A high flexibility enabled single layered tunable and polarization insensitive RIS for mm-Wave dynamic beamforming applications

A high flexibility enabled single layered tunable and polarization insensitive RIS for mm-Wave dynamic beamforming applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A high flexibility enabled single layered tunable and polarization insensitive RIS for mm-Wave dynamic beamforming applications B Anil Babu, B. Riscob, Varsha Siju, Surya Kumar Pathak This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7046623/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A single-layered and polarization-insensitive tunable Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) with a simple biasing circuit model is proposed. The optimized RIS unitcell utilizes a varactor diode with a suitable variable capacitance for providing a reflection phase shift to the incident wave. The RIS unitcell structure consists of a symmetric circular patch layer and a slotted ground layer with grounded via for biasing the varactor diode. This structure provides five operating states with reflection phase shifts of 0 0 , -30 0 , -60 0 , -120 0 , and − 180 0 at 28 GHz with a simple biasing configuration. The beamforming with a sidelobe level tuning range of -5.5 to -12.7 dB is achieved and demonstrated using an 8x8 RIS array model with high flexibility in reconfiguring the phase shift values. The RIS model withholds a polarization angle insensitivity of up to 60 0 . The simulation-based approach evaluates the RIS array configuration to assess the beamforming ability that provides a gain of 14.12 dB under normal incidence. The 8x8 RIS array model is fabricated, and an experiment is carried out for a 1.15 pF (0 V biasing) condition as a proof of the concept demonstration. The simulated and experimental results proved its key feature of high flexibility, suitable for mm-wave dynamic beamforming applications. Single-layered tunable RIS Dynamic beamforming mm-Wave Simple biasing model High flexibility Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7046623","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":485765340,"identity":"ea0ffc7d-bdd9-481a-ba0d-ba3ab38fd5ba","order_by":0,"name":"B Anil Babu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Plasma Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B","middleName":"Anil","lastName":"Babu","suffix":""},{"id":485765341,"identity":"f430b904-1497-4031-8bdb-19fc62125590","order_by":1,"name":"B. Riscob","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIie2RvwrCMBCHrwSSJeJ6Uh+iUFAHH8Yujlk62EGkU30FBfExxNEi1KWzs0XobLe6ef0HIrR0dMgHBz+SfNwlAdBo/hFGZfiwoMABPGzWsadyifso0ChAShj0mGu6FckrO4OicH9mx5ma+oMkyWGm2pTxVdqjfQwuhZUVntAdX4RtS0C3TUEmORsE4OyYXCIpzg44N2nD8VsVkX4ph1IR77xTgUmtiAhDv+oCslMp74JuMSHGURE4M6XVoQxvxYvNFYUUvfVGoQiMLPc2rUpjUkmrSIvyc8HqPl8jHpWi0Wg0mh8+NFFGxBEN19oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Plasma Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"B.","middleName":"","lastName":"Riscob","suffix":""},{"id":485765342,"identity":"59feecee-bc3d-43ac-90fe-26795efbd398","order_by":2,"name":"Varsha Siju","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Plasma Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Varsha","middleName":"","lastName":"Siju","suffix":""},{"id":485765343,"identity":"088ed636-dcd1-4c5a-b0ea-a16356380d56","order_by":3,"name":"Surya Kumar Pathak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Surya","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Pathak","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-04 12:08:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7046623/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7046623/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97140302,"identity":"021b8413-12ce-469b-8964-8e79c2a4bf27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:04:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2314893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptwithauthors.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7046623/v1_covered_f718b01c-6381-4afa-aebc-2707fcbeeb7e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A high flexibility enabled single layered tunable and polarization insensitive RIS for mm-Wave dynamic beamforming applications","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Single-layered tunable RIS, Dynamic beamforming, mm-Wave, Simple biasing model, High flexibility","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7046623/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7046623/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA single-layered and polarization-insensitive tunable Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) with a simple biasing circuit model is proposed. The optimized RIS unitcell utilizes a varactor diode with a suitable variable capacitance for providing a reflection phase shift to the incident wave. The RIS unitcell structure consists of a symmetric circular patch layer and a slotted ground layer with grounded via for biasing the varactor diode. This structure provides five operating states with reflection phase shifts of 0\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, -30\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, -60\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, -120\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;180\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e at 28 GHz with a simple biasing configuration. The beamforming with a sidelobe level tuning range of -5.5 to -12.7 dB is achieved and demonstrated using an 8x8 RIS array model with high flexibility in reconfiguring the phase shift values. The RIS model withholds a polarization angle insensitivity of up to 60\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e. The simulation-based approach evaluates the RIS array configuration to assess the beamforming ability that provides a gain of 14.12 dB under normal incidence. The 8x8 RIS array model is fabricated, and an experiment is carried out for a 1.15 pF (0 V biasing) condition as a proof of the concept demonstration. The simulated and experimental results proved its key feature of high flexibility, suitable for mm-wave dynamic beamforming applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A high flexibility enabled single layered tunable and polarization insensitive RIS for mm-Wave dynamic beamforming applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-17 18:51:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7046623/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a048e314-d51a-4dcc-9ff7-06ba4ce6ebf0","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-28T20:38:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-17 18:51:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7046623","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7046623","identity":"rs-7046623","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}