities (Burant et al. , 2018), the industries, as their sector in the vicinity of the individuals were evaluated, seeing that the organic compounds emitted are directly connected to the industrial activity. A study was therefore carried out to list the industries located within a 5 km radius of each individual studied. Of the eighty-one industries near Eu1, twenty-five operate in the polymer, paint, adhesive, glass, and chemical sectors (Table 2). On the other hand, the conditions in Eu2's neighborhood for the same distance differ, as there are only residences. Table 2: Industries and areas of activity in the vicinity of the individual 1 Industries Sector Distance to EU1 Promar Tinkering 453.37m Diplocan - Comércio Confecção Tubos Embalagens de papelão Packaging 720.38m O-I São Paulo Glassware 790.13m RB FLA Marcenaria Carpentry 1.11km Acacia Marcenaria Carpentry 1.05km Bann Quimica Ltda Chemistry industry 1.71km Viscofan do Brasil Polymers 2.05km Plassv Ind e Com de Plástico Polymers 5.46km Reina Embalagens Packaging 2.04km Unibrasil Plásticos Polymers 2.02km Lagge Plasticos Polymers 2.15km Plastkaza Packaging 2.05km Sanpa Embalagens Saco Plástico Packaging 2.16km HC Etiquetas e Rótulos Adesivos Adhesives 2.38km Muriplast Tubos e Conexoes LTDA Polymers 2.60km Alpen Industria e Comercio de Artefatos Plasticos Polymers 2.63km Plasticel Usinagem e Fabricação de Peças Plásticas Polymers 3.13km Química Futuro Indútria e Comércio Chemistry industry 2.88km Sonal Recuperação Residuos Plasticos Polymers 2.73km Scopo Industrial Polymers 3.28km Industria Magalhães de Artefatos Plasticos Polymers 3.13km Plastbrink Industria e Comércio Polymers 3.04km Plasticonn Produtos promocionais e profissionais ltda Polymers 4.70km Envax Produtos Automotivos Ltda. Automotive products, oil 2.90km Brazil Polymer Com. Plástico Inds Polymers 1.06km Knowing the different scenario of each individual, to visualize how the localization and the season may change the deposition of TrOCs on E. uniflora leaves, some multivariate statistical analyses were performed (Figure 1). The scatter plot generated by PLS-DA (Fig. 1) shows that the TrOCs from individuals in the preserved and urban regions do not have overlapping characteristics and distribution, and therefore have definite chemical differences between them. The samples from the preserved and urban areas are in separate clusters, indicating a pattern between areas. The TrOCs from the preserved area fluctuate less due to abiotic factors. On the other hand, those from urban areas change more by season, because of the impact of human activity, like the flow of cars and the industrial operation in the area. The urban samples present more diversity and quantity of pollutants, as is seen on the heatmap (Fig. 2) Some of the organic contaminants were identified on the leaf surface of both individuals and can be related to the pollutant transport (Zalakeviciute et al. , 2018; Rahman et al. , 2022), such as butylated hydroxytoluene (17) which is widely used in packaging industries (Babich, 1982). There are four industries of this type near 2km of the individual EU1, and none near the EU2 individual, and this might be the cause of the highest concentration on EU1. Its byproduct 2,6-Di(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (16) was present as well only in the EU2. However, some other contaminants were present only in the urbanized and industrialized areas. Compound 4 is an octane isomer obtained from petroleum distillation (Lukowitz et al. , 2006) and it could be related to polymers industries or road traffic. The phthalates, as the compounds 29 and 31 are widely used as plasticizers and, as they just appear in this individual, can be attributed to the twelve polymers industries close to 3.5km of the EU1. This may represent that the urban environment can contribute to pollutant emission and deposition on leaf surfaces. Harmfulness of TrOCs identified in E. uniflora leaves for human health and the environment Of the TrOCs identified in this study, most of them have been reported in the literature as harmful to human health and/or the environment. The butylated hydroxytoluene, present in 9.44µg/mL in EU1sp, can induce tumors in mice with a concentration of 250mg/kg-day (Umemura et al. , 2001). Currently, butylhydroxytoluene is considered a major public health problem, with studies describing its presence in food, in human and animal adipose tissue, and in the aquatic environment (Castillo et al., 2011; Sanches-Silva et al., 2007; Conacher et al., 1986). Toxicological studies report the incidence of nephrotoxicity, pneumotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in rats exposed to BHT (Al-Akid et al., 2001; Fries et al., 2004). The limit of use of this compound in packaging is 5ppm and its intake can come to 2.0 to 6.0 µg/kg, but associated with butylhydroxyanisole, it’s intake can come higher and become a concern motif (Babich, 1982; Suh, 2005). The pollutant 3,5-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been considered extremely dangerous for the aquatic environment and human health, demonstrating a genotoxic potential greater than butylhydroxytoluene (Nagai et al., 1993; Hernández et al., 2009). Several studies describe the harmful effects of human exposure to VOCs, in particular, mutagenic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. Adverse effects on the environment have been also reported (Li et al., 2021; USEPA, 2022). According to Globally Harmonized System data, 2-octanol is classified as hazardous to the environment and human health and safety data. To 1-dodecanol, limits and toxicity standards for this pollutant are not yet fully evaluated or available (USEPA, 2023a; USEPA, 2023b). The presence of Linear alkyl benzenes (LAB) has been frequently detected in aquatic and terrestrial environments (Takada et al., 1987; Holt et al., 1992; Gledhill et al., 1991). Studies show that these compounds and their derivatives (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) are toxic to the environment and human health, and this toxicity is strongly associated with the number, position, and length of alkanes attached to the phenyl moiety (Fernández et al., 2002; Pillard et al, 2001; de Almeida et al., 1994; Mungray et al., 2009). Quantitative risk and hazard assessment values and other toxicological data of undecane, 2,4-dimethyl are not available (USEPA, 2023c), but aldehydes/ketones from the class of TrOCs are associated with negative effects on human health and negative impact on the environment (Roba et al., 2014; Li et al., 2022). Hexadecane poses a health risk and can be fatal if ingested and enters the airways (USEPA, 2023d). Phthalate derivatives, such as Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, have been classified as bioaccumulative pollutants in the atmosphere, water, and soil. These compounds are considered teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic at low concentrations and have been reported as active endocrine (Net et al., 2015; Park et al., 2012; Szewczyńska et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2019). Bis(ethyl-hexyl) phtalate, present in 9.33µg/mL in EU1w, in previous studies, showed cancer in rodents, and it’s use in gloves and food was banished in Japan (Petersen, Jensen, 2010). This compound is present in food in the 825 mg/kg concentration and this value implied the intake estimation of 8µg/kg body weight/day, with the tolerance consumption of 0.05µg/kg body-weight/day (Petersen, Jensen, 2010). Tributyl acetylcitrate is classified as an environmentally persistent pollutant and a recent study confirmed that it has endocrine-disrupting activity and lethal toxicity in zebrafish and Japanese medaka (Horie et al., 2022). It’s present in 11.01µg/mL in EU1w and have the acute toxicity in Xenopus laevia of 12mg/mL (Xu, Gye, 2018). According to the results found in this study, it is concluded that the leaves of E. uniflora present TrOCs, even when cultivated in a preserved forest area, characterized by a lower incidence of atmospheric emissions by vehicles and industries. Some of the TrOCs found were persistent to the climatic variations that occur during the different seasons of the year, such as, for example, the butylhydroxytoluene. Others are more susceptible to being deposited under the leaves in certain seasons of the year. Among these are 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-(hydroxymethylene)-2,5-cyclohexandien-1-one predominant in the winter period; 1-dodecanol in summer; 2,4-dimethyl-undecane in the period corresponding to autumn and tributyl acetylcitrate in winter. All identified TrOCs and/or their class are reported in the literature as potentially toxic to human health and the environment. After doing the content estimation and extrapolating to a more relatable scenario, like drinking tea or phytoterapics production, the content in the samples can come to the order of mg/mL, close or higher to the tolerance intakes and become a health concern. or even drinking TrOCs that are already prohibited in food. Conclusions The organic pollutants TrOCs are higly present in the surface of Eugenia uniflora leaves, as probably every leaf in urbanized areas. The presence of these compounds can vary, thanks to abiotic factors, with space, urban and preserved, and seasonally, by the seasons in the years. Furthermore, the urban individuals are those with the highest diversity and content of TrOCs, but fluctuate more due to abiotic factors as seen in PLS-DA. Comparing the toxicity data to the TrOCs content estimation, it becomes clear that some attention may be given to what plant material is the population consuming, and an effort should be made to minimize the presence of the TrOCs in medicinal plants, such as E. uniflora . Declarations Acknowledgements : This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP Proc. Nº2016/05369-0). The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author contributions DSL, GSG and LST collected the material plant and realized the extraction procedures. LDM was responsible for the botanical identification of the plant studied. MS, GSG, and DSL study conception and design, data collection. GSG, MMTP, RC, and MS contributed to the analysis, interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation. Ethical approval: This is an observational study. The Research Ethics Committee of the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanity of the University of São Paulo has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. Consent to participate: As no human individuals were objects of this study, no consent to participate is required. Consent to publish: As no human individuals were objects of this study, no consent to publish is required. References ADAMOVÁ T, HRADECKÝ &, PÁNEK M. 2020. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Wood and Wood-Based Panels: Methods for Evaluation, Potential Health Risks, and Mitigation. Polymers (Basel) 12:2289. doi:10.3390/polym12102289 AL-AKID YF, EL-RAHMAN AEA, HUSSEIN HA & WASSIF GA. 2001. Nephro- and pneumotoxic response to chronic administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in adult albino rats. J Pharm Sci 28:171-195. ALEXANDER JT, HAI FI & AL-ABOUD TM. 2012. Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: Current state and future potential. J Environ Manage 111:195-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.023 ALMANZALAWY MS, ELKADY MF, MORI S & ELWARDANY AE. 2023. The role of acetone for cleaner combustion in diesel engine. Process Saf Environ Prot 170:886-897. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.071. BABICH H. 1982. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): A review, Environ Res 29:1-29. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(82)90002-0 BECKERS, Liza-Marie; BUSCH, Wibke; KRAUSS, Martin; SCHULZE, Tobias; BRACK, Werner. Characterization and risk assessment of seasonal and weather dynamics in organic pollutant mixtures from discharge of a separate sewer system. Water Research, [S.L.], v. 135, p. 122-133, maio 2018. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.002. BJÖRKLUND, K.. Substance flow analyses of phthalates and nonylphenols in stormwater. Water Science And Technology, [S.L.], v. 62, n. 5, p. 1154-1160, 1 set. 2010. IWA Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.923. BURANT, Aniela; SELBIG, William; FURLONG, Edward T.; HIGGINS, Christopher P.. Trace organic contaminants in urban runoff: associations with urban land-use. Environmental Pollution, [S.L.], v. 242, p. 2068-2077, nov. 2018. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.066. CASTILLO M & BARCELÓ D. 2011. Characterisation of organic pollutants in textile wastewaters and landfill leachate by using toxicity-based fractionation methods followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 426:253-264. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00828-X CONACHER HBS, IVERSON F, LAU P-Y & PAGE BD. 1986. Levels of BHA and BHT in human and animal adipose tissue: Interspecies extrapolation. Food Chem Toxicol 24:1159-1162. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(86)90302-9 DUAN C., LIAO H., WANG K. & REN Y. 2023. The research hotspots and trends of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources: A systematic quantitative review. Environ Res 216: 114386. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114386 DE ALMEIDA JLG, DUFAUX M, TAARIT, YB & NACCACHE C. 1994. Linear alkylbenzene. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71:675-694. doi:10.1007/BF02541423 FENSKE RA. 1993. Dermal exposure assessment techniques. Ann Occup Hyg 37:687–706. doi:10.1093/annhyg/37.6.687 FERNÁNDEZ C, ALONSO C, GARCÍA P, TARAZONA JV & CARBONELL G. 2002. Toxicity of linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) to the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna through waterborne and food chain exposures. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 68:637–643. doi:10.1007/s001280302 FRIES E & PÜTTMANN W. 2002. Analysis of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in water by means of solid phase extraction combined with GC/MS. Water Res 36:2319-2327. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00453-5 FRIES E & PÜTTMANN W. 2004. Monitoring of the antioxidant BHT and its metabolite BHT-CHO in German river water and ground water. Scie Total Environ 319:269-282. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00447-9 GARCÍA-PIMENTEL M, CAMPILLO JA, CASTAÑO-ORTIZ JM, LLORCA M & LEÓN VM. 2023. Occurrence and distribution of contaminants of legacy and emerging concern in surface waters of two Western Mediterranean coastal areas: Mar Menor Lagoon and Ebro Delta. Mar Pollut Bull 187:114542. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114542. GLEDHILL WE, SAEGER VW & TREHY ML. 1991. An aquatic environmental safety assessment of linear alkylbenzene. Environ Toxicol Chem 10:169-178. doi:10.1002/etc.5620100204 GONÇALVES, Adilson Júnior; EUTIMIO, G. Fernández Núñez; RENATA, O. Santos; BRYNA, T. Haraki Otaviano; ROSELY, L. Imbernon; FABIANA, C. Pioker; MARCELO, J. Pena Ferreira; MIRIAM, Sannomiya. Study of seasonality and location effects on the chemical composition of essential oils from Eugenia uniflora leaves. Journal Of Medicinal Plants Research, [S.L.], v. 15, n. 7, p. 321-329, 31 jul. 2021. Academic Journals. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jmpr2021.7135. HAI FI, NGHIEM LD, KHAN, S. J., PRICE WE & YAMAMOTO K. 2014. Wastewater reuse: removal of emerging trace organic contaminants. In: HAI FI, YAMAMOTO K, LEE C-H, (eds), Membrane Biological Reactors. London: IWA Publishing, pp 165-205. HAMADI AS. 2010. Selective additives for improvement of gasoline octane number. Tikrit J Eng Sci 17:22-35. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.071 HELMREICH, Brigitte; HILLIGES, Rita; SCHRIEWER, Alexander; HORN, Harald. Runoff pollutants of a highly trafficked urban road – Correlation analysis and seasonal influences. Chemosphere, [S.L.], v. 80, n. 9, p. 991-997, ago. 2010. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.037. HERMABESSIERE, L., DEHAUT, A., PAUL-PONT, I., LACROIX, C., JEZEQUEL, R., SOUDANT, P., et al. (2017). Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms: a review. Chemosphere 182, 781–793. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096 HERNÁNDEZ F, PORTOLÉS T, PITARCH E & LÓPEZ FJ. 2009. Searching for anthropogenic contaminants in human breast adipose tissues using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 44:1-11. doi:10.1002/jms.1538 HOLT MS & BERNSTEIN SL. 1992. Linear alkylbenzenes in sewage sludges and sludge amended soils. Water Res 26:613-624. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(92)90235-V HORIE Y, YAP CK & OKAMURA H. 2022. Developmental toxicity and thyroid hormone-disrupting effects of acetyl tributyl citrate in zebrafish and Japanese medaka. J Hazard Mater Advances 8:100199. doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100199 KIM H, NAM KS, OH S, SON S, JEON D, GYE MC & SHIN I. 2019. Toxicological assessment of phthalates and their alternatives using human keratinocytes. Environ Res175:316-322. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.007 LI AJ, PAL VK & KANNAN K. 2021. A review of environmental occurrence, toxicity, biotransformation and biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 3:91-116. doi:10.1016/j.enceco.2021.01.001. LI X, LI M, SUN N, HE F, CHU S, ZONG W, NIU Q & LIU R. 2022. Response of earthworm coelomocytes and catalase to pentanone and hexanone: a revelation of the toxicity of conventional solvents at the cellular and molecular level. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:44282–44296. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-18864-1 LUKOVITS, I.; FODOR, J.; GÖMÖRY, Á.; ISTVÁN, K.; KERESZTURY, G.; KÓTAI, L. Alkane isomers: presence in petroleum ether and complexity. Sar And Qsar In Environmental Research, [S.L.], v. 17, n. 3, p. 323-335, jun. 2006. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10659360600787791. MAGDOULI S, DAGHRIR R, BRAR SK, DROGUI P & TYAGI RD. 2013. Di 2-ethylhexylphtalate in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: A critical review. J Environ Manage 127:36-49. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.013 MARKIEWICZ, Anna; BJÖRKLUND, Karin; ERIKSSON, Eva; KALMYKOVA, Yuliya; STRÖMVALL, Ann-Margret; SIOPI, Anna. Emissions of organic pollutants from traffic and roads: priority pollutants selection and substance flow analysis. Science of The Total Environment, [S.L.], v. 580, p. 1162-1174, fev. 2017. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.074. MATOS M, PANDO D & GUTIÉRREZ G. 2019. Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients by niosomes. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815673-5.00011-8 MORAIS BP, MARTINS V, MARTINS G, CASTRO AR, ALVES MM, PEREIRA MA & CAVALEIRO AJ. 2021. Hydrocarbon toxicity towards hydrogenotrophic methanogens in oily waste streams. Energies 14:4830. doi:10.3390/en14164830 MOTTERAN F, NASCIMENTO RF, NADAI BM, TITATO GM, SANTOS NETO, AJ DOS, SILVA EL & VARESCHE MBA. 2019. Identification of anionic and nonionic surfactant and recalcitrants compounds in commercial laundry wastewater by GC-MS analysis after anaerobic fluidized bed reactor treatment. Wate Air Soil Pollut 230:301. doi:10.1007/s11270-019-4357-9 MUNGRAY AK & KUMAR P. 2009. Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the environment: A review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 63:981-987. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.03.012 NAGAI F, USHIYAMA K & KANO I. 1993. DNA cleavage by metabolites of butylated hydroxytoluene. Arch Toxicol 67:552-557. doi: 10.1007/BF01969268 NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION. 2023. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 8193, 1-Dodecanol. Available at: . Access on: 19 feb. 2023 NEžIKOVÁ, Barbora; DEGRENDELE, Céline; ČUPR, Pavel; HOHENBLUM, Philipp; MOCHE, Wolfgang; PROKEŁ, Roman; VAňKOVÁ, Lenka; KUKUčKA, Petr; MARTINÍK, Jakub; AUDY, Ondřej. Bulk atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Central Europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, [S.L.], v. 26, n. 23, p. 23429-23441, 14 jun. 2019. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05464-9. NET S, SEMPÉRÉ R, DELMONT A, PALUSELLI A & OUDDANE B. 2015. Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices. Environ Scie Technol49:4019-4035. doi:10.1021/es505233b PANDIT P, NADATHUR GT, MAITI S & REGUBALAN B. 2018. Functionality and properties of bio-based materials. In: Ahmed, S. (eds) Bio-based materials for food packaging. Springer, Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1909-9_4 PARK MA, HWANG KA, LEE HR, YI BR, JEUNG EB & CHOI KC. 2012. Cell growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells is promoted by di- n -butyl phthalate and hexabromocyclododecane via upregulation of the cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 genes. Mol Med Rep 5:761-766. doi:10.3892/mmr.2011.712 PETERSEN, J.H.; JENSEN, L.K. Phthalates and food-contact materials: enforcing the 2008 european union plastics legislation. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, [S.L.], v. 27, n. 11, p. 1608-1616, nov. 2010. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.501825. PILLARD DA, CORNELL JS, DUFRESNE DL & HERNANDEZ MT. 2001. Toxicity of benzotriazole and benzotriazole derivatives to three aquatic species. Water Res 35:557-560. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00268-2 RAHMAN MM, SHUO W, ZHAO W, XU X, ZHANG W & ARSHAD A. 2022. Investigating the relationship between air pollutants and meteorological parameters using satellite data over Bangladesh. Remote Sens 14:2757. doi:10.3390/rs14122757 ROBA CA, ŞTEFĂNIE H, TÖRÖK Z, KOVACS M, ROŞU C & OZUNU A. 2014. Determination of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter levels in an urban area from Romania. Environ Eng Manag J 13:2261-2268. doi:10.30638/eemj.2014.252 RODRIGUES MJL, MOREIDA DA SD, OLUWAGBAMIGBE FJ, HUNGRIA PEM, SOUZA GE DE, LUIZ FA, COSTA SS DA, ALVES CE. 2017. Gastroprotective effect of the aqueous fraction of hydroacetonic leaf extract of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) (pitanga) against several gastric ulcer models in mice. J Med Plants Res 11:603-612. doi:10.5897/jmpr2017.6436 SANCHES-SILVA A, CRUZ JM, SENDÓN-GARCÍA R & PASEIRO-LOSADA P. 2007. Determination of butylated hydroxytoluene in food samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 90:277-283. doi:10.1093/jaoac/90.1.277 SARMAH R, KANTA BHAGABATI S, DUTTA R, NATH D, POKHREL H, MUDOI LP, SARMAH N, SARMA J, AHMED AM, NATH RJ, INGTIPI L & KUOTSU K. 2020. Toxicity of a synthetic phenolic antioxidant, butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), in vertebrate model zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio) . Aquac Res 51:3839-3846. doi:10.1111/are.14732 SCHIEWECK A & BOCK MC. 2015. Emissions from low-VOC and zero-VOC paints – Valuable alternatives to conventional formulations also for use in sensitive environments? Build Environ 85:243-252. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.12.001 SCHIEWECK A. 2020. Adsorbent media for the sustainable removal of organic air pollutants from museum display cases. Herit Sci 8:1-18. doi:10.1186/s40494-020-0357-8 SHAHIDI F. 2000. Antioxidants in food and food antioxidants. Nahrung 44:158-163. doi:10.1002/1521-3803(20000501)44:33.0.CO;2-L SUH, H.-J.; CHUNG, M.-S.; CHO, Y.-H.; KIM, J.-W.; KIM, D.-H.; HAN, K.-W.; KIM, C.-J.. Estimated daily intakes of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) andtert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants in Korea. Food Additives And Contaminants, [S.L.], v. 22, n. 12, p. 1176-1188, dez. 2005. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500195288. SOUSA, J. C. G., RIBEIRO, A. R., BARBOSA, M. O., PEREIRA, M. F. R., and SILVA, A. M. T. (2017). A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines. J. Hazard. Mater. 344, 146–162. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058 SZEWCZYŃSKA M, POŚNIAK M & DOBRZYŃSKA E. 2020. Determination of phthalates in particulate matter and gaseous phase emitted into the air of the working environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:175–186. doi:10.1007/s13762-019-02435-y TAKADA H & ISHIWATARI R. 1987. Linear alkylbenzenes in urban riverine environments in Tokyo: distribution, source, and behavior. Environm Sci Technol 21:875-883. doi:10.1021/es00163a005 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2022. Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Available at: . Acess on: 10 jan. 2023 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023a. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard. 6-Dodecanol 6836-38-0|DTXSID60871172. Available at: . Access on: 18 feb 2023(a) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023b. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard. 2-Octanol 123-96-6|DTXSID0027014. Available at: . Access on: 18 feb 2023(b) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023c. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard. 2,4-Dimethylundecane 17312-80-0 | DTXSID20873298. Available at: . Access on: 19 feb 2023(c) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023d. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard. Hexadecane 544-76-3|DTXSID0027195. Available at: . Access on: 19 feb 2023(d) UMEMURA, T., KODAMA, Y., HIOKI, K. et al. Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) increases susceptibility of transgenic rasH2 mice to lung carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 127, 583–590 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004320100268 USMAN A, MOHAMMAD RH & RAHEEM D. 2016. Isolation and characterization of naturally occurring butylated hydroxytoluene from Trichilia emetica whole seeds. J Nat Prod Resour 2: 68–70. VAN GINKEL CG. 2007. Ultimate biodegradation of ingredients used in cleaning agents. Vol 2. Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/B978-044451664-0/50020-6 WEE HN, NEO SY, SINGH D, YEW HC, QIU ZY, TSAI XC, HOW SY, YIP KC, TAN CH & KOH HL. 2020. Effects of Vitex trifolia L. leaf extracts and phytoconstituents on cytokine production in human U937 macrophages. BMC Complement Med Ther 20:9. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02884-w XU, Y., & GYE, M. C. (2018). Developmental toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and citrate ester plasticizers in Xenopus laevis embryos. Chemosphere, 204, 523–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.077 ZALAKEVICIUTE R, LÓPEZ-VILLADA J & RYBARCZYK Y. 2018. Contrasted Effects of Relative Humidity and Precipitation on Urban PM 2.5 Pollution in High Elevation Urban Areas. Sustainability 10:2064. doi:10.3390/su10062064 ZHANG, Hao; LI, Hong; ZHANG, Qingzhu; ZHANG, Yujie; ZHANG, Weiqi; WANG, Xuezhong; BI, Fang; CHAI, Fahe; GAO, Jian; MENG, Lingshuo. Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in a Typical Urban Area of Beijing: pollution characterization, health risk assessment and source apportionment. Atmosphere, [S.L.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 61, 21 mar. 2017. MDPI AG. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos8030061. Zhang, Z. M., Zhang, H. H., Zhang, J., Wang, Q. W., and Yang, G. P. (2018). Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of phthalate esters in the seawater and sediment of Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent area. Sci. Total Environ. 619–620, 93–102. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.070 ZHAO Z, LIU G, LIU Q, HUANG C & LI H. 2018. Studies on the spatiotemporal variability of river water quality and its relationships with soil and precipitation: A case study of the mun river Basin in Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:2466. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112466 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4259681","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":307218617,"identity":"85571b91-a15f-4266-9b2e-f82689bba99d","order_by":0,"name":"MIRIAM SANNOMIYA","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgaGA2AGewOIPECKFp4DxGqBA4kEIrXotvM+PPAzp07eXPKN8ecChjv5BLWYHWY3ONi77bDhztk5ZtIzGJ5ZNhDWwsZwgHfbAcYNt3PMmHkYDhsQYQsbw8G/2+rsN9w8Y/yZaC2HebcxJ264wWMgTbwW2W2HkzecSSuTnmHwjAgt548xf3y7rc52w/HDmz8XVNwhrAUFMDOQqAGcEkbBKBgFo2AUYAIAbsI+mWT21asAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-9170","institution":"Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"MIRIAM","middleName":"","lastName":"SANNOMIYA","suffix":""},{"id":307218618,"identity":"66d7e754-ecc3-421f-97ce-55799be0b550","order_by":1,"name":"Gabriel Sardinho Greggio","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gabriel","middleName":"Sardinho","lastName":"Greggio","suffix":""},{"id":307218619,"identity":"451979dc-fd69-43e7-856f-4a3a7a881d56","order_by":2,"name":"Daniélle Santos-Lima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniélle","middleName":"","lastName":"Santos-Lima","suffix":""},{"id":307218620,"identity":"e83ccfb1-2d10-4bbb-a704-eb60b18f2cef","order_by":3,"name":"Marcelo Marucci Pereira Tangerina","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcelo","middleName":"Marucci Pereira","lastName":"Tangerina","suffix":""},{"id":307218621,"identity":"116ffc04-094e-45d4-be54-324e28151f61","order_by":4,"name":"Luciana Sayuri Tahira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luciana","middleName":"Sayuri","lastName":"Tahira","suffix":""},{"id":307218622,"identity":"beb986c5-08bd-4a4e-8531-607fb9d14db4","order_by":5,"name":"Leonardo Dias Meireles","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leonardo","middleName":"Dias","lastName":"Meireles","suffix":""},{"id":307218623,"identity":"45b7ccca-f3f4-46c3-a227-3bd04f1491f2","order_by":6,"name":"Renata Colombo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade de São Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renata","middleName":"","lastName":"Colombo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-12 21:03:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259681/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259681/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57913471,"identity":"ba4977d9-2d62-4988-98e3-293791e084ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 11:24:21","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":137292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plot generated by PLS-DA using the metabolomic data from the four seasons of the \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e individuals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4259681/v1/041ffc93082965c39fdffbda.jpg"},{"id":57913472,"identity":"3c63bb31-149c-4e42-bd44-ef9003c0a75c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 11:24:21","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap of the TrOCs found in the leaves of \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora \u003c/em\u003efrom urban and preserved locations throughout the seasons\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4259681/v1/d7c5a3015328abf9dc3c8ad1.jpg"},{"id":59555952,"identity":"76863e34-3f43-47b2-8502-936ade3bdae8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 07:26:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1130849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4259681/v1/6925931d-db05-4c67-a9a2-93e451696da6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Study of trace organic contaminants (TrOcs) on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora L. from urban and forest-preserved areas","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOrganic pollutants are compounds that can be emitted intentionally or not, for example, by the consequences of urbanization and industrial processes, and have serious risks to human health (Markiewicz et al., 2017). In recent decades, there has been a drastic increase in the chemical variety and quantity of organic contaminants in bodies of water, marine environments, and living organisms, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, pharmaceutical products, and plastics (Sousa et al., 2017; Allan et al., 2006).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA lot of factors can modulate the emission of these contaminants. As they are emitted by road traffic and as industrial byproducts, the emission can vary by seasonality, especially the VOCs (volatile organic compounds) (Beckers et al., 2018). Road traffic emission is one of the most important factors of urban contamination (Bj\u0026ouml;rklund, 2011). Even this emission may vary by the season, as the climate changes with it, with the presence of phthalate esters, alkanes, and alkyl phenols in the road dust ((Helmreich et al., 2010); Bj\u0026ouml;rklund, 2010). Industrial emissions can also cause the accumulation of organic contaminants, changing the concentration of which compound by season (Zhang et al., 2017). Thus, the variation of organic pollutant accumulation is spatiotemporal.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, all these compounds are subjected to depositions, the wet deposition by rain or snowfall and the wet deposition by gravity and dispersion, moving these contaminants between the environment and leading them to some surfaces (Nežikov\u0026aacute;, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the disposal of plastics in the environment, such as those coming from urban disposal, can release organic compounds (OC) such as phthalates, organophosphate esters, and bisphenols, which are recognized as the most critical, as they have endocrine disrupting action, deleterious effects on humans and the environment, and can be found in marine environments at a level of \u0026mu;g.L-1 in estuarine and coastal waters (Hermabessiere et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond the Organic Pollutants, Trace Organic Contaminants (TrOCs) are chemical compounds including industrial chemicals, steroid hormones, pharmaceutical and cosmetical residues, pesticides, phytoestrogens, and others (Hai et al. 2014, Alexander et al. 2012) that can be found, mostly, in urban and industrialized areas (Burant et al., 2012). These organic compounds are gaining notoriety because they can present acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic organisms or plants, causing biodiversity loss and affecting human health for their adverse effects (Hai et al. 2014). According to the literature, abiotic factors can change a lot in plant organisms such as secondary metabolites production by \u003cem\u003eEugenia uniflora\u003c/em\u003e, and even in the contaminant content, the environment is directly associated with the rainfall index, exhibiting a higher concentration mainly in dry seasons (Gon\u0026ccedil;alves, 2021; Zhou et al., 2011).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this sense, this work proposes evaluating the presence of these pollutants deposited in the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Eugenia uniflora\u003c/em\u003e leaves, in different areas of cultivation and seasons of the year to monitor their behavior considering the spatiotemporal variation of organic pollutants emission and deposition.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMaterials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Chemicals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dichloromethane solvent was purchased from Mallinckrodt Chemicals and a homologous series of C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-alkanes standards was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The commercial activated carbon used was of mineral origin (minimum surface area of 1000 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g and ash content \u0026lt; 6%), obtained from the company F\u0026aacute;brica Brasileira de Catalisadores Ltda - Filter Sorbius-400. It has applications in removing low-concentration contaminants in solid, liquid, and gaseous matrices. The pollutant biphenyl was purchased from SpecSol, at the concentration of 100mg/mL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Sampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specimen Eu1 (voucher SPFE 711) was cultivated in the metropolitan city of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, close to the Ayrton Senna highway (geographical coordinates: Lat: 23\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e29\u0026apos;091\u0026quot; S, Long: 46\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e30\u0026apos;301\u0026quot; O and Alt: 734 m). The specimen Eu2 (voucher SPFE 713) was located in a preserved region in the Natural Park of Mogi Affonso de Melo (SP), geographical coordinates: Lat: 23\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e29\u0026apos;294\u0026quot; S, Long: 46\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e11\u0026apos;683\u0026quot; O and Alt: 867 m. These samples are 31672.11 m apart from each other. According to the Permanent Commission for the Creation and Expansion of Protected Areas- CNAP, the Itapeti mountain range, where the Park of Mogi Affonso de Melo is located, was implemented as a Mosaic of Protected Areas to increase the protection of the area\u0026apos;s fauna and other biotic values. It is a closed park managed by the Department of Greenery and the Environment of the municipality of Mogi das Cruzes, with visits allowed and supervised only upon authorization from the agency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the same day, samples (approximately 9 g) of \u003cem\u003eEugenia uniflora\u003c/em\u003e (Eu) leaves were harvested from urban (Eu1) and forest-preserved areas (Eu2) and stored separately in black plastic bags. Each one of the collections was performed in triplicate during morning, afternoon, and evening periods. Harvesting was performed during the four seasons of the year 2018 (summer: February 6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Autumn: April 3\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, winter: July 5\u003csup\u003eth,\u003c/sup\u003e and spring: October 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e). The summer collection comes with the suffix (su), winter (w), spring (sp) and autumn (a), for example, EU2su is the summer urban sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe identification of the species was carried out by Prof. Leonardo Dias Meireles from the School of Arts, Science, and Humanities, University of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (EACH-USP). The specimens were deposited at the SPF Herbarium (EACH-USP).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. Leaf contaminants extraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, immediately before harvesting, the leaves of \u003cem\u003eEugenia uniflora\u003c/em\u003e were covered with commercial activated carbon and carefully packaged to avoid contact between them and the loss of carbonaceous material. The adsorbent was in contact with the leaves for 14 days in a sealed container.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the contact period, the charcoal adhered to the surface of the leaves was transferred, with the aid of a brush, to a beaker and mixed with 20 mL of dichloromethane. The extract was then filtered through filter paper and the solvent was concentrated to 2 mL in a rotary evaporator at 60\u0026deg;C. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.45 \u0026micro;m membrane (MF-Millipore) and stored in darkness at 4 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC until GC-MS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA control sample was prepared to monitor any pollutants identified in the GC-MS analysis from solvent impurities and/or commercial charcoal. To prepare this sample, an amount of charcoal, like that obtained during brushing the leaves, but without contact with the leaves, was added to 20 mL of dichloromethane and subjected to the same process described above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Chromatographic analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChromatographic analyses of the samples were carried out on an Ultra Shimadzu Model QP 2010 mass spectrometer and a BPX5 ((5%-Phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane) capillary chromatographic column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 mm). Three microliters were injected in splitless mode (1/25) at an injector temperature of 260 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Carrier gas was helium (99.998 %) at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The oven program started at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 1 min. The temperature was incremented at 3 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min to reach 200 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, then immediately incremented at 10 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min to 280 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and remaining for 1.67 min. Detection was performed in SCAN mode (40 to 550 m/z) and the data acquisition rate was 1.27 scans per second. Only compounds identified with a relative match above 700, on a scale from 0 to 1000, were considered. \u0026nbsp;To calculate the retention index, a solution of the C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e homologous series was injected. The analysis parameters for \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-alkanes were the same as those used for the samples. To obtain the relative percentages (%) by peak area normalization of the identified compounds, all samples were analyzed in gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using an Agilent GC 6850 system. GC-FID was performed using the same chromatographic conditions used in the GC-MS analysis. All compounds were identified using NIST107 and NIST21 libraries, comparing the mass spectra data and by the retention index calculation with a solution of C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e homologous series by the Van den Dool and Kratz equation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.1. Pollutants content estimation \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pollutant biphenyl was injected in the same chromatographic conditions above, in three concentrations: 50, 25 and 12.5 \u0026micro;g/mL. With the peak area data, a calibration curve (Fig. 1) was designed with the aim of linear regression. The equation obtained is y = 1703066.8x - 15398484 and the R\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.974\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Target metabolomics, seasonal and local variations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetabolomic data (peak area, protonated ion, retention time, and fragmentation) were generated by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. In addition, the data was submitted to the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform (PANG et al., 2021) for multivariate statistical analysis, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Filtering was performed using the relative standard deviation (RSD), and normalization was performed by autoscaling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data of industries in each local was obtained from its City Halls by e-SIC, a digital platform for information solicitations via the Brazilian Acess to Information Law (12.527/2018)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.\t Results and discussion","content":"\u003ch3\u003eTrOCs identified in \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e leaves and their spatiotemporal variation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of the GC-MS spectra of the analyzed samples with data from the NIST107 and NIST21 libraries and the calculation of the retention index of the compounds with the standard of the homologous series C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e allowed the identification of thirty-one compounds (Table 1), whose are recognized as TrOCs (Al-Akid et al., 2001, Fries et al., 2004, Castillo et al., 2011; Sanches-Silva et al., 2007; Conacher et al., 1986, Magdouli et al., 2013; Schieweck et al., 2020). Of these TrOCs, 3,3-dimethyl hexane (\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e) and butylhydroxytoluene (\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e) were identified in leaves from both areas (urban and preserved forest) and the different periods/seasons of the year. The other TrOCs showed a direct relationship with the region where the plants were grown and/or with the period/season of the year the leaves were collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: TrOCs identified on the \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.256776034236804%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompound Number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.693295292439373%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of identified compounds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.422253922967189%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.422253922967189%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIR\u003csub\u003elit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.205420827389446%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage Relative Abundance (%) (\u003cem\u003en=3\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.600508905852415%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples from urban area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.399491094147585%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamples from the preserved area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.151898734177216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.151898734177216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.151898734177216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAutumn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.151898734177216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.151898734177216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.151898734177216%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.658227848101266%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAutumn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.430379746835444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehexadecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,3-dimethyl pentane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,3-dimethyl hexane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-ethyl-2-methyl-pentane\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-methyl-3-hexanone\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-methyl-4-heptanone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-methyl octane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-octanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,7-dimethyl undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,4-dimethyl-undecane\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,4-dimethyl undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,8-dimethyl undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-ethyl-3-methyl decane\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,3-dimethyl undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-dodecanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,6-di-\u003cem\u003etert\u003c/em\u003e-butyl-4-(hydroxymethylene)-2,5-cyclohexandien-1-one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.3\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebutylhydroxytoluene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 \u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-phenyl decane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6 \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-phenyl undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6 \u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-phenyl undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8 \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-phenyl dodecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-phenyl dodecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-phenyl dodecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-phenyl dodecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,5-di-\u003cem\u003etert\u003c/em\u003e-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 \u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-phenyl tridecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-phenyl tridecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-phenyl tridecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edi isobutyl phthalate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etributyl acetyl citrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22792022792023%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.672364672364672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.415954415954416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.837606837606837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.122507122507122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.57142857142857%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage total relative abundance of identified compounds (%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.857142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.7\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.857142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.9\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.857142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.857142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.857142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.857142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.0\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e] IR: retention index calculated;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIR (lit): retention index obtained from reports in the literature (Adams 2007);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND: unidentified compounds in the related sample;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003evalues below 100% because the compounds eluted before the first hydrocarbon of the standard or after the last hydrocarbon of the standard was not considered\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe estimated pollutants content variates between 9.04 to 11.01 \u0026micro;g/mL. The lower content is by 2,3-dimethyl undecane in EU1su and the highest contents are obtained from butylhydroxytoluene, with 9.44 \u0026micro;g/mL, diisobutyl phthalate, with 9.35 \u0026micro;g/mL and tributyl acetylcitrate, with the highest concentration of 11.01 \u0026micro;g/mL. Comparing the relative abundance of components \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e17,\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e both in the urban area and in the preserved forest, \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e is the most present in the leaves during the seasons of the year. Exceptions were observed only in the period corresponding to the summer for the preserved forest (Eu2), in which TrOCs were not detected, and in the autumn for the urban area (Eu1), where \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e was the most abundant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e is degraded to \u003cstrong\u003e25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein the natural environment (Fries et al., 2002), it is suggested that the climatic conditions during autumn may have contributed to the oxidation of the alkyl substituent\u0026nbsp;of the butylhydroxytoluene forming the metabolite 3,5-di-\u003cem\u003etert\u003c/em\u003e-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority presence of \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e in samples from urban areas can be associated with its wide use as an additive in various industrial sectors (food, cosmetics, packaging, polymer industry, etc.) for about 70 years (Babich, 1982). Its presence in preserved forests can be associated with its occurrence as a natural product in some species (\u003cem\u003eTrichilia emetica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Vitex trifolia\u003c/em\u003e) and with the various factors that govern the production, distribution, and transport of TrOCs in the environment (Shahidi, 2000; Babich, 1982; Usman et al., 2016; Wee et al., 2020; Sarmah et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout the TrOCs that were determined under specific or exclusive conditions, evaluating the seasonality, it was observed that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) \u003cstrong\u003e2,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e11, 12,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e16\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewere uniquely identified in the spring period of the year.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1-dodecanol (\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e), 2-octanol (\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e), open-chain alkanes (\u003cstrong\u003e7, 9,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;14\u003c/strong\u003e), and linear alkyl benzenes (\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e9, 14, 15,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;18-24\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;26-28\u003c/strong\u003e) were identified exclusively in the harvest period corresponding to the summer. Substituted alkanes and ketones (\u003cstrong\u003e4-6, 10,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e) were detected only in the autumn period and hexadecane (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e), tributyl acetylcitrate (\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e), and phthalate esters (\u003cstrong\u003e29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;31\u003c/strong\u003e) were identified specifically in the period corresponding to winter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral factors may be associated with this behavior of the identified pollutants. One of them refers to the physicochemical properties of these compounds, such as volatility and solubility in water, which may favor their transport or their permanence in the leaves under the different rainfall, temperature, and humidity conditions studied (Zalakeviciute et al., 2018; Rahman et al., 2022). Another factor that may be related to the presence or absence of these compounds at a given time/season of the year is the seasonality of their generation sources, such as between agricultural harvests and industrial production periods (Bodor et al., 2020; Chang et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is likely because TrOCs are a large group of compounds emitted by both natural and anthropogenic sources (Duan et al., 2023). The presence of VOCs in the urban and rural areas has been reported in the literature and corroborates the results found in this study, showing that aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;11, and 12\u003c/strong\u003e, are VOCs present in both urban and rural areas and those terpenes such as \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e, are VOCs dominant in the rural area (Roba et al., 2014; Adamov\u0026aacute; et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the four VOCs identified, 2,6-di-\u003cem\u003etert\u003c/em\u003e-butyl-4-(hydroxymethylene)-2,5-cyclohexandien-1-one (\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e) was the majority, corresponding to 32.3% of the peak abundance found by GC-MS in Eu2 leaf sample. The predominance of this compound in the preserved forest sample can be attributed to its classification as a terpene emitted from vegetation, specifically in rural forested areas (Roba et al., 2014; Adamov\u0026aacute; et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe spring TrOCs were the only present in the leaves of Eu1 and Eu2, as the other TrOCs from summer, autumn, and winter were identified only in the leaves of \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e that grew in the urban area (Eu1). This relationship can be justified by the types of TrOcs identified in these samples that are exclusively generated by anthropic sources (transport sector, industrial activities, combustion processes, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the fifteen TrOcs found in summer, the most abundant was 1-dodecanol (\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e) (23.2% relative abundance). The compound 2-octanol (\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e) and thirteen linear alkyl benzenes (\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;14\u003c/strong\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;18-24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;26-28\u003c/strong\u003e) were also detected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese long-chain alcohols (\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e) are used in various industrial processes, in the manufacture of surfactants, as flavor in the food industry and as an emollient in cosmetics, and also as a chemical intermediate for the production of various other chemicals (van Ginkel, 2007; Matos et al., 2019; Motteran et al., 2019). 1-dodecanol\u0026nbsp;is also used as a thickening agent and raw material for surfactants and is one of the main VOCs emitted by the use of paints (Schieweck et al., 2015; National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe compounds identified in the autumn period (\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e-\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e10,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;13\u003c/strong\u003e) were those of the class of substituted alkanes and ketones, with undecane, 2,4-dimethyl (\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e) being the one with the highest abundance (15.4 %).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aldehydes/ketones are pollutants of the VOC class and are already reported as predominant in urban areas due to their wide use in industrial processes, especially plastics, and polymers, and as gasoline additives (Fenske, 1993; Hamadi, 2010; Almanzalawy et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the period corresponding to winter, four TrCOs were identified (\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e29-31\u003c/strong\u003e), including hexadecane; two substituted phthalates, and the majority compound tributyl acetylcitrate (\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e). The predominance of \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e over the others is probably related to its application in a greater number of sectors and industrial products (plastics, repellents, fibers, lubricants, packaging, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal care products, automobiles, and civil construction) (Pandit et al., 2018; Horie et al., 2022; Garc\u0026iacute;a-Pimentel et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexadecane is one of the main chemical compounds in smoke condensates from cooking oil and oil and gas industry activities (Morais et al., 2021; Szewczyńska et al., 2020). Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e31\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e) is considered an important pollutant in the world released by industrial products (Magdouli et al., 2013). Tributyl acetylcitrate (\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e) is one of the compounds most detected in published studies of plastic pollutants (Garc\u0026iacute;a-Pimentel et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of spatiotemporal variation in \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eindividuals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the TrOCs can be emitted by industrial activities (Burant \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018), the industries, as their sector in the vicinity of the individuals were evaluated, seeing that the organic compounds emitted are directly connected to the industrial activity. A study was therefore carried out to list the industries located within a 5 km radius of each individual studied. Of the eighty-one industries near Eu1, twenty-five operate in the polymer, paint, adhesive, glass, and chemical sectors (Table 2). On the other hand, the conditions in Eu2\u0026apos;s neighborhood for the same distance differ, as there are only residences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Industries and areas of activity in the vicinity of the individual 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"698\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndustries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance to EU1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePromar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTinkering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453.37m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiplocan - Com\u0026eacute;rcio Confec\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Tubos Embalagens de papel\u0026atilde;o\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePackaging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e720.38m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-I S\u0026atilde;o Paulo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlassware\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e790.13m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRB FLA Marcenaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarpentry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcacia Marcenaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarpentry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBann Quimica Ltda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemistry industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViscofan do Brasil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlassv Ind e Com de Pl\u0026aacute;stico\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReina Embalagens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePackaging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnibrasil Pl\u0026aacute;sticos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLagge Plasticos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlastkaza\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePackaging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSanpa Embalagens Saco Pl\u0026aacute;stico\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePackaging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC Etiquetas e R\u0026oacute;tulos Adesivos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdhesives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuriplast Tubos e Conexoes LTDA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlpen Industria e Comercio de Artefatos Plasticos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasticel Usinagem e Fabrica\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Pe\u0026ccedil;as Pl\u0026aacute;sticas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQu\u0026iacute;mica Futuro Ind\u0026uacute;tria e Com\u0026eacute;rcio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemistry industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSonal Recupera\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Residuos Plasticos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScopo Industrial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndustria Magalh\u0026atilde;es de Artefatos Plasticos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlastbrink Industria e Com\u0026eacute;rcio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasticonn Produtos promocionais e profissionais ltda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvax Produtos Automotivos Ltda.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutomotive products, oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil Polymer Com. Pl\u0026aacute;stico Inds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06km\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowing the different scenario of each individual, to visualize how the localization and the season may change the deposition of TrOCs on \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eleaves, some multivariate statistical analyses were performed (Figure 1). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scatter plot generated by PLS-DA (Fig. 1) shows that the TrOCs from individuals in the preserved and urban regions do not have overlapping characteristics and distribution, and therefore have definite chemical differences between them. The samples from the preserved and urban areas are in separate clusters, indicating a pattern between areas. The TrOCs from the preserved area fluctuate less due to abiotic factors. On the other hand, those from urban areas change more by season, because of the impact of human activity, like the flow of cars and the industrial operation in the area. The urban samples present more diversity and quantity of pollutants, as is seen on the heatmap (Fig. 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the organic contaminants were identified on the leaf surface of both individuals and can be related to the pollutant transport (Zalakeviciute \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018; Rahman \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022), such as butylated hydroxytoluene (17) which is widely used in packaging industries (Babich, 1982). There are four industries of this type near 2km of the individual EU1, and none near the EU2 individual, and this might be the cause of the highest concentration on EU1. Its byproduct 2,6-Di(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (16) was present as well only in the EU2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, some other contaminants were present only in the urbanized and industrialized areas. Compound 4 is an octane isomer obtained from petroleum distillation (Lukowitz \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2006) and it could be related to polymers industries or road traffic. The phthalates, as the compounds 29 and 31 are widely used as plasticizers and, as they just appear in this individual, can be attributed to the twelve polymers industries close to 3.5km of the EU1. This may represent that the urban environment can contribute to pollutant emission and deposition on leaf surfaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHarmfulness of TrOCs identified in \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e leaves for human health and the environment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the TrOCs identified in this study, most of them have been reported in the literature as harmful to human health and/or the environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe butylated hydroxytoluene, present in 9.44\u0026micro;g/mL in EU1sp, can induce tumors in mice with a concentration of 250mg/kg-day (Umemura \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2001). Currently, butylhydroxytoluene is considered a major public health problem, with studies describing its presence in food, in human and animal adipose tissue, and in the aquatic environment (Castillo et al., 2011; Sanches-Silva et al., 2007; Conacher et al., 1986). Toxicological studies report the incidence of nephrotoxicity, pneumotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in rats exposed to BHT (Al-Akid et al., 2001; Fries et al., 2004). \u0026nbsp;The limit of use of this compound in packaging is 5ppm and its intake can come to 2.0 to 6.0 \u0026micro;g/kg, but associated with butylhydroxyanisole, it\u0026rsquo;s intake can come higher and become a concern motif (Babich, 1982; Suh, 2005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pollutant 3,5-di-\u003cem\u003etert\u003c/em\u003e-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been considered extremely dangerous for the aquatic environment and human health, demonstrating a genotoxic potential greater than butylhydroxytoluene (Nagai et al., 1993; Hern\u0026aacute;ndez et al., 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies describe the harmful effects of human exposure to VOCs, in particular, mutagenic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. Adverse effects on the environment have been also reported (Li et al., 2021; USEPA, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Globally Harmonized System data, 2-octanol is classified as hazardous to the environment and human health and safety data. To 1-dodecanol, limits and toxicity standards for this pollutant are not yet fully evaluated or available (USEPA, 2023a; USEPA, 2023b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of Linear alkyl benzenes (LAB) has been frequently detected in aquatic and terrestrial environments (Takada et al., 1987; Holt et al., 1992; Gledhill et al., 1991). Studies show that these compounds and their derivatives (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) are toxic to the environment and human health, and this toxicity is strongly associated with the number, position, and length of alkanes attached to the phenyl moiety (Fern\u0026aacute;ndez et al., 2002; Pillard et al, 2001; de Almeida et al., 1994; Mungray et al., 2009).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative risk and hazard assessment values and other toxicological data of undecane, 2,4-dimethyl are not available (USEPA, 2023c), but aldehydes/ketones from the class of TrOCs are associated with negative effects on human health and negative impact on the environment (Roba et al., 2014; Li et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexadecane poses a health risk and can be fatal if ingested and enters the airways (USEPA, 2023d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhthalate derivatives, such as Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, have been classified as bioaccumulative pollutants in the atmosphere, water, and soil. These compounds are considered teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic at low concentrations and have been reported as active endocrine (Net et al., 2015; Park et al., 2012; Szewczyńska et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBis(ethyl-hexyl) phtalate, present in 9.33\u0026micro;g/mL in EU1w, in previous studies, showed cancer in rodents, and it\u0026rsquo;s use in gloves and food was banished in Japan (Petersen, Jensen, 2010). \u0026nbsp;This compound is present in food in the 825 mg/kg concentration and this value implied the intake estimation of 8\u0026micro;g/kg body weight/day, with the tolerance consumption of 0.05\u0026micro;g/kg body-weight/day (Petersen, Jensen, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTributyl acetylcitrate is classified as an environmentally persistent pollutant and a recent study confirmed that it has endocrine-disrupting activity and lethal toxicity in zebrafish and Japanese medaka (Horie et al., 2022). It\u0026rsquo;s present in 11.01\u0026micro;g/mL in EU1w and have the acute toxicity in \u003cem\u003eXenopus laevia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eof 12mg/mL (Xu, Gye, 2018).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results found in this study, it is concluded that the leaves of \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e present TrOCs, even when cultivated in a preserved forest area, characterized by a lower incidence of atmospheric emissions by vehicles and industries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the TrOCs found were persistent to the climatic variations that occur during the different seasons of the year, such as, for example, the butylhydroxytoluene. Others are more susceptible to being deposited under the leaves in certain seasons of the year. Among these are 2,6-di-\u003cem\u003etert\u003c/em\u003e-butyl-4-(hydroxymethylene)-2,5-cyclohexandien-1-one predominant in the winter period; 1-dodecanol in summer; 2,4-dimethyl-undecane in the period corresponding to autumn and tributyl acetylcitrate in winter. All identified TrOCs and/or their class are reported in the literature as potentially toxic to human health and the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter doing the content estimation and extrapolating to a more relatable scenario, like drinking tea or phytoterapics production, the content in the samples can come to the order of mg/mL, close or higher to the tolerance intakes and become a health concern. or even drinking TrOCs that are already prohibited in food.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe organic pollutants TrOCs are higly present in the surface of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Eugenia uniflora\u003c/em\u003e leaves, as probably every leaf in urbanized areas. The presence of these compounds can vary, thanks to abiotic factors, with space, urban and preserved, and seasonally, by the seasons in the years. Furthermore, the urban individuals are those with the highest diversity and content of TrOCs, but fluctuate more due to abiotic factors as seen in PLS-DA. Comparing the toxicity data to the TrOCs content estimation, it becomes clear that some attention may be given to what plant material is the population consuming, and an effort should be made to minimize the presence of the TrOCs in medicinal plants, such as \u003cem\u003eE. uniflora\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e: This work was supported by the Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (FAPESP Proc.\u0026nbsp;N\u0026ordm;2016/05369-0).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDSL, GSG and LST collected the material plant and realized the extraction procedures. LDM was responsible for the botanical identification of the plant studied. \u0026nbsp; MS, GSG, and DSL study conception and design, data collection. GSG, MMTP, RC, and MS contributed to the analysis, interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis is an observational study. The Research Ethics Committee of the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanity of the University of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAs no human individuals were objects of this study, no consent to participate is required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAs no human individuals were objects of this study, no consent to publish is required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eADAMOV\u0026Aacute; T, HRADECK\u0026Yacute; \u0026amp;, P\u0026Aacute;NEK M. 2020. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Wood and Wood-Based Panels: Methods for Evaluation, Potential Health Risks, and Mitigation. Polymers (Basel) 12:2289. doi:10.3390/polym12102289\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAL-AKID YF, EL-RAHMAN AEA, HUSSEIN HA \u0026amp; WASSIF GA. 2001. Nephro- and pneumotoxic response to chronic administration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in adult albino rats. J Pharm Sci 28:171-195.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eALEXANDER JT, HAI FI \u0026amp; AL-ABOUD TM. 2012. Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: Current state and future potential. J Environ Manage 111:195-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eALMANZALAWY MS, ELKADY MF, MORI S \u0026amp; ELWARDANY AE. 2023. The role of acetone for cleaner combustion in diesel engine. Process Saf Environ Prot 170:886-897. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.071.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBABICH H. 1982. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): A review, Environ Res 29:1-29. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(82)90002-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBECKERS, Liza-Marie; BUSCH, Wibke; KRAUSS, Martin; SCHULZE, Tobias; BRACK, Werner. Characterization and risk assessment of seasonal and weather dynamics in organic pollutant mixtures from discharge of a separate sewer system. Water Research, [S.L.], v. 135, p. 122-133, maio 2018. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBJ\u0026Ouml;RKLUND, K.. Substance flow analyses of phthalates and nonylphenols in stormwater. Water Science And Technology, [S.L.], v. 62, n. 5, p. 1154-1160, 1 set. 2010. IWA Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.923.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBURANT, Aniela; SELBIG, William; FURLONG, Edward T.; HIGGINS, Christopher P.. Trace organic contaminants in urban runoff: associations with urban land-use. Environmental Pollution, [S.L.], v. 242, p. 2068-2077, nov. 2018. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.066.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCASTILLO M \u0026amp; BARCEL\u0026Oacute; D. 2011. Characterisation of organic pollutants in textile wastewaters and landfill leachate by using toxicity-based fractionation methods followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 426:253-264. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00828-X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCONACHER HBS, IVERSON F, LAU P-Y \u0026amp; PAGE BD. 1986. Levels of BHA and BHT in human and animal adipose tissue: Interspecies extrapolation. Food Chem Toxicol 24:1159-1162. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(86)90302-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDUAN C., LIAO H., WANG K. \u0026amp; REN Y. 2023. The research hotspots and trends of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources: A systematic quantitative review. Environ Res 216: 114386. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114386\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDE ALMEIDA JLG, DUFAUX M, TAARIT, YB \u0026amp; NACCACHE C. 1994. Linear alkylbenzene. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71:675-694. doi:10.1007/BF02541423\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFENSKE RA. 1993. Dermal exposure assessment techniques. Ann Occup Hyg 37:687\u0026ndash;706. doi:10.1093/annhyg/37.6.687\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFERN\u0026Aacute;NDEZ C, ALONSO C, GARC\u0026Iacute;A P, TARAZONA JV \u0026amp; CARBONELL G. 2002. Toxicity of linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) to the aquatic crustacean \u003cem\u003eDaphnia\u003c/em\u003e magna through waterborne and food chain exposures. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 68:637\u0026ndash;643. doi:10.1007/s001280302\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFRIES E \u0026amp; P\u0026Uuml;TTMANN W. 2002. Analysis of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in water by means of solid phase extraction combined with GC/MS. Water Res 36:2319-2327. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00453-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFRIES E \u0026amp; P\u0026Uuml;TTMANN W. 2004. Monitoring of the antioxidant BHT and its metabolite BHT-CHO in German river water and ground water. Scie Total Environ 319:269-282. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00447-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGARC\u0026Iacute;A-PIMENTEL M, CAMPILLO JA, CASTA\u0026Ntilde;O-ORTIZ JM, LLORCA M \u0026amp; LE\u0026Oacute;N VM. 2023. Occurrence and distribution of contaminants of legacy and emerging concern in surface waters of two Western Mediterranean coastal areas: Mar Menor Lagoon and Ebro Delta. Mar Pollut Bull 187:114542. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114542.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGLEDHILL WE, SAEGER VW \u0026amp; TREHY ML. 1991. An aquatic environmental safety assessment of linear alkylbenzene. Environ Toxicol Chem 10:169-178. doi:10.1002/etc.5620100204\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGON\u0026Ccedil;ALVES, Adilson J\u0026uacute;nior; EUTIMIO, G. Fern\u0026aacute;ndez N\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;ez; RENATA, O. Santos; BRYNA, T. Haraki Otaviano; ROSELY, L. Imbernon; FABIANA, C. Pioker; MARCELO, J. Pena Ferreira; MIRIAM, Sannomiya. Study of seasonality and location effects on the chemical composition of essential oils from Eugenia uniflora leaves. Journal Of Medicinal Plants Research, [S.L.], v. 15, n. 7, p. 321-329, 31 jul. 2021. Academic Journals. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jmpr2021.7135.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHAI FI, NGHIEM LD, KHAN, S. J., PRICE WE \u0026amp; YAMAMOTO K. 2014. Wastewater reuse: removal of emerging trace organic contaminants. In: HAI FI, YAMAMOTO K, LEE C-H, (eds), Membrane Biological Reactors. London: IWA Publishing, pp 165-205.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHAMADI AS. 2010. Selective additives for improvement of gasoline octane number. Tikrit J Eng Sci 17:22-35. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.071\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHELMREICH, Brigitte; HILLIGES, Rita; SCHRIEWER, Alexander; HORN, Harald. Runoff pollutants of a highly trafficked urban road \u0026ndash; Correlation analysis and seasonal influences. Chemosphere, [S.L.], v. 80, n. 9, p. 991-997, ago. 2010. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.037.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHERMABESSIERE, L., DEHAUT, A., PAUL-PONT, I., LACROIX, C., JEZEQUEL, R., SOUDANT, P., et al. (2017). Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms: a review. Chemosphere 182, 781\u0026ndash;793. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHERN\u0026Aacute;NDEZ F, PORTOL\u0026Eacute;S T, PITARCH E \u0026amp; L\u0026Oacute;PEZ FJ. 2009. Searching for anthropogenic contaminants in human breast adipose tissues using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 44:1-11. doi:10.1002/jms.1538\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHOLT MS \u0026amp; BERNSTEIN SL. 1992. Linear alkylbenzenes in sewage sludges and sludge amended soils. Water Res 26:613-624. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(92)90235-V\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHORIE Y, YAP CK \u0026amp; OKAMURA H. 2022. Developmental toxicity and thyroid hormone-disrupting effects of acetyl tributyl citrate in zebrafish and Japanese medaka. J Hazard Mater Advances 8:100199. doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100199\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKIM H, NAM KS, OH S, SON S, JEON D, GYE MC \u0026amp; SHIN I. 2019. Toxicological assessment of phthalates and their alternatives using human keratinocytes. Environ Res175:316-322. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLI AJ, PAL VK \u0026amp; KANNAN K. 2021. A review of environmental occurrence, toxicity, biotransformation and biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 3:91-116. doi:10.1016/j.enceco.2021.01.001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLI X, LI M, SUN N, HE F, CHU S, ZONG W, NIU Q \u0026amp; LIU R. 2022. Response of earthworm coelomocytes and catalase to pentanone and hexanone: a revelation of the toxicity of conventional solvents at the cellular and molecular level. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:44282\u0026ndash;44296. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-18864-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLUKOVITS, I.; FODOR, J.; G\u0026Ouml;M\u0026Ouml;RY, \u0026Aacute;.; ISTV\u0026Aacute;N, K.; KERESZTURY, G.; K\u0026Oacute;TAI, L. Alkane isomers: presence in petroleum ether and complexity. Sar And Qsar In Environmental Research, [S.L.], v. 17, n. 3, p. 323-335, jun. 2006. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10659360600787791.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMAGDOULI S, DAGHRIR R, BRAR SK, DROGUI P \u0026amp; TYAGI RD. 2013. Di 2-ethylhexylphtalate in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: A critical review. J Environ Manage 127:36-49. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMARKIEWICZ, Anna; BJ\u0026Ouml;RKLUND, Karin; ERIKSSON, Eva; KALMYKOVA, Yuliya; STR\u0026Ouml;MVALL, Ann-Margret; SIOPI, Anna. Emissions of organic pollutants from traffic and roads: priority pollutants selection and substance flow analysis. Science of The Total Environment, [S.L.], v. 580, p. 1162-1174, fev. 2017. Elsevier BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.074. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMATOS M, PANDO D \u0026amp; GUTI\u0026Eacute;RREZ G. 2019. Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients by niosomes. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815673-5.00011-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMORAIS BP, MARTINS V, MARTINS G, CASTRO AR, ALVES MM, PEREIRA MA \u0026amp; CAVALEIRO AJ. 2021. Hydrocarbon toxicity towards hydrogenotrophic methanogens in oily waste streams. Energies 14:4830. doi:10.3390/en14164830\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMOTTERAN F, NASCIMENTO RF, NADAI BM, TITATO GM, SANTOS NETO, AJ DOS, SILVA EL \u0026amp; VARESCHE MBA. 2019. Identification of anionic and nonionic surfactant and recalcitrants compounds in commercial laundry wastewater by GC-MS analysis after anaerobic fluidized bed reactor treatment. Wate Air Soil Pollut 230:301. doi:10.1007/s11270-019-4357-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMUNGRAY AK \u0026amp; KUMAR P. 2009. Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the environment: A review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 63:981-987. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.03.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNAGAI F, USHIYAMA K \u0026amp; KANO I. 1993. DNA cleavage by metabolites of butylated hydroxytoluene. Arch Toxicol 67:552-557. doi: 10.1007/BF01969268 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION. 2023. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 8193, 1-Dodecanol. Available at: \u0026lt;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1-Dodecanol\u0026gt;. Access on: 19 feb. 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNEžIKOV\u0026Aacute;, Barbora; DEGRENDELE, C\u0026eacute;line; ČUPR, Pavel; HOHENBLUM, Philipp; MOCHE, Wolfgang; PROKEŁ, Roman; VAňKOV\u0026Aacute;, Lenka; KUKUčKA, Petr; MARTIN\u0026Iacute;K, Jakub; AUDY, Ondřej. Bulk atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Central Europe. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, [S.L.], v. 26, n. 23, p. 23429-23441, 14 jun. 2019. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05464-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNET S, SEMP\u0026Eacute;R\u0026Eacute; R, DELMONT A, PALUSELLI A \u0026amp; OUDDANE B. 2015. Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices. Environ Scie Technol49:4019-4035. doi:10.1021/es505233b\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePANDIT P, NADATHUR GT, MAITI S \u0026amp; REGUBALAN B. 2018. Functionality and properties of bio-based materials. In: Ahmed, S. (eds) Bio-based materials for food packaging. Springer, Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1909-9_4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePARK MA, HWANG KA, LEE HR, YI BR, JEUNG EB \u0026amp; CHOI KC. 2012. Cell growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells is promoted by di-\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-butyl phthalate and hexabromocyclododecane via upregulation of the cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 genes. Mol Med Rep 5:761-766. doi:10.3892/mmr.2011.712\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePETERSEN, J.H.; JENSEN, L.K. Phthalates and food-contact materials: enforcing the 2008 european union plastics legislation. Food Additives \u0026amp; Contaminants: Part A, [S.L.], v. 27, n. 11, p. 1608-1616, nov. 2010. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2010.501825.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePILLARD DA, CORNELL JS, DUFRESNE DL \u0026amp; HERNANDEZ MT. 2001. Toxicity of benzotriazole and benzotriazole derivatives to three aquatic species. Water Res 35:557-560. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00268-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRAHMAN MM, SHUO W, ZHAO W, XU X, ZHANG W \u0026amp; ARSHAD A. 2022. Investigating the relationship between air pollutants and meteorological parameters using satellite data over Bangladesh. Remote Sens 14:2757. doi:10.3390/rs14122757\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eROBA CA, ŞTEFĂNIE H, T\u0026Ouml;R\u0026Ouml;K Z, KOVACS M, ROŞU C \u0026amp; OZUNU A. 2014. Determination of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter levels in an urban area from Romania. Environ Eng Manag J 13:2261-2268. doi:10.30638/eemj.2014.252\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRODRIGUES MJL, MOREIDA DA SD, OLUWAGBAMIGBE FJ, HUNGRIA PEM, SOUZA GE DE, LUIZ FA, COSTA SS DA, ALVES CE. 2017. Gastroprotective effect of the aqueous fraction of hydroacetonic leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eEugenia uniflora\u003c/em\u003e L. (Myrtaceae) (pitanga) against several gastric ulcer models in mice. J Med Plants Res 11:603-612. doi:10.5897/jmpr2017.6436\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSANCHES-SILVA A, CRUZ JM, SEND\u0026Oacute;N-GARC\u0026Iacute;A R \u0026amp; PASEIRO-LOSADA P. 2007. Determination of butylated hydroxytoluene in food samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 90:277-283. doi:10.1093/jaoac/90.1.277\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSARMAH R, KANTA BHAGABATI S, DUTTA R, NATH D, POKHREL H, MUDOI LP, SARMAH N, SARMA J, AHMED AM, NATH RJ, INGTIPI L \u0026amp; KUOTSU K. 2020. Toxicity of a synthetic phenolic antioxidant, butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), in vertebrate model zebrafish embryo \u003cem\u003e(Danio rerio)\u003c/em\u003e. Aquac Res 51:3839-3846. doi:10.1111/are.14732\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSCHIEWECK A \u0026amp; BOCK MC. 2015. Emissions from low-VOC and zero-VOC paints \u0026ndash; Valuable alternatives to conventional formulations also for use in sensitive environments? Build Environ 85:243-252. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.12.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSCHIEWECK A. 2020. Adsorbent media for the sustainable removal of organic air pollutants from museum display cases. Herit Sci 8:1-18. doi:10.1186/s40494-020-0357-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSHAHIDI F. 2000. Antioxidants in food and food antioxidants. Nahrung 44:158-163. doi:10.1002/1521-3803(20000501)44:3\u0026lt;158:AID-FOOD158\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-L\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSUH, H.-J.; CHUNG, M.-S.; CHO, Y.-H.; KIM, J.-W.; KIM, D.-H.; HAN, K.-W.; KIM, C.-J.. Estimated daily intakes of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) andtert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants in Korea. Food Additives And Contaminants, [S.L.], v. 22, n. 12, p. 1176-1188, dez. 2005. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500195288.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSOUSA, J. C. G., RIBEIRO, A. R., BARBOSA, M. O., PEREIRA, M. F. R., and SILVA, A. M. T. (2017). A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines. J. Hazard. Mater. 344, 146\u0026ndash;162. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSZEWCZYŃSKA M, POŚNIAK M \u0026amp; DOBRZYŃSKA E. 2020. Determination of phthalates in particulate matter and gaseous phase emitted into the air of the working environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:175\u0026ndash;186. doi:10.1007/s13762-019-02435-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTAKADA H \u0026amp; ISHIWATARI R. 1987. Linear alkylbenzenes in urban riverine environments in Tokyo: distribution, source, and behavior. Environm Sci Technol 21:875-883. doi:10.1021/es00163a005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2022. Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Available at: \u0026lt;https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds\u0026gt;. Acess on: 10 jan. 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023a. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard.\u003cbr\u003e 6-Dodecanol 6836-38-0|DTXSID60871172. Available at: \u0026lt;https://comptox.epa.gov/ dashboard/chemical/executive-summary/DTXSID60871172\u0026gt;. Access on: 18 feb 2023(a) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023b. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard. 2-Octanol 123-96-6|DTXSID0027014. Available at: \u0026lt;https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ chemical/executive-summary/DTXSID0027014\u0026gt;. Access on: 18 feb 2023(b) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023c. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard.\u003cbr\u003e 2,4-Dimethylundecane 17312-80-0 | DTXSID20873298. Available at: \u0026lt;https://comptox.epa. gov/dashboard/chemical/executive-summary/DTXSID20873298\u0026gt;. Access on: 19 feb 2023(c) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA). 2023d. Comptox Chemicals Dashboard. Hexadecane 544-76-3|DTXSID0027195. Available at: \u0026lt;https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/ chemical/executive-summary/DTXSID0027195\u0026gt;. Access on: 19 feb 2023(d) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUMEMURA, T., KODAMA, Y., HIOKI, K. et al. Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) increases susceptibility of transgenic rasH2 mice to lung carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 127, 583\u0026ndash;590 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004320100268\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUSMAN A, MOHAMMAD RH \u0026amp; RAHEEM D. 2016. Isolation and characterization of naturally occurring butylated hydroxytoluene from \u003cem\u003eTrichilia emetica\u003c/em\u003e whole seeds. J Nat Prod Resour 2: 68\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVAN GINKEL CG. 2007. Ultimate biodegradation of ingredients used in cleaning agents. Vol 2. Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/B978-044451664-0/50020-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWEE HN, NEO SY, SINGH D, YEW HC, QIU ZY, TSAI XC, HOW SY, YIP KC, TAN CH \u0026amp; KOH HL. 2020. Effects of \u003cem\u003eVitex trifolia\u003c/em\u003e L. leaf extracts and phytoconstituents on cytokine production in human U937 macrophages. BMC Complement Med Ther 20:9. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02884-w\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXU, Y., \u0026amp; GYE, M. C. (2018). Developmental toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and citrate ester plasticizers in Xenopus laevis embryos. Chemosphere, 204, 523\u0026ndash;534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.077\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZALAKEVICIUTE R, L\u0026Oacute;PEZ-VILLADA J \u0026amp; RYBARCZYK Y. 2018. Contrasted Effects of Relative Humidity and Precipitation on Urban PM\u003csub\u003e2.5\u003c/sub\u003e Pollution in High Elevation Urban Areas. Sustainability 10:2064. doi:10.3390/su10062064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZHANG, Hao; LI, Hong; ZHANG, Qingzhu; ZHANG, Yujie; ZHANG, Weiqi; WANG, Xuezhong; BI, Fang; CHAI, Fahe; GAO, Jian; MENG, Lingshuo. Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in a Typical Urban Area of Beijing: pollution characterization, health risk assessment and source apportionment. Atmosphere, [S.L.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 61, 21 mar. 2017. MDPI AG. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos8030061.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, Z. M., Zhang, H. H., Zhang, J., Wang, Q. W., and Yang, G. P. (2018). Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of phthalate esters in the seawater and sediment of Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent area. Sci. Total Environ. 619\u0026ndash;620, 93\u0026ndash;102. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.070\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZHAO Z, LIU G, LIU Q, HUANG C \u0026amp; LI H. 2018. Studies on the spatiotemporal variability of river water quality and its relationships with soil and precipitation: A case study of the mun river Basin in Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:2466. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112466\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CG-MS, organic pollutants, trace organic contaminants, Eugenia uniflora, spatiotemporal variation, pollutants deposition.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259681/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259681/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The organic pollutants promote significant risks to both human health and environmental sustainability. These compounds have seen a dramatic increase in diversity and quantity, infiltrating bodies of water, marine environments, and living organisms. Some factors contribute to pollutant emissions, such as road traffic and industrial activities and it leads to an spatiotemporal variability. Between the organic pollutants, Trace Organic Contaminants (TrOCs), which comprise a diverse range of industrial chemicals, pharmaceutical residues, and pesticides, are also gaining attention for their toxic effects on aquatic organisms and plants. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of TrOCs deposited in Eugenia uniflora leaves from urban areas and preserved forests during the four seasons of the year. The identification of emerging trace organic contaminants were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. This analysis allowed us to identify TrOCs and some of them related to endocrine disorders. These TrOCs differed depending on the region and season of the year in which the leaves were collected, and they were present even in plants cultivated in preserved forests.","manuscriptTitle":"Study of trace organic contaminants (TrOcs) on the leaves of Eugenia uniflora L. from urban and forest-preserved areas","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-07 11:24:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259681/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a239d38e-ee82-419d-a67c-9cf1703df8c0","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-03T07:18:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-07 11:24:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4259681","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4259681","identity":"rs-4259681","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}