The Relationship among Disconnection and Rejection Schema, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Undergraduate Student NSSI: A Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect Study

The Relationship among Disconnection and Rejection Schema, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Undergraduate Student NSSI: A Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship among Disconnection and Rejection Schema, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Undergraduate Student NSSI: A Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect Study Hyeong Jun Ahn, Seok-jin Chang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4003901/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Disconnection and rejection schema and difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). This study examined whether trait mindfulness moderates the association between disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI. Past research has shown mindfulness and self-compassion to be positively related. However, little is known about their interrelationship and the NSSI. We hypothesized that mindfulness would attenuate NSSI, and that the level of self-compassion would modulate this effect. A convenience sample of 454 college student (40.1% male, 59.9% female) aged 19 to 29 years (M = 22.9, SD = 2.2) completed an online questionnaire that disconnection and rejection schema, NSSI, difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion. When mindfulness and self-compassion were in harmony, NSSI decreased significantly. Self-compassion was found to reduce NSSI in participants who developed mindfulness, while it tended to worsen NSSI in participants unfamiliar with mindfulness. The results from this sample highlight the positive interconnections between mindfulness and self-compassion can be leveraged to alleviate the risk factors of NSSI in college students. To maximize the synergistic effects of these two approaches, it is recommended to prioritize mindfulness interventions. Educational Psychology Psychology Disconnection and Rejection Schema Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Mindfulness Self-Compassion Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is not merely an individual issue. A societal problem that transcends ethnicity, race, and nationality, as evidenced by numerous previous studies (Gholamrezaei, De Stefano & Heath, 2017 ; da Silva Bandeira et al., 2022 ). Among university students worldwide, the reported lifetime prevalence of NSSI ranges from 18–38%, with 17–35% currently engaging in NSSI (Gratz et al., 2002 ; Swannell et al., 2014 ; Wilcox et al., 2012 ). Similarly, in South Korea, 13–38% of university students have reported a lifetime engagement in NSSI (Kim, S. Y., Lee, B. R. & Lee, D. H., 2023; Kim, S. J., 2015; Park, U. L. & Lee, E. H., 2022), and 68.9% of them are currently NSSI (Chu, E. J. & Lee, Y. H., 2018). According to the Korea Suicide Prevention Center ( 2022 ), data collected from individuals in their 20s accounted for the largest proportion, at 28.7%, among those who received emergency treatment for self-harm or suicide attempts. This marked a 4.7% increase from the previous year. Unlike other age groups where self-harm and suicide attempts have decreased, individuals in their 20s have consistently shown an upward trend since 2018. Previous research on NSSI and related behaviors has primarily focused on high-risk groups, such as teenagers aged 10–19. However, research indicates that NSSI typically begins at the age of 14 -to 15, with an increase observed until around age 24 (Baetens et al., 2014 ; Hankin & Abela, 2011 ; Nock & Favazza, 2009 ). A 40% of college students with a history of self-harm reported starting between the ages of 17 and 24 (Heath et al., 2008 ; Whitlock, Eckenrode & Silverman, 2006 ). Individuals aged 18 -to 29 exhibit a higher prevalence of NSSI compared to other age groups (Hong, S. M. & Ha, J. H., 2021; Sansone, Gaither & Songer, 2002 ). Given the increasing trend of NSSI in early adulthood (Muehlenkamp, Xhunga & Brausch, 2019 ; Swannell et al., 2014 ), it is essential to investigate the mechanism of NSSI among university students. Prior studies have predominantly focused on clinical populations and adolescents, leaving a knowledge gap regarding NSSI among young adults, including university students (Andover & Morris, 2014 ; Andrewes et al., 2017 ; You et al., 2018 ). NSSI is defined as the deliberate engagement in self-inflicted physical harm using socially stigmatized methods, all without harboring any intention to terminate one's own life (Nock et al., 2006 ; Whitlock, Muehlenkamp & Eckenrode, 2008 ; Zila & Kiselica, 2001 ). NSSI has been associated not only with future psychological distress but also with suicidal thoughts and behaviours (Klonsky, May & Glenn, 2013 ; Lawrence et al, 2023 ; Muehlenkamp, Brausch & Littlefield, 2023 ; Shen et al., 2023 ; Ye, Z., Xiong, F. & Li, W., 2022 ). A meta-analysis involving college students has shown that higher frequencies of NSSI are correlated with an increased for suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts (Whitlock & Knox, 2007 ). In addition, it is worth noting that previous research has shown that people who habitually engage in NSSI report higher levels of depression and persistent feelings of despair (Andover & Gibb, 2010 ). Jacobson & Batejan ( 2014 ) modified Comprehensive Theoretical Models of NSSI (CTM) systematically delineate the pathways through which distal risk factors and proximal risk factors influence the occurrence of NSSI, providing a valuable framework for understanding NSSI. Among the prominent distal risk factors, past emotional abuse during childhood is known to exacerbate maladaptive thinking patterns (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2006 ). Individuals exposed to emotional abuse may experience difficulties in emotion regulation, which is a proximal risk factor. Consequently, they may turn to NSSI as a means of seeking temporary relief (Selby & Joiner, 2009 ). Therefore, considering how distal risk factors influence proximal risk factors together is important because it contributes to improving self-harm issues. However, previous research has primarily focused on delineating the predictive role of negative emotion, such as anxiety and depression, in self-injurious behaviors (Boyes et al., 2020 ; You et al., 2012 ). Additionally, many studies have predominantly focused on adolescent populations, which may limit generalizability to non-clinical adult groups (Andrewes et al., 2017 ; Barrocas et al., 2012 ; Rodav et al., 2014 ). Hence, this study is aimed at empirically examining the pathways to NSSI in a non-clinical college student population, based on the modified Comprehensive Theoretical Models of NSSI. The Disconnection and Rejection Schema has gained attention as a cognitive factor contributing to NSSI (Aakbari et al., 2022 ; Lewis, Lumley & Grunberg, 2015 ; Nicol et al., 2022 ; Pilkington, Younan & Bishop, 2021 ). The Disconnection and Rejection Schema is characterized by a self-defeating awareness of not belonging and experiencing alienation in interpersonal relationships. It becomes reinforced through traumatic experiences with caregivers during childhood (Cukor & McGinn, 2006 ; Tezel, Kişlak & Boysan, 2015 ). Furthermore, it is considered the most impaired schema, as it leads to psychological and behavioral issues in situations resembling past traumas during adulthood (Faustino & Vasco, 2020 ; Young et al., 2006 ; Zeynel & Uzer, 2020 ). Indeed, individuals with a higher levels of the Disconnection and Rejection Schema have been reported to engage in NSSI as a strategy to alleviate negative emotion, including depression, anxiety, and anger (Hawton et al., 2002 ; Hilt et al., 2008 ; Klonsky, 2007 /2009). Difficulties in emotion regulation are recognized as emotional factors that exacerbating NSSI (Lurigio, Nesi & Meyers, 2024 ; Nock & Prinstein, 2004 ; Selby & Joiner, 2009 ). Emotion regulation difficulties refer to the chronic absence of abilities related to "identifying and understanding negative emotion, accepting negative emotion, engaging in adaptive responses to negative emotion, and controlling impulsive behaviors" (Cole, Michel & Teti, 1994 ; Gratz & Roemer, 2004 ). Based on previous research, it is plausible to assume that individuals who struggle to cope with distressing emotion in an adaptive manner may resort to NSSI for temporary relief (Gratz, 2003 ; Klonsky, 2009 ). Therefore, higher levels of difficulties in emotion regulation may be linked to with an increased likelihood of engaging in NSSI. A meta-analysis conducted found a significant association between difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI (Wolff et al., 2019 ). Additionally, various models consistently identify emotion regulation difficulties as a common risk factor that exacerbates NSSI (Chapman, Gratz & Brown, 2006 ; Nock, 2009 ; Jacobson & Batejan, 2014 ). Disconnection and rejection schemas can lead to negative emotion, including anxiety, anger, and depression (Kellogg & Young, 2006 ; Kim & Lee, 2013 ; Kim & Kim, 2020 ). These schemas can also make it difficult to regulate emotion (Calvete et al., 2005 ; Dutra et al., 2008 ). Previous research suggests that individuals with high levels of difficulties in emotion regulation may resort to NSSI as a coping mechanism to escape unpleasant emotion or thoughts (Klonsky, 2007 ; Weinberg & Klonsky, 2012 ). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that disconnection and rejection schemas may exacerbate difficulties in emotion regulation, subsequently increasing the propensity for NSSI. Previous research has indicated a positive correlation between high levels of Disconnection and Rejection Schema and increased difficulties in regulating emotion (Faustino & Vasco, 2020 ; Jeong, Chang, & Park, 2021 ). Additionally, it has been confirmed that high levels of difficulties in emotion regulation can worsen NSSI (Aakbari et al., 2022 ; Nicol et al., 2021 ). In the counseling field, a strategy for reducing NSSI among college students may involve targeting its risk factors, such as Disconnection and Rejection Schema, difficulties in emotion regulation. However, it is important to note that these schemas are often deeply ingrained beliefs that originate in early childhood (Bowlby, 1982 ). ameliorating NSSI by mitigating these schemas is a complex and time-consuming process. Many university counseling centers provide therapeutic interventions for NSSI-affected students, But these interventions tend to be of a relatively brief duration, typically 10–12 sessions. Therefore, to effectively address NSSI among college students, it is crucial to identify psychological mechanisms that can be targeted through short-term interventions. In this context, the imperative for research on protective factors within the NSSI domain has been consistently underscored (Kim, S., 2017; Kim, J. et al., 2022; Muehlenkamp et al., 2012 ; Muehlenkamp et al., 2019 ). It is suggested that future research should focus on the examination of self-compassion as a potent factor in mitigating the psychological and behavioral challenges encountered by college students (Neff, 2003b ; Neff & Berervas, 2013; Park, W. & Hong, S., 2020), including the realm of NSSI (Ahn, Chang, S. & Kim, H., 2023). Taking into account prior research and recommendations for future studies, our study highlights self-compassion as a protective factor that can be enhanced through education and training. Self-compassion, as defined by Neff ( 2003a ) and Neff & Lamb ( 2009 ), involves extending warmth and gentleness, such as love, gratitude, respect, and kindness, to oneself when faced with pain or situations of failure. that is Self-compassion entails recognizing and embracing one's negative emotion in a non-judgmental manner, instead of self-criticism. Research has shown that college students with high levels of self-compassion are better equipped to regulate their anger through emotion regulation strategies and are relatively quicker to calm their anger (Arch et al., 2014 ; Breines et al., 2014 ; Kim & Lee, 2020 ; Neff & McGehee, 2010 ). These individuals tend to experience less depression (Lee & Kang, 2019 ). high self-compassion can reduce the likelihood of engaging in NSSI even when experiencing high levels of depressive emotion (Kim, S., Ra & Hyun, 2020). This suggests that self-compassion can act as a protective factor against NSSI and suicidal ideation (Hasking et al., 2019 ). However, research comparing self-compassion differences between groups of adults engaged in self-harming behaviors and those who have ceased self-harming did not find statistically significant buffering effects of self-compassion (Hasking et al., 2019 ; Kim, 2022 ; Nagy, Shanahan & Baer, 2021 ). Furthermore, previous studies have suggested that self-compassionate interventions may exacerbate negative emotion and behavioral issues in individuals who struggle with accepting negative emotion (Ahn et al., 2023 ; Gilbert, 2009 ; Gilbert et al., 2011 ; Hayes, Strosahl & Wilson, 1999 ). Although it is reasonable to assume that self-compassion could decrease NSSI, empirical evidence from prior research presents conflicting perspectives on this issue. Given the persisting conflicting results regarding the relationship between self-compassion and NSSI, there is a need for an exploratory approach to understand this discrepancy and improve the effectiveness of self-compassion interventions. Therefore, following Baron & Kenny's (1986) suggestion that when inconsistent results are found in prior research, it is necessary to explore the potential role of other external factors, this study aims to comprehensively investigate the pathway leading to NSSI by considering a mindfulness. Mindfulness, often accompanied by self-compassion, has a positive impact on emotional regulation by promoting the acceptance of negative emotion without avoidance and facilitating stable emotional regulation (Kang & Jang, 2017 ). Mindfulness refers to the ability to be aware of what is happening in the present moment and direct one's attention to the current state of mind (Brown & Ryan, 2003 ; Siegel, Germer & Olendzki, 2009 ). According to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) theory, mindfulness can prevent fixation on negative emotion and avoidance by promoting immediate awareness and attention (Hayes et al., 1999 ; Segal, Teasdale & Williams, 2004 ). Individuals with higher levels of mindfulness effectively cope depression and anxiety (Brown & Ryan, 2003 ; Carson & Langer, 2006 ; Cho, Y. et al., 2014). Those with high levels of mindfulness have reported significant reductions in NSSI and suicidal ideation (Per et al., 2022 ). Additionally, low mindfulness tend to engage in more NSSI behaviors (Heath, Joly & Carsley, 2016 ). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that higher levels of mindfulness may lead to a decrease in NSSI. Regarding the relationship between mindfulness and self-compassion, Neff ( 2003a ) believes that self-compassion precedes mindfulness because when an individual has formed a self-compassionate attitude, mindfulness is facilitated and attention can be paid. On the other hand, Van Dam et al ( 2011 ) argue that mindfulness precedes self-compassion because without mindfulness, in distressing situations, we only temporarily experience negative emotion and fail to engage in self-compassion. In consideration of these differing views, Monteiro, Compson, and Musten ( 2017 ) propose that self-compassion is complementary factor for sustaining the awareness and attention associated with mindfulness. Indeed, buffering effect of mindfulness on reducing psychological distress and behavioral problems was found to increase with higher levels of self-compassion (Bishop et al., 2004 ; Rudaz, Ledermann & Fincham, 2023 ; Hollis-Walker & Colosimo, 2011 ). It can be inferred that self-compassion moderates the buffering effects of mindfulness. However, there is a lack of empirical studies that have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and self-compassion, despite the theoretical premise that mindfulness may have a buffering effect that is contingent on levels of self-compassion. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively examine the moderated-moderated mediation effect of mindfulness and self-compassion in the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, and NSSI. In doing so, we aim to advance the understanding of NSSI and provide a basis for counseling interventions to promote mindfulness and self-compassion (Fig. 1 ). Method Participants On September 16, 2022, received approval from the OOOOO University Institutional Review Board (IRB-SMU-C-2022-2-006). The aim was to investigate the relationships between risk and protective factors for NSSI in college students. An online survey ran for three weeks, from December 6 to December 30, 2022, targeting college students aged 19 to 29, born between 1992 and 2002. In terms of gender, there were 182 males (40.1%) and 272 females (59.9%), totaling 454 participants. Regarding age, the most common age was 23 years old, with 84 people (18.5%), followed by 24-year-olds at 82 (18.1%), and 22-year-olds at 78 (17.2%). On average, participants were 22.9 years old. Procedure All surveys were conducted through online questionnaires created by the researchers using Google Forms. Participants were given the opportunity to read the research explanation and provide informed consent. After indicating their consent by typing 'Agree' in the online consent form, they were allowed to proceed with the survey. During the survey, if participants selected 'Yes' to a question about suicidal ideation or if they chose 'No self-harm experience' or 'Over 1 year since the last self-harm' at the point inquiring about recent self-harming experiences, designed the survey to stop immediately. In such cases, participants were provided with a 24-hour crisis helpline and local counseling resources. Participants who completed the final survey and selected 'Submit' were provided with information about available treatment facilities. Measures Disconnection and Rejection Schema To measure Disconnection and Rejection Schema, the employed the adapted Korean version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), originally developed by Young in 1998 and modified to fit the Korean context by Mi-Youl Lee in 2006. Twenty-five items relevant to Disconnection and Rejection Schema were included, assessing five sub-factors: 'abandonment/instability'. 'mistrust/abuse'. 'emotional deprivation', 'defectiveness/shame', and 'social isolation/alienation'. Respondents rated these items on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicated a higher level of Disconnection and Rejection Schema. The overall Cronbach's α for this measure was .94. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury To assess Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, the study employed the Korean-adapted version of the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM), originally developed by Lloyd, Kelly & Hope in 1997 and culturally adjusted for the Korean context by Hyuk-jin Kwon & Seok-Man Kwon in 2017. The first section of this measure focuses on the method and frequency of self-harm and consists of 12 items. Respondents rated each item on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 'none at all (0 points)' to '6 or more times (6 points)'. A higher total score indicated a greater variety of self-injurious behaviors. Eleven out of the 12 items were selected for analysis, with the item 'engaged in tattooing' excluded from the survey. This exclusion was made due to the perception of tattooing as a fashion-related cultural practice in Korean society and the fact that it does not align with the criteria for self-injurious behavior as proposed in the DSM-5 (APA, 2003). The FASM is considered a valuable clinical tool for assessing self-harm (Borschmann et al., 2012) and has demonstrated good test-retest reliability (r = .87; Qu et al., 2022). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation To measure levels of difficulties in emotion regulation, the study utilized the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), initially developed by Gratz & Roemer in 2004 and culturally adapted for the Korean context by Yong-Rae Cho in 2007. This scale comprises a total of 35 items and assesses difficulties in six subdomains of emotion regulation: impulsivity, lack of emotional awareness, non-acceptance of emotional responses, lack of emotional clarity, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior. Respondents rated each item on a 5-point Likert scale. A higher score on the DERS indicates a greater degree of difficulties in emotion regulation. The overall Cronbach's α for this measure was .94, indicating high internal consistency. Mindfulness To assess levels of mindfulness, the study employed the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), originally developed by Brown & Ryan in 2003 and adapted for the Korean context by Sun-Jung Kwon & Kim-Kyo Heon in 2007. This scale consists of a total of 15 items, measuring a single factor, and respondents provided their ratings using a 5-point Likert scale. A higher total score, obtained by summing up the reverse-coded items, indicates a higher level of mindfulness. The overall Cronbach's α for the MAAS was .94, indicating strong internal consistency. Self-Compassion To measure self-compassion levels, the study utilized the Korean version of the Self-Compassion Scale (K-SCS), which was originally developed by Neff in 2003a and adapted for the Korean context by Kyeong-Eui Kim and colleagues in 2008. This scale consists of a total of 26 items, assessing six sub-factors: 'self-kindness', 'self-judgment', 'common humanity', 'isolation', 'mindfulness', and 'over-identification'. Respondents rated these items using a 5-point Likert scale. A higher total score, obtained by summing the item scores, indicates a higher level of self-compassion. The overall Cronbach's α for the K-SCS was .85, reflecting a good level of internal consistency. It's worth noting that one of the sub-factors of self-compassion, 'mindfulness', shares the same terminology as the mindfulness scale proposed by Brown & Ryan in 2003. However, they differ in conceptual focus. While 'mindfulness' in the context of self-compassion refers to the sub-factor of 'non-judgmental and acceptance', Brown & Ryan's mindfulness scale emphasizes the concept of 'awareness and attention'. In this study, despite the shared terminology, the self-compassion scale's 'mindfulness' items that pertain to 'non-judgmental and acceptance' were included for measurement. Data Analyses All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics 27 and Hayes' PROCESS Macro 4.3.1 (Hayes, 2018 ). In this study, we employed a comprehensive analytical approach, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, moderated-moderated mediation analysis, bootstrapping, and Johnson-Neyman tests. Firstly, we conducted a frequency analysis to examine the demographic characteristics of the study participants. Mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated for each variable, and Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to explore relationships between variables. To assess the reliability of the measurement instruments employed in this study, Cronbach's α was computed. To investigate moderated-moderated mediation effects in the disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, self-compassion, and mindfulness in relation to NSSI, Model 18 from the SPSS PROCESS Macro was use. The statistical significance of the moderated-moderated mediation effects was verified through the generation of 10,000 bootstrap samples, and the results were confirmed within a 95% confidence interval. To examine the continuous interaction between self-compassion and mindfulness in relation to NSSI, Johnson-Neyman analysis was performed. Results Descriptive Statistics The means, standard deviations, skewness, and kurtosis of the variables in this study, including disconnection and rejection schema, NSSI, difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion, are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Descriptive Analysis of Interest Variables Variables M SD Min Max Skewness Kurtosis VIF 1. DRS 2.68 .82 1.04 4.68 .36 − .60 2.55 2. NSSI 9.67 9.23 1.00 46 1.85 3.76 - 3. DER 3.04 .64 1.38 4.83 .16 − .21 3.67 4. MMAS 3.22 .92 1.13 4.93 − .28 -1.03 3.39 5. SC 2.97 .53 1.12 4.69 − .21 2.28 1.39 DRS: Disconnection and Rejection Schema; NSSI: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury; DER: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation; MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion; NSSI analysis use likert scale totals The mean for disconnection and rejection schema was 2.68, with a standard deviation of 0.82. The mean for NSSI was 9.67, with a standard deviation of 9.23. difficulties in emotion regulation had a mean of 3.04, with a standard deviation of 0.64. The mean for mindfulness was 3.22, with a standard deviation of 0.92, while self-compassion had a mean of 2.97, with a standard To examine the relationships between disconnection and rejection schema, NSSI, difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion, Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted. The results of the correlation coefficients are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Intercorrelations Between Variables Variables 1 2 3 4 5 1. DRS 1 2. NSSI .589 ** 1 3. DER .729 ** .580 ** 1 4. MMAS − .714 ** − .706 ** − .817 ** 1 5. SC − .489 ** − .087 − .463 ** .341 ** 1 DRS: Disconnection and Rejection Schema; NSSI: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury; DER: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation; MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. ** p < 0.01 When examining the correlations among the variables, disconnection and rejection schema exhibited a strong positive correlation with NSSI ( r = .589, p < 0.01) and difficulties in emotion regulation ( r = .729, p < 0.01) while showing a significant negative correlation with mindfulness ( r = − .714, p < 0.01) and self-compassion ( r = − .489, p < 0.01). NSSI was positively correlated with difficulties in emotion regulation ( r = .580, p < 0.01) and inversely correlated with mindfulness ( r = − .706, p < 0.01), with no statistically significant correlation with self-compassion. Difficulties in emotion regulation was significantly associated with mindfulness ( r = − .817, p < .01), while also showing an inverse correlation with self-compassion ( r = − .463, p < .01). Mindfulness displayed a positive correlation with self-compassion ( r = .341, p < .01) and a significant inverse correlation with self-compassion ( r = − .463, p < .01). Moderated-Moderated Mediation Analysis In order to comprehensively assess the moderated mediated effects of mindfulness and self-compassion, we utilized Model 18 from the SPSS PROCESS Macro. The results of the moderated mediated effects are presented in Table 3 . Table 3 Conditional Moderated Mediation Effects of Variables Variables Criterion Variable: DER B SE t LLCI ULCI Constant -1.526 0.070 -21.672 *** -1.665 -1.388 DRS 0.570 0.025 22.671 *** 0.521 0.619 Variables Criterion Variable: NSSI B SE t LLCI ULCI Constant -3.529 1.464 -2.410 * -6.406 -0.651 DRS 4.206 0.516 8.148 *** 3.191 5.220 DER -1.811 0.842 -2.150 * -3.466 -0.156 MMAS -5.621 0.525 -10.713 *** -6.652 -4.590 SC 0.839 0.787 1.065 -0.709 2.386 DER×MMAS -5.828 0.620 -9.407 *** -7.045 -4.610 DER×SC 0.712 1.226 0.581 -1.698 3.121 MMAS×SC -4.423 1.161 -3.810 *** -6.704 -2.142 DER×MMAS×SC -1.652 0.461 -3.583 *** -2.559 -0.746 Type Effect SE LLCI ULCI Index of Moderated-Moderated Mediation -0.942 0.247 -1.434 -0.465 DRS: Disconnection and Rejection Schema; NSSI: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury; DER: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation; MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001. The disconnection and rejection schema had a significant direct effect on difficulties in emotion regulation ( B = 0.570, p < 0.001), and it was also statically significant in predicting NSSI ( B = 4.206, p < 0.001). The effect of difficulties in emotion regulation on NSSI was statically significant ( B = -1.811, p < 0.05), and the moderating variable, mindfulness, was found to have a significant negative effect on NSSI ( B = -5.621, p < 0.001). The impact of self-compassion on NSSI was not statistically significant. Upon examining interaction terms, the interaction term between difficulties in emotion regulation and mindfulness was found to have a significant negative impact on NSSI ( B = -5.828, p < 0.001). However, the interaction term between difficulties in emotion regulation and self-compassion was not statistically significant. The three-way interaction term between difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion demonstrated a significant negative impact on NSSI ( B = -1.652, p < 0.001). To specifically examine the three-way interaction between difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion, conditional moderation effects were tested at three points: the mean, and at ± 1 SD of self-compassion. The results of this analysis are presented in Table 4 . The findings indicate that the inclusion of the self-compassion interaction term significantly improved the model's explanatory power ( R² = 0.010, F = 12.839, p < 0.001). This implies that the interaction between mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation is moderated by levels of self-compassion. Table 4 Conditional Moderation Effects by Self-Compassion Levels Variables Level B F df1 df2 SC -1SD (-.534) -4.945 54.306 *** 1 445.000 M (.000) − .5828 88.486 *** 1 445.000 + 1SD (.534) -6.710 102.648 *** 1 445.000 R-square increase due to interaction Δ R 2 F 0.010 12.839 *** SC: Self-Compassion. *** p < 0.001 To perform the final model verification, a conditional-conditional mediation index was computed. The obtained value was − 0.942, with Bootstrapping confidence intervals ( LLCI = -1.434, ULCI = -0.465) not including 0, indicating that the conditional-conditional mediation effect is statistically significant. In other words, the indirect effect of disconnection and rejection schema on NSSI through difficulties in emotion regulation is moderated by the level of mindfulness. Furthermore, the influence of this relationship is once again significantly modified by the level of self-compassion. Hayes ( 2018 ) recommends examining the Index of Conditional Moderated Mediation when the conditional-conditional mediation index is significant. We tested conditional moderated mediation indices at three points, corresponding to the mean and ± 1 standard deviation of self-compassion. The results, presented in Table 5 , showed that all three groups – low self-compassion (-1 SD ), moderate self-compassion ( M ), and high self-compassion (+ 1 SD ) – produced statistically significant results within their respective 95% confidence intervals. In other words, the moderated mediation effect of mindfulness in the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, and NSSI was significantly influenced by self-compassion at all levels. Table 5 Conditional Moderated Mediation by Levels of Self-Compassion Variables Level Effect SE LLCI ULCI SC -1 SD (-0.534) -2.819 .385 -3.638 -2.114 M (0.000) -3.322 .383 -4.136 -2.631 + 1 SD (0.534) -3.825 .424 -4.723 -3.057 SC: Self-Compassion. The study evaluated the conditional indirect impact of mindfulness on self-compassion levels, revealing a significant conditional moderated mediation effect. The analysis employed 10,000 bootstrap resampling procedures within a 95% confidence interval. The findings are presented in Tables 6 , 7 , and 8 . In individuals with low self-compassion at -1 SD (-0.534), the conditional indirect effects of mindfulness were significant for groups with low mindfulness at -1 SD (-0.927), moderate mindfulness ( M ), and high mindfulness at + 1 SD (0.927). The confidence intervals did not include zero, indicating statistically significant conditional indirect effects (-1 SD = [0.384 to 4.406], M = [-4.152 to -2.29], +1 SD = [-9.354 to -4.199]). Table 6 Conditional Indirect Effects by Levels of Mindfulness at Low Levels of Self-Compassion Level B SE t LLCI ULCI MMAS SC -1 SD (-0.927) -0.534 2.395 1.023 2.341 * .384 4.406 M (0.000) -0.534 -2.191 .998 -2.195 * -4.152 − .229 + 1 SD (0.927) -0.534 -6.777 1.311 -5.167 *** -9.354 -4.199 MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001. For individuals with moderate self-compassion ( M = 0), the conditional indirect effects of mindfulness were significant for groups with low mindfulness at -1 SD (-0.927), moderate mindfulness ( M ), and high mindfulness at + 1 SD (0.927). The confidence intervals did not include zero, indicating statistically significant conditional indirect effects (-1 SD = [1.910 to 5.278], M = [-3.466 to -0.156], +1 SD = [-9.494 to -4.936]). Table 7 Conditional Indirect Effects by Levels of Mindfulness at Moderate Levels of Self-Compassion Level B SE t LLCI ULCI MMAS SC -1 SD (-0.927) 0.000 3.594 .857 4.195 *** 1.910 5.278 M (0.000) 0.000 -1.811 .842 -2.150 * -3.466 − .156 + 1 SD (0.927) 0.000 -7.215 1.160 -6.222 *** -9.494 -4.936 MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. Among individuals with high self-compassion (+ 1 SD = 0.534), the conditional indirect effects of mindfulness were significant for groups with low mindfulness at -1 SD (-0.927) and high mindfulness at + 1 SD (0.927). The confidence intervals did not include zero, indicating statistically significant conditional indirect effects (-1 SD = [2.408 to 7.178], +1 SD = [-10.320 to -4.987]). However, for the group with moderate mindfulness ( M = 0), the conditional indirect effect of self-compassion was not statistically significant ( M = [-3.654 to 0.793]). Table 8 Conditional Indirect Effects by Levels of Mindfulness at High Levels of Self-Compassion Level B SE t LLCI ULCI MMAS SC -1 SD (-0.927) 0.534 4.793 1.214 3.949 *** 2.408 7.178 M (0.000) 0.534 -1.430 1.131 -1.264 -3.654 .793 + 1 SD (0.927) 0.534 -7.654 1.357 -5.640 *** -10.320 -4.987 MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. *** p < 0.001. The graph illustrating the clear conditional-conditional mediated effect of self-compassion is presented in Fig. 2 . In the high mindfulness group (+ 1 SD ), it was observed that as self-compassion increased from a low level (-1 SD ) to a high level (+ 1 SD ), NSSI decreased. This indicates that the moderating effect of mindfulness on the impact of disconnection and rejection schema through difficulties in emotion regulation on NSSI can be further influenced by self-compassion levels. In other words, higher self-compassion enhances the buffering effect of mindfulness in reducing NSSI. On the other hand, in the low mindfulness group (-1 SD ), it was observed that as self-compassion increased from a low level (-1 SD ) to a high level (+ 1 SD ), NSSI increased. This suggests that in cases where mindfulness is low, higher levels of self-compassion may exacerbate NSSI, indicating a counterproductive mechanism. When examining the static slopes, it was observed that as difficulties in emotion regulation increased, NSSI increased when self-compassion was high and mindfulness was low. Conversely, when self-compassion was high and mindfulness was also high, NSSI decreased. To specifically examine the conditional moderated mediation effect of self-compassion, Johnson-Neyman analysis was conducted. The results are presented in Table 9 . Table 9 Johnson-Neyman: Conditional Moderated Mediation Effects of Variables SC Effect SE t LLCI ULCI -1.861 -2.752 1.068 -2.577 * -4.851 − .6530 -1.691 -3.034 1.005 -3.018 ** -5.009 -1.058 -1.521 -3.315 0.945 -3.51 *** -5.171 -1.459 -1.350 -3.596 0.887 -4.056 *** -5.339 -1.854 -1.180 -3.878 0.832 -4.659 *** -5.514 -2.242 -1.010 -4.159 0.782 -5.319 *** -5.696 -2.622 -0.839 -4.441 0.737 -6.028 *** -5.889 -2.993 -0.669 -4.722 0.697 -6.772 *** -6.093 -3.352 -0.499 -5.004 0.665 -7.525 *** -6.31 -3.697 -0.328 -5.285 0.641 -8.251 *** -6.544 -4.026 -0.158 -5.567 0.625 -8.904 *** -6.795 -4.338 0.012 -5.848 0.619 -9.441 *** -7.065 -4.631 0.183 -6.129 0.624 -9.829 *** -7.355 -4.904 0.353 -6.411 0.638 -10.056 *** -7.664 -5.158 0.523 -6.692 0.661 -10.131 *** -7.991 -5.394 0.694 -6.974 0.692 -10.081 *** -8.333 -5.614 0.864 -7.255 0.730 -9.937 *** -8.690 -5.82 1.034 -7.537 0.775 -9.73 *** -9.059 -6.014 1.205 -7.818 0.824 -9.486 *** -9.438 -6.198 1.375 -8.100 0.878 -9.225 *** -9.825 -6.374 1.545 -8.381 0.935 -8.961 *** -10.219 -6.543 1.716 -8.662 0.995 -8.702 *** -10.619 -6.706 SC: Self-Compassion. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. The validation results indicate that the conditional moderated mediation effect was significant in all intervals where self-compassion levels were 1.98 points or higher (mean-centered value = -1.861). This suggests that the buffering effect of mindfulness on reducing NSSI by interacting with difficulties in emotion regulation is contingent upon self-compassion levels in all the examined intervals. A visual representation of this data is provided in Fig. 3 . Discussion The Modified Integrated NSSI Model, a prominent model in explaining NSSI, posits that distal risk factors interact with proximal risk factors to give rise to difficulties in emotion regulation, ultimately leading to the occurrence of NSSI (Jacobson & Batejan, 2014 ). The present study found that Disconnection and Rejection Schema developed during childhood and adolescence can lead to difficulties in regulating emotion. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI is moderated by the levels of mindfulness and self-compassion. These results emphasize the importance of interventions that not only address risk factors but also enhance protective factors in order to improve NSSI issues. First, confirms the empirical role of Disconnection and Rejection Schema in inducing difficulties in emotion regulation and exacerbating NSSI. These findings are consistent with prior research, which has shown that individuals with high levels of Disconnection and Rejection Schema and difficulties in emotion regulation are more likely to engage in NSSI (Gratz & Tull, 2010 ; Klonsky, 2007 ; Yakın et al., 2019 ). It is consistent with previous research that individuals with a history of NSSI tend to have greater difficulty regulating their emotion and are more likely to repeat self-injurious behaviors compared to those without a history (Andover & Morris, 2014 ). Individuals influenced by Disconnection and Rejection Schema may continue to experience automated negative emotion in adulthood, making it challenging for them to cope flexibly with emotional distress. Therefore, they may resort to NSSI as a form of escapism. Therefore, it is essential to use schema-focused interventions to mitigate these schemas to prevent the recurrence of self-harming behavior. According to Young's (1999) schema therapy theory, the Limited Reparenting technique is effective for individuals experiencing difficulties due to the influence of Disconnection and Rejection Schema. Counselors can utilize this technique by addressing unmet emotional needs within the therapeutic relationship, which can help clients develop more adaptive responses to stressful situations. Second, self-compassion was found to moderate the buffering effect of mindfulness in the relationship between Disconnection and Rejection Schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, and self-harming behavior. When self-compassion levels were high, the buffering effect of mindfulness was enhanced. However, when mindfulness levels were low, it showed a negative buffering effect, exacerbating self-harming behavior. These research findings support previous studies (Germer, 2009 ; Germer & Neff, 2019 ) that suggest self-compassion can reduce resistance to life experiences and help overcome psychological and behavioral issues by promoting a kind and understanding attitude towards oneself during distressing situations. Also support Rudaz and colleagues ( 2023 ) perspective that self-compassion has a positive impact on mindfulness awareness. Consequently, self-compassion acts as a reinforcing factor that enhances the buffering effects of mindfulness, effectively improving not only an NSSI. However, it is important to note that among university students with low levels of mindfulness, those with high levels of self-compassion made more frequent attempts at NSSI compared to students with low self-compassion levels. These findings contradict prior research that suggested self-compassion has a buffering effect, reducing NSSI (Cleare et al., 2019 ; Per et al., 2022 ). Conversely, in line with previous research that found no significant buffering effect of self-compassion on NSSI (Hasking et al., 2019 ; Kim, Y., 2022; Nagy et al., 2021 ). The differing findings in research can be attributed to the activation of negative emotion during the practice of self-compassion (Gilbert et al., 2011 ). According to Gilbert ( 2005 ), individuals who experienced negative emotion during traumatic events with caregivers in their early years may have a dysfunctional attachment system. When individuals activate their attachment system while practicing self-compassion, distressing emotion are also activated. The co-activation of distressing emotion can cause individuals to perceive self-compassion stimulation as a threat, resulting in increased feelings of anxiety and fear (Gilbert et al., 2014 ; Joeng & Turner, 2015 ). Considering the significant impact of Disconnection and Rejection Schema based on attachment theory on exacerbating NSSI in this study, it can be interpreted that the results are indicative of an imbalance in the attachment system and self-compassion stimulation. Individuals who perceive self-compassion stimulation as a threat may struggle to accept negative emotion, thus hindering the progression into the attention process of mindfulness (McGehee, Germer & Neff, 2017 ). Consequently, individuals who repetitively negative emotion may resort to NSSI as a means to cope with their difficulties in emotion regulation. Therefore, it is important to provide tailored interventions that consider the individual's level of mindfulness and self-compassion. For individuals with high levels of mindfulness, the Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) approach developed by Gilbert ( 2009 ), may be appropriate Clients who cultivate mindfulness and self-compassion can develop the ability to regulate negative emotion flexibly and may also be able to stop engaging in NSSI. For clients who have low mindfulness but high self-compassion, it may be beneficial to initially explore compassionate imagery techniques (Compassionate Image). These techniques can help balance negative emotion that arise spontaneously and promote self-compassion (Gilbert & Proctor, 2006; Neff et al., 2007 ). Counselors should encourage clients to envision an ideal nurturing figure who is gentle and kind, rather than one closely associated with negative emotion. The goal is for clients to experience a sense of stability and belonging in this mental imagery. By letting go of their resistance to self-compassion and practicing smooth mindfulness strategies within a stable attachment system, it is expected that clients will discontinue NSSI. In conclusion, the main focus for addressing and preventing NSSI should be on promoting mindfulness and self-compassion. To maximize the synergistic effects of these two approaches, it is recommended to prioritize mindfulness interventions. Furthermore, when conducting group counseling programs or support groups within university counseling centers, it is essential to consider the level of mindfulness and self-compassion of participants. Therefore, counselors should develop participant selection criteria based on their levels of mindfulness and self-compassion. This approach emphasizes the need for tailored, semi-structured programs that cater to participants' varying levels of mindfulness and self-compassion, rather than rigid, one-size-fits-all program structures. The study is significant in the following ways. It expands our knowledge of intervention and prevention measures for NSSI in college students by examining the relationship between previously identified risk and protective factors. Additionally, this study introduces a new area of research by highlighting the synergistic effects of mindfulness and self-compassion in the mechanism of risk factors. Limitations and Future Research In this paper utilized Jacobson & Batejan's (2014) modified non-suicidal self-harm integrated model as a foundation for understanding NSSI in university students. However, it is important to acknowledge that distal risk factors, such as genetic and family-related factors, may also play significant roles in predicting non-suicidal self-harm. Therefore, future empirical research should include temperament-related factors and parenting variables to gain a more comprehensive understanding of predictors of non-suicidal self-harm, while taking into account previous findings. Additionally, Although this study focused on individuals in their twenties, a demographic experiencing a growing prevalence of NSSI, it is important to recognize that self-injurious behaviors can occur throughout one's lifespan, from childhood to old age. Therefore, future studies should include participants at various developmental stages. Declarations Ethics All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of OOOOO. Informed Consent was obtained through written consent from all participants, and they were provided with instructions that they could terminate the survey at any point during its administration. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this research. Author Contributions [] conceived and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, and drafted the initial manuscript. [] contributed to data interpretation, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version for submission. Financial Interests No funds were received for the study. 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Adverse childhood experiences lead to trans-generational transmission of early maladaptive schemas. Child abuse & neglect, 99 , 104235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104235 Zila, L. M., & Kiselica, M. S. (2001). Understanding and counseling self-mutilation in female adolescents and young adults. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79 (1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01942.x Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4003901","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":275848126,"identity":"ef0dc287-f03b-4eb7-a46a-8b51c71f7175","order_by":0,"name":"Hyeong Jun\tAhn","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIie3PvYoCMRDA8ZGFbDOSNouCr5BtREHOV4kIW4l2kkoEIVZie49x1V2bI9xVUdst12YrGxtREPwqRbJbWuTfDcyPYQB8vjdNC8mwEQS6tKjozLbq8ZyI0iT43SrZgQ3ycvuUrrTuKYaVGR6yk+qMIDR/Xy4SfQ6FFmuGYVD9iRcqaU8xSVIX4SlyLcb3K9VvhtZwYNh0ku7G3ghhCAbz6GwvxYTD4EbUg5AaSl1MWHr/xTKMZ6RZq8s+J0W/0OXK7I9y0m1Qk0c7/sFpaP6dBACfZuJef0V8Pp/P99wVPDJHBI7r5dQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8424-1257","institution":"Sangmyong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hyeong","middleName":"","lastName":"Jun\tAhn","suffix":""},{"id":275848127,"identity":"cf0d07f7-25aa-41c3-8bf4-ac25adcbb7c5","order_by":1,"name":"Seok-jin Chang","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-6049","institution":"Sangmyong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seok-jin","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-01 16:58:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4003901/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4003901/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52033866,"identity":"bead410d-07cc-4a5d-b276-b41f33f0e5cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 16:43:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch Model (Moderated-Moderated Mediation)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4003901/v1/9f1105d8f7fb4901832fbee1.png"},{"id":52033868,"identity":"e6710c45-109c-4b1c-9b6b-c539592c5807","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 16:43:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteraction Graphs of Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and NSSI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4003901/v1/92792e85c8b23e461e9ff80e.png"},{"id":52034690,"identity":"f7f5e330-27cd-4068-9a0d-13a24d6fe790","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 16:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":122374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eJohnson-Neyman: Interaction Graphs of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4003901/v1/ac065f29ba089aebd861ad9d.png"},{"id":52035287,"identity":"3e52109c-4aa8-4652-a0e9-300ed3e22b76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 16:59:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1854362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4003901/v1/eb6000d1-f974-45b6-9f21-c1f1104768a2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Relationship among Disconnection and Rejection Schema, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Undergraduate Student NSSI: A Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is not merely an individual issue. A societal problem that transcends ethnicity, race, and nationality, as evidenced by numerous previous studies (Gholamrezaei, De Stefano \u0026amp; Heath, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; da Silva Bandeira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Among university students worldwide, the reported lifetime prevalence of NSSI ranges from 18\u0026ndash;38%, with 17\u0026ndash;35% currently engaging in NSSI (Gratz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Swannell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Wilcox et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, in South Korea, 13\u0026ndash;38% of university students have reported a lifetime engagement in NSSI (Kim, S. Y., Lee, B. R. \u0026amp; Lee, D. H., 2023; Kim, S. J., 2015; Park, U. L. \u0026amp; Lee, E. H., 2022), and 68.9% of them are currently NSSI (Chu, E. J. \u0026amp; Lee, Y. H., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the Korea Suicide Prevention Center (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), data collected from individuals in their 20s accounted for the largest proportion, at 28.7%, among those who received emergency treatment for self-harm or suicide attempts. This marked a 4.7% increase from the previous year. Unlike other age groups where self-harm and suicide attempts have decreased, individuals in their 20s have consistently shown an upward trend since 2018. Previous research on NSSI and related behaviors has primarily focused on high-risk groups, such as teenagers aged 10\u0026ndash;19. However, research indicates that NSSI typically begins at the age of 14 -to 15, with an increase observed until around age 24 (Baetens et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hankin \u0026amp; Abela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Nock \u0026amp; Favazza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). A 40% of college students with a history of self-harm reported starting between the ages of 17 and 24 (Heath et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Whitlock, Eckenrode \u0026amp; Silverman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals aged 18 -to 29 exhibit a higher prevalence of NSSI compared to other age groups (Hong, S. M. \u0026amp; Ha, J. H., 2021; Sansone, Gaither \u0026amp; Songer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the increasing trend of NSSI in early adulthood (Muehlenkamp, Xhunga \u0026amp; Brausch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Swannell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), it is essential to investigate the mechanism of NSSI among university students. Prior studies have predominantly focused on clinical populations and adolescents, leaving a knowledge gap regarding NSSI among young adults, including university students (Andover \u0026amp; Morris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Andrewes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; You et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSSI is defined as the deliberate engagement in self-inflicted physical harm using socially stigmatized methods, all without harboring any intention to terminate one's own life (Nock et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Whitlock, Muehlenkamp \u0026amp; Eckenrode, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Zila \u0026amp; Kiselica, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). NSSI has been associated not only with future psychological distress but also with suicidal thoughts and behaviours (Klonsky, May \u0026amp; Glenn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Lawrence et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Muehlenkamp, Brausch \u0026amp; Littlefield, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Shen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ye, Z., Xiong, F. \u0026amp; Li, W., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA meta-analysis involving college students has shown that higher frequencies of NSSI are correlated with an increased for suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts (Whitlock \u0026amp; Knox, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, it is worth noting that previous research has shown that people who habitually engage in NSSI report higher levels of depression and persistent feelings of despair (Andover \u0026amp; Gibb, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJacobson \u0026amp; Batejan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) modified Comprehensive Theoretical Models of NSSI (CTM) systematically delineate the pathways through which distal risk factors and proximal risk factors influence the occurrence of NSSI, providing a valuable framework for understanding NSSI. Among the prominent distal risk factors, past emotional abuse during childhood is known to exacerbate maladaptive thinking patterns (Young, Klosko \u0026amp; Weishaar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals exposed to emotional abuse may experience difficulties in emotion regulation, which is a proximal risk factor. Consequently, they may turn to NSSI as a means of seeking temporary relief (Selby \u0026amp; Joiner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, considering how distal risk factors influence proximal risk factors together is important because it contributes to improving self-harm issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, previous research has primarily focused on delineating the predictive role of negative emotion, such as anxiety and depression, in self-injurious behaviors (Boyes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; You et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, many studies have predominantly focused on adolescent populations, which may limit generalizability to non-clinical adult groups (Andrewes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Barrocas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Rodav et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, this study is aimed at empirically examining the pathways to NSSI in a non-clinical college student population, based on the modified Comprehensive Theoretical Models of NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Disconnection and Rejection Schema has gained attention as a cognitive factor contributing to NSSI (Aakbari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Lewis, Lumley \u0026amp; Grunberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Nicol et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Pilkington, Younan \u0026amp; Bishop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Disconnection and Rejection Schema is characterized by a self-defeating awareness of not belonging and experiencing alienation in interpersonal relationships. It becomes reinforced through traumatic experiences with caregivers during childhood (Cukor \u0026amp; McGinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Tezel, Kişlak \u0026amp; Boysan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it is considered the most impaired schema, as it leads to psychological and behavioral issues in situations resembling past traumas during adulthood (Faustino \u0026amp; Vasco, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Young et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Zeynel \u0026amp; Uzer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, individuals with a higher levels of the Disconnection and Rejection Schema have been reported to engage in NSSI as a strategy to alleviate negative emotion, including depression, anxiety, and anger (Hawton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Hilt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Klonsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e/2009).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifficulties in emotion regulation are recognized as emotional factors that exacerbating NSSI (Lurigio, Nesi \u0026amp; Meyers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Nock \u0026amp; Prinstein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Selby \u0026amp; Joiner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Emotion regulation difficulties refer to the chronic absence of abilities related to \"identifying and understanding negative emotion, accepting negative emotion, engaging in adaptive responses to negative emotion, and controlling impulsive behaviors\" (Cole, Michel \u0026amp; Teti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Gratz \u0026amp; Roemer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Based on previous research, it is plausible to assume that individuals who struggle to cope with distressing emotion in an adaptive manner may resort to NSSI for temporary relief (Gratz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Klonsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, higher levels of difficulties in emotion regulation may be linked to with an increased likelihood of engaging in NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA meta-analysis conducted found a significant association between difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI (Wolff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, various models consistently identify emotion regulation difficulties as a common risk factor that exacerbates NSSI (Chapman, Gratz \u0026amp; Brown, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Nock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Jacobson \u0026amp; Batejan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisconnection and rejection schemas can lead to negative emotion, including anxiety, anger, and depression (Kellogg \u0026amp; Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These schemas can also make it difficult to regulate emotion (Calvete et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Dutra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research suggests that individuals with high levels of difficulties in emotion regulation may resort to NSSI as a coping mechanism to escape unpleasant emotion or thoughts (Klonsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Weinberg \u0026amp; Klonsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that disconnection and rejection schemas may exacerbate difficulties in emotion regulation, subsequently increasing the propensity for NSSI. Previous research has indicated a positive correlation between high levels of Disconnection and Rejection Schema and increased difficulties in regulating emotion (Faustino \u0026amp; Vasco, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Jeong, Chang, \u0026amp; Park, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, it has been confirmed that high levels of difficulties in emotion regulation can worsen NSSI (Aakbari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nicol et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the counseling field, a strategy for reducing NSSI among college students may involve targeting its risk factors, such as Disconnection and Rejection Schema, difficulties in emotion regulation. However, it is important to note that these schemas are often deeply ingrained beliefs that originate in early childhood (Bowlby, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). ameliorating NSSI by mitigating these schemas is a complex and time-consuming process. Many university counseling centers provide therapeutic interventions for NSSI-affected students, But these interventions tend to be of a relatively brief duration, typically 10\u0026ndash;12 sessions. Therefore, to effectively address NSSI among college students, it is crucial to identify psychological mechanisms that can be targeted through short-term interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the imperative for research on protective factors within the NSSI domain has been consistently underscored (Kim, S., 2017; Kim, J. et al., 2022; Muehlenkamp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Muehlenkamp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It is suggested that future research should focus on the examination of self-compassion as a potent factor in mitigating the psychological and behavioral challenges encountered by college students (Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003b\u003c/span\u003e; Neff \u0026amp; Berervas, 2013; Park, W. \u0026amp; Hong, S., 2020), including the realm of NSSI (Ahn, Chang, S. \u0026amp; Kim, H., 2023). Taking into account prior research and recommendations for future studies, our study highlights self-compassion as a protective factor that can be enhanced through education and training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-compassion, as defined by Neff (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003a\u003c/span\u003e) and Neff \u0026amp; Lamb (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), involves extending warmth and gentleness, such as love, gratitude, respect, and kindness, to oneself when faced with pain or situations of failure. that is Self-compassion entails recognizing and embracing one's negative emotion in a non-judgmental manner, instead of self-criticism. Research has shown that college students with high levels of self-compassion are better equipped to regulate their anger through emotion regulation strategies and are relatively quicker to calm their anger (Arch et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Breines et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Neff \u0026amp; McGehee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). These individuals tend to experience less depression (Lee \u0026amp; Kang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). high self-compassion can reduce the likelihood of engaging in NSSI even when experiencing high levels of depressive emotion (Kim, S., Ra \u0026amp; Hyun, 2020). This suggests that self-compassion can act as a protective factor against NSSI and suicidal ideation (Hasking et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, research comparing self-compassion differences between groups of adults engaged in self-harming behaviors and those who have ceased self-harming did not find statistically significant buffering effects of self-compassion (Hasking et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nagy, Shanahan \u0026amp; Baer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, previous studies have suggested that self-compassionate interventions may exacerbate negative emotion and behavioral issues in individuals who struggle with accepting negative emotion (Ahn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Gilbert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Gilbert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Hayes, Strosahl \u0026amp; Wilson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Although it is reasonable to assume that self-compassion could decrease NSSI, empirical evidence from prior research presents conflicting perspectives on this issue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the persisting conflicting results regarding the relationship between self-compassion and NSSI, there is a need for an exploratory approach to understand this discrepancy and improve the effectiveness of self-compassion interventions. Therefore, following Baron \u0026amp; Kenny's (1986) suggestion that when inconsistent results are found in prior research, it is necessary to explore the potential role of other external factors, this study aims to comprehensively investigate the pathway leading to NSSI by considering a mindfulness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMindfulness, often accompanied by self-compassion, has a positive impact on emotional regulation by promoting the acceptance of negative emotion without avoidance and facilitating stable emotional regulation (Kang \u0026amp; Jang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Mindfulness refers to the ability to be aware of what is happening in the present moment and direct one's attention to the current state of mind (Brown \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Siegel, Germer \u0026amp; Olendzki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). According to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) theory, mindfulness can prevent fixation on negative emotion and avoidance by promoting immediate awareness and attention (Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Segal, Teasdale \u0026amp; Williams, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals with higher levels of mindfulness effectively cope depression and anxiety (Brown \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Carson \u0026amp; Langer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Cho, Y. et al., 2014). Those with high levels of mindfulness have reported significant reductions in NSSI and suicidal ideation (Per et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, low mindfulness tend to engage in more NSSI behaviors (Heath, Joly \u0026amp; Carsley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that higher levels of mindfulness may lead to a decrease in NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the relationship between mindfulness and self-compassion, Neff (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003a\u003c/span\u003e) believes that self-compassion precedes mindfulness because when an individual has formed a self-compassionate attitude, mindfulness is facilitated and attention can be paid. On the other hand, Van Dam et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) argue that mindfulness precedes self-compassion because without mindfulness, in distressing situations, we only temporarily experience negative emotion and fail to engage in self-compassion. In consideration of these differing views, Monteiro, Compson, and Musten (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) propose that self-compassion is complementary factor for sustaining the awareness and attention associated with mindfulness. Indeed, buffering effect of mindfulness on reducing psychological distress and behavioral problems was found to increase with higher levels of self-compassion (Bishop et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Rudaz, Ledermann \u0026amp; Fincham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Hollis-Walker \u0026amp; Colosimo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). It can be inferred that self-compassion moderates the buffering effects of mindfulness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there is a lack of empirical studies that have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and self-compassion, despite the theoretical premise that mindfulness may have a buffering effect that is contingent on levels of self-compassion. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively examine the moderated-moderated mediation effect of mindfulness and self-compassion in the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, and NSSI. In doing so, we aim to advance the understanding of NSSI and provide a basis for counseling interventions to promote mindfulness and self-compassion (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParticipants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e On September 16, 2022, received approval from the OOOOO University Institutional Review Board (IRB-SMU-C-2022-2-006). The aim was to investigate the relationships between risk and protective factors for NSSI in college students. An online survey ran for three weeks, from December 6 to December 30, 2022, targeting college students aged 19 to 29, born between 1992 and 2002. In terms of gender, there were 182 males (40.1%) and 272 females (59.9%), totaling 454 participants. Regarding age, the most common age was 23 years old, with 84 people (18.5%), followed by 24-year-olds at 82 (18.1%), and 22-year-olds at 78 (17.2%). On average, participants were 22.9 years old.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eProcedure\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll surveys were conducted through online questionnaires created by the researchers using Google Forms. Participants were given the opportunity to read the research explanation and provide informed consent. After indicating their consent by typing 'Agree' in the online consent form, they were allowed to proceed with the survey. During the survey, if participants selected 'Yes' to a question about suicidal ideation or if they chose 'No self-harm experience' or 'Over 1 year since the last self-harm' at the point inquiring about recent self-harming experiences, designed the survey to stop immediately. In such cases, participants were provided with a 24-hour crisis helpline and local counseling resources. Participants who completed the final survey and selected 'Submit' were provided with information about available treatment facilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMeasures\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDisconnection and Rejection Schema\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure Disconnection and Rejection Schema, the employed the adapted Korean version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), originally developed by Young in 1998 and modified to fit the Korean context by Mi-Youl Lee in 2006. Twenty-five items relevant to Disconnection and Rejection Schema were included, assessing five sub-factors: 'abandonment/instability'. 'mistrust/abuse'. 'emotional deprivation', 'defectiveness/shame', and 'social isolation/alienation'. Respondents rated these items on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicated a higher level of Disconnection and Rejection Schema. The overall Cronbach's α for this measure was .94.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNon-Suicidal Self-Injury\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, the study employed the Korean-adapted version of the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM), originally developed by Lloyd, Kelly \u0026amp; Hope in 1997 and culturally adjusted for the Korean context by Hyuk-jin Kwon \u0026amp; Seok-Man Kwon in 2017. The first section of this measure focuses on the method and frequency of self-harm and consists of 12 items. Respondents rated each item on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 'none at all (0 points)' to '6 or more times (6 points)'. A higher total score indicated a greater variety of self-injurious behaviors. Eleven out of the 12 items were selected for analysis, with the item 'engaged in tattooing' excluded from the survey. This exclusion was made due to the perception of tattooing as a fashion-related cultural practice in Korean society and the fact that it does not align with the criteria for self-injurious behavior as proposed in the DSM-5 (APA, 2003). The FASM is considered a valuable clinical tool for assessing self-harm (Borschmann et al., 2012) and has demonstrated good test-retest reliability (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.87; Qu et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDifficulties in Emotion Regulation\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure levels of difficulties in emotion regulation, the study utilized the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), initially developed by Gratz \u0026amp; Roemer in 2004 and culturally adapted for the Korean context by Yong-Rae Cho in 2007. This scale comprises a total of 35 items and assesses difficulties in six subdomains of emotion regulation: impulsivity, lack of emotional awareness, non-acceptance of emotional responses, lack of emotional clarity, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior. Respondents rated each item on a 5-point Likert scale. A higher score on the DERS indicates a greater degree of difficulties in emotion regulation. The overall Cronbach's α for this measure was .94, indicating high internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMindfulness\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess levels of mindfulness, the study employed the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), originally developed by Brown \u0026amp; Ryan in 2003 and adapted for the Korean context by Sun-Jung Kwon \u0026amp; Kim-Kyo Heon in 2007. This scale consists of a total of 15 items, measuring a single factor, and respondents provided their ratings using a 5-point Likert scale. A higher total score, obtained by summing up the reverse-coded items, indicates a higher level of mindfulness. The overall Cronbach's α for the MAAS was .94, indicating strong internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSelf-Compassion\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure self-compassion levels, the study utilized the Korean version of the Self-Compassion Scale (K-SCS), which was originally developed by Neff in 2003a and adapted for the Korean context by Kyeong-Eui Kim and colleagues in 2008. This scale consists of a total of 26 items, assessing six sub-factors: 'self-kindness', 'self-judgment', 'common humanity', 'isolation', 'mindfulness', and 'over-identification'. Respondents rated these items using a 5-point Likert scale. A higher total score, obtained by summing the item scores, indicates a higher level of self-compassion. The overall Cronbach's α for the K-SCS was .85, reflecting a good level of internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt's worth noting that one of the sub-factors of self-compassion, 'mindfulness', shares the same terminology as the mindfulness scale proposed by Brown \u0026amp; Ryan in 2003. However, they differ in conceptual focus. While 'mindfulness' in the context of self-compassion refers to the sub-factor of 'non-judgmental and acceptance', Brown \u0026amp; Ryan's mindfulness scale emphasizes the concept of 'awareness and attention'. In this study, despite the shared terminology, the self-compassion scale's 'mindfulness' items that pertain to 'non-judgmental and acceptance' were included for measurement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Analyses\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics 27 and Hayes' PROCESS Macro 4.3.1 (Hayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we employed a comprehensive analytical approach, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, moderated-moderated mediation analysis, bootstrapping, and Johnson-Neyman tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, we conducted a frequency analysis to examine the demographic characteristics of the study participants. Mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated for each variable, and Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to explore relationships between variables. To assess the reliability of the measurement instruments employed in this study, Cronbach's α was computed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate moderated-moderated mediation effects in the disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, self-compassion, and mindfulness in relation to NSSI, Model 18 from the SPSS PROCESS Macro was use. The statistical significance of the moderated-moderated mediation effects was verified through the generation of 10,000 bootstrap samples, and the results were confirmed within a 95% confidence interval. To examine the continuous interaction between self-compassion and mindfulness in relation to NSSI, Johnson-Neyman analysis was performed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe means, standard deviations, skewness, and kurtosis of the variables in this study, including disconnection and rejection schema, NSSI, difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion, are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Analysis of Interest Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVIF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. DRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. NSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. DER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. MMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. SC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRS: Disconnection and Rejection Schema; NSSI: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury; DER: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation; MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion; NSSI analysis use likert scale totals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean for disconnection and rejection schema was 2.68, with a standard deviation of 0.82. The mean for NSSI was 9.67, with a standard deviation of 9.23. difficulties in emotion regulation had a mean of 3.04, with a standard deviation of 0.64. The mean for mindfulness was 3.22, with a standard deviation of 0.92, while self-compassion had a mean of 2.97, with a standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the relationships between disconnection and rejection schema, NSSI, difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion, Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted. The results of the correlation coefficients are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercorrelations Between Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. DRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. NSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.589\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. DER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.729\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.580\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. MMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.714\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.706\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.817\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. SC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.489\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.463\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.341\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRS: Disconnection and Rejection Schema; NSSI: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury; DER: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation; MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examining the correlations among the variables, disconnection and rejection schema exhibited a strong positive correlation with NSSI (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.589, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and difficulties in emotion regulation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.729, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) while showing a significant negative correlation with mindfulness (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.714, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and self-compassion (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.489, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). NSSI was positively correlated with difficulties in emotion regulation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.580, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and inversely correlated with mindfulness (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.706, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), with no statistically significant correlation with self-compassion. Difficulties in emotion regulation was significantly associated with mindfulness (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.817, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), while also showing an inverse correlation with self-compassion (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.463, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Mindfulness displayed a positive correlation with self-compassion (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.341, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) and a significant inverse correlation with self-compassion (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.463, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eModerated-Moderated Mediation Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to comprehensively assess the moderated mediated effects of mindfulness and self-compassion, we utilized Model 18 from the SPSS PROCESS Macro. The results of the moderated mediated effects are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional Moderated Mediation Effects of Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion Variable: DER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-21.672\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.671\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVariables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCriterion Variable: NSSI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003et\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLLCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eULCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.410\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.148\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.150\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.713\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDER\u0026times;MMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.407\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDER\u0026times;SC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS\u0026times;SC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.810\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDER\u0026times;MMAS\u0026times;SC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.583\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffect\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLLCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eULCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerated-Moderated Mediation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDRS: Disconnection and Rejection Schema; NSSI: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury; DER: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation; MMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe disconnection and rejection schema had a significant direct effect on difficulties in emotion regulation (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.570, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and it was also statically significant in predicting NSSI (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.206, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The effect of difficulties in emotion regulation on NSSI was statically significant (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = -1.811, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the moderating variable, mindfulness, was found to have a significant negative effect on NSSI (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = -5.621, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The impact of self-compassion on NSSI was not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpon examining interaction terms, the interaction term between difficulties in emotion regulation and mindfulness was found to have a significant negative impact on NSSI (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = -5.828, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, the interaction term between difficulties in emotion regulation and self-compassion was not statistically significant. The three-way interaction term between difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion demonstrated a significant negative impact on NSSI (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = -1.652, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo specifically examine the three-way interaction between difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion, conditional moderation effects were tested at three points: the mean, and at \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 SD of self-compassion. The results of this analysis are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The findings indicate that the inclusion of the self-compassion interaction term significantly improved the model's explanatory power (\u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.010, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.839, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This implies that the interaction between mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation is moderated by levels of self-compassion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional Moderation Effects by Self-Compassion Levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1SD (-.534)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.306\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (.000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.5828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.486\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1SD (.534)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.648\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR-square increase due to interaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eΔ R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.839\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo perform the final model verification, a conditional-conditional mediation index was computed. The obtained value was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.942, with Bootstrapping confidence intervals (\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e = -1.434, \u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e = -0.465) not including 0, indicating that the conditional-conditional mediation effect is statistically significant. In other words, the indirect effect of disconnection and rejection schema on NSSI through difficulties in emotion regulation is moderated by the level of mindfulness. Furthermore, the influence of this relationship is once again significantly modified by the level of self-compassion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHayes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) recommends examining the Index of Conditional Moderated Mediation when the conditional-conditional mediation index is significant. We tested conditional moderated mediation indices at three points, corresponding to the mean and \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 standard deviation of self-compassion. The results, presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, showed that all three groups \u0026ndash; low self-compassion (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e), moderate self-compassion (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e), and high self-compassion (+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026ndash; produced statistically significant results within their respective 95% confidence intervals. In other words, the moderated mediation effect of mindfulness in the relationship between disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, and NSSI was significantly influenced by self-compassion at all levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional Moderated Mediation by Levels of Self-Compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.534)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (0.000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.534)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC: Self-Compassion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study evaluated the conditional indirect impact of mindfulness on self-compassion levels, revealing a significant conditional moderated mediation effect. The analysis employed 10,000 bootstrap resampling procedures within a 95% confidence interval. The findings are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn individuals with low self-compassion at -1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.534), the conditional indirect effects of mindfulness were significant for groups with low mindfulness at -1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.927), moderate mindfulness (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e), and high mindfulness at +\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.927). The confidence intervals did not include zero, indicating statistically significant conditional indirect effects (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = [0.384 to 4.406], \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = [-4.152 to -2.29], +1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = [-9.354 to -4.199]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional Indirect Effects by Levels of Mindfulness at Low Levels of Self-Compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.927)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.341\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (0.000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.195\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.927)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.167\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor individuals with moderate self-compassion (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0), the conditional indirect effects of mindfulness were significant for groups with low mindfulness at -1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.927), moderate mindfulness (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e), and high mindfulness at +\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.927). The confidence intervals did not include zero, indicating statistically significant conditional indirect effects (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = [1.910 to 5.278], \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = [-3.466 to -0.156], +1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = [-9.494 to -4.936]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional Indirect Effects by Levels of Mindfulness at Moderate Levels of Self-Compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.927)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.195\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (0.000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.150\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.927)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.222\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong individuals with high self-compassion (+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.534), the conditional indirect effects of mindfulness were significant for groups with low mindfulness at -1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.927) and high mindfulness at +\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.927). The confidence intervals did not include zero, indicating statistically significant conditional indirect effects (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = [2.408 to 7.178], +1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = [-10.320 to -4.987]). However, for the group with moderate mindfulness (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0), the conditional indirect effect of self-compassion was not statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = [-3.654 to 0.793]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditional Indirect Effects by Levels of Mindfulness at High Levels of Self-Compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (-0.927)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.949\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (0.000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e (0.927)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.640\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMMAS: Mindfulness; SC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graph illustrating the clear conditional-conditional mediated effect of self-compassion is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the high mindfulness group (+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e), it was observed that as self-compassion increased from a low level (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e) to a high level (+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e), NSSI decreased. This indicates that the moderating effect of mindfulness on the impact of disconnection and rejection schema through difficulties in emotion regulation on NSSI can be further influenced by self-compassion levels. In other words, higher self-compassion enhances the buffering effect of mindfulness in reducing NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, in the low mindfulness group (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e), it was observed that as self-compassion increased from a low level (-1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e) to a high level (+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e), NSSI increased. This suggests that in cases where mindfulness is low, higher levels of self-compassion may exacerbate NSSI, indicating a counterproductive mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examining the static slopes, it was observed that as difficulties in emotion regulation increased, NSSI increased when self-compassion was high and mindfulness was low. Conversely, when self-compassion was high and mindfulness was also high, NSSI decreased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo specifically examine the conditional moderated mediation effect of self-compassion, Johnson-Neyman analysis was conducted. The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJohnson-Neyman: Conditional Moderated Mediation Effects of Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLLCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eULCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.577\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.6530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.018\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.51\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.056\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.659\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.319\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.622\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.028\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.722\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.772\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.525\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.251\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.904\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.441\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.829\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.056\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.131\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.081\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.937\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.73\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.486\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.225\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.961\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.702\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC: Self-Compassion. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe validation results indicate that the conditional moderated mediation effect was significant in all intervals where self-compassion levels were 1.98 points or higher (mean-centered value = -1.861). This suggests that the buffering effect of mindfulness on reducing NSSI by interacting with difficulties in emotion regulation is contingent upon self-compassion levels in all the examined intervals. A visual representation of this data is provided in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Modified Integrated NSSI Model, a prominent model in explaining NSSI, posits that distal risk factors interact with proximal risk factors to give rise to difficulties in emotion regulation, ultimately leading to the occurrence of NSSI (Jacobson \u0026amp; Batejan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The present study found that Disconnection and Rejection Schema developed during childhood and adolescence can lead to difficulties in regulating emotion. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI is moderated by the levels of mindfulness and self-compassion. These results emphasize the importance of interventions that not only address risk factors but also enhance protective factors in order to improve NSSI issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, confirms the empirical role of Disconnection and Rejection Schema in inducing difficulties in emotion regulation and exacerbating NSSI. These findings are consistent with prior research, which has shown that individuals with high levels of Disconnection and Rejection Schema and difficulties in emotion regulation are more likely to engage in NSSI (Gratz \u0026amp; Tull, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Klonsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Yakın et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It is consistent with previous research that individuals with a history of NSSI tend to have greater difficulty regulating their emotion and are more likely to repeat self-injurious behaviors compared to those without a history (Andover \u0026amp; Morris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals influenced by Disconnection and Rejection Schema may continue to experience automated negative emotion in adulthood, making it challenging for them to cope flexibly with emotional distress. Therefore, they may resort to NSSI as a form of escapism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is essential to use schema-focused interventions to mitigate these schemas to prevent the recurrence of self-harming behavior. According to Young's (1999) schema therapy theory, the Limited Reparenting technique is effective for individuals experiencing difficulties due to the influence of Disconnection and Rejection Schema. Counselors can utilize this technique by addressing unmet emotional needs within the therapeutic relationship, which can help clients develop more adaptive responses to stressful situations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond, self-compassion was found to moderate the buffering effect of mindfulness in the relationship between Disconnection and Rejection Schema, difficulties in emotion regulation, and self-harming behavior. When self-compassion levels were high, the buffering effect of mindfulness was enhanced. However, when mindfulness levels were low, it showed a negative buffering effect, exacerbating self-harming behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese research findings support previous studies (Germer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Germer \u0026amp; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) that suggest self-compassion can reduce resistance to life experiences and help overcome psychological and behavioral issues by promoting a kind and understanding attitude towards oneself during distressing situations. Also support Rudaz and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) perspective that self-compassion has a positive impact on mindfulness awareness. Consequently, self-compassion acts as a reinforcing factor that enhances the buffering effects of mindfulness, effectively improving not only an NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, it is important to note that among university students with low levels of mindfulness, those with high levels of self-compassion made more frequent attempts at NSSI compared to students with low self-compassion levels. These findings contradict prior research that suggested self-compassion has a buffering effect, reducing NSSI (Cleare et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Per et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, in line with previous research that found no significant buffering effect of self-compassion on NSSI (Hasking et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kim, Y., 2022; Nagy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The differing findings in research can be attributed to the activation of negative emotion during the practice of self-compassion (Gilbert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Gilbert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), individuals who experienced negative emotion during traumatic events with caregivers in their early years may have a dysfunctional attachment system. When individuals activate their attachment system while practicing self-compassion, distressing emotion are also activated. The co-activation of distressing emotion can cause individuals to perceive self-compassion stimulation as a threat, resulting in increased feelings of anxiety and fear (Gilbert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Joeng \u0026amp; Turner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the significant impact of Disconnection and Rejection Schema based on attachment theory on exacerbating NSSI in this study, it can be interpreted that the results are indicative of an imbalance in the attachment system and self-compassion stimulation. Individuals who perceive self-compassion stimulation as a threat may struggle to accept negative emotion, thus hindering the progression into the attention process of mindfulness (McGehee, Germer \u0026amp; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, individuals who repetitively negative emotion may resort to NSSI as a means to cope with their difficulties in emotion regulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is important to provide tailored interventions that consider the individual's level of mindfulness and self-compassion. For individuals with high levels of mindfulness, the Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) approach developed by Gilbert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), may be appropriate Clients who cultivate mindfulness and self-compassion can develop the ability to regulate negative emotion flexibly and may also be able to stop engaging in NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor clients who have low mindfulness but high self-compassion, it may be beneficial to initially explore compassionate imagery techniques (Compassionate Image). These techniques can help balance negative emotion that arise spontaneously and promote self-compassion (Gilbert \u0026amp; Proctor, 2006; Neff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Counselors should encourage clients to envision an ideal nurturing figure who is gentle and kind, rather than one closely associated with negative emotion. The goal is for clients to experience a sense of stability and belonging in this mental imagery. By letting go of their resistance to self-compassion and practicing smooth mindfulness strategies within a stable attachment system, it is expected that clients will discontinue NSSI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the main focus for addressing and preventing NSSI should be on promoting mindfulness and self-compassion. To maximize the synergistic effects of these two approaches, it is recommended to prioritize mindfulness interventions. Furthermore, when conducting group counseling programs or support groups within university counseling centers, it is essential to consider the level of mindfulness and self-compassion of participants. Therefore, counselors should develop participant selection criteria based on their levels of mindfulness and self-compassion. This approach emphasizes the need for tailored, semi-structured programs that cater to participants' varying levels of mindfulness and self-compassion, rather than rigid, one-size-fits-all program structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study is significant in the following ways. It expands our knowledge of intervention and prevention measures for NSSI in college students by examining the relationship between previously identified risk and protective factors. Additionally, this study introduces a new area of research by highlighting the synergistic effects of mindfulness and self-compassion in the mechanism of risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLimitations and Future Research\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper utilized Jacobson \u0026amp; Batejan's (2014) modified non-suicidal self-harm integrated model as a foundation for understanding NSSI in university students. However, it is important to acknowledge that distal risk factors, such as genetic and family-related factors, may also play significant roles in predicting non-suicidal self-harm. Therefore, future empirical research should include temperament-related factors and parenting variables to gain a more comprehensive understanding of predictors of non-suicidal self-harm, while taking into account previous findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, Although this study focused on individuals in their twenties, a demographic experiencing a growing prevalence of NSSI, it is important to recognize that self-injurious behaviors can occur throughout one's lifespan, from childhood to old age. Therefore, future studies should include participants at various developmental stages.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of OOOOO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent was obtained through written consent from all participants, and they were provided with instructions that they could terminate the survey at any point during its administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[] conceived and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, and drafted the initial manuscript. [] contributed to data interpretation, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial Interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funds were received for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDatat Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData can be obtained from the first author upon an email request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAakbari, M., Mohammadkhani, S., Babaeifard, M., \u0026amp; Shokrani, B. (2022). The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Non-suicidal Self-injury: A Systematic Review. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Research and Health, 12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e(4), 227-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/JRH.12.4.1971.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhn, H. J., Chang, S. J. \u0026amp; Kim, H. 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Understanding and counseling self-mutilation in female adolescents and young adults. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Counseling \u0026amp; Development, 79\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01942.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Sangmyung University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Disconnection and Rejection Schema, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4003901/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4003901/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Disconnection and rejection schema and difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). This study examined whether trait mindfulness moderates the association between disconnection and rejection schema, difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI. Past research has shown mindfulness and self-compassion to be positively related. However, little is known about their interrelationship and the NSSI. We hypothesized that mindfulness would attenuate NSSI, and that the level of self-compassion would modulate this effect. A convenience sample of 454 college student (40.1% male, 59.9% female) aged 19 to 29 years (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22.9, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.2) completed an online questionnaire that disconnection and rejection schema, NSSI, difficulties in emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion. When mindfulness and self-compassion were in harmony, NSSI decreased significantly. Self-compassion was found to reduce NSSI in participants who developed mindfulness, while it tended to worsen NSSI in participants unfamiliar with mindfulness. The results from this sample highlight the positive interconnections between mindfulness and self-compassion can be leveraged to alleviate the risk factors of NSSI in college students. To maximize the synergistic effects of these two approaches, it is recommended to prioritize mindfulness interventions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship among Disconnection and Rejection Schema, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Undergraduate Student NSSI: A Moderated-Moderated Mediation Effect Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-05 16:43:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4003901/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"71665ca4-d49f-4982-a5a4-132260e90e99","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29084516,"name":"Educational Psychology"},{"id":29084517,"name":"Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-05T16:43:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-05 16:43:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4003901","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4003901","identity":"rs-4003901","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}