Glasidian; Polyester-based agglomerated stone made from waste glass and obsidian

Glasidian; Polyester-based agglomerated stone made from waste glass and obsidian | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Glasidian; Polyester-based agglomerated stone made from waste glass and obsidian Hakan ELÇİ, Çetin YEŞILOVA, Ramazan Hacımustafaoğlu, İlker Özkan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263840/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Glasidian is an agglomerated stone made by mixing obsidian and used industrial glass fragments with a polyester binder for cladding. This cladding material is created by connecting obsidian and industrial glass particles, which have extremely comparable material qualities, with polyester in a 1:1 ratio and forming a self-compacting a mixture. The colour and design of the agglomerated stone made from fine glass and obsidian aggregate are comparable to those of real stone cladding. It has lower density and porosity than natural stone. Galacidian is extremely resistant to abrasion and has adequate compressive and bending strengths. Its qualities make it suitable for usage as a cladding material in interiors. This study identified an alternate application for industrial waste glass, which has a very poor recycling rate across the country, and obsidian, which is currently underutilized as a raw material. Agglomerated stone cladding material industrial waste glass and obsidian Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1. Introduction Obsidian is a black or dark-colored volcanic glass generated by the rapid cooling of acidic magma, typically consisting of rhyolite. It is identified by its conchoidal fracture shape. It may occasionally have a banded structure and contain microliths [1]. Obsidian deposits appear in areas where Tertiary and Quaternary volcanism were active throughout Anatolia. Deposits of various sizes can be found in lava flows, agglomerates, and tuffs near young volcanoes like the Süphan, Nemrut, Tendürek, and Ağrı Mountains in Eastern Anatolia and the Hasandağ and Erciyes Mountains in Central Anatolia [2]. It was commonly utilized in the manufacturing of cutting tools, jewelry, and ornaments in prehistoric times due to its sharp surfaces when shattered and its stunning colour, and it was traded and distributed over large distances. Obsidian is more commonly traded among primitive tribes than other natural resources due to its ease of use and extensive availability [2]. The specific chemical compositions of the obsidian objects found in archaeological excavations today and the obsidian deposits where they were obtained can be revealed by archaeometric studies. Obsidian has been a valuable resource for archaeologists because, when its chemical fingerprints are examined, they can reveal trade routes and interregional relationships during prehistoric times when writing was nonexistent [3, 4]. Currently, semiprecious ornamental stone is considered obsidian. Obsidians have limited usage in making small ornaments and decorative objects because they are generally found in masses a few decimeters in size and are very rarely found on the order of meters in nature. It is also vulnerable to impact, although it is quite difficult due to its glassy structure. Therefore, it cannot be produced as a slab or plate like a natural stone, and this situation limits its wide area of use. However, Ustabaş and Kaya [5] revealed that obsidian is a standard raw pozzolan material due to its reactive silica features, such as fly ash and blast furnace slag. Glass is generally defined as an inorganic fusion product that has been cooled without crystallization. Compared to that of crystals, the structure of glass lacks a regular arrangement of atoms in a periodic lattice due to its amorphous structure. The composition for industrial glass production is limited by parameters such as melting behavior, formability, suitable final properties and acceptable price. For example, quartz glass exhibits outstanding properties in many respects but is very costly to manufacture due to its high melting temperature (≈ 1700°C). The melting temperature can be reduced to approximately 1000°C by the addition of alkali oxides (Na2O), but the resulting alkali silicate glasses show poor resistance to the effects of water and atmospheric moisture. Chemical resistance is improved by the presence of other oxides (CaO). For these reasons, the composition of existing industrial glasses is derived from the SiO2-CaO-Na2O system. Typical soda-lime-silica glass contains approximately 70% SiO2 by weight, with the remainder being mainly composed of Na2O (soda) and CaO (lime). These glasses are used in areas such as normal window glasses, flat glasses, glass containers and lighting products [6, 7, 8]. Glass is a 100% recyclable material. However, the recycling rate of industrial glass waste is very low due to the lack of awareness of recycling and insufficient separation at the source. The amount of glass packages produced and released to the domestic market in 2019 was 871 thousand tons. The recycling rate of this amount is 32% [9]. Since these glass packages are not separated at the source after use, they cannot be recycled and are discarded. The best-known solution for the reuse of many inorganic wastes is undoubtedly their use in concrete production by partially replacing them with aggregates. These wastes are especially construction wastes, iron slag, brick ceramic wastes, ash wastes and even wastes such as vehicle tires, pet bottles and plastics. However, both industrial glass and obsidian are not preferred for use in concrete production as aggregates because they cause alkali silica reactions. Therefore, if both industrial glass and obsidian are used as aggregate sources in the production of building materials, a different binder than Portland cement is needed. Studies on the production of building materials from natural stone wastes have mostly focused on the production of concrete composite materials using Portland cement as a binder and natural stone wastes as aggregates. In addition, chemical binders such as polyester or epoxy have been used to produce composite materials from industrial wastes. In some of these studies, natural stone waste and unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy resins from thermosetting polymers were used, while polyethylene terephthalate from thermoplastic polymers was used in other studies [10–20]. In general, the physico-mechanical properties of composite materials produced from natural stone waste, polyester and epoxy binder and self-compacting materials are close to the physico-mechanical properties of natural stones [11, 12, 13]. In addition to natural stone wastes, fly ash [13], zeolite, pumice and sepiolite [14, 15], glass fibre and quartz powder [16], volcanic tuff [17], waste sawdust, waste plastic chips, eggshell, vermiculite [18] and glass powder [19] have also been used in certain proportions in the production of these composite materials. However, when these mixtures were compressed under pressure, vacuum and with the addition of vibration, composite materials with better physico-mechanical properties than those of a natural stone were obtained [19]. In this study, aggregates obtained from industrial and domestic glass wastes were mixed with obsidian aggregates and bound to polyester to produce self-compacting agglomerated stone. The material properties of these agglomerates were investigated. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The obsidians used in the study were obtained from Süphan Volcanites, which crop out around the Adilcevaz (Bitlis) District, north of Lake Van. Industrial window glasses were obtained from a local glass company, and industrial glass bottles were obtained from local cafeterias and restaurants. The supplied industrial glass and obsidian were first reduced to 5–10 cm with the help of a hammer. Then, it was reduced to 1 cm and smaller by using a laboratory-type jaw crusher. The crushed materials were between 0–2 mm in size and 2–4 mm in size (Fig. 1 ). 2.2. Methods The study was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the mineralogical, petrographic and chemical properties of the industrial glasses and obsidians were determined. In the second stage, the material properties of industrial glasses, and obsidians and the properties of the aggregates produced from them were studied. In the third stage, the mineralogical, petrographic and material properties of the agglomerate stones produced from the aggregates were analysed. For the mineralogical and petrographic properties of the industrial glasses and obsidians, sampling was performed to represent the glasses, and five thin sections were prepared from each glass. According to TS EN 12407, 2019 [20], the mineral percentages were determined via petrographic analysis of the prepared thin sections at 10X magnification of double nicol using an Olympus BX41 polarizing microscope. The chemical properties of the industrial and volcanic glasses were determined by using the coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-ES) method in the Acme Laboratory (Canada), and their major oxides (%) were determined. 2.3. 1. Agglomerated Stone Production Glasidian was produced by mixing 50% aggregate, 50% binder and hardener (< 1%) by volume in six different ratios, as shown in Table 1 . Metal molds 5x30x30 cm in size were prepared for this study. The inner surface of the molds was lubricated with a molding oil product called Polivaks sv-6-mekp before pouring the mixtures, and then the prepared mixtures were placed in the molds. In the placement process, aggregate/polyester mixtures 0–2 mm in size were placed in the mold itself, while the mixtures containing aggregates 2–4 mm in size were subjected to some vibration. The mixture was removed from the molds after one day. The samples removed from the mould were cured for three days, and then one surface of the sample was abraded with a wet polishing machine, polished and photographed (Fig. 8 ). To determine the physical and mechanical properties, they were cut and sized in the dimensions specified in the "Agglomerated Stones" standard used for coating of the relevant Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). The material properties specified in the “Agglomerated Stones” standards have been determined. In addition, petrographic analyses were performed on the produced agglomerate stones, and the quality of the grains with the binder was determined. Table 1 Components and mixture design of agglomerated stone. Recipe number Mixture design R1 50%, 0–2 mm industrial glass + 50% polyester R2 50% 0–2 mm Obsidian 50% polyester R3 20% 0–2 mm industrial glass + 30% 0–2 mm obsidian + 50% polyester R4 30% 0–2 mm industrial glass + 20% 0–2 mm obsidian + 50% polyester R5 40% 0–2 mm industrial glass + 10% 0–2 mm obsidian + 50% polyester R6 10% 0–2 mm industrial glass + 40% 0–2 mm obsidian + 50% polyester 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Mineralogical and Petrographic Properties of Industrial Glass and Ob sidian The petrographic analyses of thin sections prepared from black and brown obsidian used in the study were performed under a polarizing microscope, and these analyses revealed that the igneous rock consists of two components. The first component is the matrix part, and the second is the phenocrystals (Table 2 ). The matrix, which forms the majority of the rock, is mainly composed of feldspar microliths and microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline intermediates. In thin section analyses, felsic feldspar minerals (orthoclase-plagioclase) and quartz are found as phenocrysts, and femic amphibole (hornblende), common biotites and opaque minerals are also observed (Fig. 2 ). Creep behavior is observed in glassy matrix composed of microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline intermediates. The orientation of the microcrystals in the matrix depends on the creep structure. Phenocrysts commonly exhibit anhedral and subhedral crystal shapes. Feldspar (K-feldspar) minerals have a partially developed sieve structure, while quartz minerals have a gulf structure in some sections. On the other hand, especially the periphery and less interior parts of amphibole minerals became opaque with the FeO reaction in sections where biotite minerals are common. Amphibole mineral skeletons are observed in some areas (Fig. 2 ). Obsidian, an igneous surface rock, generally has a hypocrystalline porphyritic texture. It has a vitrophyric texture due to its matrix, which is rich in volcanic glass and phenocrysts. Although industrial glass is chemically similar to obsidian glass, it has a completely different texture because it cools much faster than obsidian glass. Industrial glass consists entirely of a glassy matrix. No phenocrysts or microliths can be observed in the matrix, as in obsidians. Table 2 Modal analysis of the industrial glass and obsidian Sample name Matrix/Volcanic glass (%) Phenocrysts (%) Microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline, feldspar, quartz, amphibole and biotite microlites K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, amphibole, biotite and opaque minerals BLO 96 4 BRO 96 4 IG 100% glass matrix BLO: black obsidian BRO: brown obsidian IG: industrial glass 3.2. Chemical Properties of Industrial Glass and Ob sidian Considering the percentage of main oxides in the obsidian samples, it is reasonable to think that the obsidians have a silicate glass character. The samples have high SiO 2 (74%) and Al 2 O 3 (13%) but low lime CaO (0.1%) and MgO (1%) and low alkali Na 2 O (4% and K 2 O (4.7%) values (Table 3 ). On the other hand, industrial glasses have typical soda-lime glass characteristics. They typically have lower SiO 2 (70%) and Al 2 O 3 (< 1%) ratios than the obsidian. In addition, it can be clearly seen that they have high lime CaO (9–10%) and MgO (4%) and high alkali Na 2 O (14%) values (Table 3 ). Table 3 Percentages of major oxide elements in the industrial glass and obsidian No SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O TiO 2 P 2 O 5 MnO Cr 2 O 3 LOI Toplam / (%) IG1 70,42 0.94 0.52 4.14 8.72 14.04 0,15 0.06 0.03 < 0.01 0,005 0.8 99,91 IG2 70.11 1.57 0.53 3.19 9.64 13.63 0.49 0.06 0.02 < 0.01 0,033 0.6 99,94 BLO 74.04 13.23 1.82 0.11 1.12 4.09 4.60 0.09 0.03 0.04 0,004 0.7 99,99 BRO 73.84 13.03 1.92 0.11 1.2 3.79 4.78 0.09 0.03 0.04 0,004 0.7 99,99 IG1: Industrial glass, IG2: -Bottle, BLO: Black obsidian BRO: Brown obsidian, *LOI: Loss on ignition. When industrial glasses and obsidians are evaluated in geochemical nomenclature diagrams, obsidians are classified as acidic magmatic surface rocks or rhyolites due to their high SiO2 content (Fig. 3 ). The 4.6% K2O, 4.09% Na2O and 1.1% CaO values of the obsidians originate from the alkali feldspar microliths and phenocrysts contained in the matrix (volcanic glass) (Table 3 ). Obsidians show subalkaline properties with these values. Industrial glasses contain lower SiO2 and higher Na2O contents than obsidian glasses. Considering these values, it can be seen that they have rhyolitic compositions and alkaline features (Figs. 3 and 4 ). 3.3. Material Properties of Industrial Glass, Obsidian and Polyester The densities of the obsidian and industrial glasses are 2350 and 2500 kg/m3, respectively. The density of cured polyester is quite low according to these materials. The water absorption values of all these materials are less than 0.1%. Although 5.5 mohs hardness is defined for the hardness of obsidians and glass in the literature, in the mohs hardness test, obsidians have a 20% higher hardness value than industrial glass. While both materials are extremely resistant to abrasion, they have very low resistance to crushing by impact and give conchoidal-shaped surfaces when broken (Table 4 ). The liquid state properties of the polyesters used in the study are given in Table 5 , and the physico-mechanical properties of the hardened polyester, obsidian and industrial glass are given in Table 6 . Table 4 Aggregate properties of industrial glass and obsidian Property Size (mm) Standard Obsidian Industrial glass Oven dry particle density-kg/m 3 0–4 TS EN 1097-6 [23] 2355 ± 2 2495 ± 33 Water absorption-% 10–14 TS EN 1097-6 [23] < 0,01 < 0,01 Resistance to ware-% 10–14 TS EN 1097-1 [24] 7.735 ± 0.191 7.878 ± 0.342 Resistance to fragmentation-% 10–14 TS EN 1097-2 [25] 38.580 ± 0.311 38.980 ± 0.085 Fracture Shape conchoidal conchoidal Table 5 Properties of the polyesters Property Colour Neutral Appearance Liquid Viscosity (at + 20°C #3/50 rpm, CPS 500–700 Curing system at + 20°C, 0.2 mL Co 6%, 2 mL 50% MEK-P Gel Time (min.) 7 Table 6 Material properties of hardened polyester (P), industrial glass (G) and obsidian (O) Property Standard Hardened polyester (P) Obsidian (O) Glass (G) pb-kg/m 3 TS EN 1936 [26] 1141 ± 0 2349 ± 1 2503 ± 1 po-% TS EN 1936 [26] < 0,01 < 0,01 < 0,01 Ab-% TS EN 13755 [27] < 0,01 < 0,01 100 [33] Rtf-MPa TS EN 12372 [29] 47.29 ± 5.99 15.14 ± 2.19 61.79 ± 3 ΔV 1 -mm 3 TS EN 14157 [30] 535 ± 149 3745 ± 106 5130 ± 155 ΔV 2 -mm TS EN 14157 [30] 13.12 ± 0.12 14.42 ± 0.12 10.73 ± 0.14 Vp- m/s TS EN 14579 [31] 1533 ± 29 4157 ± 50 1772 ± 13 Hardness (mohs) TS 6809 [32] 2–3 6,5–7 5,5 pb: apparent density, po: open porosity, Ab: water absorption, 3.4. Material Properties of Agglomerated Stones The physical properties of the produced agglomerate stones and their apparent densities and water absorption values were determined according to TS EN 14617-1, 2014 [34]. The bending strength values were determined according to TS EN 14617-2, 2008 [35], the compressive strength values were determined according to TS EN 14617-15, 2006 [36], and the abrasion amounts were determined according to TS EN 14617-4, 2012 [37] and TS EN 14157, 2017 [30]. In addition, the sound velocity propagation was measured according to TS EN 14579, 2006 [31]. The tests were carried out by using six samples. In Table 4 , the arithmetic means of all the physical and mechanical properties are given. Table 7 Physical properties of the agglomerated stone Reçete No pb kg/m 3 Po % Ab % R1 1714 ± 24 0,394 ± 0,060 0,230 ± 0,037 R2 1615 ± 8 0,464 ± 0,144 0,286 ± 0,089 R3 1750 ± 5 0,462 ± 0,039 0,263 ± 0,022 R4 1814 ± 6 0,397 ± 0,053 0,218 ± 0,029 R5 1946 ± 6 0,383 ± 0,070 0,196 ± 0,035 R6 1908 ± 6 0,282 ± 0,087 0,147 ± 0,049 Std TS EN 14617-1 0,394 ± 0,060 TS EN 14617-1 n 6 6 6 R: uniaxial compressive strength, Rtf: flexural strength, ΔV 1 : Böhme abrasion, ΔV 2 : wide wheel abrasion, Vp: P wave velocity Table 8 Mechanical properties of the agglomerated stone Reçete No R MPa Rtf MPa ΔV 1 mm 3 ΔV 2 mm Vp m/s R1 57,61 ± 9,02 20,89 ± 0,50 4188 ± 91 19.31 ± 1.15 2419 ± 121 R2 44,74 ± 3,41 12,21 ± 0,59 3988 ± 40 18.85 ± 0.12 2483 ± 107 R3 51,29 ± 1,17 15,71 ± 0,48 4480 ± 45 19.12 ± 0.35 2443 ± 86 R4 71,32 ± 2,88 16,34 ± 0,67 5133 ± 68 18.00 ± 0.14 2728 ± 93 R5 58,03 ± 3,43 14,65 ± 0,13 5565 ± 29 17.455 ± 0.26 2927 ± 115 R6 63,09 ± 0,56 15,89 ± 0,15 2833 ± 34 18.03 ± 0.3 2730 ± 142 Std TS EN 14617-15 TS EN 14617-2 TS EN 14157 TS EN 14617-4 TS EN 14579 n 6 6 6 6 6 pb: apparent density, Ab: water absorption, R: Uniaxial compressive strength, Rtf: flexural strength, ΔV 1 : Böhme Abrasion, ΔV 2 : Wide Wheel Abrasion, Vp: P wave velocity 4. Results and Discussion The pattern of agglomerate stones obtained by using industrial glass and obsidian is generally similar to the pattern of crystalline rocks such as granite, granodiorite and diabase (Fig. 5 ). Since the matrix of agglomerate stone is composed of a binder (polyester), it differs considerably from crystalline rocks in terms of its texture. It exhibits a texture similar to that of clastic sedimentary rocks. Coarse and fine obsidian and glass aggregates are observed floating in the polyester matrix (Fig. 6 ). Agglomerate stones obtained from industrial glass and obsidian are similar to crystalline rocks in terms of their mechanical properties, such as bending strength and resistance to abrasion. The apparent density of the agglomerate stones varied between 1615 -and 1946 kg/m3. These density values are lower than those of natural stone. This is because the density of hardened polyester, which constitutes 50% of the volume of agglomerated stones, is lower than the density of industrial glass and obsidian (Fig. 7 ). The open porosities of the agglomerate stones vary between 0.3% and 0.46%. These values are 3 to 4 times greater than the open porosity values of the materials they are produced from (polyester, glass and obsidian) (Fig. 8 ). This property is under the control of the grain size of the mixture. The water absorption values of the agglomerate stones varied between 0.15% and 0.29%. These values are 1.5–3 times greater than the water absorption values of the materials from which they are produced. (Fig. 9 ). The bending strength values of the agglomerate stones under a concentrated load are between 12.21 MPa and 20.89 MPa. Agglomerate stones generally have the same bending strength as obsidian stones. This value is approximately 3–4 times less than the bending values of hardened polyester and glass. The compressive strength of the agglomerate stones varied from 44.74 MPa to 71.22 MPa. Agglomerate stones generally exhibit the same compressive strength as hardened polyesters. While the compressive strength of obsidians is 3–4 times less than that of agglomerate stones, the compressive strength of industrial glass is approximately 13–22 times greater. (Figs. 10 and 11 ). The abrasion resistance of the agglomerate stones was determined in two different ways by using the böhme and wide wheel methods. The böhme abrasion loss values of the agglomerate stones vary between 2833 and 5565 mm 3 , while the wide wheel values are between 17.45 and 19.58 mm. (Figs. 12 and 13 ). Agglomerate stones are less resistant to abrasion than the materials from which they are produced. However, it is more resistant to abrasion than an average natural stone. There was no significant difference between the sound velocity propagation measurements of the agglomerate stones produced with different grain sizes and different mixing ratios. The sound velocity propagation values of the agglomerate stones are between 2419 and 2927 m/s (Fig. 14 ). 5. Conclusions Agglomerated stones obtained from fine industrial glass and obsidian aggregates are very similar to natural stones in terms of color, pattern, and physical and mechanical properties. Industrial glass and obsidian aggregates with a size of 0–2 mm bond better with the polyester binder and form a more compact material. When 2–4 mm industrial glass and obsidian aggregates are used, the space between the coarse particles is not completely filled with polyester, and there are some air pores with the polyester binder. This situation affected the physical and especially the mechanical properties of the agglomerated stones very slightly. The mechanical properties of glacidians are controlled by the mechanical properties of the polyester binder, obsidian and industrial glass. Since both glass and obsidian are highly resistant to abrasion, glasidian is also a wear-resistant composite material. The flexural and compressive strengths of the glacidians are similar to those of toughened polyester binder As a result, it has been observed that agglomerate stone can be produced with fine aggregates of waste industrial glass and obsidian, which are close to each other in terms of material properties, by binding them with polyester. It has been demonstrated that waste glass and obsidian can be evaluated as raw materials. Thus, both of the waste glass materials were recycled, and an interior coating material with properties similar to those of natural stone was obtained. Declarations Conflicts of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author Contribution H. E. conducted physical and mechanical testing to determine material qualities and prepared the main manuscript content. Ç.Y. Followed financial support procedures. Obsidian and waste glass have been supplied.R.H. and I. Ö. conducted petrographic examinations of the composite materials acquired from this study, including glass and obsidian.All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement The Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Project Council funded this work (YYÜ, BAP, Project No: 2017-FBA-6134). We thank the Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Project Council for their financial support. 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Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara TS EN (1926) Natural stone test methods - Determination of uniaxial compressive strength. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara (2007) TS EN 12372. Natural stone test methods. Determination of flexural strength under concentrated load Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara (2013) TS EN 14157 (2017) Natural stone test methods Determination of the abrasion resistance. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara TS EN 14579 (2006) Natural stone test methods - Determination of sound speed propagation. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara TS 6809 (1989) Determination of Scratch Hardness According to Mohs Scale. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara Physical Properties of Glass-Saint-Gobain Glass UK https://uk.saint-gobain-building-glass.com/en-gb/architects/physical-properties Accessed 31 March 2024 TS EN 14617-1 (2014) Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 1: Determination of apparent density and water absorption. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara TS EN 14617-2 (2008) Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 2: Determination of flexural strength (bending). Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara TS EN 14617-15 (2006) Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 15: Determination of compressive strength. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara TS EN 14617-4. Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 4: Determination of the abrasion resistance Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara (2012) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4263840","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":291847591,"identity":"b0d3a779-42d6-43cc-b839-bce85deb9ef7","order_by":0,"name":"Hakan ELÇİ","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2MC3DwMx8QALMPECkFh4GZrYEmBbGBuK0MPAYEKfFnP1Y4ucCBhse/naejzc+tjHI8d1IYH9cgUeLZU/aYekZDGk8Eod5N1vObGMwlryRwNh4Bp/DDqQ3SPMwHOYxYObdJs3bxpC4AaQFn8sMzj9v/s3D8B+oheeZ9N82hnrCWm6kHQPacgCkhU2asY0hwYCwlmdp1jwGyUC/sBlb9pyTMJx55mHjTPwOSzO+zVNhJ8fff/jhjR9lNvJ8x5MPfMSnBaoRzgJFDf5oGQWjYBSMglFABAAAsTBICSKYO/IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Dokuz Eylül University, Torbali Vocational School","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hakan","middleName":"","lastName":"ELÇİ","suffix":""},{"id":291847592,"identity":"44269ca0-1d18-4b2c-bac8-1c54a5c7148d","order_by":1,"name":"Çetin YEŞILOVA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yüzüncü Yıl University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Çetin","middleName":"","lastName":"YEŞILOVA","suffix":""},{"id":291847593,"identity":"1b6133fb-ec69-4c88-b5f2-99a649dd0bb2","order_by":2,"name":"Ramazan Hacımustafaoğlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dokuz Eylül University, Torbali Vocational School","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramazan","middleName":"","lastName":"Hacımustafaoğlu","suffix":""},{"id":291847594,"identity":"cff67762-2dfc-43ed-a5d4-ea47d03fdea4","order_by":3,"name":"İlker Özkan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dokuz Eylül University, Torbali Vocational School","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"İlker","middleName":"","lastName":"Özkan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-14 06:44:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263840/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263840/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54887447,"identity":"e5f9b442-1e85-4edb-9947-fa3a2b177fa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2490021,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProportion of different-sized aggregates of agglomerated stone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/57838b5dd61302885e25675b.png"},{"id":54887442,"identity":"0cdeaf41-23a6-4c0a-9421-9f50d5a69bd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:06","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3366659,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnpolarized microscope photographs of industrial glass and obsidians, -: parallel nicol, +: crossed nicol. Mtx: matrix, amf: amphibole, op: opaque, Q: quartz, bt: biotite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/9a14712daa5a518183d5ebfb.png"},{"id":54887451,"identity":"727a7119-7d4b-4706-889e-27196deb9925","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTAS diagram [25] of industrial glass and obsidian. The alkali-subalkaline dividing line is according to Irvine and Baragar (1971) [21].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/e6044df0d2357f379da39bf4.png"},{"id":54887452,"identity":"8f2cbe15-38c6-4de1-990f-449ad68e81fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvaluation of industrial glass and its obsidian in the AFM diagram [22].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/f2e58f37ce38d07f1fe78ef4.png"},{"id":54887446,"identity":"0e6f5e14-79f4-4830-83f5-4fe0378ab4ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1957670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePolished surface images of agglomerated stone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/ef09673d7603e22cdaa29799.png"},{"id":54887448,"identity":"ee0a3801-c089-4bfa-a6ba-891b01ca7fcb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2855432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnpolarized microscope photographs of the agglomerated stones (- parallel nicol).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/d5ba91c14e0c890f670406ca.png"},{"id":54887449,"identity":"ab75462e-70bc-4f77-8c72-02068e0de2f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32535,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eApparent densities of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/b45234b802933bf93bd3443d.png"},{"id":54887456,"identity":"496432b5-d3b5-46a4-8a00-1b9ba4f30083","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:09","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28204,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOpen porosity of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/4cc3d679c5e8eb68fc1df741.png"},{"id":54887455,"identity":"d723f27f-02db-4932-89b9-8e7d752a5773","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:09","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWater absorption of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/781d9ea3fc0f8c90adecac3f.png"},{"id":54887444,"identity":"1147ad6c-c07f-44cd-9af9-de45745f5ffc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:07","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlexural strength under a concentrated load of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/7aef51b648d73264cd382799.png"},{"id":54887453,"identity":"6b738874-4e6c-4122-8bab-21b719521556","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUniaxial compressive strength of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/db32fcf02c8ac256a30e0a1e.png"},{"id":54887450,"identity":"2404ec5f-1dd1-4e81-a723-7ccb9f6de389","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBöhme abrasion loss values of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/803413566e78ec299b6276f2.png"},{"id":54887445,"identity":"d29febfb-903f-4724-aacd-ae96a3ed7546","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:07","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWide wheel\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eabrasion loss values of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/2402428d916e87e704c325fe.png"},{"id":54887454,"identity":"d1f5395f-df41-4924-894a-dfad89ce056c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 06:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSound speed propagation of agglomerated stones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/6684ae52a00e3264505332e2.png"},{"id":57065181,"identity":"314d3712-bcdb-42d4-b5e1-b56d49fca432","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-24 07:03:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":15176684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263840/v1/1103209a-2318-41e6-8f5e-1c2142c8a7dc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Glasidian; Polyester-based agglomerated stone made from waste glass and obsidian","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eObsidian is a black or dark-colored volcanic glass generated by the rapid cooling of acidic magma, typically consisting of rhyolite. It is identified by its conchoidal fracture shape. It may occasionally have a banded structure and contain microliths [1]. Obsidian deposits appear in areas where Tertiary and Quaternary volcanism were active throughout Anatolia. Deposits of various sizes can be found in lava flows, agglomerates, and tuffs near young volcanoes like the S\u0026uuml;phan, Nemrut, Tend\u0026uuml;rek, and Ağrı Mountains in Eastern Anatolia and the Hasandağ and Erciyes Mountains in Central Anatolia [2].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was commonly utilized in the manufacturing of cutting tools, jewelry, and ornaments in prehistoric times due to its sharp surfaces when shattered and its stunning colour, and it was traded and distributed over large distances. Obsidian is more commonly traded among primitive tribes than other natural resources due to its ease of use and extensive availability [2].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specific chemical compositions of the obsidian objects found in archaeological excavations today and the obsidian deposits where they were obtained can be revealed by archaeometric studies. Obsidian has been a valuable resource for archaeologists because, when its chemical fingerprints are examined, they can reveal trade routes and interregional relationships during prehistoric times when writing was nonexistent [3, 4].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, semiprecious ornamental stone is considered obsidian. Obsidians have limited usage in making small ornaments and decorative objects because they are generally found in masses a few decimeters in size and are very rarely found on the order of meters in nature. It is also vulnerable to impact, although it is quite difficult due to its glassy structure. Therefore, it cannot be produced as a slab or plate like a natural stone, and this situation limits its wide area of use. However, Ustabaş and Kaya [5] revealed that obsidian is a standard raw pozzolan material due to its reactive silica features, such as fly ash and blast furnace slag.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass is generally defined as an inorganic fusion product that has been cooled without crystallization. Compared to that of crystals, the structure of glass lacks a regular arrangement of atoms in a periodic lattice due to its amorphous structure. The composition for industrial glass production is limited by parameters such as melting behavior, formability, suitable final properties and acceptable price. For example, quartz glass exhibits outstanding properties in many respects but is very costly to manufacture due to its high melting temperature (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;1700\u0026deg;C). The melting temperature can be reduced to approximately 1000\u0026deg;C by the addition of alkali oxides (Na2O), but the resulting alkali silicate glasses show poor resistance to the effects of water and atmospheric moisture. Chemical resistance is improved by the presence of other oxides (CaO). For these reasons, the composition of existing industrial glasses is derived from the SiO2-CaO-Na2O system. Typical soda-lime-silica glass contains approximately 70% SiO2 by weight, with the remainder being mainly composed of Na2O (soda) and CaO (lime). These glasses are used in areas such as normal window glasses, flat glasses, glass containers and lighting products [6, 7, 8].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass is a 100% recyclable material. However, the recycling rate of industrial glass waste is very low due to the lack of awareness of recycling and insufficient separation at the source. The amount of glass packages produced and released to the domestic market in 2019 was 871 thousand tons. The recycling rate of this amount is 32% [9]. Since these glass packages are not separated at the source after use, they cannot be recycled and are discarded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe best-known solution for the reuse of many inorganic wastes is undoubtedly their use in concrete production by partially replacing them with aggregates. These wastes are especially construction wastes, iron slag, brick ceramic wastes, ash wastes and even wastes such as vehicle tires, pet bottles and plastics. However, both industrial glass and obsidian are not preferred for use in concrete production as aggregates because they cause alkali silica reactions. Therefore, if both industrial glass and obsidian are used as aggregate sources in the production of building materials, a different binder than Portland cement is needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies on the production of building materials from natural stone wastes have mostly focused on the production of concrete composite materials using Portland cement as a binder and natural stone wastes as aggregates. In addition, chemical binders such as polyester or epoxy have been used to produce composite materials from industrial wastes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn some of these studies, natural stone waste and unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy resins from thermosetting polymers were used, while polyethylene terephthalate from thermoplastic polymers was used in other studies [10\u0026ndash;20].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the physico-mechanical properties of composite materials produced from natural stone waste, polyester and epoxy binder and self-compacting materials are close to the physico-mechanical properties of natural stones [11, 12, 13]. In addition to natural stone wastes, fly ash [13], zeolite, pumice and sepiolite [14, 15], glass fibre and quartz powder [16], volcanic tuff [17], waste sawdust, waste plastic chips, eggshell, vermiculite [18] and glass powder [19] have also been used in certain proportions in the production of these composite materials. However, when these mixtures were compressed under pressure, vacuum and with the addition of vibration, composite materials with better physico-mechanical properties than those of a natural stone were obtained [19].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, aggregates obtained from industrial and domestic glass wastes were mixed with obsidian aggregates and bound to polyester to produce self-compacting agglomerated stone. The material properties of these agglomerates were investigated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obsidians used in the study were obtained from S\u0026uuml;phan Volcanites, which crop out around the Adilcevaz (Bitlis) District, north of Lake Van. Industrial window glasses were obtained from a local glass company, and industrial glass bottles were obtained from local cafeterias and restaurants. The supplied industrial glass and obsidian were first reduced to 5\u0026ndash;10 cm with the help of a hammer. Then, it was reduced to 1 cm and smaller by using a laboratory-type jaw crusher. The crushed materials were between 0\u0026ndash;2 mm in size and 2\u0026ndash;4 mm in size (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the mineralogical, petrographic and chemical properties of the industrial glasses and obsidians were determined. In the second stage, the material properties of industrial glasses, and obsidians and the properties of the aggregates produced from them were studied. In the third stage, the mineralogical, petrographic and material properties of the agglomerate stones produced from the aggregates were analysed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the mineralogical and petrographic properties of the industrial glasses and obsidians, sampling was performed to represent the glasses, and five thin sections were prepared from each glass. According to TS EN 12407, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e [20], the mineral percentages were determined via petrographic analysis of the prepared thin sections at 10X magnification of double nicol using an Olympus BX41 polarizing microscope. The chemical properties of the industrial and volcanic glasses were determined by using the coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-ES) method in the Acme Laboratory (Canada), and their major oxides (%) were determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. 1. Agglomerated Stone Production\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlasidian was produced by mixing 50% aggregate, 50% binder and hardener (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%) by volume in six different ratios, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Metal molds 5x30x30 cm in size were prepared for this study. The inner surface of the molds was lubricated with a molding oil product called Polivaks sv-6-mekp before pouring the mixtures, and then the prepared mixtures were placed in the molds. In the placement process, aggregate/polyester mixtures 0\u0026ndash;2 mm in size were placed in the mold itself, while the mixtures containing aggregates 2\u0026ndash;4 mm in size were subjected to some vibration. The mixture was removed from the molds after one day. The samples removed from the mould were cured for three days, and then one surface of the sample was abraded with a wet polishing machine, polished and photographed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). To determine the physical and mechanical properties, they were cut and sized in the dimensions specified in the \"Agglomerated Stones\" standard used for coating of the relevant Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). The material properties specified in the \u0026ldquo;Agglomerated Stones\u0026rdquo; standards have been determined. In addition, petrographic analyses were performed on the produced agglomerate stones, and the quality of the grains with the binder was determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents and mixture design of agglomerated stone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecipe number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixture design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%, 0\u0026ndash;2 mm industrial glass\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% polyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm Obsidian 50% polyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm industrial glass\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm obsidian\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% polyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm industrial glass\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm obsidian\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% polyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm industrial glass\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm obsidian\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% polyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm industrial glass\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;40% 0\u0026ndash;2 mm obsidian\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% polyester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. \u003cem\u003eMineralogical and Petrographic Properties of Industrial Glass and Ob\u003c/em\u003esidian\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe petrographic analyses of thin sections prepared from black and brown obsidian used in the study were performed under a polarizing microscope, and these analyses revealed that the igneous rock consists of two components. The first component is the matrix part, and the second is the phenocrystals (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The matrix, which forms the majority of the rock, is mainly composed of feldspar microliths and microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline intermediates. In thin section analyses, felsic feldspar minerals (orthoclase-plagioclase) and quartz are found as phenocrysts, and femic amphibole (hornblende), common biotites and opaque minerals are also observed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreep behavior is observed in glassy matrix composed of microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline intermediates. The orientation of the microcrystals in the matrix depends on the creep structure. Phenocrysts commonly exhibit anhedral and subhedral crystal shapes. Feldspar (K-feldspar) minerals have a partially developed sieve structure, while quartz minerals have a gulf structure in some sections. On the other hand, especially the periphery and less interior parts of amphibole minerals became opaque with the FeO reaction in sections where biotite minerals are common. Amphibole mineral skeletons are observed in some areas (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObsidian, an igneous surface rock, generally has a hypocrystalline porphyritic texture. It has a vitrophyric texture due to its matrix, which is rich in volcanic glass and phenocrysts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough industrial glass is chemically similar to obsidian glass, it has a completely different texture because it cools much faster than obsidian glass. Industrial glass consists entirely of a glassy matrix. No phenocrysts or microliths can be observed in the matrix, as in obsidians.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModal analysis of the industrial glass and obsidian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ename\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrix/Volcanic glass (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenocrysts (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrocrystalline/cryptocrystalline, feldspar, quartz, amphibole and biotite microlites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, amphibole, biotite and opaque minerals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% glass matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLO: black obsidian BRO: brown obsidian IG: industrial glass\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. \u003cem\u003eChemical Properties of Industrial Glass and Ob\u003c/em\u003esidian\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the percentage of main oxides in the obsidian samples, it is reasonable to think that the obsidians have a silicate glass character. The samples have high SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (74%) and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (13%) but low lime CaO (0.1%) and MgO (1%) and low alkali Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (4% and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (4.7%) values (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, industrial glasses have typical soda-lime glass characteristics. They typically have lower SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (70%) and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%) ratios than the obsidian. In addition, it can be clearly seen that they have high lime CaO (9\u0026ndash;10%) and MgO (4%) and high alkali Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (14%) values (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages of major oxide elements in the industrial glass and obsidian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToplam\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"14\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBLO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIG1: Industrial glass, IG2: -Bottle, BLO: Black obsidian BRO: Brown obsidian, *LOI: Loss on ignition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen industrial glasses and obsidians are evaluated in geochemical nomenclature diagrams, obsidians are classified as acidic magmatic surface rocks or rhyolites due to their high SiO2 content (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The 4.6% K2O, 4.09% Na2O and 1.1% CaO values of the obsidians originate from the alkali feldspar microliths and phenocrysts contained in the matrix (volcanic glass) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Obsidians show subalkaline properties with these values. Industrial glasses contain lower SiO2 and higher Na2O contents than obsidian glasses. Considering these values, it can be seen that they have rhyolitic compositions and alkaline features (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Material Properties of Industrial Glass, Obsidian and Polyester\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe densities of the obsidian and industrial glasses are 2350 and 2500 kg/m3, respectively. The density of cured polyester is quite low according to these materials. The water absorption values of all these materials are less than 0.1%. Although 5.5 mohs hardness is defined for the hardness of obsidians and glass in the literature, in the mohs hardness test, obsidians have a 20% higher hardness value than industrial glass. While both materials are extremely resistant to abrasion, they have very low resistance to crushing by impact and give conchoidal-shaped surfaces when broken (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The liquid state properties of the polyesters used in the study are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, and the physico-mechanical properties of the hardened polyester, obsidian and industrial glass are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAggregate properties of industrial glass and obsidian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObsidian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustrial glass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOven dry particle density-kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 1097-6 [23]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2355\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2495\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater absorption-%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 1097-6 [23]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance to ware-%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 1097-1 [24]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.735\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.878\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance to fragmentation-%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 1097-2 [25]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.580\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.980\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFracture Shape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econchoidal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econchoidal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of the polyesters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppearance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity (at +\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C #3/50 rpm, CPS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuring system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eat +\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C, 0.2 mL Co 6%, 2 mL 50% MEK-P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGel Time (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial properties of hardened polyester (P), industrial glass (G) and obsidian (O)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardened polyester (P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObsidian (O)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass (G)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epb-kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1936\u003c/span\u003e [26]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1141\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2349\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2503\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epo-%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1936\u003c/span\u003e [26]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAb-%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 13755 [27]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e [28]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100 [33]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRtf-MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 12372 [29]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e-mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14157 [30]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e535\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3745\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5130\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14157 [30]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVp- m/s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14579 [31]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1533\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4157\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1772\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness (mohs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS 6809 [32]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,5\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003epb: apparent density, po: open porosity, Ab: water absorption,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Material Properties of Agglomerated Stones\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physical properties of the produced agglomerate stones and their apparent densities and water absorption values were determined according to TS EN 14617-1, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e [34]. The bending strength values were determined according to TS EN 14617-2, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e [35], the compressive strength values were determined according to TS EN 14617-15, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e [36], and the abrasion amounts were determined according to TS EN 14617-4, 2012 [37] and TS EN 14157, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e [30]. In addition, the sound velocity propagation was measured according to TS EN 14579, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e [31]. The tests were carried out by using six samples. In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the arithmetic means of all the physical and mechanical properties are given.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of the agglomerated stone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRe\u0026ccedil;ete\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epb\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ekg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePo\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAb\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1714\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,394\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1615\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,464\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,286\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1750\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,462\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,263\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1814\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,397\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,218\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1946\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,383\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,196\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1908\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,282\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,147\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14617-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,394\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14617-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eR: uniaxial compressive strength, Rtf: flexural strength, ΔV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: B\u0026ouml;hme abrasion, ΔV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: wide wheel abrasion, Vp: P wave velocity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical properties of the agglomerated stone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRe\u0026ccedil;ete\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRtf\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVp\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003em/s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,61 \u0026plusmn; 9,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4188\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2419\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3988\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2483\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4480\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2443\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71,32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5133\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2728\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58,03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5565\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.455\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2927\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2833\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2730\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14617-15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14617-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14617-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS EN 14579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003epb: apparent density, Ab: water absorption, R: Uniaxial compressive strength, Rtf: flexural strength, ΔV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: B\u0026ouml;hme Abrasion, ΔV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: Wide Wheel Abrasion, Vp: P wave velocity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pattern of agglomerate stones obtained by using industrial glass and obsidian is generally similar to the pattern of crystalline rocks such as granite, granodiorite and diabase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Since the matrix of agglomerate stone is composed of a binder (polyester), it differs considerably from crystalline rocks in terms of its texture. It exhibits a texture similar to that of clastic sedimentary rocks. Coarse and fine obsidian and glass aggregates are observed floating in the polyester matrix (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Agglomerate stones obtained from industrial glass and obsidian are similar to crystalline rocks in terms of their mechanical properties, such as bending strength and resistance to abrasion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe apparent density of the agglomerate stones varied between 1615 -and 1946 kg/m3. These density values are lower than those of natural stone. This is because the density of hardened polyester, which constitutes 50% of the volume of agglomerated stones, is lower than the density of industrial glass and obsidian (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe open porosities of the agglomerate stones vary between 0.3% and 0.46%. These values are 3 to 4 times greater than the open porosity values of the materials they are produced from (polyester, glass and obsidian) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). This property is under the control of the grain size of the mixture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe water absorption values of the agglomerate stones varied between 0.15% and 0.29%. These values are 1.5\u0026ndash;3 times greater than the water absorption values of the materials from which they are produced. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bending strength values of the agglomerate stones under a concentrated load are between 12.21 MPa and 20.89 MPa. Agglomerate stones generally have the same bending strength as obsidian stones. This value is approximately 3\u0026ndash;4 times less than the bending values of hardened polyester and glass. The compressive strength of the agglomerate stones varied from 44.74 MPa to 71.22 MPa. Agglomerate stones generally exhibit the same compressive strength as hardened polyesters. While the compressive strength of obsidians is 3\u0026ndash;4 times less than that of agglomerate stones, the compressive strength of industrial glass is approximately 13\u0026ndash;22 times greater. (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe abrasion resistance of the agglomerate stones was determined in two different ways by using the b\u0026ouml;hme and wide wheel methods. The b\u0026ouml;hme abrasion loss values of the agglomerate stones vary between 2833 and 5565 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, while the wide wheel values are between 17.45 and 19.58 mm. (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Agglomerate stones are less resistant to abrasion than the materials from which they are produced. However, it is more resistant to abrasion than an average natural stone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no significant difference between the sound velocity propagation measurements of the agglomerate stones produced with different grain sizes and different mixing ratios. The sound velocity propagation values of the agglomerate stones are between 2419 and 2927 m/s (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAgglomerated stones obtained from fine industrial glass and obsidian aggregates are very similar to natural stones in terms of color, pattern, and physical and mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustrial glass and obsidian aggregates with a size of 0\u0026ndash;2 mm bond better with the polyester binder and form a more compact material. When 2\u0026ndash;4 mm industrial glass and obsidian aggregates are used, the space between the coarse particles is not completely filled with polyester, and there are some air pores with the polyester binder. This situation affected the physical and especially the mechanical properties of the agglomerated stones very slightly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical properties of glacidians are controlled by the mechanical properties of the polyester binder, obsidian and industrial glass. Since both glass and obsidian are highly resistant to abrasion, glasidian is also a wear-resistant composite material. The flexural and compressive strengths of the glacidians are similar to those of toughened polyester binder\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, it has been observed that agglomerate stone can be produced with fine aggregates of waste industrial glass and obsidian, which are close to each other in terms of material properties, by binding them with polyester. It has been demonstrated that waste glass and obsidian can be evaluated as raw materials. Thus, both of the waste glass materials were recycled, and an interior coating material with properties similar to those of natural stone was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Competing Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. E. conducted physical and mechanical testing to determine material qualities and prepared the main manuscript content. \u0026Ccedil;.Y. Followed financial support procedures. Obsidian and waste glass have been supplied.R.H. and I. \u0026Ouml;. conducted petrographic examinations of the composite materials acquired from this study, including glass and obsidian.All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Van Y\u0026uuml;z\u0026uuml;nc\u0026uuml; Yıl University Scientific Research Project Council funded this work (YY\u0026Uuml;, BAP, Project No: 2017-FBA-6134). We thank the Van Y\u0026uuml;z\u0026uuml;nc\u0026uuml; Yıl University Scientific Research Project Council for their financial support. The authors would like to thank Torbalı (İzmir) Cam San. ve Tic. for their cooperation with glass sampling, and the anonymous reviewer of this journal for their constructive ideas, which considerably improved the quality of the paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eE KK, Neuendorf JP, Mehl JA (2011) Jackson Glossary of Geology American Geoscineces İnstitute\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErcan T, Yeğingil Z, Bigazzi G, Oddone M, \u0026Ouml;zdoğan M (1990) Kuzeybatı Anadolu Obsidiyen buluntularının kaynak belirleme \u0026ccedil;alışmaları Jeoloji M\u0026uuml;hendisliği. 36, Sayfa 19\u0026ndash;32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSterba JH, Eder F, Bichler M (2018) Identification of Obsidian Sources on Milos Greece. 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Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhysical Properties of Glass-Saint-Gobain Glass UK \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://uk.saint-gobain-building-glass.com/en-gb/architects/physical-properties\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://uk.saint-gobain-building-glass.com/en-gb/architects/physical-properties\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Accessed 31 March 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTS EN 14617-1 (2014) Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 1: Determination of apparent density and water absorption. Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTS EN 14617-2 (2008) Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 2: Determination of flexural strength (bending). 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Agglomerated stone- Test methods- Part 4: Determination of the abrasion resistance Turkish Standardization Institute, Ankara (2012)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Agglomerated stone, cladding material, industrial waste glass, and obsidian","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263840/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263840/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGlasidian is an agglomerated stone made by mixing obsidian and used industrial glass fragments with a polyester binder for cladding. This cladding material is created by connecting obsidian and industrial glass particles, which have extremely comparable material qualities, with polyester in a 1:1 ratio and forming a self-compacting a mixture. The colour and design of the agglomerated stone made from fine glass and obsidian aggregate are comparable to those of real stone cladding. It has lower density and porosity than natural stone. Galacidian is extremely resistant to abrasion and has adequate compressive and bending strengths. Its qualities make it suitable for usage as a cladding material in interiors. This study identified an alternate application for industrial waste glass, which has a very poor recycling rate across the country, and obsidian, which is currently underutilized as a raw material.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Glasidian; Polyester-based agglomerated stone made from waste glass and obsidian","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-18 06:50:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263840/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6efed931-1f7b-434a-89e5-bc8dada00483","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-24T06:55:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-18 06:50:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4263840","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4263840","identity":"rs-4263840","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}